Fuel Systems of CI Engines Fuel Systems of CI Engines

CI Engines: CI Engines:
- - Compression Ignition Engines Compression Ignition Engines
- - Operated by Diesel cycle. Operated by Diesel cycle.
- - Diesel oil used as fuel Diesel oil used as fuel
- - Combustion of fuel at Constant pressure process. Combustion of fuel at Constant pressure process.
- - Higher order of compression ratio. Higher order of compression ratio.
- - Introduction of fuel at combustion chamber. Introduction of fuel at combustion chamber.
- - Qualitative governing system. Qualitative governing system.
Introduction: Introduction:
- - most vital component most vital component
- - depend on engine performance depend on engine performance ie ie power output, power output,
economy etc., economy etc.,
- - initiating and controlling of combustion process. initiating and controlling of combustion process.
Fuel injection systems of CI Engines Fuel injection systems of CI Engines
Injection process: Injection process:
- Amount fuel delivered into air stream is controlled by a Amount fuel delivered into air stream is controlled by a
pump which forces the fuel under pressure. pump which forces the fuel under pressure.
- - fuel injection in fine droplets form fuel injection in fine droplets form- - vaporize due to heat vaporize due to heat
transfer from compressed air transfer from compressed air - - form air form air- -fuel mixture. fuel mixture.
Combustion process: Combustion process:
- - When the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber When the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber
towards the end of compression stroke, it is atomized into towards the end of compression stroke, it is atomized into
very fine droplets. very fine droplets.
- - These droplets vaporize due to heat transfer from the These droplets vaporize due to heat transfer from the
compressed air and form a air compressed air and form a air fuel mixture. fuel mixture.
- - Due to continued heat transfer from hot air to the fuel, the Due to continued heat transfer from hot air to the fuel, the
temperature reaches a value of higher than the self ignition temperature reaches a value of higher than the self ignition
temperature . temperature .
- - This causes the fuel to ignite spontaneously initiating the This causes the fuel to ignite spontaneously initiating the
combustion process. combustion process.
Fuel injection systems of CI Engines Fuel injection systems of CI Engines
Functional requirements of an injection
system:
- accurate metering of fuel injection per cycle.
- timing of fuel injection
- proper control rate of injection
- proper atomization of fuel.
- proper spray pattern ensure rapid mixing of
fuel and air.
- uniform distribution of fuel droplets.
- supply equal quantity of metered fuel to all
cylinders
- No lag during beginning and end of injection.
Fuel injection systems of CI Engines Fuel injection systems of CI Engines
Classification of fuel injection systems:
- Air injection
- Solid injection
Air injection systems:
- fuel is forced by means of compressed air.
- used nowadays very little, it requires bulky multi stage
air compressor.
- increase in engine weight and reduces the brake power
output.
Advantage:
- Good mixing of fuel and air
- higher m.e.p
- ability to utilize of fuels of high viscosity less
expensive.
Solid injection:
- the liquid fuel is injected directly into the combustion
chamber without aid of compressed air.
- it is also called air less injection or Mechanical injection.
Fuel feed systems in CI engines Fuel feed systems in CI engines
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
Major equipments used in FI systems: Major equipments used in FI systems:
1. 1. Fuel Tank: Fuel Tank: For storing the fuel. For storing the fuel.
2. 2. Fuel feed pump: Fuel feed pump: To supply the fuel from To supply the fuel from
main fuel tank to injection systems. main fuel tank to injection systems.
3. 3. Injection pump: Injection pump: To meter and pressurize the To meter and pressurize the
fuel for injection. fuel for injection.
4. 4. Governor: Governor: To ensure the amount of fuel injected in To ensure the amount of fuel injected in
accordance with variation of load. accordance with variation of load.
5. 5. Injector: Injector: To take the fuel from the pump and To take the fuel from the pump and
distribute it in the CC by atomizing it into fine distribute it in the CC by atomizing it into fine
droplets. droplets.
6. 6. Fuel Filters: Fuel Filters: To prevent the dust and abrasive To prevent the dust and abrasive
particles to enter the pump particles to enter the pump - - which minimize the which minimize the
wear and tear of the components. wear and tear of the components.
Fuel injection systems of CI Engines Fuel injection systems of CI Engines
Solid injection systems:
- liquid fuel is injected directly into the combustion
chamber w/o aid of compressed air.
- hence it is also called airless injection systems.
Classification:
- Individual pump
- unit Injector
- common rail
- distributor
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
Fuel Feed Pump:
- it is spring loaded type.
- is actuated through a push rod from the cam shaft.
- at the minimum lift position of the cam, the spring forces on the
plunger creates a suction which causes fuel flow from the main
tank into the pump.
- the cam is turned to its maximum lift position, the plunger is
lifted upwards.
- At the same time, the inlet valve is closed and the fuel is forced
through the outlet valve.
- When the operating pressure gets released, the plunger return
spring ceases to function resulting in varying of the pumping stroke
under varying engine loads according to the quantity of fuel
required by the injection pump.
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
Objective of fuel injection pump: Objective of fuel injection pump:
- - is to deliver the accurately is to deliver the accurately
metered quantity of fuel under high metered quantity of fuel under high
pressure (120 to 200 bar) at the pressure (120 to 200 bar) at the
correct instant to the injector correct instant to the injector
fitted on each engine cylinder. fitted on each engine cylinder.
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
Fuel injector:
- - Quick and complete combustion is ensured by Quick and complete combustion is ensured by
the well designed fuel injector the well designed fuel injector. .
- - By atomizing the fuel into fine droplets, it By atomizing the fuel into fine droplets, it
increases the surface area of the fuel droplets increases the surface area of the fuel droplets
resulting in better mixing and subsequent resulting in better mixing and subsequent
combustion. combustion.
- - Atomization is done by forcing the fuel Atomization is done by forcing the fuel
through a small orifice under high pressure. through a small orifice under high pressure.
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
Nozzle:
is the part of an injector through which the liquid fuel is sprayed
into the combustion chamber.
Functions of Nozzle:
1. Atomization of fuel : is obtain the proper mixing of fuel with air in the
combustion chamber.
2. Distribution of fuel to the whole area of CC:
Factors affecting distribution of fuel are:
a. Injection pressure
Higher injection pressure makes better dispersion and
penetration of fuel into all the CC areas.
b. Density of air in the cylinder-
if density of air is high, it offers more resistance to the
movement of the droplets and dispersion of fuel would be better.
c. Physical properties of the fuel-
like self ignition temperature, vapour pressure, viscosity etc.,
are important on dispersion of fuel.
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
3. Prevention of impingement on walls: 3. Prevention of impingement on walls:
Prevention of the fuel from impinging directly
on the walls of CC and piston.
this necessary because fuel striking the walls
decomposes and produces carbon deposits.
This causes smoky exhaust as well as increase
in fuel consumption.
4 4. Mixing: . Mixing:
Mixing of fuel and air in case of non Mixing of fuel and air in case of non- -turbulent turbulent
type of CC should be taken care of by the nozzle. type of CC should be taken care of by the nozzle.
Types of nozzles:
1. Pintle Nozzle
2. Single hole Nozzle
3. Multi-hole Nozzle
4. Pintaux Nozzle
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
TYPES OF NOZZLES
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
Pintle Nozzle: Pintle Nozzle:
The stem of the nozzle valve is extended to form a pin or The stem of the nozzle valve is extended to form a pin or pintle pintle which which
protrudes through the mouth of the nozzle. protrudes through the mouth of the nozzle.
The size and shape of the The size and shape of the pintle pintle can be varied according to the can be varied according to the
requirement. requirement.
it provides a spray operating at low injection pressure of 8 it provides a spray operating at low injection pressure of 8- -10 10 Mpa Mpa. .
The spray cone angle is 60 The spray cone angle is 60
0 0
Advantage: Advantage:
It avoids Weak injection and dribbling. It avoids Weak injection and dribbling.
It prevents the carbon deposition in the nozzle hole. It prevents the carbon deposition in the nozzle hole.
Single hole nozzle: Single hole nozzle:
At the centre of the nozzle there is a single hole which is clos At the centre of the nozzle there is a single hole which is closed by ed by
nozzle valve. nozzle valve.
The size of the hole is usually of the order of 0.2 mm. The size of the hole is usually of the order of 0.2 mm.
Injection pressure in the order of 8 Injection pressure in the order of 8 - - 10 10 Mpa Mpa. .
Spray Cone angle is 15 Spray Cone angle is 15
0 0
. .
Disadvantage: Disadvantage:
They tend to dribbling. They tend to dribbling.
Their spray angle is too narrow to facilitate good mixing unless Their spray angle is too narrow to facilitate good mixing unless higher higher
velocities are used. velocities are used.
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
Multi hole nozzle:
It consists of a number of holes are bored at the tip of the nozzle.
The number of holes of varied from 4 to 18.
The size of the hole are varies in the range of 35 to 200 m.
The hole angle may be from 20
0
upwards.
The nozzle operating at higher pressures of the order of 18 Mpa.
Advantages:
in the ability to distribute the fuel properly even with lower air motion
available in open combustion chambers.
Pintaux Nozzle:
It is a type of Pintle nozzle which has an auxiliary hole drilled in the
nozzle body.
It injects a small amount of fuel through this additional hole (Pilot
injection) in the upstream direction slightly before the main injection
The nozzle valve does not lift fully at low speeds and most of the fuel is
injected through the auxiliary hole.
Advantages:
Better starting performance.(20 to 25
0
C)
Disadvantage:
Injection characteristics are poorer than the multi hole nozzle
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
Multi cylinder Engine Fuel injection Pump
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
FUEL INJECTION TEST RIG
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
Individual pump and Nozzle
system:
- each cylinder is provided
with one pump and one
injector.
- pump is placed close to
cylinder.
- HP pump plunger actuated
by a cam, and produces the
fuel pressure necessary to
open the injector valve at
the correct time.
- Amount of fuel injected
depends on the effective
stroke of the plunger.
injectors
HP lines
LP Pump
HP Pumps
Fuel
in
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
Unit injector system:
- is one in which the pump
and injector are in one
housing.
- each cylinder is provided
with one these of injector.
- fuel is brought up to the
injector by a low pressure
pump, a rocker arm actuates
the plunger and thus injects
the fuel into the cylinder.
- amount of fuel is regulated
by effective stroke of the
plunger.
Injectors with HP
Pump
LP lines
LP Pump
Fuel in
FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES FUEL FEED SYSTEMS IN CI ENGINES
Common Line system:
- a HP pump supplies fuel
under high pressure to a fuel
header.
- High pressure in the header
forces the fuel to each of the
nozzles located in the
cylinders.
- At the proper time, the
mechanically operated valve
allows the fuel enter the
proper cylinder through the
nozzle.
- The pressure in the fuel
header is enough that it must
enable to penetrate and
disperse the fuel in the
combustion chamber.
- fuel quantity is regulated by
varying the length of the
push rod stroke.
injectors
HP lines
HP Pump
Header
Fuel In
Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines
Why the CI Engine becomes heavier than SI
engine?
In CI Engines, combustion occurs by the high temperature
produced by the compression of air. i.e Auto ignition, for this
minimum compression ratio of 12 is required.
The maximum pressure rise in combustion chamber also
increased. This requires heavier in construction.
The upper limit of the compression ratio is limited due to
mechanical factor and is compromise between low weight and
cost.
The normal compression ratio are in the range between 14 to
17 may go up to 23.
Hence the CI Engines are becomes bigger and heavier for the
same power of SI Engines.
Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines
Introduction: Introduction:
Each minute droplet of fuel as it enters engine cylinder is Each minute droplet of fuel as it enters engine cylinder is
quickly surrounded by an envelope of its own vapour, in turn quickly surrounded by an envelope of its own vapour, in turn
and at an appreciable interval is inflamed at the surface of and at an appreciable interval is inflamed at the surface of
the envelope. the envelope.
To evaporate the liquid, latent heat is abstracted from the To evaporate the liquid, latent heat is abstracted from the
surrounding air which reduces the temperature of the thin surrounding air which reduces the temperature of the thin
layer of surrounded air, and temperature can be raised again layer of surrounded air, and temperature can be raised again
by abstracting heat from the main bulk of air in this vicinity. by abstracting heat from the main bulk of air in this vicinity.
As soon as this vapour and the air in actual contact with it As soon as this vapour and the air in actual contact with it
reach a certain temperature, ignition takes place. reach a certain temperature, ignition takes place.
Once ignition has been started and a flame established the Once ignition has been started and a flame established the
heat required for further evaporation will be supplied from heat required for further evaporation will be supplied from
that released by combustion. that released by combustion.
This vapour would be burning as fast as it can find fresh This vapour would be burning as fast as it can find fresh
oxygen oxygen ie ie it will depend on the rate at which it is moving it will depend on the rate at which it is moving
through air. through air.
Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines
Introduction: Introduction:
If the air within the cylinder were motionless, only a If the air within the cylinder were motionless, only a
small small portion of fuel would find sufficient oxygen, for portion of fuel would find sufficient oxygen, for
it is impossible to distribute the droplets uniformly it is impossible to distribute the droplets uniformly
throughout the combustion space. throughout the combustion space.
Therefore some air movement is absolutely essential Therefore some air movement is absolutely essential
for CI engine Combustion. for CI engine Combustion.
In CI Engines, In CI Engines, air swirl air swirl means an means an orderly orderly
movement of the whole body of the air, with or movement of the whole body of the air, with or
without some eddying or turbulence without some eddying or turbulence so as to bring a so as to bring a
continuous supply of fresh air to reach burning continuous supply of fresh air to reach burning
droplet and sweep away the products of combustion droplet and sweep away the products of combustion
which otherwise tend to suffocate it. which otherwise tend to suffocate it.
Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines
This graph shows the fuel injection flow rate, net heat release
rate and cylinder pressure for a direct injection CI engine.
Start of injection
Start of combustion
End of injection
Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines
Phases of C.I Engine Combustion: Phases of C.I Engine Combustion:
1.Ignition delay period.
2.Period of rapid or uncontrolled
combustion
3.Period of controlled combustion.
Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines
1. Ignition delay period:
It is counted from the start of injection to the point where
compression curve departs
Types of ignition delay: Types of ignition delay:
1. Physical delay 2. Chemical delay.
The physical delay physical delay period is the time beginning of injection period is the time beginning of injection
and the attainment of chemical reaction conditions. and the attainment of chemical reaction conditions.
In this period, the fuel is atomized, vaporized, mixed with In this period, the fuel is atomized, vaporized, mixed with air, air,
and raised in temperature. and raised in temperature.
The The chemical delay chemical delay period period reaction starts slowly and then
accelerates until inflammation or ignition takes place.
Effect of Ignition delay: Effect of Ignition delay:
This causes rough running rough running and may cause diesel knock diesel knock.
Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines
Start of
injection
End of
injection
a
b
Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines
Period of Rapid combustion: Period of Rapid combustion:
is also called uncontrolled combustion due to rapid
pressure rise.
During the delay period, the droplets have had time to
spread over a wide area and fresh air is always available
around the droplets.
Most of the fuel admitted would have evaporated and
formed a combustible mixture with air.
By this time, the preflame reactions would have also
been completed.
The period of rapid combustion is counted from the end
of delay period or the beginning of the combustion to the
point of maximum pressure on the indicator diagram.
The heat release is maximum during this period.
Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines Combustion phenomenon in C.I. Engines
Period of controlled combustion: Period of controlled combustion:
Rapid combustion period is followed by the third stage, the controlled
combustion.
Hence the fuel droplets injected during the previous stage burn faster
with reduced ignition delay as soon as they find necessary oxygen and
any further pressure rise is controlled by the injection rate.
The period of controlled combustion is assumed to the end at the
maximum cycle temperature.
Period of After Period of After- -burning: burning:
The unburnt and partially burnt fuel particles left in the CC start
burning as soon as they come into contact with the oxygen.
This process continues for a certain duration is known as After
burning.
Rate of after burning depends on
1. Velocity of diffusion
2. turbulent mixing of unburnt and partially burnt fuel with the
air.