Presentation by Shamit Chakravarti

Social Sector Economist, SAHS

ADB Gender Workshop
Manila 6 August 2014
1
Structure of presentation
I. Meghalaya brief socio-economic context

II. ADB Loan and piggy-back TA: Structure
/Components

III. Gender and social inclusion

2
Meghalaya Socio-economic Context
Land-locked and hilly state (Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia ranges)
in north-east India with population of 3 million; more than
70% forest cover, mineral reserves, and plentiful rain
Poor infrastructure and narrow manufacturing base; a
special category state dependence on central assistance

86% tribal population (Khasis56%, Garos34%; plus
smaller tribes Hajongs, Koch, Rabha etc); 90% Christian

Population grew at 27.8% during 20012011 as compared to
all India average of 17.8. Fertility rate of 4.1 highest in India
56% of Meghalayas population is under 25 years versus
49% for Indiafocus on human capital development is critical

3
Meghalaya Socio-economic Context (contd)
Literacy rates (2011 census): Total (74.4); Female (72.9);
Male(75.9)

Gross Enrolment ratios (2011): Secondary (49% boys and
49.9% girls) and HS (13.7% boys and 17.3% girls)

Selected health indicators: IMR as per SRS 2012 (49); MMR
as per NRHM in 2010-11 (239.3)

In 2012, 56.5% of Meghalayas workforce was in agriculture,
31.6% in services, and only 11.8% in the secondary sector

In 2011-12 about 65.4% of the workforce was self-employed,
16.6% were casual laborers, and only 17.9% was employed
in the formal sector (regular salaried jobs)

4
Gender Context
Meghalayas tribes are matrilineal
Even though indicators such as female literacy, enrolment, and
sex ratio are sound, females face several barriers
Low representation of women in the village/tribal councils and
other bodies such as school management committees and
legislative assembly
Fair representation of women in the Meghalaya State Civil
Services and amongst teachers
Poor infrastructure and teaching in schools, outdated vocational
training programs, and narrow economic base of the state
constrains both, females and males
Additional constraints for females (lack of proper toilets, poor
transport connectivity, few job opportunities, difficulty in
migrating out of the state for jobs)
5
Meghalaya schools / vocational training
Of the 961 secondary and higher secondary (SHS) schools, 591
(62%) are government-aided schools where 71% of the
students (all from poor households) study
Aided schools are not eligible for infrastructure support from
GOM and only receive limited grant funding; school
infrastructure is poor
15,000 untrained primary school teachers, and 5700 plus
untrained SHS teachers
Only one higher secondary (grades 11 and 12) school for every
five secondary schools (up to grades 9 and 10)
High drop out rate, no career counseling at the school or college
level, and poor learning outcomes
Government-dominated vocational training system
Low employability of youth / high unemployment and
alienation
6
Supporting Human Capital Dev. In Meghalaya
ADBs first loan to India in education and skill development
Indias first external loan support for integrated secondary
education and skill development

Gender is not treated as a separate stand-alone
component, but it permeates through the entire design of
the loan and its implementation

NGO-led focus group discussions covering ALL districts and
representatives of ALL tribal groups during loan design
Detailed Indigenous Peoples Plan, Gender Action Plan,
Communication Strategy, and Consultation & Participation Plan
Positions for gender specialists in the JFPR funded capacity
building firm (British Council) and project management
consulting firm (Accenture)
7



Part II: ADB Loan - Structure
/Components

8


Country India

Loan No. 3033-IND

Project Title Supporting Human Capital Development
in Meghalaya

Borrower India

Executing Agencies DoF, GOM
Implementing Agencies PIU 1: Department of Education
PIU 2: MSSDS/Department of Labor

Loan Amount $100.00 million
Loan Data

Fact-Finding Mission 12 to 19 November 2012

Loan Negotiations 23 July 2013

Date of Board Approval 27 September 2013

Date of Loan Agreement 23 January 2014

Date of Loan Effectiveness
In Loan Agreement
Actual

28 April 2014
07 March 2014 (ahead of time)

Closing Date 31 March 2019
B
A
S
I
C

D
A
T
A

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Impact: Enhanced Employability
of Meghalaya's Youth

Outcome: Improved quality and delivery
of secondary and higher secondary (SS
and HS) education and skill development
programs in Meghalaya
Output 3:
Increased
awareness and
participation
Output 1: Improved
teaching and learning in
government-aided SS
and HS schools
Output 2: Increased
capacity and
responsiveness of
technical and
vocational education
and training
Output 4: Improved
project management
and monitoring and
evaluation (M&E)
i. Upgrading 117 government-aided
private schools to RMSA standards

ii. Promoting interactive teaching
and learning tablets with education
and career counseling modules and
built-in solar panels

iii. Training of 3500 secondary level
teachers

iv. Upgrading 6 teacher training
centers

i. Skills Challenge Fund under
MSSDS to catalyze private
and public skills training
providers

ii. Upgrade training equipment,
curriculum, and delivery
methods of selected public
training providers and
Meghalaya-based VTPs

i. Enhancing
awareness and
participation through
state-wide
campaigns

ii. Livelihood
development
support / career
counseling
i. Project
Management
Consultants
ii. Design and
Supervision
Consultants

iii. NGO (for
awareness building)
iv. Firm for doing skill-
gap analysis and
M&E

Progress to Date
British Council (Capacity building), Accenture (Project
Management Consulting - PMC), LEA Associates (Design and
Supervision - DSC), and Institute of Applied Manpower
Research (for skill gap analysis and M&E) engaged

Civil works contracts of $3.6 million for 5 out of 10 lots for 15
schools in East Jaintia, Khasi, and Ri-bhoi districts awarded.
Remaining 5 lots for 15 school buildings for about $3.6 million
expected to be awarded by early Sept 2014
LEA Associates working closely with PWD to initiate design of
remaining schools with focus on Garo Hills

Total contract awards - $12.3 million; imprest advance of
$5.5 million or (Rs33 crores) to GOM within 4 months of
loan effectivity thanks to advance action!
11



Part III: Gender and social inclusion


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Gender and Social Inclusion
Civil Works
Gender questions included in the structural condition
assessment of schools to be upgraded invaluable source of
gender-disaggregated data
Improved toilets and school facilities; rain-water harvesting;
and access for physically challenged
GOM requested to improve access roads to schools

Education
Factor in gender sensitization modules into teacher training
Tailor career counseling modules to meet the different needs
and aspirations of females and males
MOUs signed between DOE and selected schools to include
provision for encouraging representation of women in the
SMCs and monitoring drop out rate
13
Gender and Social Inclusion contd
Vocational Training
Current government run industrial training institutes (ITIs) only
offer courses such as welding, fitting, electrical, and plumbing
which do not attract females
25% reservation of seats for women in General ITIs
Only 1 womens ITI in Shillong offering courses such as hair &
skin care and dress making. To be revamped (in terms of courses,
instructor training, and equipment)
Total number of women trained during 2012-13 is 180 against a
target of 268
Engagement of private skills providers under the Skill Challenge
Fund for the Meghalaya State Skill Development Society will
enable widening of relevant vocational choices for females
Formal sector employment opportunities for women to be explored
outside Meghalaya too. Large trainers such as IL&FS are seeing
an increase in women candidates willing to go out of the state

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Gender and Social Inclusion contd
Communication and Outreach
NGO to be engaged - local Khasi and Garo resource persons to
be recruited for outreach, counseling, addressing school drop-
outs, and mobilizing youth (females and males) for skills training

Brochures and pamphlets will be prepared in the local Khasi,
Garo, and Jaintia languages in addition to English and Hindi.

Gender specialists engaged under PMC and capacity building
firm will help design the outreach material
Community mobilizers to be based in each of the 11 districts

Anthropologists, livelihood development specialists, and
community mobilizers to ensure that the benefits reach the
women / different tribes in remote parts as well
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Gender and Social Inclusion contd
Surveys and M&E
Gender related issues included in the needs analysis surveys
and skill-gap surveys that are being undertaken
Strong M&E component and tracer studiesfocus on results
All results to be presented in gender-disaggregated manner
Strengthen the socio-economic and employment data base for
entire state will help in evidence based planning to meet the
differential needs of females and males

Administration
Project Director and Deputy Directors will be assisted by the
Social Safeguards/ Gender Specialists in handling outreach
activities, and redress grievances


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17
Meghalaya Aided-Schools
18
19
Meghalaya Skills Training
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