Current Affairs 2012-13 Shunmugam Ias Study Circle Head3

SHUNMUGAM IAS STUDY CIRCLE H.O: Coimbatore -99941 46662 B.
O: Tirunelveli- 95972 11166, Tirupur-99944 27714

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SHUNMUGAM IAS STUDY CIRCLE H.O: Coimbatore -99941 46662 B.O: Tirunelveli- 95972 11166, Tirupur-99944 27714

WWW.iasipstnpsc.in Email: shun_ias@yahoo.com
CURRENT AFFAIRS 2012-13 by way of General Knowledge
ODEL EXAM GK With GE 28
th
OCTOBER 2012

;
jkpof muR tpUJfs; - 2013
jkpog; NguwpQh;fs; kw;Wk; jd;dykw;w
jiyth;fspd; ngah;fshy; jkpof muR
Vw;gLj;jpAs;s jpUts;Sth; tpUJ cl;gl
gy;NtW tpUJfs; xt; nthU Mz;Lk;
jpUts;Sth; jpdkhf [dthp 15 Mk;
Njjp toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. 2012 Mk;
Mz;Lf;fhd tpUJ ngw;wth;fspd; tptuk; .
jpUts;Sth; tpUJ lhf;lh; e. KUfd;
je;ij nghpahh; tpUJ lhf;lh; Nfh.rkurk;.
mz;zy; mk;Ngj; fh; tpUJ jh.ghz;bad;
ngUe;jiyth; fhkuh[h; tpUJ rpq;fhu
tbNty;.
kfhftp ghujpahh; tpUJ F.uhk%h;j;jp
ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd; tpUJ Kidth;
Nrh. e. fe;jrhkp
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tpUJ eh.uhrNfhghyd; (kiyakhd;)
,th;fSf;F Njdp khtl;lk; Nyhah; Nfk;g;gpy;
ele;j tpohtpy; jkpof Kjy;th; tpUJfis
toq;fpdhh;.
fhpfhy; NrhoDf;F kzpkz;lgk;
Ky;iyg;nghpahW mizia tpl kpftk;
goik tha;e;j miz nfhs;splk; Mw;wpd;
kPJ fl; lg;gl;Ls;s fy;yiz. 2 Mapuk;
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G fhpfhy; Nrhodhy;
fl; lg;gl;L ,d;wsTk; vz;zw;w kf;fSf;F
gadspj;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;j miz xU
nghwpapay; mw;Gjk; MFk; . ,e;jpahtpy;
jw;NghJ Gofj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; mizfspy;
fy;yizNa kpfTk; goik tha;e;jJ.
,g;gbg;gl;l cWjpahd mizia
cUthf;fpf; nfhLj;j fhpfhy; Nrhodpd;
Nritia epiwT $h;e;J Nghw;Wk;
tifapYk;> xU kzpkz;lgk; mikf;fg;gLk;
vd;W jkpof muR mwptpj;Js;sJ.

,e;jpa fg;gy; gilapd; Gjpa jsgjp
[_d; 5> 2012 md;W Jiz ml;kpuy;
NjNte;jpuf;Fkhh; N[h~pia (Devender Kumar
Joshi) ,e;jpa fg;gy; gilapd; Gjpa jsgjpahf
epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhh;. jw;Nghija fg;gy;
gilj; jsgjp (Navy Cheif) eph;ky; th;kh tpd;
gjtpf;fhyk;; Mf];l; 31> 2012y;
Kbtile;jjhy; mjd; gpd;G N[h~p Gjpa
fg;gy; gilj; jsgjpahf gjtpNaw;whh;.
flw; gil
Rje;jpuj;Jf;F Kd;G flw; gil gk;gha;
kiud;> ,e;jpad; Netp> ,e;jpah khiud;
vd;Dk; ngah;fspy; miof;fg;gl;lJ. 1934
y; uhay; ,e;jpad; Netp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpah FbauR mwptpf;fg;gl;lijaLj;J>
1950 [dthp 26 Kjy; uhay; vd;w nrhy;
tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpaf; flw; gilapd; Kjy; fkhz;lh; ,d;
rP/g; ml;kpuy; vl;th;l; ghhp. ,e;jpatpd;
Kjy; rP/g; M/g; Nety; ];lh/g; ml;kpuy;
khh;f; ig]p. ,e;jpa ePh;%o;fpf; fg;gypy;
gazk; nra;j Kjy; ,e;jpa FbauRj;
jiyth; v.gp.N[. mg;Jy;fyhk; (2006>
I.vd;.v]; rpe;J uf; ~f; eP h;%o;fpf; fg;gy;).
,e;jpaf; flw; gilapd; Kjy; tpkhdj;
jhq;fp Nghh;f;fg;gy; I.vd;.v];. tpf;uhe;j;.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Nety; mfhlkp 1969
[dthpapy;> Nfus khepyk; nfhr;rpapy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
flw; gil fkhz;Lfs;
fpof;F tprhfg;gl;bdk;

Nkw;F Kk;ig

njw;F nfhr;rp

kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt gl;n[l; 2012-13;
kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt Jiw mikr;rh; jpU. jpNd~;
jphpNtjp 201213 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd kj;jpa
,uapy; gl;n[l;il 14> khh;r; 2012
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. jw;Nghija
,uapy;Nt Jiw mikr;rh; gtd; Fkhh; gd;ry;.
( Pawan Kumar Bansal)
SHUNMUGAM IAS STUDY CIRCLE
Coimbatore, Tirupur & Tirunelveli
99941 46662 99944 27714 95972 11166
www.tnpsctamil.in 1 of 30.


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Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; :
xd;gJ Mz;Lfspy; Kjd; Kiwahf
gazpfs; kw;Wk; ruf;F fl; lzk; cah;j;jg;
gl;Ls;sJ. 2012 -13 f;fhd nkhj;j KjyPL
&. 60100 Nfhb. (,J jhd; mjpfkhd
KjyPL MFk;).
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(vjph;ghh;g;G) &. 89339 Nfhb. gazpfs;
Nghf;Ftuj; jy; nkhj;j tUkhdk;
(vjph;ghh;g;G ) &. 36073 Nfhb.
nkhj;j tuT (vjph;ghh;g;G) &. 1.32 yl;rk;
Nfhb.mLj;j gj;jhz;Lfspy; ,uapy;Jiwia
etPdkakhf;f &. 14 yl; rk; Nfhb
Njitg;gLk;. 12tJ Ie;jhz;L ,uapy;Nt
Jiwapd; jpl;lj;jpy; (2012-17)y; 7.35 yl;rk;
Nfhb KjyPL nra;ag;gLk;.
75 Gjpa tpiuT ,uapy;fSk; (Express) 21
Gjpa kpjNtf ,uapy;fSk; (Passenger
Trains) ,af;fg;gLk;. FU ghpf;ukh (Guru
Parikrama) ,uapy; tz;bfs; mkph;jur];>
ghl;dh> ehd;nll; tiu ,af;fg;gLk;.
Gjpajhf 2500 gRik fopg;gfq;fs; ,uapy;
ngl;bfspy; epWtg;gLk;. ghJfhg;gpw;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;Fk; tifapy; mjw;nfd
jdpahd ,uapy;Nt ghJfhg;G ,af;fk;
(Independent Railway Safety Authority) xd;W
mikf;fg;gLk;. gj;J Nfhb &ghapy;
,uapy;Nt tbtikg;Gg; gphpT (Dedicated
Railway Design Wing) mikf;fg;gLk;.
Gjpa Nghplf;fhy kUe;Jfs;
raidL KwpT kue;J cs;spl;l 16 Gjpa
Nghplh;f; fhy Nkyhz;ik kUe;Jfis ,e;jpa
tpQ;Qhdpfs; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdh;. b.Mh;.B.X
vdg;gLk; uhZt Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp
mikg;gpd; mZrf;jp kue;jpay; kw;wk;
mwptpay; epWtdj;ij (,d;kh];) Nrh;e;j
tpQ;Qhdpfs; ,e;jpg; Gjpa kue;Jfis
cUthf;fp> mtw;wpd; jpwid Nrhjpj;Jg;
ghh;j;Js;sdh;. 16 Gjpa kUe;JfSf;Fk;
,e;jpa kUe;Jf; fz;fhzpg;ghsh; xg;Gjy;
mspj;Js;shh;. raidL KwpT kUe;J>
tp~thAthy; Vw;gLk; fhaj;Jf;fhd kUe;J
cs;gl ,it midj;Jk; Nghplh;fhy
kUe;Jfshf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. raidL
KwpT kue;J cs;spl;l 16 Gjpa Nghplh;f;
fhy Nkyhz;ik kUe;Jfis ,e;jpa
tpQ;Qhdpfs; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdh;. b.Mh;.B.X
(DRDO) vdg;gLk; uhZt Muha;r;rp kw;Wk;
tsh;r;rp mikg;gpd; mZrf;jp kue;jpay;
kw;wk; mwptpay; epWtdj;ij (,d;kh];)
Nrh;e;j tpQ;Qhdpfs; ,e;jpg; Gjpa kue;Jfis
cUthf;fp> mtw;wpd; jpwid Nrhjpj;Jg;
ghh;j;Js;sdh;. 16 Gjpa kUe;JfSf;Fk;
,e;jpa kUe;Jf; fz;fhzpg;ghsh; xg;Gjy;
mspj;Js;shh;. raidL KwpT kUe;J>
tp~thAthy; Vw;gLk; fhaj;Jf;fhd kUe;J
cs;gl ,it midj;Jk; Nghplh;fhy
kUe;Jfshf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
kJiu ky;ypf;F Gtprhh; FwpaP L
kJiu ky;ypifg; g+tpw;F kj;jpa murpd;
mwpTrhh; nrhj;Jhpikf; fofk; Gtprhh; FwpaPL
mq;fPfhuj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. Gtprhh; FwpaPL
jkpofj;jpy; kyUf;F vd Kjy; Kiwahf
kJiu ky;ypf;F jw;NghJ fpilj;jpUf;fpwJ.
,e;j FwpaP l;bid 20 Mz;lfSf;F kJiu
ky;yp tptrhapfs; gad;gLj;jyhk;. kJiu
ky;yp tptrhapfs; rq;fj;jpdhplk; ngWk;
ky;ypifia kl;LNk cyfstpy; kJiu
ky;yp vd;wiof;f Ntz;Lk;. Vw;Wkjpf;F
,f;FwpaPL cjTk;. NkYk; ky;yp
tptrhapfSf;F $Ljy; tpiy cs;spl;l
gyjug;gl;l gyd;fs; fpilf;Fk;.
,izajsr; Nrit 30 Mz;Lfs; epiwT
,izajsr; Nrit njhlq;fg;gl;L> 30
Mz;Lfshfptpl;ld. Gul;rpfukhd kw;Wk;
Fiwe;j nrytpyhd jfty; njhlh;G
Kiwahd ,izajsr; Nrit fle;j 1983
Mk; Mz;L [dthp 1 Mk; Njjp njhlq;fpaJ.
mnkhpf;f ghJfhg;G mikr;rfk; jhd;
,jw;fhd Kaw;rpfis vLj;J> fzpdpfis
,izak; %yk; ,izf;Fk; Kiwiaf;
nfhz;L te;jJ. Kd;djhf> mnkhpf;fhit
Nrh;e;j tpQ;Qhdp nlhdhy;L NltPrpd;
tbtikg;Gfiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L>
me;ehl;bd; nelnthh;f; 1960Mk; Mz;Lfspd;
,Wjpapy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J mnkhpf;f
gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; cUthf;fg; gl;lJ.
gpd;dh; ,JNt ,izajskhf tbtk;
ngw;wJ. gphpl;ld; fzpdp tpQ;Qhdp
bk; ngh;dh;]; yP (Tim burners lee) jdJ
fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; %yk; Nth;y;L itL ntg;
vdg;gLk; ,izajsr; Nritf;F ,Wjp
tbtk; nfhLj;jhh;. ,g;NghJ> ,izajsk;
%yk; cyfpd; ve;j %iyf;Fk; kpf
tpiuthfj; jfty;fisg; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;s
KbtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.


3

Gjpa jtis ,dq;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; ,Jtiu fz;lwpag;glhj mhpa
tif jtisapdq;fis tpQ;Qhdpfs;
fz;lwpe;Js;sdh;. jtpu mope;Jtpl;ljhf
fUjg;gl;L te;j NtW jtisapdq;fisAk;
,th;fs; kWgbAk; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdh;.
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; cs;s Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp
kiyapy; fhLfspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s
,e;jg; Gjpa jtisapdq;fs; kpftk;
mhpjhdit vd tpQ;Qhdpfs;
njhptpj;Js;sdh;. G+id Nghy; kpNaht; vd;W
xypnaOg;gf;$ba ,utpy; Ntl;ilahLk;
jtisapdk;> xU fphpf;nfl; ge;J msTf;F
tsuf;$ba Nfusj;jpd; taehL gFjpapy;
fhzg;gLk; ,utpy; Ntl;ilahLk; jtisapdk;
cs;spl;lit Gjpjhf fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s
jtisapdq;fspy; mlq;Fk;.
cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa nly];Nfhg;
rpyp ehl;bd; mlfhkh ghiytdj;jpd; kiy
cr;rpapy; cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa nly];Nfhg;
mikf;fg;gl cs;sJ. fly; kl;lj;jpy;
,Ue;J Rkhh; 3060 kPl;lh; cauj;jpy;
&.5 Mapuk; Nfhb nrytpy; ,e;j nly];Nfhg;
mika ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j nly];Nfhg; nghpa
Nfhs;fs;> rpwpa Nfhs;fs;> el; rj;jpuq;fs;
kw;Wk; el; rj;jpuq;fSf;F mg;ghy; eilngWk;
mjpraq;fis cd;dpg;ghff; MuhAk; rf;jp
nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,ij mikf;Fk; gzp
2018 Mk; Mz;lf;Fs; KbtilAk; vd;W
vjph; ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
nghUshjhu fzf;fPL 2012
15 khh;r; 2012y; nghUshjhu fzf;fPL Kd;dhs;
kj;jpa epjp mikr;rh; jpU. gpudhg; Kfh;[pahy;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;: ,e;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpd;
tsh;r;rp 20112012 Mk; epjpahz;by; 6.9%
,Uf;Fk;. ,e;jpa njhopw;rhiyapd; tsh;r;rp 4.5%
Fiwe;j ehl; bd; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia
Fiwf;Fk; vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;
,e;jpah cyufpy; Ntfkhf tsh;r;rpAWk; ehLfs;
gl;baypy; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;.
njhopw;rhiyfs; ,e;jpa nkhj;j cs;ehl; L
cw;gj;jpapd; tsh;r;rpf;F (Gross Domestic
Product GDP) 27% gq;fspf;fpwJ. Nrit
gphpTfs; (Service Sector) 59% GDPapy;
gq;fspf;fpwJ. GDP apy; tptrhaj;Jiwapy;
gq;F 16%
2011 12y; ,e;jpa ehzaj;jpd; kjpg;G
lhyUf;F vjpuhf tpo;r;rpfz;lJ.
(Depreciation of Indian Rupee vis a vis Us
Dollar) [_iy 27, 2011 y; mJ cr;rkhfp
43.94 &gha; MfTk;> 15 brk;gh; 2011y;
51.34 &ghAkhf kpfTk; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.
,e;jpahtpd; ntspehl; L fld; (Indias
External debt) 6.6 rjtPjkhf cah;e;J
nkhj;jk; 326.6 kpy;ypad; mnkhpf;f lhyuhf
cs;sJ. Tzpf fld;fs; kw;Wk;
(Commercial borrowings), FWfpa fhy
fld;fs; (Short term Debt) Mfpatw;why;
jhd; ntspehl; L fld; ,e;j msTf;F
cah;e;Js;sJ. ,e;jpahtpy; ntspehl;L
th;j;jfj;jpy; nray;ghL jhd; 2012-13Mk;
epjpahz;bd; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpis
eph;zapf;Fk;. 201112 Mk; epjpahz;by;
,e;jpahtpd; Vw;Wkjp 40.5% ,wf;Fkjp
30.4% (2011 12)
,e;jpa md;dpa nryhtdp ifapUg;G
(Foreign Exchange Reserve) khh;r; 2011 y;
Us $ 305 gpy;ypadhf ,Ue;jJ. Ntiy
tha;g;Gfspy; jfty; Jiwapy; (IT / BPO)
jhd; 7.96 yl; rk; Ntiy tha;g;G cs;sJ.
cs;ehl; L cw;gj;jp tsh;r;rp (Gross
Domestic Product) 2012 13y; 7.6% khfTk;>
8.6% khfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. czT
tpiyNaw;wk; gpg;uthp 2010y; 20.2%
,Ue;jJ ,J [dthp 2012y; 1.6% Mf
Fiwe;Js;sJ.
epiyahd tsh;r;rpAk; (Sustainable
Development) gUt fhy khw;wq; fSk;
(Climate Change) Kf;fpakhf murhy;
ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;bait. r%f gphptpw;Fj;
jhd; (Social Sector) 18.5% mjpfkhf epjp
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nfhy;ld; FNshg; tpUJfs;
Nfhy;ld; FNshg; tpUJfs; cs;@h; kw;Wk;
rh;tNjr jpiug;glq;fs;> rpwe;j njhiyf;fhl;rp
epfo;r;rpfSf;fhf Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gl;L
tUk; tpUjhFk;. ,J `hypTl; ntspehl; L
nra;jp epWtdj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
KjyhtJ Nfhy;ld; FNshg; tpUJfs; 1944
Mk; Mz;L [dthp khjk; mnkhpf;fhtpd;
yh]; VQ;ry;]; efhpy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;epiyapy; 70tJ Nfhy;ld; FNshg;
tpUJfs; mwptpf;fg;gl;ld.


4

,jpy; GJr;Nrhpapy; jahuhd iyg; Mg; ig
vd;w Mq;fpy glj;Jf;F rpwe;j gpd;dzp
,ir;rfhf Nfhy;ld; FNshg; tpUJ
fpilj;js;sJ. ,e;j glk; M];fhh; tpUJf;F
Vw;fdNt ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj; jf;fJ. rpwe;j jpiug;glk; -
mh;Nfh> rpwe;j ,af;Fdh; - ngd; m/g; nyf;
(glk; mh;Nfh)> rpwe;j jpiug;gl ebfh; -
Nldpay; Nl Y}apy; (glk; - ypq;fd;)> rpwe;j
ebif n[dPgh; yhud;]; (glk; - rpy;th;
iydpq;];) rpwe;j jpiug;glk; ghlfh;-mnly;
(glk; ];if/ghy;). N`hk;yz;l;
njhiyf;fhl;rp njhlhpy; ebj;j Nlkpad;
Y}ap]; rpwe;j njhiyf;fhl;rp ebfuhfTk;>
mNj njhlhpy; ebj;j fpNsh; Nld;]; rpwe;j
njhiyf;fhl;rp ebiff;fhd tpUijAk;
ngw;wdh;.
gpgh tpUJ
rh;tNjr fhy;ge;J rq;fq;fspd; $l;likg;G
gpgh rh;gpy; Mz;LNjhWk; toq;fg;gl;L tUk;
rpwe;j tPuUf;fhd tpUij mh;n[d;bdh tPuh;
yady; nk];]p njhlh;e;J 4 tJ
Kiwahf ntd;W rhjid gilj;js;shh;.
mh;n[d;bdh Njrpa mzp kw;Wk; ghh;rpNyhdh
fpsg; mzpf;fhf tpisahb tUk; nk];]p
2012 ,y; mjpfgl;rkhf 91 Nfhy; Nghl; L>
1972 ,y; n[h;kdpapy; n[l; Ky;yh; (85
Nfhy;) gilj;j rhjidia Kwpabj;jJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gpuhd;rpd; [pdbd; [pNld;>
gpNurpy; tPuh; nuhdhy;Nlh ,UtUk; jyh 3
Kiw rpwe;j tPuh; tpUij ngw;Ws;s
epiyapy;> 4 Kiw ntd;w xNu tPuh; vd;w
ngUik nk];]pf;F fpilj;Js;sJ. 2012 d;
rpwe;j tPuhq;fidahf mnkhpf;fhtpd; mg;gp
thk;ghf; Njh;e;njLf;g;gl;lhh;.
HDFC-apd; Kjy; ntsp ehl; L fpis epWtdk;.
,e;jpahtpd; vr;.b.vg;.rp (HDFC) vr;.b.vg;.rp
iyg; (Housing Development Finance
Corporation Life) vd;Dk; jd; Kjy;
ntspehl;L epWtdj;ij Jghapy; (Dubai)
njhlq;fpaJ.
vr;.b.vg;.rp iyg; vd;gJ> vr;.b.vg;.rpAk;
,q;fpyhe;jpd; ];lhd;lhl; iyg; (Standard
Life) k; ,ize;J njhlq;fpAs;s epWtdk;.
Jghapy; thOk; 1.75 kpy;ypad; ntspehL
tho; ,e;jpah;fSf;F ,J Nrit nra;Ak;.

Gjpa ,uhZtj; jsgjp
,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpd; 25tJ jsgjpahf
(25
th
Cheif of Indian Army) n[duy; gpf;uhk; rpq;
(Bikram Singh) [_d; 1> 2012 md;W
nghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. ,jw;F Kd;
,uhZt jsgjpahf ,Ue;j tp.Nf. rpq;fpd;
gjtpf; fhyk; Nk 31> 2012k; NjjpAld;
Kbtile;jJ. gpf;uk;rpq; ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;
jsgjpahf nghWg;Ngw;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ rPf;fpah;
Mthh;. ,tUf;F Kd; n[duy; J.J. rpq;
,g;nghWg;G tfpj;jhh;.
jiug;gil
Kjy; jsgjp (n[duy;) uhN[e;jpu rpd;`[p
1955 (Vg;uy; - Nk) jiug;gil fkhz;Lfs;
fpof;F nfhy;fj;jh
Nkw;F rz; bfh;
njw;F G+Nd

tlf;F cjk;G+h;
my;rPkh; Neha;f;fhd kugZ fz;Lgpbg;G
my;rPkh; vdg;gLk; %is Kjph;T
Neha;f;fhd kugDf;fs; Ie;jpid gphpl;ld;
kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fh tpQ;Qhdpfs;
fz;lwpe;jdh;. ,t;ite;Jld; Nrh;e;J
nkhj;jk; gj;J kugDf;fs; fhuzk; vd;W
fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. bkd;rpah
(Dementia) vd;w %is tpahjp my;rPkh;
tpahjpahy; tUfpwJ. my;rPkh; Neha;
(Alzheimers Desease). bkd;rpahtpd; Kf;fpa
fhuzk;. ,e;j Neha; mWgJ tajpw;F Nky;
cs;sth;fSf;F tUk;.Kwjp> KbntLg;gjpy;
rpf;fy;fs;> Nahrpg;gjpy;> rpf;fy;fs;> NgRk;
nkhopapy; gpur;rid> cUthf;fj;jpy;
jpzwy;> MSik gpur;ridfs; (Personality
Disorder) Nghd;w ghjpg;Gfis Vw;g;gLj;Jk;.
,e;jpa flNyhug; ghJfhg;G kpjitg; glF
(Hovercraft H - 187)
,e;jpaf; flNyhug; ghJfhg;gpw;F gad; glk;
kpjitg; glF gp 187 (Indian Coast Gurad
Hovercraft H - 187) ,e;jpa flw;gilapd;
iluf;lh; n[duy; (The Director General
Indian Coast Guard) Jiz ml;kpuy; tp.wp
Kuspjudhy; F[uhj; khwpyj;jpy; cs; xfh
(Okha) vd;w ,lj;jpy; [_d; 11> 2012 md;W
ehl;Lf;F mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;lJ.


5

,e;j kpjitg; glF cj;ufz;l; khepyj;jy;
mike;Js;s [p/ghd; N`hth; nthh;f;
ypkpnll; (Gifon Hoverwork Limited (GHL)
tbtikj;j 12 fhw;W kpjit thfdq;fs;
(Air Xushion Vehicles) thpirapy;
KjyhtjhFk;.
21 kPl;lh; ePsk; nfhz;l ,e;j fhw;W kpjit
thfdk; 31 ld; vilia Rke;J nry;yf;
$ba jpwd; nfhz;lJ. ,J 45 fp.kP
Ntfj;jpy; nry;yf;$baJ. 1.8
fpNyhkPl;lUf;F ,izahd fg;gypd; Ntf
mstPl;L MFk;. ,e;j fhw;W kpjit
thfdk; eP hpYk;> epyj;jpYk; nry;yf; $baJ.
rpq;fg;g+h; rghehafuhf ,e;jpag;ngz;
rpq;fg;g+h; ghuhSkd;w rghehafuhf ,Ue;j
ikf;Nfy; ghy;kh; gjtp tpyfpaij njhlh;e;J>
fhypahf ,Ue;j gjtpf;F mikr;ruhd `hkh
N[hf;fg; vd;gtiu rghehafuhf gpujkh; yP
rpd; epakpj;jhh;. ,e;jpa tk;rhtspiar;
Nrh;e;j ,th; MSk; kf;fs; nray; fl;rpapd;
vk;.gp. Mthh;. ,th; fle;j khjk; Gjpa
rghehafuhf gjtp Vw;whh;.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Njrpa Efh;Nthh; tpiy
FwpaP L ntspaPL
21 gpg;uthp 2012y; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Njrpa
Efh;Nthh; tpiy FwpaP L (CPI)
ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,jid kj;jpa
Gs;spapay; kw;Wk; jpl;l mkyhf;f
mikr;rfj;jhy; (Ministry of Statistics and
Program Implementation) ntspapLfpwJ.
,J khjnkhU Kiw ntspaplg;gLk;.
nkhj;j nfhs;Kjy; tpiy FwpaPl;il
(Wholesale Price Index) murpd; nfhs;if
KbtpypUe;J (CPI) khw;wk; nra;Ak;.
rpwpJ vd;gJ gy ruf;Ffs; kw;Wk;
Nritfs; nfhz;l njhFg;gpypUe;J (Basket
of Goods and Services) vLf;fg;gLk;.
,e;j GJ myF (Inflation) tpiyAah;it
rhpahf fzf;fpl cjTk; KbAk;. ,Jtiu
CPI apy; tptrha njhopyhsh;fs;
(Agricultural labourers) fpuhkGw
njhopyhsh;fs; (Rural labourers) kw;Wk;
njhopw;rhiy njhopyhsh;fs; (Industrial
workers) vd;w %d;W gphptpdUf;fhf
ntspaplg;gl;L te;Js;sJ.
kfsph; ,lxJf;fPL
gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa KiwahdJ khepyg;
gl;baypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s xh; ,dkhFk;.
,J murpayikg;gpd; 7 MtJ
ml;ltizapy;> ,uz;lhk; gl;baypy; (khepy
gl;baypy;) 5 MtJ ,dkhf ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk tpjp 243 d - ,d; gb
cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspd; %d;wpy; xU
gq;Ff;F (1/3) Fiwahj ,lq;fs; (33%)
kfspUf;fhf xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j ,l xJf;fPl;il 50%
cah;j;Jtjw;fhd rl;ljpUj;jj;jpw;F kj;jpa
fhgpndl; Mf];l; 27> 2009 - ,y; xg;Gjy;
mspj;Js;sJ. ,e;epiyapy; rpy khepyq;fs;
50 rjtPj ,l xJf;fPl;il Vw;fdNt
mky;gLj;j Jtq;fptpl;ld.
,e;jpahtpy; cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspy;
kfspUf;F 50% ,l xJf;fPL toq;fpa Kjy;
khepyk; gPfhh; MFk; . ,J 2005 ,y; ,e;j
,l xJf;fPl;il toq;fpaJ.
jw;NghJ gPfhh;> cj;jpufhz; lk;> ,khr;ry
gpuNjrk;> kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;> rl;B];fh;>
uh[];jhd;> Nfush Nghd;wit 50 rjtPj
,l xJf;fPl;il toq;fp tUfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpy; khepyk; thhpahf cs;shl;rp
mikg;Gfspy; kfsph; ,l xJf;fPL tpguk;
khepyq;fs; ,l xJf;fPL
cj;jpufhz;l; 55%
gPfhh; (2005) 50%
,khr;ryg;
gpuNjrk;
50%
kj;jpag;
gpuNjrk;
50%
rl;B];fh; (2008) 50%
uh[];jhd;
(2010)
50%
Nfush (2010) 50%
rpf;fpk; (2007) 40%
jkpo;ehL (1994) 33%

M];jpNuypah-,e;jpah ,ilNa kugZ njhlh;G
M];jpNuypahtpd; g+h;tf;Fb kf;fspd; kugZ
$Wfis Muha;e;j tpQ;Qhdpfs; ,e;jpahtpy;
,Ue;J M];jpNuypa fz;lj;Jf;F 4000
Mz;Lfs; Kd;dNu FbNaw;wk; ele;Js;sJ
vd;gjw;fhd mwpFwpfs; njd;gLtjhf
njhptpj;Js;sdh;


6

NkYk; bq;Nfh vd;w fhl;L eha;fis
M];jpNuypahtpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;fs;
,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,q;F te;J
FbNawpath;fshf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;Wk;
Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. M];jpNuypa
g+h;tFbfspd; kugZ njhFjpapy; ,e;jpa
kugZf;fs; fye;J fhyfl;lKk;>
mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l
/gh];]py; gbkq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; bq;Nfh
fhl;L eha;fs; M];jpNuypahtpy; njd;gl
Muk;gpj;j fhy fl;lKk; xd;whd cs;sJ vd
Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;.
,th;fSila Ma;tpd; KbTfs; Ne~dy;
mfhlkp Mg;rapd;r]; vd;w mwptpay;
kd;wj;jpd; gjpTfspy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ikf;Nuhj; vd;W Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrhy;yg; gLk;
fw;fUtpfis M];jpNuypahtpy; mwpKfg;
gLj;jpath;fSk; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;j
FbNawpfshf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W tpQ;Qhdpfs;
njhptpj;Js;sdh;.
rp.V. Njh;tpy; jkpo; ngz; Kjyplk;
Kk;ig kyhl; gFjpapy; trpj;J tUk;
n[af;Fkhh; ngUkhs; vd;gth; Kk;igapy;
Ml;Nlh hpf;~h Xl;b tUfpwhh;. ,tuJ kfs;
gpNukh rhh;l;lh;l; mf;fTz;ld;l; (rp.V) Njh;tpy;
800f;F 607 kjpg;ngz;fis ngw;W
,e;jpahtpNyNa Kjyplj;jpy; te;J rhjid
gilj;Js;shh;. rp.V. gbg;gpy; Kjyplk; ngw;w
gpNukhtpw;F jkpof muR rhh;gpy; &. 10 yl;rk;
Cf;fj;njhifia Kjyikr;rh; toq;fpdhh;.
epyhit Muha;r;rp nra; a u~;ah tpz;fyk;
epytpy; jz;zPh; cs;sjh> mq;Fs;s
rPNjh~;z epiy vd;d> kdpjd; mq;F caph;
tho KbAkh vd;w Muha;r;rp gy Mz;lfshf
ele;J tUfpwJ. ,e;epiyapy;> tUk; 2015
Mk; Mz;L Mspy;yh tpz;fyj;ij mDg;gp
epyit Muha;r;rp nra;a u~;a tpz;ntsp
Ma;T epWtdk; jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j
tpz;fyj;Jf;F Y}dh FNshg; vd;W ngahplg;
gl;Ls;sJ. tpz;ntspf;F uhf;nfl; mDg;Gk;
mKh; gFjpapy; Gjpa VTjsj;ij u~;ah fl;b
tUfpwJ. me;j ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J uhf;nfl;
%yk; Y}dh FNshg; epyTf;F mDg;gp
itf;fg;gLfpwJ. epytpy; jiuapwq;fp ,e;j
tpz;fyk; Ma;T nra;Ak;. mq;F tpz;fyk;
Nrfhpf;Fk; Nrk;gps;fspd; urhad jd;ik
Fwpj;J jiu fl; Lg;ghl;L ikaj;Jf;F
clDf;Fld; jfty; mDg;gp itf;Fk; vd;W
tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikak; $wpAs;sJ.
kj;jpa gl;n[l; 2012 2013
kj;jpa epjp ke;jphp jpU. gpuzhg; Kfh;[p 16> khh;r;
2012y; kj;jpa gl;n[l;il (2012-13)
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,J ,th;
jhf;fy; nra;Ak; ehd;fhtJ kj;jpa gl;n[l;
MFk; .
Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; :
1. ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk; 2012-13 y; 7.6% Mf
tsUk; vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. nkhj;j
nrytPdk; 201213 y; &.14.9 bhpy;ypad;
MFk; . ,J nrd;w tUlj;ij tpl 29%
mjpfk;.
2. nkhj;j jpl;l nryT xJf;fPL (Plan
Expenditure Budgeted) &. 521.25 gpy;ypad;.
,J nrd;w Mz;il tpl 18% mjpfk;.
tUkhd thp tpyf;F &. 180000 apypUe;J 2
yl; rk; &ghahf cah;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. gw;whf;Fiw (Fiscal Deficit) 2012 13 y; GDP
y; 5.1% Mf ,Uf;Fk;. Nrit thpia 10%
y; ,Ue;J 12% Mf cah;j;j
jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ. 17 ,dq;fis (17 Items)
jtpu midj;J NritfspYk; thp tpjpf;f
jpl;lkplg; gl;Ls;sJ.
4. njhopy; thpay; (Corporate Tax) khw;wk;
,y;iy. ntspehl;bypUe;J thq;Fk; th;j;jf
fld;fis (External Commercial Borrowing)
kpd; cw;gj;jpf;F (Power Projects) gad;
gLj;jyhk;. 201213y; 8800 fp.kP rhiyfs;
cUthf;fg;gLk;.
5. ghJfhg;G Jiwf;F (Defence Sector) 2012
13y; & 1.94 bhpy;ypad; xJf;fPL nra;ag;
gl;Ls;sJ. (201112y; & 1.64 bhpy;ypad;)
Njrpa czT ghpfhpg;G jpl;lk; (National
Food Processiong scheme) vy;yh
khwpyq;fspYk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gLk;.
6. Njrpa efh;Gw Rfhjhuj; jpl;lk; (National
Urban Health Mission) njhlq;fg;gLk;.
Tpjitfs; Xa;t+jpaKk; (Widow Pension)
khw;Wj; jpwdhspfs; xa;T+jpaKk;; &. 200
ypUe;J &. 300 mf
cah;j;jg;gLfpwJ.gq;Ffis tpw;Fk; tpfpjk;
(Disinvestment Target) 2012 13 y; 300
gpy;ypad; &gha;.
7. Ie;J tUlq;fspy; a+hpah cw;gj;jpapy;
,e;jpah jd;dpiwT milAk;. 2012 13 y;


7

khdpaq;fis (Subsidies) GDP y; 2% rjtPj
mstpw;Fs; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gl;n[l; jfty;fs;
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gl;n[l;il
jpU. Mh;. Nf. rz; Kfk; nrl;b jhf;fy;
nra;jhh;. mjpf tUlk; epjp ke;jphpahf
,Ue;jth; jpU. Nkhuhh;[p Njrha; (8
tUlq;fs;)
jpU. [];te;j; rpq; 13 ehl;fNs epjp
ke;jphpahf ,Ue;jhh;. Mh;.gp.I apd;
fth;duhf ,Ue;j jpU. rp.b
Nj];Kf; mth;fshy; jw;fhypf gl;n[l;
(Interim Budge) 1951 - 52 y; Kjy; Kiwahf
jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. Kjy; kj;jpa
gl;n[l;il (195859) jhf;fy; nra;jth; jpU.
[tfh;yhy; NeU.
epjp mikr;ruhf ,Ue;J> gpd;G FbauRj;
jiytuhf cah;e;jth;
jpU.Mh;.ntq;fl;uhkd;.jpU. kd;Nkhfd;
rpq;Fk;> jpU. a~;te;j; rpd;fhTk; njhlh;e;J
Ie;J gl;n[l;fis jhf;fy; nra;J
cs;sdh;.
195051 Mk; Mz;L jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;l
gl;n[l;by; jpl;l fkp~id (Planning
Commission) mikg;gjw;fhd jpl;lj;ij epjp
mikr;rh; jpU. [hd; Nkjha; mwpKfk;
nra;jhh;.
jkpo;ehL gl;n[l; 20122013 (epjpepiy mwpf;if)
jkpo;ehl; bd; epjp mikr;rh; jpU. X.gd;dPh;nry;tk;
201213f;fhd epjpepiy mwpf;if (Budget) khh;r;
26> 2012y; jhf;fy; nra;jhh;.
Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; :
,J ,e;j murpd; ,uz;lhtJ epjp
mwpf;if. gj; J yl;rk; jkpof tptrhapfis
gaph; ghJfhg;gpd; fPo; nfhz;L tuNtz;Lk;.
201112y; nkhj;j czT jhdpa cw;gj;jp
115 yl; rk; ld; Mf fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
201213 y; ,J 120 yl;rk; nkl;hpf; ld;
Mf eph;zapj;Js;sJ.
201213Mk; Mz;by; tpiyfs; gw;wpa
jfty;fis gutyhf;f Ntshz; re;ij
jfty;fis th;j;jf Nkk;ghl; L ikak;
jpUr;rpapy; mikf;fg;gLk;.
jhNd Gay; jhf;fpa flY}h;> tpOg;Guk;
khtl;lq;fSf;F 1000 Nfhb &gha;
epthuzk;> 1 yl; rk; fhd;q; f;hPl; tPLfs;
fl; lg;gLk;> tptrhapfSf;F ,og;gPlhf 205
Nfhbfs; mspf;fg;gLk;. gj;J mk;rq;fis
nfhz;l njhiy Nehf;Fj; jpl; lk;.
100 gpd; jq;fpa tl;lhuq;fspy; khepy
rhpepfh; tsh;r;rp epjp cUthf;fk;. ,jw;F
100 Nfhb &gha; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jw;NghJ 8>284 yl;rk; cWg;gpdh;fisAk;
3>225 Nfhb &gha; Nrkpg;Gk; nfhz;l 5.35
yl; rk; kfsph; Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs;
cs;sd.
M[Ptpfh vd ngahplg;gl;Ls;s kj;jpa
murpd; jpl;lkhd Njrpa fpuhkg;Gw
tho;thjhuj; jpl;lk; jkpo;ehl; L 201213
Mk; Mz;L Kjy; njhlq;fg;gLk;.
jkpo;ehL efh;Gw tho;thjhuj; jpl;lk;
tUk; epjp Mz;by; njhlq;Fk;.
,j;jpl;lj;jpy; jpwd; Nkk;ghL> Ntiytha;g;G>
tPl;L trjp> mbg;gil fl;likg;G>
midtUf;Fk; fy;tp> Rfhjhuk; > rKjha
Nkk;ghL Nghd;wit cs;sJ.
gy;NtW JiwfspilNa td;nghUs;
jpwdsit gq;fpl;L gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
f;nysL fk;g;a+bq; (Cloud Computing)
Kiw mwpKfk;. jhdpaq;fp fUt+y
Nkyhz;ik Kiw (Automated Treasury
Management System) %yk; midj;J
tUthAk;> nrytpdq;fSk;
fz;fhzpf;fg;gLk;.
murpd; midj;J tUtha;fisAk;
nrYj;jf;$ba xU nghJ EioTthapyhf
nray;glf;$ba fUT+y tiyj;jsk;
(Common Payment Gateway) mikf;fg;gLk;.
201213 Mk; Mz;by; ViofSf;F xU
yl; rk; tPl;Lkidg; gl;lhf;fs; toq;fg;gLk;.
epykw;w Vio fpuhkg;Gw ngz;fSf;F jyh
ehd;F nts;shLfs; my;yJ nrk;kwp
MLfs; toq;fg;gLk;.
201213 Mk; Mz;by; czT
khdpaj;jpw;fhf 4900 Nfhb &gha;
xJf;fg;gLk;. jpUr;rp> kJiu>
jpUney;Ntypapy; vy;fhl; epWtdj;jpd;
rpwg;G nghUshjhu njhopy; kz;lyk;
vy;Nfhnr]; (ELCOSEZ) mikf;fg;gLk;.


8

fpof;Ff; flw; fiu Md;kPf ghuk;ghpa
Rw;Wyh> njw;F Md;kPf Rw;Wr;#oy;
Rw;Wyh Nghd;witfis Cf;Ftpf;f Mrpa
tsh;r;rp tq;fp (Asian Development Bank)
cjtpAld; xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wyh
fl; likg;Gj; jpl; lk; nray;gLj;jg;gLk;.
ngUe;jkpo; mwpQh;fSf;F fgpyh; tpUJ>
c.Nt.rh tpUJ vd;w ,uz;L Gjpa
tpUJfs; mwpKfk;. jkpo;nkhop
tsh;r;rpf;fhf ekJ ehl;by;
mUe;njhz;lhw;Wk; jkpo; mikg;GfSf;F
jkpo;jha; tpUJ mwpKfk;.
lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl; Rkp nul; b epidT kfg;NgW
cjtpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; ehl;bNyNa cah;e;j
mstpy; 12>000 &ghahf epjpAjtp
cah;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nrd;id cah;ePjp kd;wk;
,e;jpar; rl;lj;Jiwf;F gy Kf;fpa
gq;fspg;Gfs; ey;fpa nrd;id cah;ePjp kd;wk;
cUthf;fg;gl;L 150 tUlq;fs; epiwtile;J
tpl;ld. ,ijf; nfhz;lhLtjw;fhf> 2012
nrg;lk;gh; 8,y; nrd;idapy; elj;jg;gl;l
gpukhz;l tpohtpy; ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiyth;
jpU. gpuzhg; Kfh;[p fye;Jnfhz;L rpwg;gpj;jhh;.
,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; miltw;F 85 tUlq;fSf;F
Kd;Ng nrd;id cah;ePjp kd;wk;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ];jhgf
jpdkhd Mf];l; 15 Mk; Njjp md;Nw ehl;bw;F
Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jJ xU mg+h;t xj;jpizT.
thzpgj;Jf;fhf ,e;jpah te;j Mq;fpy
fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp> Kjyhk; vyprngj;
kfhuhzpapd; uhay; rhh;l;lh; cj;jutpd;gb>
31.12.1600 md;W Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;ilapy;
xU ePjpkd;wj;ij Jtf;fpaJ. ,e;j
ePjpkd;wj;ij cWjp nra;J Kjyhk; N[k;];
kd;dh; 31.05.1609 md;W cj;juT gpwg;gpj;jhh;.
,e;j ePjpkd;wk; cs;@h; ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd;
mDkjpAld; 1640 ,y; rTy;l;hp Nfhh;l;
vdg; ngah; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
1688 ,y; Nkah; Nfhh;l; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,q;Nf rptpy; kw;Wk; fphpkpdy; tof;Ffis
tprhhpf;f mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
gpw;ghL 1798 ,y; nkl;uh]; gl;bdk; Nfhh;l;
M/g; nuf;fhh;L vdg; ngah; khw;wk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,J 1800 tiu njhlh;e;jJ.
,ijaLj;J kd;dh; %d;whk; [hh;[pd;
cj;jutpd;gb 1801> nrg;lk;gh; ehd;fhk; Njjp
nkl;uh]; cr;rePjpkd;wk; cUthf;fg; gl;lJ.
,jd; Kjy; jiyik ePjpgjp rh; jhk];
];l;Nud;[;. ,J 1862 tiu nray;gl;lJ.
1861> Mf];l; Mwhk; Njjp gphpl;B~; muR
,e;jpa cah;ePjpkd;wr; rl;lk; xd;iw
epiwNtw;wpaJ. ,jd;gb nkl;uh];>
fy;fj;jh> gk;gha; vd;Dk; %d;W uh[jhdp
efuq;fspy; gazpf;Fk; fg;gy;fspd; kPJk;
mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jk; cah;ePjpkd;wq; fis
cUthf;f tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpf;F mDkjp
toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,ijaLj;J kfhuhzp
ntspapl;l fhg;Ghpik fbjj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; 1862> [_d; 26 Mk; Njjp>
gue;Jgl;l mjpfhuq;fSldhd nkl;uh];
cah;ePjpkd;wj;ij cUthf;fp kfhuhzpapd;
gpufldk; ntspahdJ. (,j;Jld; 1800>
brk;gh; 26 gpufldj;jpd;gb kd;dh; %d;whk;
[hh;[; cUthf;fpa cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
nray;ghLfs; KbTf;F te;jd)
1862> Mf];l; 15 Mk; Njjp nkl;uh];
cah;ePjpkd;wk; mjpfhug+h;tkhf Jtq;fp
itf;fg;gl;lJ. gPr; ,uapy; epiyaj;jpd;
Kd;gf;fkpUe;j fl;blj;jpy; jhd; 1862 Kjy;
1892 tiu ,e;j cah;ePjpkd;wk;; ,aq;fpaJ.
(,e;jf; fl; blk; gpw;ghL nkl;uh]; Ml;rpah;
mYutyfkhapw;W)
1888 ,y; Jtq;fpa Gjpa fl; bl fl; Lkhdk;
1892 ,y; epiwtile;jJ. fl;Lkhdr; nryT
& 12>98>163. ,yz;ld; ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F
mLj;J cyfpd; kpfg;nghp ,uz; lhtJ
ePjpkd;w tshfk; nkl;uh]; cah;ePjpkd;wNk.
1892 [_iy 12 Mk; Njjp Gjpa fl;blj;jpd;
rhtpia toq;fp nfsutpj;jth; md;iwa
nkl;uh]; MSeh; ngy;gp ghud;ntd; Nyhf;.
Rhtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lth; md;iwa
jiyik ePjpgjp rh;. Mh;jh; fhypd;];.
nkl;uh]; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kjy; ,e;jpaj;
jiyik ePjpgjp lhf;lh; gp.tp. uh[ kd;dhh;.
nkl;uh]; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kjy; ,e;jpa
ePjpgjp Kj;JRthkp ma;ah;. Kd;dhs;
FbauRj; jiyth; Mh;.ntq;fl;uhkd;> Me;jpu
Nfrhp b.gpufhrk;> my;yhb fpU~;zrhkp
ma;ah;> rp.Mh; gl;lhgpuhkd;> Nkhfd;
Fkhukq;fyk;> g.Nf. guuhrd;> [p. uhkrhp
Nghd;w gy gpugyq;fs; nkl;uh]; cah;
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;fwpQh;fshfg;
gzpahw;wpath;fs;.


9

2004 [_iy 24 ,y; 12 ePjpgjpfs; ,lq; fpa
xU epue;ju cah;ePjpkd;w ngQ;r; kJiuapy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 2005 ,y; cah;ePjpkd;w
mUq;fhl;rpafk; jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjyhf rkurg; Ngr;R
thh;j;ijfs; %yk; tof;Ffis igry;
nra;Ak; ikak; ,q;Fjhd; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
mJ NghyNt khiyNeu ePjpkd;wq; fs;>
tpLKiw jpd ePjpkd;wq; fs; Nghd;witAk;
,q;NfNa Jtf;fkpl;ld. Kjd; Kjyhf
jkJ nrhj;J tpguq;fis jhq;fNs
Kd;te;J ntspapl;lth;fSk; nkl;uh];
cah;ePjpkd;w eP jpgjpfNs.
cyfg; ghuk; ghpar; rpd;dq;fs;
(UNESCO World Heritage)
xU eh;bd; milahsj;ij ntspf;fhl;Lk;
fz;zhbfs; me;ehl; bd; fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk;
gz;ghL I.eh.tpd; And];Nfh mikg;G.
1972 ,y; cyf ghuk;ghpar; rpd;dq;fisg;
ghJfhg;gJ Fwpj;J xU rh;tNjr
kfhehl;il (World Heritage Convention)
$l;baJ. ,ijj; njhlh;e;J cUthdJjhd;
cyf ghuk; ghpar; rpd;dq;fs; (World
Heritage Sites) Fwpj;j gl;bay;.
2012 fzf;Fg;gb 157 ehLfisr; Nrh;e;j 962
ikaq; fs; cyf ghuk;ghpar; rpd;dq;fspd;
gl;baypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. (,g;gl;bay;
khw;wj;jpw;Fl;gl;lJ). vy;yh tUlKk; Vg;uy;
18 Mk; Njjp cyf ghuk; ghpar; rpd;d
jpdkhf (World Heritage Day)
filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ghuk;ghpar; rpd;dq;fs;
1. fyhr;rhu ikaq; fs; (Cultural Sites)
2. ,aw;if ikaq;fs; (Natural Sites)
3. ,it ,uz;Lk; fye;jikaq;fs;(Mixed
Sites) vd %d;W epiyfspy;
gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. (,e;jpahtpy;
nkhj;jKs;s 29 ghuk; ghpar; rpd;d
ikaq; fspy; 23 fyhr;rhu ikaq;fs; 6
,aw;if ikaq;fs;).
fyhr;rhu ikaq;fs;
Mf;uh Nfhl;il> m[e;jh Fiffs;>
vy;Nyhuh> jh[;kfhy;> nfhdhh;f;
#hpaf;Nfhtpy;> kfhgypGuk; rpw;gq;fs;>
/gNjGh; rpf;hp> `k;gp rpjpyq;fs;> f[_uhN`h
Nfhtpy;fs;> Nfhth Njthyaq;fs;>
vyp/ngd;lh Fiffs;> Nrhoh; Nfhtpy;fs;>
gl;lilf;fy; rpd;dq;fs;> rhQ;rp> `_khA+d;
fy;yiw> FJg;kpdhh;> kiy ,uapy;fs;>
Gj;jfah kfhNghjp Miyak;> gpk;Ngj; fhh;>
rk;ghdph; - ghtfhl;> rj;ugjp rpth[p
nlh;kpd];> nrq;Nfhl;il> [e;jh; ke;jph;.
,aw;if ikaq;fs;
fhrpuq;fh Njrpa g+q;fh> fpNahyhbNaht;
Njrpag; g+q;fh> kdh]; Njrpag; g+q;fh>
Re;jutdk;> ee;jhNjtp Njrpag; g+q;fh>
Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiy.
Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;
Mhpa tif caphpdq;fs;> jhtuq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; nghf;fp~khf tpsq;Fk;
Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyg;gFjp 2012 - ,y;
cyf ghuk;ghpar; rpd;dq;fspd; gl;baypy;
,lk;ngw;wJ. F[uhj; vy;iyapy; Jtq;fp
kfhuh~;buk; > Nfhth> fh;ehlfk;> jkpo;ehL>
Nfusk; vd;W gy;NtW khepyq;fspyhf
ePz;L fplf;Fk; Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyg;
gFjpfs;> jkpo;ehl;bd; fd;dpahFkhp
khtl;lj;jpy; KbtilfpwJ. gy;Yaph;g;
ngUf;fj;Jf;F ngah; ngw;w cyfpd; gj;J
,lq; fspy; xd;whd Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp
kiyg;gFjp 1>600 fp.kP ePsKk;> F[uhj; -
kfhuh~;bu vy;iyapy; XLk; jg;jp ejpapd;
njw;fpypUe;J fd;dpahFkhp tiu ePz;L
fplf;Fk; 1>60>000 r.fp.kP gug;Gk; nfhz;lJ.
,e;jpahtpd; gUt kioia jPh;khdpf;Fk;
Mju RUjpahd Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyj;
njhlhpy; Rkhh; 5>000 tif jhtuq;fSk;>
139 tif caphpfSk;> 508 tif
gwitfSk; cs;sjhf $wg;gLfpwJ.
Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiy ghJfhg;G Fwpj;J
Ma;T nra;a mikf;fg;gl;l fkpl;b khjt;
fhl;fpy; fkpl;b.
khepyk; thhpahf Kf;fpakhd fyhr;rhu
ikaq; fs; kw;Wk; ,aw; if ikaq; fs;.
mNrhk;
khd]; td tpyq;Ffs; ruzhyak;
khdr Njtpapd; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
gpugy Gypfs; fhg;gfk; kw;Wk; ,lk;ngah;
tpyq;Ffspd; tho;tplk;. gug;G 2>840 r.fp.kP
Nfhy;ld; yq;$h;> fhl;nlUik
Mfpatw;iwAk; ,q;Nf fhzyhk;.


10

fh]puq;fh Njrpag; g+q;fh
kpfph; kiy mbthuj; jpy; gpuk;kGj;jpuh
ejpapd; njd; fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ.
cyfpy; xw;iwf;nfhk;G fhz;lhkpUfk;
mjpfkhf thOk; gFjp. 430 r.fp.kP gug;G
nfhz;l ,g;g+q;fhtpy; rhkgh; khd;fs;>
`pNyhf; fpg;gd; vDk; xUtif Fuq;Ffs;
Mfpatw;iwf; fhzyhk;.
cj;jh;fhz;l;
ee;jhNjtpg+f;fspd; rkntsp Njrpag;
g+q;fhf;fs;
,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ nghpa kiyahd
ee;jhNjtp kiyapy; mike;Js;s Njrpag;
g+q;fh. Nkw;F ,khyaj;jpy; mike;js;s
g+f;fspd; rkntsp mg+h;tkhd g+f;fs;>
Mh;f;fpl; kyh;fs; epiwe;jJ.
cj;jpug; gpuNjrk;
Mf;uh Nfhl;il
Mf;uh efhpy; aKid ejpapd; tyf;
fiuapy; 1573 ,y; khkd;dh; mf;guhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 2.5 fp.kP Rw;wsT
nfhz;l ,f;Nfhl;ilf;Fs; [`hq; fPh; khfy;>
fh]; khfy;> jpthdp - , - fh]; kw;Wk;
,uz;L k#jpfs; mike;Js;sd. jpy;yp
Nfl;> mkh;rpq; Nfl; vd;Dk; ,uz;L Eio
thapy;fs; nfhz;lJ.
jh[;kfhy;
Nkhfyha fiyg;ghzpapd; kFlkhff;
fUjg;gLk; jh[;kfhy;> aKid ejpapd;
tyf;fiuapy; 0.17 rJu fp.kP gue;Js;s
nkhfy; Njhl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
KOtJk; nts;is ryitf;fy;yhy; 1631
1648 fhyfl;lj;jpy; kd;dh; ~h[`hdhy;
fl; lg;gl;l jh[;kfhy;> ngh;~pa> kj;jpa
Mrpa> ,];yhk; fl; blf;fiy
EZf;fq;fisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;lJ.
/gNjGh; rpf;hp
ntWk; gjpehd;F Mz;Lk; nkhfyhahpd;
jiyefukhf ,Ue;j /gNjGh; rpf;hp>
khkd;dh; mf;guhy; 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
fl; lg;gl;lJ. Gye;j; jh;th]h> [hk
k];[pj;> `th k`hy; Nghd;wit
fz;izf; fth;fpd;wd.
xhp~h
nfhdhh;f; #hpaf;Nfhtpy;
fp.gp 1250 ,y; #hpa Njtdpd; Njh; tbtpy;
mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhtpy;. ,q;Fs;s 24 fy;
rf;fuq;fs; gUtq;fisAk; > khjq;fisAk;
Fwpg;gjhf mikfpwJ. VO Fjpiufshy;
,Of;fg;gLk; (jw;NghJ MW FjpiufNs
cs;sd) ,f; fw;Nfhtpy; xU rpw;gf;fiy
mw; Gjk;. fWg;G gNfhlh vdTk;
toq;fg;gLk; ,f;Nfhtpy;> kd;dh; Mwhk;
eurpk;kNjtdhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
fh;ehlfk;
gl;lilf;fy; epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;
gp[g;g+h; khtl;lk;> tl kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpa
fl; blf; fiyapd; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf jpfOk;
,e;epidTr; rpd;dq;fs; Ie;J kw;Wk; Mwhk;
E}w;whz;L rhSf;fpa tk;rj;jpd; fiy
ntspg;ghLfs;. xd;gJ ,e;Jf; Nfhtpy;fs;>
i[d tpUgh$~h; Nfhtpy;> ky;ypfh;[_d
Nfhtpy;> rq;fNk];tuh; Miyak; Mfpait
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
`k;gp rpjpyq;fs;
tp[aefug; Nguurpd; gok; ngUikiag;
giwrhw;Wk; `k;gp efuk;> 1565 jf;fhz
K];yPk; gilnaLg; GfisaLj;J
rpijTz;lJ. Kj;jpa fhy cyfpd; moF
jJk;Gk; efuq;fspy; xd;whd `k;gpapd;
uhkr;re;jpuh Nfhtpy;> `]huh uhkh; Nfhtpy;>
G~;fuzp Fsk;> jhkiu kfhy;> re;ij
Nghd;wit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
f[_uhN`h Nfhtpy;fs;
rj;uhg+h; khtl;lk;> re;jyh rhk;uh[;a
fhyfl;lj;jpy; (fp.gp 950 1050) cUthf;fg;
gl;lit. ,q;Fs;s fz;lhhpah Nfhtpy;
rpw;gq;fs; ,e;jpa fl; blf; fiyapd;
ntspg;ghL. nkhj;jKs;s 85 Nfhtpy;fspy;
jw;NghJ ntWk; 20 Nfhtpy;fNs
vQ;rpAs;sd. Nkw;Fg; gphptpy; ny~;kzd;>
n[fjk;ghNjtp> rpj;jpuFg;jd;> fz;lhPa
kfhNjth; Myaq;fSk;> tlfpof;F gphptpy;
gpuk;kh> thkdd;> rhe;jpehjd;> ghh;Rtehjd;
Miyaq;fSk;> njd; gphptpy; JyhNjtd;>
rJh;G[d; Miyaq;fSk; mike;Js;sd.


11

rhQ;rp Gj;j epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;
jiyefh; Nghghypy; ,Ue;J 40 fp.kP
njhitpy; mike;Js;s rhQ;rp Gj;j
epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;> xw;iwf; fy; J}z;fs;>
muz;kidfs;> Nfhtpy;fs;> Gj;j tpfhufs;
epiwe;jJ. ,it 1881 ,y; fz;L
gpbf;fg;gl;ld. fp.K ,uz;L kw;Wk; xd;whk;
E}w;whz;bd; fhyfl;lj;jpy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lit. rhQ;rpapy; ,Uf;Fk;
Kf;fpa epidTr; rpd;dkhd ];J}gp 1.
Xw;iwf;fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;l mNrhf
];jkgk; Mfpait Fwpg;gplj;jFe;jit.
gpk;Ngj; fh fw;Fiffs;
tpe;jpa kiy mbthuj;jpy; mike;Js;s
,f;Fifapd; fhzg;gLk; RtNuhtpaq; fs;
nkN]hypj;jpf; fhyfl; lj;jij
Nrh;e;jitahf ,Uf;fhyk; vd;W
ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
F[uhj;
rk;gheph; - ghtfl; mfoha;T g+q;fh
,e;J kw;Wk; ,];yhkpa fl;blf; fiyapd;
,izT ntspg;gLk; ,g;gFjp nkhfyhah;
fhyj;jpw;F Ke;ija ,];yhk; efuj;jpd;
J}a rhl;rpahf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,q;Fs;s
[hkp k];[pj;> fhspfhkhj Nfhtpy;
Mfpait Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. ,g;gFjp 17
Mk; E}w;whz;L F[uhj; jiyefuhkff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
Nfhth
Nfhth Njthyaq;fs; - klq;fs;
Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpahpd; ,e;jpaj; jiyefukhf
tpsq;fpa Nfhth Rkhh; 450 tUl fhyk;
Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpahpd; MSiff;F
cl;gl;bUe;jJ. mth;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
Gdpj gpuhd;rp]; Nrtpah; fy;yiw
mike;Js;s. Nghk; [P]]; g]ypf;fh
cyfg; gpurpj;jkhdJ.
jkpo;ehL
kfhgypGuk; rpw;gq;fs;
fy;ypy; fiytz;zj;ij ntspf;fhl;b
epw;Fk; ujq;fs;> kz;lgq;fs;> flw;fiu
Nfhtpy;fs; ahTk; gy;yt rhk;uh[;a fhy
fl; lj;jpy; cUthf;fg; gl;lit.
Nrhoh; Nfhtpy;fs;
Nrho rhk;uh[;ak; kw;Wk; jkpoh; fyhr;rhuk;
Mfpatw;wpd; kpfr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L.
Khkd;dh; uh[uh[Nrhodhy; fl; lg;gl;l
jQ;ir nghpa Nfhtpy; (1003 1010)>
Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpuNrhod; fl; ba fq;if
nfhz;l NrhoGuk; (1035)> ,uz; lhk; uh[ uh[
Nrhod; fl;ba IuhtNj];tuk; (jhuhRuk; ).
gPfhh;
kfhNghjp Myak;
gfthd; Gj;jhpd; tho;NthLk;> Kf;jp
epiyNahLk; njhlh;Gila ehd;F Gdpj
ikaq; fspy; Gj;j fah Nfhtpy; tshfKk;
xd;W. jw;Nghija Nfhtpy; fp.gp. Mwhk;
E}w;whz;by; fl;lg;gl;lJ. Gj;jh; Qhdk;
ngw;w Gfo;ngw;w Nghjpkuk; (Ficus Religiosa)
,q;NfNa cs;sJ.
kfhuh~;buk;
m[e;jh Fiffs;
xsuq;fghj; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. Gj;j
rkaf; fiyia ntspg;gLj;Jk; mw; Gjkhd
Fifr; rpw;gq;fs;. ,uz;lhapuk; tUl
goik nfhz;lit.
vy;Nyhuh Fiffs;
xsuq;fhghj; khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s
,f;Fiffs; Gj;jh;> gpuhkzpak;> i[dk;
vDk; %d;W rkaq; fspd; rhl;rpakhfj;
jpfo;fpwJ. Rkhh; ,uz;L fp.kP njhiyTf;F
gue;Js;s vy;Nyhuhtpy; Kg;gj;jp ehd;F Gj;j
tpfhiufs;> Kjyhk; fpU~;zd; fhyj;jpy;
fl; lg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; ifyhr ehjh;
Nfhtpy; Nghd;wit mike;Js;sd.
vyp/ngd;lh Fiffs;
mugpf; flypy; vyp/ngd;lh jPtpy; fhzg;gLk;
,f;Fiffs;> Filtiuf; fiyapd;
rpd;dkhfj; jpfo;fpwJ. fp.gp Ie;J Kjy;
vl;lhk; E}w;whz;L fhyfl; lj;jpy;
cUthf;fg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLk; ,f;Fiffs;
Kk;igapd; Nfl; Nt M/g; ,e;jpa
tpypUe;J gj;J fp.kP njhiytpy; cs;sJ.
jPtpd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ahidr;
rpw;gj;ij ghh;j;j Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpaNu ,jw;F
vyp/ngd;lh Fiffs; vd;W ngahpl;ldh;.


12

rj;ugjp rpth[p nlh;kpd];
Kk;ig ,uapy; epiyak;. ,jd; gioa
ngah; tpf;Nlhhpah nlh;kpd];> tpf;Nlhhpad;
Nfhjpf; fl; blf;fiyapd; rpwe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;L.
Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
Re;jutd Njrpag; g+q;fh
fq;if nly;lh gFjpapy; 10>000 r.fp.kPl;lh;
gug;gpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jd;
ngUk;gFjpAk; ,e;jpahtpYk;> vQ;rpa
gFjpfs; tq;fhsNjrj;jpYk; mike;Js;sd.
moptpd; tpspk;gpypUf;Fk; gy;NtW tifahd
caphpdq;fspd; ,Ug;gplk;. ,q;Nf 400 w;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l tq;fhsg; Gypfs; ,Ug;gjhf
fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Re;jhp vd;Dk;
khq;f; Nuht; kuq;fs; nrwpj;jJ.
uh[];jhd;
fpNahyhbNaht; Njrpag; g+q;fh
kd;dh;fspd; gwit Ntl;ilf;Fg; ngah;
ngw;w ,g;gFjp> guj; g+h; gwitfs;
ruzhyak; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F
te;J nry;Yk; ,lk;ngah; gwitfspy;
irgPhpa nfhf;Ffs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
Ie;jh; ke;jph;
n[a;g+hpy; mike;Js;s ,e;jpahtpd; Gfo;
ngw;w Nfhsuq;fs;. fp.gp 18k; E}w;whz;by;
kfhuh[h [thy; n[a; rpq;fhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
jpy;yp
FJg; kpdhh; - epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;
jpy;ypapd; Kjy; K];yPk; Ml;rpahsuhd
Fj;GjPd; Igf; vd;gtuhy; 1202 ,y;
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. jw;Nghija cauk; 72.5 kP.
,jw;Fs; nkhj;jk; 399 gbf;fl;Lfs; cs;sd.
k#jp tshfj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,Uk;Gj;J}z;
7.02 kP caukhdJ (,jd; 0.93 kP
G+kpf;fbapy; cs;sJ).
nrq;Nfhl;il
nkhfyha rf;futh;j;jp ~h[`hdhy; 1648
,y; fl; lg;gl;l ,f;Nfhl;il> nkhfyha
fiyj;jpwdpd; rhd;whf kpsph;fpwJ. ,e;jpa
Rje;jpug; gpufldk; ,f;Nfhl;ilapypUe;J
jhd; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
`_khA+d; fy;yiw
1570 ,y; `_khA+dpd; tpjit kidtpahy;
xd;wiu Nfhb &gha; nrytpy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l ,f;fy;yiwNa
G+e;Njhl;lj;NjhL Nrh;e;J fl;lg;gl;l
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fy;yiwahf
fUjg;gLfpwJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,J mur
FLk;gj;jpdhpd; fy;yiwj; Njhl;lkhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
o kiy ,uapy; ghijfs; - %d;W
lhh;[pypq; ,uapy;: rpypFhp Kjy; lhh;[pypq;
tiuapyhd ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj; J> 1881 ,y;
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ,khyag; gwit
my;yJ tpisahl;L ,uapy; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePyfphpkiy ,uapy;: Nkl;Lg;ghisaj;ijAk;>
kiyfspd; murpahd Cl;biaAk;
,izf;Fk; 46 fp.kP. ,uapy;ghij 1891 ,y;
Jtq;fg;gl;lL 1908 Kbtile;jJ. ,J
326 kP 2203 kP tiuapyhd cauk;
nfhz;lJ.
fy;fh rpk;yh ,uapy;: 96 fp.kP. ePsKila
,t; ,uapy; ghij 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
Gjpa cyfq;fs; fz;Lgpbg;G
ehrhtpd; nfg;yh; njhiyNehf;fp tpz;fyk;
NkYk; 461 Nfhs;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sjhf
thdpayhsh;fs; mwptpj;Js;sdh;. ,tw;wpy;
ngUk;ghyhdit ekJ G+kpapd; gUkid
xj;jitahfNth my;yJ xU rpy klq;F
nghpjhditahfNth cs;sd.
nfg;gy; tpz;fyk; ,Jtiuapy; nkhj;jk; 2>740
Gjpa cyfq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ.
,tw;wpy; 105 Nfhs;fs; ,Ug;gJ cWjpg;
gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. MW tpz;kPd;fspy; xd;W
Fiwe;jJ MW g+kpapd; gUkidf; nfhz;l
Nfhs;fisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sd.
,jd; %yk; tpz;kPd; jpuspy; ,t;thwhd
Vwj;jho 17 gpy;ypad; Nfhs;fs; ,Ug;gjhy;
kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fypNghh;dpahtpy; eilngWk; mnkhpf;f
thdpay; fofj;jpd; 221 tJ
$l;lj;njhlhpNyNa ,e;j Ma;T KbTfs;
ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd.


13

2009 Mk; Mz;by; tpz;Zf;F Vtg;gl;l
nfg;yh; njhiyNehf;fp thdpy; xU Fwpg;gpl
,lj;jpy; epiy nfhz;L Vwj;jho 150>000
tpz;kPd;fisj; jdJ fhl;rpg; Gyj;jpy;
fz;fhzpj;J tUfpwJ. tpz;kPd; xd;wpy;
,Ue;J tUk; xsp mt;tpz;kPidr; Rw;wp
tUk; Nfhs; xd;wpdhy; kiwf;fg;gLk;
epfo;it mJ fz;fhzpf;fpwJ.
E}hp : xU FNshdpq; Mr;rhpak;
=efhpYs;s n~h;-,-fh~;kPh; gy;fiyf; fof
Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; 2012> khh;r; 9 Mk; Njjp
FNshdpq; %yk; cUthf;fpa Ml;Lf;Fl;bNa
E}hp ,khyag; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk;
g~;kpdh vDk; xU tif
Ml;bdj;jpypUe;Nj E}hp
cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
,e;jpa kz;zpy; gpwe;j Kjy; FNshdpq;
rpU~;b rk;&gh vDk; vUikf; fd;W.
mLj;J te;jit fhpkh 1> fhpkh 2
kw;Wk; rpNu~;lh fh;dhypYs;s Ne~dy;
lahp hprh;r; ,d;];bl;a+l; tpQ;Qhdpfshy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lit. ,e;jf; FNshdpq;
Kiwf;F ,th;fs; gad;gLj;jpa njhopy;
El;gk; Hand Guided Cloning Technique
vdg;gLk;. cs;ehl;bNyNa cUthf;fpa
xUtif njhopy; El;gk;. ,JNt E}hp
cUthf;fj;jpYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
jdpahh; tpz;ntsp xlk;
tpz;ntspg; gazk; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp tuyhw;wpy;
kpfg;nghpa iky;fy; 2012 Nk 23 Mk; Njjp
epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ. md;Wjhd; tpz;ntsp
vy;iyfisf; fle;J cyfpd; Kjy; jdpahh;
uhf;nfl; tpz;zpy; rPwpg;gha;e;jJ. tpz;
ntspapYk; jdpahh;kakhf;fk; vd;gjd; Kjy;
Kaw;rp jhd; ];Ng]; vf;]; vd;Dk;
fk;ngdpapd; /ghy;fd; uhf;nfl; bd; fd;dpg;
gazk;. buhfd; vd;Dk; tpz;ngl;lfj;ij
rh;tNjr tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikaj;Jf;F
(International Space Station) vLj;Jr; nrytNj
,e;j gazj;jpd; yl;rpak;.
2012> Nk 25 Mk; Njjp ,e;j ,yl;rpak;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; cyfpd; Kjy;
jdpahh; tpz;ntsp epWtdkhdJ ];Ng]; vf;];.
Mnkhpf;f tpz;zha;T ikakhd eh]hTf;fhd
,e;j gaz xg;ge;j nryT Rkhh; 55 kpy;ypad;
lhyh;fs; ,e;j tpz; gazj;jpd; gazpfs;
vtuk; nry;ytpy;iy.
];Ng]; vf;]d; jiyikafk;
fyp/Nghh;dpahtpd; `ht;j;Nuhd; gFjpapy;
mike;Js;sJ. ,Nyhd; k];f; vd;Dk;
njhopyjpguhy; 2002 ,y; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
];Ng]; vf;];.
];Ng]; vf;]; eh]h ,ilNaahd xg;ge;jk;
Commercial Orbital Transportation Service
vdg;gLfpwJ.
rPdhtpd; re;jpug;gazk;
mZrf;jpapy; ,aq;Fk; tpz;ntsp Ma;T
thfdj;Jld; rPdh Gjpa re;jpug;
gazj;Jf;F jahuhfp tUfpwJ. Re;jpug;
gug;gpy; ,wq;fp Ma;Tfs; nra;Ak;> rhq; - 3
vdg; ngahplg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j Ngio> gfy;
Neuq;fspy; #hpa rf;jpapd; %yKk;> ,utpy;
mZ rf;jp %yKk; ,aq;Fk; jpwd; ngw;wJ.
2013 ,y; jdJ gazj;ij Jtf;fTs;s
,e;j Ngiof;Fs; Rkhh; 30 tUl MAs;
nfhz;l GNshl;Nlhdpak; - 238 ghl; lhpfs;
nghUj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j gazj;jpy; %yk;
mnkhpf;fh> u~;ahTf;F mLj;jgbahf
,j;Jiwapy; mZrf;jpiag; gad;gLj;Jk;
%d;whtJ ehL vd;Dk; rpwg;ig rPdh
ngWfpwJ.
,];Nuhtpd; 100 MtJ kp~d;
,];Nuh (ISRO) vd;W RUf;fkhf miof;fg; gLk;
,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Ma;T mikg;G 2012
nrg;lk;ghpy; jdJ 100 MtJ kp~id
ntw;wpfukhf g+h;j;jp nra;jJ(gp.v];.vy;.tprp 21).
jw;Nghija ,];Nuh
fle;j gy Mz;Lfspy; ,];Nuh nkr;rj;jf;f
gy ntw;wpfisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;jpah
jhNd nrhe;jkhf cUthf;fpa Kjy;
nraw;iff;Nfshd Mh;agl;lh 1975 Mk;
Mz;L u~;ahtpypUe;J> uh~;a uhf;nfl;
%yk; caNu nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; vil
360 fpNyh.
,ijaLj;J 1980 ,y; ,];Nuh Nuhfpzp
vd;Dk; nraw;iff;Nfhis caNu
nrYj;jpaJ. mJTk; ,e;jpa jahhpg;G.
Mdhy; mjd; vil ntWk; 35 fpNyh
kl;LNk. ,e;j ,U nraw;iff;Nfhs;fspd;
vil NtWghL> ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp mikg;gpd;
rhjidiaAk;> mj;Jld; NtjidAk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhfr; nrhy;yyhk;.


14

jpwd; nfhz;l kpf El;gkhd> mj;Jld;
gy;NtW gzpfSf;fhd nraw;iff;
Nfhs;fisj; jahhpg;gjpy; ehk;
mnkhpf;fhTf;F mLj;j ,lj;ij tfpg;gjhfr;
nrhy;yyhk;. Mdhy; vil kpf;f nraw;irf;
Nfhs;fis caNu nrYj;Jtjw;fhd
uhf;nfl; Lfisg; nghWj;j tiu ehk; u~;ah>
mnkhpf;fh> INuhg;gpa a+dpad;> rPdh> [g;ghd;
Mfpatw;Wf;F mLj;jgbahf VohtJ
,lj;jpy; jhd; ,Uf;fpNwhk;. mjhtJ>
uhf;nfl; njhopy; El;g tp~aj;jy; ehk; vjph;
ghh;j;j Kd;Ndw;wj;ij vl;ltpy;iy.
,jw;F tuyhw;Wg; gpd;ddp cz;L. 1950
fspd; gpw;ghjpapy; Nrhtpaj; a+dpaDk;>
mnkhpf;fhTk; mZ Fz;Lfis Rke;J
ePz;l J}uk; nry;yf;$ba rf;jpkpf;f
VTfizfisj; jahhpg;gjpy; jhd; jPtpu
ftdk; nrYj;jpd. gpd;dh; xU fl;lj;jpy;
mit ,e;j VTfizfis uhf;nfl; Lfshf
khw;wp Mf;fg;gzpfSf;fhd nraw;iff;
nfhs;fisr; nrYj;Jtjpy; ftdk; nrYj;j
Kw;gl;ld. MfNt uhf;nfl; Jiwapy;
mid vLj;j vLg;gpy; Kd;Ndwpa epiyiag;
ngw;wd rPdhTk; ,Nj ghijapy;jhd;
<Lgl;lJ. uhf;nfl; Jiwapy; Kd;Ndw;wk;
fz;l gpwNf mit nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs;
gf;fk; jpUk;gpd.
,e;jpahtpd; fij Neh;khwhf ,Ue;jJ. ehk;
Kjypy; Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd nraw;iff;
Nfhs;fisj; jahhpg;gjpy; mjpf ftdk;
nrYj;jpNdhk;. gpd;dh; mtw;iwr;
nrYj;Jtjw;fhd uhf;nfl;il
cUthf;FtjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;j
Kw;gl;Nlhk;. me;j Nehf;fpy; 1969 Mk;
Mz;by; ,];Nuh epWtg;gl;lJ. VTfizj;
jahhpg;gpy; ,e;jpah gpd;dh; <Lgl;lJ
vd;whYk; ,];NuhTf;Fk; mjw;Fk; njhlh;G
fpilahJ.
JUt nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs;
,];Nuh Muk;gk; KjNy nraw;iff;Nfhs;
jahhpg;G tp~aj;jpy; kpfj; njspthf
,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpahTf;F ,Utifahd
nraw;iff;Nfhs;fNs Njit. xd;W g+kpia
tlf;fpypUe;J njw;fhfr; Rw;Wfpd;w
nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs;. ,it Rkhh; 600
my;yJ 700 fpNyh kPl;lh; cauj;jpy;
,Ue;jgb g+kpiar; Rw;Wgit. ,tw;iwj;
JUt nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; vd;Wk;
tUzpf;fyhk;. G+kpia ,it Rw;Wk;
ghijia Polar Orbit vd;W $Wth;. jkpopy;
,ij JUtr; Rw;Wg; ghij vdyhk;.
nghJtpy; ,it thdpypUe;jgb Fwpg;ghf
,e;jpahitg; glk; gpbg;git. ,tw;wpd; vil
700 Kjy; 1300 fpNyh tiu ,Uf;fyhk;.
,e;j tif nraw;irf;Nfhs;fspd; gzpfs;
ePh;tsk;> td tsk;> gaph; epiyikfis
ftdpj;jy;> Gtp ,ay;> fly;fspy; cs;s
kPd;tsj;ij mwpjy;> vy;iyfisf;
fz;fhzpj;jy; Kjypatw;Wld; njhlh;G
cs;sit.
GtpRw;W nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs;
,uz;lhtJ tif nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs;
g+kpapypUe;J Rkhh; 36 Mapuk; fpNyh kPl;lh
cauj;jpy; mike;jit. ,it g+kpia
Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;fhfr; Rw;Wgit.
,t;tif nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; g+kpia
Rw;Wtjw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;w NeuKk;> G+kp
jdJ mr;rpy; Rw;Wtjw;F vLj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;w NeuKk; rhprkkhf ,ug; gjd;
fhuzkhf fPopUe;J ghh;jhy; ,it vg;NghJk;
,e;jpahitg; ghh;j;j gb ,Ug;git.
Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,e;j tifr;
nraw;iff;Nfhs;fis Geostationary Satellites
vd;W $Wth;. G+kpia ,it Rw;Wk; ghij
Geo-stationary Orbit vdg;gLk;.
,t;tif nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; btp xspgug; G>
jfty; njhlh;G> thdpiyj; jfty; cl;gl
gy gzpfSf;fhdit. ,it nghJtpy;
mjpf vil nfhz;lit. Cjhuzkhf
nrg;lk;ghpy; nrYj;jg;gl;l [prhl; - 10
nraw;ifr; Nfhspd; vil 3400 fpNyh.
,e;jpahitg; ghh;j;j gb ,g;NghJ gy
nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; mike;Js;sd.
Kjy; tif nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; nghJthf
njhiyAzh;T nraw;iff; Nfhs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. 1988 Mk;
Mz;bypUe;J 2012 nrg;lk;gh; tiu 20
njhiyAzh;T nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs;
nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpy; vl;L
nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; gadspf;fhyk; Kbe;J
nrayw;Wg; Ngha;tpl;ld. kPjp 12
nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; nray;ghl;by; cs;sd.
,g;NghJs;s mstpy; cyfpy; kpf mjpf
vz;zpf;ifapyhd njhiyAzh;T
nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs; thdpy; me;j
cauj;jpypUe;J kpfj; Jy;ypakhd glq;fis
vLf;fty;yit.


15

,it vLf;fpd;w glq;fspd; njspTj; jpwid
(High Resolution) nghWj;jtiuapy; xU kPl;lh;
ePsKs;s ve;jg; nghUisAk; glk; vLj;J
tplf; $bait. ,e;j tp~aj;jpy;
,e;jpahtpd; ,e;j nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs;
cyfpy; mnkhpf;fhTf;F mLj;j ,lj;ij
tfpf;fpd;wd. njhiyAzh;T nraw;iff;
Nfhs;fs; midj;Jk; ,];Nuh jahhpg;git.
uhf;nfl; Lfs;
nraw;iff;Nfhs; vd;why; mijr; nrYj;j
uhf;nfl; Njit. Kjy; tif
nraw;iff;Nfhs;fisg; nghWj;j tiuapy;
mtw;iw caNu nrYj;Jtjpy; ekf;F
gpur;rid ,y;iy. 1994 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J
midj;J njhiyAzh;T
nraw;irf;Nfhs;fSk; ,e;jpa uhf;nfl;
%yNk thdpy; nrYj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
,g;gzpf;F ,e;jpah cUthf;fpa PSLV
uhf;nfl; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. 1993
nrg;lk;ghpy; Kjy; jlitahf
nrYj;jg;gl;lNghJ ,e;j uhf;nfl; Njhy;tp
fz;lJ vd;whYk; mjd; gpwF 2012
nrg;lk;gh; tiu njhlh;e;J 21 jlit ntw;wp
fz;L te;Js;sJ.
,];Nuhtpd; 100 MtJ kp~dpd; NghJ
mjhtJ 2012 nrg;lk;gh; 9 Mk; Njjpad;W
gpuhd;]; ehl;bd; SPOT 6
nraw;iff;NfhSk;> [g; ghdpd; rpwpJ
nraw;iff;NfhSk; PSLV uhf;nfl; %yk;
nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpah 2012 nrg;lk;gh;
tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; ntspehLfspd; 27
nraw;iff; Nfhs;fis thdpy;
nrYj;jpAs;sJ.
PSLV-d; rhjidfs;
2008 Vg;uypy; PSLV uhf;nfl; xNu rkaj;jpy;
gj;J nraw;iff;Nfhs;fis Rke;J nrd;W
mit midj;ijAk; ntw;wpfukhf thdpy;
nrYj;jpaJ. ,J xU cyf rhjidahFk;.
mNj Mz;L Mf;Nlhghpy; ,e;j uhf;nfl; >
re;jpuid Nehf;fp re;jpuahd; tpz;fyj;ijr;
nrYj;jp rhjid Ghpe;jJ.
Rkhh; ,uz;liu ld; vil nfhz;l
nraw;iff; Nfhs;fis 36 Mapuk; fp.kP
cauj;Jf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; ,];;Nuh
GSLV Mark 2 vd;w uhf;nfl; il
cUthf;fpaJ.
,e;j uhf;nfl; bd; %d;whtJ mLf;fpy;
fpiuNahn[dpf; vQ;rpd; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j tif uhf;nfl;il 2001 Mk;
Mz;bypUe;J ,Jtiu VO jilt
nrYj;jpajpy; ,uz; L jlitjhd; ntw;wp
fpilj;jJ.
,e;j uhf;nfl;by; cs;s gpur;ridia
(Fwpg;ghf fpiuNahn[dpf; vQ;rpd;
tp~aj;jpy; c;s gpur;rid) jPh;g;gjpy;
,];Nuh jPtpukhf <Lgl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
Njitia ,e;j uhf;nfl; bdhYk; g+h;j;jp
nra;a ,ayhJ. Fiwe;jJ Ie;J ld; vil
nfhz;l nraw;irf; Nfhis Rkhh; 36>000
fp.kP. cauj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;Yk; jpwd;
nfhz;l uhf;nfl;jhd; ekf;F ,g;Nghijf;F
Kf;fpa Njit. ,e;j Nehf;fpy;jhd; GSLV
Mark 3 uhf;nfl; cUthf;fg; gl;L tUfpwJ.
,J ehd;F Kjy; Ie;J ld; vil nfhz;l
nraw;irf;Nfhis 36>000 fpNyh kPl;lh
cauj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;Yk;
jpwd;gilj;jJ. ,e;j uhf;nfl; ,d;dKk;
mNdfkhf 2013 ,y;jhd; ,J rhj;jpakhFk;
vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ.
,t;tpjkhf vil kpf;f nraw;iff;
Nfhs;fis nrYj;j ek;kplk; rf;jpkpf;f
uhf;nfl; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; jhd;.
,e;jpah jdJ 100 MtJ kp~id gpnuQ;R
nraw;iff;Nfhis caNu nrYj;jpf;
nfhz;lhbf; nfhz;bUe;j mNj
fhyfl;lj;jpy;> ,e;jpah cUthf;fpa 3.4 ld;
vil nfhz;l [prhl; - 10 nraw;iff;Nfhs;
gpnuQ;R fahdhtpy; cs;s uhf;nfl;
jsj;jpypUe;J Vhpahd; - 5 uhf;nfl; %yk;
caNu nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. md;W
Mh;agl;lhit u~;ahTf;F J}f;fpr;
nrd;Nwhk;. ,d;W [prhl; - 10
nraw;iff;Nfhis gpnuQ;R fahdhTf;Fj;
J}f;fpr; nrd;Nwhk;. ,e;j epiyikf;F
GSLV Mark 3 uhf;nfl; Kw;Wg;Gs;sp
itf;Fkh vd;gJjhd; midthpd; vjph;ghh;g;G.
hprhl; - 1 (RISAT1) rhjid
,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Ma;Tj; jpwid
cyFf;F vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Kf;fpa epfo;T
hprhl; - 1 ,d; ntw;wpg; gazk;. Me;jpu
khepyk; =`hpNfhl; lh VTjsj;jpypUe;J
2012 Vg;uy; 26 mjpfhiy 5.47 kzpastpy;
tpz;zpy; gha;e;jNghJ ,e;jpah; midtUk;
kfpo;r;rpapy; jpisj;jdh;.


16

1>858 fpNyh vil nfhz;l ,e;j Nulhh;
,Nk [pq; rhl;biyl; (RISAT1)
nrYj;jg;gl;l gjpNdO epkplj;jpy;
ntw;wpf;Nfhl;ilj; jhz;baJ vd
tpQ;Qhdpfs; $wpdh;.
,Jtiu ,e;jpah mDg;gpa nraw;iff;
Nfhs;fspy; vil mjpfk; nfhz;l
nraw;iff;Nfhs; ,Jjhd;. KOtJk;
,e;jpaj; njhopy; El;gj;jpy;>
,e;jpahtpNyNa jahuhdJ. gj;jhz;L
ciog;G> &gha; 500 Nfhb nryT. ,e;jr;
nraw;iff; Nfhs; ,utpYk; glk; vLf;Fk;
Mw;wy; nfhz;lJ.
,e;jpah ,Jtiu mDg;gpAs;s nraw;iff;
Nfhs;fs; Optical Remote Sensing Satellite
vd;Dk; tifiar; Nrh;e;jit. Mit
#hpa xsp g+kpapd; kPj tpOe;J
gpujpgypg;gijf; nfhz;L glq;fs; vLj;J
mDg;Gk;. mjdhy; ,utpy; mtw;wphy;
glk; vLf;f KbahJ. mNjNghy #hpa
xsp gpujpgypf;Fk; NghJ Nkff;$l;lq;fs;
FWf;fpl;lhYk; njspthfg; glk; vLf;f
KbahJ.
Mdhy; hprhl; - 1 Nulhh; nraw;iff; Nfhs;
tifiar; Nrh;e;jJ. ,it NubNah
miyfis g+kpf;F mDg;gp> mit g+kpapd;
kPJ gl;L vjpnehypg;gjd; topahfg; glk;
vLf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lit> mjhtJ
glnkLf;f #hpa xspia ek;gpapUf;f
Ntz;bajpy;iy. vdNt> ,utpYk; glk;
vLf;fyhk;. ve;j thdpiyapYk; glk;
vLf;fyhk;.
,e;jr; nraw;iff;Nfhspd; May; Ie;J
Mz;Lfs;> tptrhak; kw;wk; Nghplh;
Ntyhz;ikNa ,jd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;
vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
gpuk;khz;lkhd nraw;iff;Nfhspd; jpl;l
,af;Fdh; jkpofj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ngz;
tpQ;Qhdp vd;. tsh;kjp.
,e;jpahtpd; nrt;tha; fpuf Muha;r;rp
re;jpuahd; ntw;wpiaj; njhlh;e;J 2013 ,y;
,e;jpahtpd; nrt;tha; gazk;
epfotpUf;fpwJ. Gpujkh; jiyikapyhd
kj;jpa mikr;ruit 2012> [_iyapy;
ehl;bd; tpz;ntsp Ma;tpd; Kf;fpa iky;
fy;yhff; fUjg;gLk; ,e;j nrt;tha;
gazj;Jf;F mDkjp toq;fpaJ. 2013
etk;ghpy; ,jw;fhd nraw;iff;Nfhs;
Vtg;glcs;sJ. gp.v];.vy;.tp uhf;nfl; ilg;
gad;gLj;Jk; ,g;gazk;>
=`hpNfhl;lhtpypUe;J Jtq;Fk;. ,jd;
%yk; mnkhpf;fh> u~;ah> INuhg;gh> [g;ghd;>
rPdh Nghd;w ehLfspd; gl;baypy;
,e;jpahTk; ,lk; ngWk;. Rkhh; 450 Nfhb
&gha; nryT kjpg;gPl;byhd ,e;j
jpl;lj;jpw;F 2011> brk;ghpNyNa tpz;ntsp
Ma;T epWtdk; mDkjp toq;fp tpl;lJ.
mbg;gil gzpfSf;fhf 2012 gl;n[l;by;
125 Nfhb &gha; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;lJ.
mf;dp 5 VTfiz Nrhjid
Vg;uy; 19> 2012y; 5000 fpNyh kPl;lUf;Fk;
mjpfkhd J}uj;jpy; cs;s ,yf;if jhf;f
ty;y ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fz;lk; tpl;L
fz;lk; jhtk; mf;dp 5 VTfiz Nrhjid
xhprh khepyj;jpy; cs;s tPyh; jPtpy;
ntw;wpfukhf elj;jp Kbf;fg;gl;lJ.
1.5 ld; vilAs;s mZ MAjq;fis
jhq;fpr; nry;Yk; ty;yik ngw;w 50 ld;
vilAk; 17.5 kPl;lh; ePsKk; (cauk;)
nfhz;l ,e;j mf;dp 5 VTfiz Kw;wpYk;
,e;jpahtpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
5000 fpNyh kPl;lUf;Fk; mjpfkhd J}uj; jpy;
cs;s ,yf;if jhf;Fk; ty;yik
ngw;Ws;sjhy; ,e;j mf;dp 5 VTfiz
fz;lk; tpl;L fz;lk; jhTk; VTfiz
(Inter Continental Ballistic Missie (ICBM)
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,r;Nrhjid %yk; fz;lk; tpl;L fz;lk;
jhz;Lk; VTfizia itj;Js;s cyfpd;
6tJ ehL vd;w ngUikia ,e;jpah
ngw;Ws;sJ.
,e;j ICBM VTfizia itj;Js;s kw;w
ehLfs; 1. mnkhpf;fh> 2. ,q;fpyhe;J> 3.
u~;ah> 4. rPdh> 5. gpuhd;]; ,Jtiu
Nrhjid nra;ag;gl;Ls;s mf;dp
VTfizfspd; ,yf;F jhf;Fk; jpwd;.
mf;dp 1 700 fp.kP 1200 fp.kP tiu
mf;dp 2 2000 fp.kP 3500 fp.kP tiu
mf;dp 3 3000 Kjy; 5000 fp.kP tiu
mf;dp 4 4000 fp.kP tiu
mf;dp 5 5000 fp.kP Nky; (50008000)


17

mz;lhh;bfhtpy; ghujp
mz;lhh;bfhtpy; ,e;jpahtpy; %d;whtJ
Ma;Tf; $lkhd ghujp mjpfhu g+h;tkhf
nray;glj; Jtq;fpaJ. 2012 khh;r; 18 Mk;
Njjp ghujp tpQ;Qhdpfs; Ma;Tr;
nray;ghlfSf;F Jtf;fk; Fwpj;jh;. 2010
etk;ghpy; ghujpapd; fl; Lkhdg; gzpfs;
Jtq;fg;gl;ld. ,J jw;NghJ nray;gl;L
tUk; ,e;jpahtpy; ikj;jp Ma;Tf;
$lj;jpypUe;J 3000 fp.kP. njhiytpYs;sJ.
fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 90 kPl;lh; cauj;jpy;
mike;Js;s ghujpapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; Gtp
kw;Wk; fly; Ma;TfNs.
1984 ,y; Jtq;fg;gl;l njd; fq;Nfhj;jpNa
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; mz;lhh;bfh Ma;T
ikak;. ,k;ikaj;jpw;nfd nrhe;jkhf xU
jghy; epiyak; ,Ue;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
gdh[p gpd;NfhNl ,jw;Fk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 403001. gdpg; nghopT
fhuzkhf ,t; Ma;T ikak; jdJ
nray;ghlfis epWj;jptpl;lJ vd;whYk; xU
rg;is ];Nl~d; vd;Dk; epiyapy; ,j
,g;NghJk; njhlh;fpwJ.
mz;lhh;bfhtpy; ,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ
Ma;T epiyakhd ikj;hp 1988-89 fhy
fl; lj;jpy; cUthf;fg; gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
Kjy; mz;lhh;bfh Ma;Tg; gazk; 1971
73 fhyfl;lj;jpy; Nrhtpaj; $l;LwTld;
epfo;e; jJ. mz;lhh;bf; gazq;fis
xUq;fpizg;gJ Nfhthit jiyikaplkhff;
nfhz;l National Centre for Antarctic and
Ocean Research.
%d;whtJ Kiwahf ,];Nuy; gpujkh;
,];Nuypd; gpujkuhf %d;whtJ Kiwahf
ngQ;rkpd; nejd;ahF Njh;e;njLf;fg;
gl;Ls;shh;. 120 cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l
,];Nuy; ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;F Njh;jy;
eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; ngQ;rkpd; nejd;ahfpd;
fl; rp Kg;gj;jpNahW ,lq;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;W
Ml;rpia gpbj;jJ. <uhdpd; mZ MAj
mr;RWj;jiy Kwpabf;f rpwe;j jiyth;
nejd;ahFjhd; vd kf;fs; fUjpaNj ,tuJ
ntw;wpf;F fhuzk; vd;whYk;> ,th; rh;tNjr
mstpy; nghUshjhu epiy rhpT fz;Ls;s
epiyapy; ,];Nuy; nghUshjhuj;ij ];jpukhf
itj;jpUe;jJ ntw;wpf;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf
fUjg;gLfpwJ.

nraw;ifj; Njhy;
,aw;ifg; nghUl;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
Njhypd; midj; J ,aw;if Fzq;fisAk;
nfhz;l nraw;ifj; Njhiy cUthf;Fk;
Kaw;rpapy; nlhuhd;Nlh gy;fiyf; fof
tpQ;Qhdpfs; ntw;wp ngw;Ws;sdh;.
nraw;iff; fz;glyk;
epa+ahh;f; tP]; fhh;zy; kUj;Jtf;
fy;Y}hpapd; lhf;lh; ~Pyh epuy;ngh;f;
jiyikapyhd Ma;Tf;FO> juk; kpFe;j
nraw;if fz; glyj;ij cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
cynfq;Fk; fz;glyf; FiwghL %yk;
ghh;itf; NfhshW nfhz;l 2.5 Nfhb kf;fs;
cs;sdh;.
b.vd;.V `hh;L b];f;
cly; nry;fspd; b.vd;.V %yf;$wpy; xU
nghpa Gj;jfj;jpd; midj;Jj
jfty;fisAk; ghJfhj;J itg;gjpy;>
`hh;thh;L gy;fiyf;fof tpQ;Qhdpfs;
ntw;wp ngw;Ws;sjhf> n[dpbf;
vd;[pdpahpq;if gw;wp ntspahftpUf;Fk; xU
Gj;jfk; njhptpf;fpwJ. [hh;[; rh;r; vd;Dk;
tpQ;Qhdp jiyikapyhf FO> jfty;fis
b[pl; ly; nkhopapy; khw;wp b.vd;.V Tf;Fs;
ghJfhj;J itj;jJ.
,e;j cyfpy; cUthf;Fk; midj;J
jfty;fisAk; ghJfhj;J itf;f ntWk;
ehd;F fpuhk; b.vd;.V NghJkhdJ vd;W
rapd;]; [h;dypy; ntspahd xU Ma;T
chpik nfhz;lhLfpwJ.
2011 12 rh;tNjr ntsthy; tUlk;
If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; ,lg;ngah;T
caphpdq;fSf;fhd mikg;G (Convention of
Migratory Species CMS) 201112 Mk;
Mz;Lfis rh;tNjr ntsthy;fs; Mz;lhf
mwptpj;jJ. ntsthy; kpfg; goikahd xU
caphpdk;. ghY}l;b tifiar; Nrh;e;jJ
vd;whYk; gwf;Fk; jpwd; ngw;wJ.
ntsthy;fspy; Rkhh; ,uz;lhapuki;
tiffs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; 73
tiffs; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sd. ,uT Neu
g+r;rpfisf; fl; Lg;gLj;JtJ. rpy tifj;
jhtuq;fspy; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;ir Vw;gl
cjTjy;> tpijg; guty; Nghd;wtw;wpw; F
ntsthy;fs; Mw;Wk; gq;F msg;ghpaJ.


18

cyfpNyNa mjpf mstpyhd ntsthy;fs;
Nghh;dpNahtpy; cs;s nfhke;Njhq;
Fiffspy; tho;fpd;wd. ,e;j xU Fifapy;
kl;Lk; Rkhh; 20 ,yl;rk; ntsthy;fs;
trpf;fpd;w vdtk;> khiy Neuj;jpy; xU
fUk;Gif> ehlhitg; Nghy; ,e;j
ntsthy;fs; Fifapype;J ntspNawp
thdpy; guTtJ mtrpak; fhz Ntz;ba
xU gutrf; fhl;rp.
X-51 A ,uhZt n[l; Nrhjid
xypiatpl MW klq;F Ntfj;jpy;
gazpf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l
mnkhpf;f ,uhZt n[l; tpkhdk; Nrhjid
xl;lj;jpy; Njhy;tpaile;jJ. ,yz;ld; -
epa+ahh;f; ,ilapyhd 5>570 fp.kP J}uj;ij
ntWk; 45 epkplq;fspy; flf;Fk; jpwd; ngw;w
X-51 A vdg;ngahplg;gl;l ,e;j tpkhdk;>
Nrhjid xl;lj;jpd; 16 MtJ tpdhbapy;
jfh;e;J tpOe;jJ.
2012 fhz;lhkpUfq;fspd; tUlk;
ngUk; tk;r ehrj;ij vjph;nfhz; L tUk;
fhz; lhkpUfj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf 2012
Mk; tUlk; International Year of the Rhino
thf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. cyfr; Rw;Wr;#oy;
mikg;Gf;fhd IUCN- WWF
Nghd;wtw;wpd; gykhd tw;GWj;jiyaLj;J
,e;NjhNd~pa mjpgh; RrpNyh ghk;gq; vjph;
Nehf;fpAs;s fhz;lhkpUf ,dq;fspy;
,uz;L ,dq;fs; ,e;NjhNd~ahtpypUe;J
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,e;jpaf; fhz; lhkpUfq;fs; xw;iwf;
nfhk;Gilait. ,it mrhkpd; fhrpuq;fh
ruzhyaj;jpy; ghJfhf;fg; gLfpwd;wJ.
kpfr; rpwpa fhz;lhkpUfk; Rkj;uh
fhz; lhkpUfq;fs;. mstpy; nghpait
Mg;gphpf;fd; fhz; lhkpUfq;fs;. ,it
,uz;L nfhk;G nfhz;lit.
fhz; lhkpUfq;fis fhl; bd; /gah;Nkd;
vdTk; miof;fpwhh;fs; (fhl; by; vq;fhtJ
jPiag; ghh;j;Jtpl;lhy; fhz;lhkpUfq;fs;
xbte;J mij mizj;JtpLk; vd;gJ
ek;gpf;if) fhz;lhkpUfj;jpd; nfhk;Gk;>
,uj;jKk; jhJ G~;bia mjpfhpf;Fk; vd;w
ek;gpf;ifNa mit ngUkstpy;
Ntl;ilahlg;glf; fhuzk;.

ill;lhdpf;
ill;lhdpf; fg;gypd; fd;dpg;gazk; Jtq;fp
100 tUlq;fs; epiwtile;Jtpl;ld.
gphpl;ldpd; nrsj;`hk;ldpypUe;J
mnkhpf;fhtpd; epa+ahh;f; efuj;Jf;Fg;
Gwg;gl;l fg;gy; 1912> Vg;uy; 14 Mk; Njjp
,uT 11.40 f;F gdpg;ghiwapd; kPJ Nkhjp
Fsph;flypy; %o;fpaJ. nkhj;jf; fg;gYk;
%o;f Rkhh; %d;Wkzp Neuk; gpbj;jJ.
Vg;uy; 15 ,y; nghOJ tpbe;jNghJ
ml;yhz;bf; flypy; mg;gb xU fg;gy;
gazk; nra;jjw;fhd milahsNk
fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,e;jf; fg;gy; tpgj;jpy;
gypahdth;fspd; vz;zpf;if 1>514. ,e;jf;
fg;giy cUthf;fpa xapl; ];lhh; iyd;
epWtdk; ,J xUNghJNk %o;fhj fg;gy;
vd;W ngUikg;gl;bUe;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
fg;gypy; gazk; nra;j nkhj;jg; gazpfs;
1317 Ngh;. ,jpy; Mz;fs; 869 Ngh;>
ngz;fs; 447 Ngh;> Foe;ijfs; 107 Ngh;.
fg;gy; gzpahsh;fs; 892 Ngh;> VO
mjpfhpfs; (Nfg;ld; jtph;j;J)
1985 ,y; Kjd;Kjyhf %o;fpa
ill;lhdpf;fpypUe;J rpy nghUl;fs;
kPl;nlLf;fg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpy; gyTk;
mUq;fhl;rpaq;fspy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
rpy Vyk; tplg;gl;ld.
ill;lhdpf; II
ill;lhdpf; fg;gy; %o;fpajd; 100 Mk; tUl
epidT jpdj;jpy;> M];jpNuypa NfhB];tuh;
fpist; ghy;kh;> jhd; ill;lhdpf; II vd;Dk; gjpa
fg;giy cUthf;fg; Nghtjhf mwptpj;jhh;.
,jw;fhf rPd muR fg;gy; fl;Lk; epWtdkhd
rp.v]; .rp [Pd;ypq; cld; xU Ghpe;Jzh;T xg;ge;jk;
Nghl;Ls;shh;. Gioa ill;lhdpf;fpd; midj;J
mk;rq;fSld;> 21 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Gjpa
njhopy;El;gj;ijAk; ,izj;J mjp etPd
nrhFRf; fg;gyhf ill;lhdpf; II
cUthf;fg;gltpUg;gjhf ghy;kh; mwptpj;Js;shh;.
epa+l;hpNdh Ma;Tf;fs;
epa+l;hpNdhf;fs; vijAk; Jisj;Jr;
nry;git. mZf;fspy; cs;s
,ilntspfspd; topNa gha;e;J nry;Yk;
jpwd; nfhz;lit. jpdKk; gy Nfhb
epa+l;hpNdhf;fs; kdpjh;fisAk;>
nghUl;fisAk; Jisj;Jf; nfhz;L
nry;fpd;wd.


19

mit g+kpiaAk; Jisj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd.
mLj;jLj;J gy g+kpfis itj;jhYk; mit
midj;ijAk; epa+l;hpNdhf;fs;
Jisj;Jf;nfhz; L tpz;ntspia Nehf;fpr;
nrd;W nfhz;bUf;fk;. epa+l;hpNdhf;fs;
,t;tpjk; Jisj;Jr; nry;tjhy;
kdpjh;fSf;Nfh> tpyq;FfSf;Nfh ve;jtpj
ghjpg;Gk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
Njdpapy; epa+l;hpNdh Ma;Tf;$lk;
jkpofj;jpy; Njdp khtl;lj;jpy; epa+l;hpNdh
Ma;Tf;$lk; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;fhd
g+h;thq;f Ntiyfs; 2012 Mk; Mz;L
Vg;uypy; njhlq;fpd. ,g;gzpf;F 2017 Mk;
Mz;L thf;fpy; KbAk; vd;W
vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,q;fs;s xU Fd;wpd;
cr;rpf;F Neh; fPNo epa+l;hpndh
Ma;Tf;$lj;ij miltjw;F ,J topahf
mikAk; .
epA+l;hpNdh Ma;Tf;$lj;ij mikf;f xNu
ghiwahy; Md Fd;Wjhd; Vw;wJ. Kjypy;
ePyfphpapy; xh; ,lk; Njh;e;njlf;fg; gl;lJ.
Mdhy; mJ tdtpyq;Ffs; elkhl;lk;
kpFe;j ,lk;. kl;Lky;y Rw;Wr; #oYk;
ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. vdNt me;j ,lk;
iftplg;gl;L Njdp khtl;lk;
Njh;e;njlf;fg;gl;lJ.
tpz;ntspapypUe;J tUk; epa+l;hpndh
Jfs;fs; g+kp cl;gl vijAk Jisj;jr;
nry;git. MfNt mit Fd;iw CLUtp
Ma;Tf;$l fUtpfis vspjpy; te;jilAk;.
gpw fjph;fs; Ma;Tf;$lf; fUtpfis
te;jilahky; Fd;wpd; ghiwfs; tbfl; b
tpLk; . mjw;fhfj;jhd; Fd;wpd; mbapy;
epa+l;hpNdh Ma;Tf; $lk; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,Nj Nehf;fpy; jhd; cyfpy; gy ,lq;fspy;
iftplg;gl;l Mokhd Ruq;fq;fspd; mbapy;
epa+l;hpNdh Ma;Tf; $lq;fs;
epWtg;gl;Ls;sd.
cyfpy; epa+l;hpNdh Muha;r;rpf;$lq;fs;
cyfpy; [g;ghd;> mnkhpf;fh> ,j;jhyp> u~;ah
vd gy ehlfspYk; epa+l;hpNdh Muha;r;rpf;
$lq;fs; cs;sd. ,it xt;nthd;Wk;
xt; nthU tpjkhdit. mz;lhh;bfh
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cUthf;fg;gl;ls;sJ. xU fpNyh kPl;lh;
ePsk;> mfyk;> cauk; nfhz;l gdpf;fl;bg;
ghsk; ,e;j Ma;Tf;$lj;jpd; Kf;fpa
mk;rkhFk;. ,e;j gdpf;fl;bg; ghsj;jpy;
Vuhskhd Jisapl;L gy Mapuk; czh;
fUtpfs; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J Ice
Cube Neutrino Observatory vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwj. flYf;F mbapYk;
epa+l;hpNdh Muha;r;rpf; $lq;fs; cs;sd.
Mrpa tsh;r;rp tq;fpapd; (ADB)
Mrpa tsh;r;rp tq;fpd; 46tJ Mz;Lf;
$l;lk; (46
th
Annual Meeting of AOB) 2013
Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; epa+nly;ypapy;
eilngWfpwJ. ADB 1966 Mk; Mz;L
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
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Member). ,jd; jiyefh; kdpyhtpy;
cs;sJ. ,J nkhj;jk; 67 cWg;G ehLfis
nfhz;lJ. ,jpy; 48 ehLfs; Mrpa
fz;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
Mrpa tsh;r;rp tq;fp 1974 [_iy Mrpa
tsh;r;rp epjp epWtdj;ij njhlq;fpaJ.
cyf tq;fpapd; Gjpa jiyth;
Vg;uy; 16> 2012y; cyf tq;fpapd; Gjpa
jiytuhf (World Bank) nfhhpa ehl; by;
gpwe;j mnkhpf;fhitr; Nrh;e;j (Health Expert)
[pk; aq; fpk; (Jim Yound Kim)
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;;lhh;. ,th; tUk; [_iy 1>
2012y; cyf tq;fpapd; jiytuhf
gjtpNaw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. ,jw;F Kd; cyf
tq;fpapd; jiytuhf gzpGhpe;jth; uhgh;l;;
N[hypf; ( Ropbert Zoellick)
fpA+hpahrpb tpz;fyk;
nrt;tha; Ma;Tf;fhf mnkhpf;fhtpd; eh]h
mDg;gpa fpa+hpahrpb (Curiosity) vd;Dk;
elkhLk; Muha;r;rpf;$lk; (Mars Science
Laboratory) 2012, Mf];L Mwhk; Njjp
nrt;tha; fpufj;jpy; ntw;wpfukhfj; jiu
,wq;fp tphpthd Muha;r;rpfis elj;jp
tUfpwJ.
jiu ,wq;fpa gFjpapy; vg;NghNjh MW
ngUfp xbajw;fhd jlaq; fis fpa+hpahrpb
glk;gpbj;J mDg;gpAs;sJ. mg;glq;fs;
tpaf;fj;jf;f tifapy; njspthf cs;sd.
,jd; %yk; nrt;tha; gw;wpa gy kh;k
Kbr;RfSf;F tpil fpilf;Fk; vd
vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.


20

nrt;tha; Ma;Tf; fykhd fpa+hpahrpb ia
jhq;fpa uhf;nfl; 2011 etk;gh; 26Mk; Njjp
tpz;zpy; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. nry;Yk; topapy;
ghjpg;G Vw;glf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhf fpa+hpahrpb
Kj;Jr; rpg;gp Nghd;w xU nghpa Ngio
xd;wpDs; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Rkhh; vl;L
khjfhy gazj;Jf;Fg; gpwF nrt;thapy;
,wq;fpa fpa+hpahrpb Rkhh; 23 khj fhyk;
nray;glf; $baJ. mjw;fhd tifapy;
mJ tbtikf;fg;gl;ls;sJ.
ntt;ntW tifahd Muha;r;rpfis
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; fpa+hpahrpbapy; tpj
tpjkhd fUtpfs; nghuj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ve;j
ghpNjhjidAk; mJ jhdhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;
Nghtjpy;iy. mJ rhj;jpaKk; fpilahJ.
mnkhpf;fhtpy; jiyikf; Nfe;jpuj;jpy;
cs;s tpQ;Qhdpfs; fpa+hpahrpbia
jpl;lkpl;l tifapd; ,af;fp tUth;.
fpa+hpahrpb Ma;Tf;fyj;Jf;F rf;fu tbtpy;
MW fhy;fs; cz;L. fz;fs; vd;W
nrhy;yj;jf;f 17 fhkpuhf;fs; cz;L.
NfhGuk; Nghd;w gFjpapy; mike;j fz;
Kf;fpakhdJ. mJ Nyrh; fw;iwia
nrYj;jp ghiwia Rl;nlhpf;Fk; jpwd;
nfhz;lJ. ve;jg; gf;fKk; jpUg;gj;jf;f>
mj;Jld; klf;fj;jf;f 2.1 kPl;lh; ePsKs;s
fuk; cz;L. me;jf; ifiag; gad;gLj;jp
jiuapy; fplf;fpd;w fw;fis vLf;f KbAk;.
glk; gpbf;f Kbak;. mf;fw;fisg; nghb
nra;J mij [Puzpg;gjw;fhd tapWk;
cz;L.
mjhtJ fpa+hpahrpb Ma;Tf; fyj;jpy;
,t;tpjk; nghb nra;ag;gl;l fw;fis kpFe;j
msTf;F #Nlw;wp mtw;wpypUe;J ntspg;gLk;
thAf;fis Muha;e;J vt;tpjkhd nghUl;fs;
me;j Mtpapy; mlq;fpAs;sd vd;gJ
fz;lwpag;gLk;. $lk; fpA+hpahrpbapd;
tapw;Wg; gFjpapy; cs;sJ.
fpa+hpahrpbapy; cs;s Nyrh; fUtpfs;
my;yJ ghiw kPJ Nyrh; fw;iwiaf;
gha;r;rk; . mg;NghJ Vw;gLk; kpFe;j ntg;gk;
fhuzkhf mf;fy; jPg;gw;wp vhpAk;.
fpa+hpahrpbapd; Ma;Tf; fUtpahdJ me;j
[_thiyiaAk; MtpiaAk; vl;l ,Ue;jgb
Muha;e;J mf;fy;ypy; ve;jtpjkhd
fdpkq;fs; ,Ue;jd vd;gijf;
fz;lwpe;JtpLk;. fpa+hpahrpbapy; ,t;tpjkhf
gj;J fUtpfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
nrt;tha; fpufj;jpy; Ma; T :
fpa+hpahrpbia ,af;Fk; tpQ;Qhdpfs;
nrt;tha;f;Fg; NghfhkNyNa cl;fhh;e;j
,lj;jpy; ,Ue;jgb nrt;thapy;
Muha;r;rpfis elj;Jtjhfr; nrhy;yyhk;.
nrt;tha; fpufj;Jf;F mnkhpf;fh fle;j gy
Mz;Lfspy; MW Ma;Tf;fyq;fis
mDg;gpAs;sJ. xt; nthd;Wk; xt; nthU
tpjkhd Muha;r;rpia elj;jpj; jfty;fis
mDg;gpd. Mdhy; ,it vy;yhNk tbtpy;
rpwpait. vil Fiwe;jit. ,tw;Wld;
xg;gpl;lhy; fpa+hpahrpb vil kpf;fJ. mjd;
vil 899 fpNyh. ,jd; ePsk; %d;W kPl;lh;>
mfyk; 2.8 kPl;lh;. Nyrh; fz; mike;j
NfhGuj;ijr; Nrh;f;fhky; cauk; 2.1 kPl;lh;.
fpa+hpahrpb xNu ,lj;jpy; epiyahf ,Uf;fg;
Nghtjpy;iy. Njitg;gl;l rkaq; fspy; mJ
nkJthf kzpf;F 30 kPl;lh; Ntfj;jpy;
efUk;. xU fl;lj;jpy; mJ mUNf cs;s
kiy kPJk; VWk;.
fpa+hpahrpb nrt; thapy; cs;s fhw;iw
MuhAk; . tpz;ntspapypUe;J tUk;
fjph;tPr;ir msf;Fk;. ,d;Dk; gy
tiffspYk; Muha;e;J jfty;fis
Nrfhpj;J mDg;Gk;. ,it midj;jpy;
Nehf;fk;. fle;j fhyj;jpy; nrt;tha;
fpufj;jpy; VjhtJ xU fhy fl;lj;jpd;
caphpd tho;f;iff;F cfe;j #o;epiyfs;
,Ue;jpUf;Fkh vd;W fz;lwptNj MFk;.
fle;j fhyj;jpy; nghpa ejpfs; xbajw;fhd
jlaq;fs; nrt;thapd; epyg;gug;gpy; fhzg;
gLfpd;wd. ejpahf xLfpd;w msTf;F
Kd;G jz;zPh; ,Ue;jpuf;Fkhdhy;
mj;jz;zPh; vy;yhk; vq;Nf Nghapw;W vd;gJ
kh;kkhf cs;sJ.
nrt;thapy; Ez;zpa ghf;Bhpah tbtpyhtJ
caphpdk; cs;sjh vd;W fz;lwpa eh]h 30
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu Kaw;rp
Nkw;nfhz; lJ. 1976Mk; Mz;by; nrt;tha;
fpufj;jpy; Ngha; ,wq;fpa itfpq; - 1>
itfpq; - 2> Mfpa Mspy;yh tpz;fyq;fs;
mq;F kz;izr; Nrfhpj;J me;j
tpz;fyq;fspy; mike;j rpW Ma;Tf;
$lj;jpy; Nrhjidfis elj;jpd. Mdhy;
mr;Nrhjidfspy; jpl;ltl;lkhd KbT
vJTk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. fpa+hpahrpb
,f;Nfs;tpf;F tpil mspf;fyhk;.


21

vg;NghJk; xU fpufj;jpy; jiu ,wq;Ftjhy;
nghpa gpur;rid. me;j mstpy; fpa+hpahrpb
gj;jpukhfj; jiu ,wq;Fkh vd;W eh]h
tpQ;Qhdpfs; kpfTk; ftiyg;gl;ldh;. mjd;
viljhd; ,e;jf; ftiyf;F Kf;fpa fhuzk;.
,jw;F Kd;dh; eh]htpdhy; nrt;tha;f;F
mDg;gg;gl;l itf;fpq; - 1> itf;fpq; - 2
(1976)> ghj; igz;lh; (1997)> ];gphpl; (2004)>
Mg;gh;#dpb (2004)> gPdpf;]; (2008) Mfpa
Ma;Tf;fyq;fspy; rpy ghu#l; %yk; jiu
,wq;fpd> rpy tpz;fyq;fs; fhw;W
milf;fg;gl;l gY}d;fSf;F eLNt
itf;fg;gl;L ghu#l; %yk; fPNo ,wq;Fk;gb
nra;ag;gl;ld.
Mdhy; fpa+hpahrpb nrt;thapy; jiu
,wq;Fk; gb nra; ghuh#l; kl;Lk; NghjhJ>
Vnddpy; nrt;thapy; fhw;W kz;lyk;
cz;L. vd;whYk; nrt;thapd; fhw;W
kz;ly mlh;j;jp g+kpapy; cs;sijf;
fhl;bYk; kpftk; FiwT. MfNt
fpa+hpahrpb ghu#l; %yk; ,wq;Ftjhdhy;
mjd; mjpf vil fhuzkhf Ntfkhff;
fPNo ,Of;fg;gLk;. MfNt Ntfj;ijf;
Fiwf;fr; nra;a eh]h tpQ;Qhdpfs; Kjy;
jlitahf Gjpa Xh; Vw;ghl;ilg; gpd;gw;wpdh;.
mJjhd; ];iffpNud;.
fpa+hpahrpb mlq;fpa Ngio nrt; thapd;
fhw;W kz;lyj;jpy; Eioe;jjpypUe;J mJ
jiuapy; ,wq;Ftjw;F Mff;$ba Neuk; VO
epkplk;. ,J VO epkpl gaq; fuk; vd
tUzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
nrt;thia neUq;fpaNghJ fpa+hpahrpb
tpz;fyj;jpd; Ntfk; kzpf;F Rkhh; 21
Mapuk; fpNyhkPl;lh;> mg;Ngioghuh#l;bd;
cjtpAld; fPo; Nehf;fp Ntfkhf ,wq;f
Muk;gpj;jJ. mg;NghJ NkYk; NkYk;
fhw;iw mOj;jpa NghJ Ngioapd;
ntspg;Gwk; 2000 bfphp nry;~pa]; msTf;F
#Nlwp neg;Gg; gpok;gha; khwpaJ.
Ngioapd; ntspg;Gwk; ntg;gf; fhg;G G+r;R
nfhz;lJ vd;gjhy; me;j ntg;gk; cs;Ns
mike;j fpa+hpahrpbiaj; jhf;ftpy;iy.
gpwF Ngioapd; fhg;Gg; gFjpfs; mfd;wd.
ghu#l;Lk; fod;wJ. ehd;F fhy;fisf;
nfhz;l ];ifjpNudpypUe;J fpa+hpahrpb
njhq;f> me;j fpNudpd; fhy;fspy; neUg;igg;
gPr;rpd. ,jd; vjph; tpisthf fpa+hpahrpb
,wq;Fk; Ntfk; NkYk; NkYk; Fiwe;jJ.
,t;thwhf fpa+hpahrpb nky;yj; jiu
,wq;fpaJ. fpa+hpahrpb njhiyf;fhl;rpfspy;
xspgug;gg;gl;lJ. gy Nfhb kf;fs;
fpa+hpahrpb gj;jpukhfj; jiu ,wq;fpaJ
fz;L epk;kjpg; ngU%r;rptpl;ldh;. eh]h
tpQ;QhdpfSk; jhd;.
jiu ,wq;fpa rpy thuq;fspy; fpa+hpahrpb
nky;y efu Muk; gpj;jJ. mUNf cs;s
Ie;J fpNyh kPl;lh; cau kiyia Nehf;fp
mJ nrd;W nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. eh]h
tpQ;Qhdpf; vg;NghJk; ,k;khjphpahd
tpz;fyq;fSf;F vd;d ngah; itf;fyhk;
vd;gJ Fwpj;Jg; Nghl; b elj;JtJ tof;fk;.
xU gs;sp khztp $wpa ngaiu eh]h
tpQ;Qhdpfs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L fpa+hpahrpb
vd;W ,jw;F ngah; #l;bdh;.
jkpofr; rl;lg;Nguit itu tpoh
1952 Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg; gl;l jkpofr;
rl;lg; Nghiuia 2012 ,y; jdJ 60 Mz;L
epiwT tpohitf; nfhz; lhbaJ.
,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd; 1952 Mk;
Mz;L> [dthp khjk; ele;j nghJj;
Njh;jiyj; njhlh;e;J> khh;r; 1 Mk; Njjp>
nrd;id khepy rl;lg; Ngiuit
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 375 Ngh;> rl;lrig
cWg;gpdh;fshf Njh;T nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
1953 ,y; njYq;F NgRk; kf;fs; tho;e;j
gFjpfs;> Me;jpuhTlDk; fd;dlk; NgRk;
kf;fs; tho;e;j ngy;yhhp khtl;lk; ik#h;
khepyj;JlDk; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. ,ijaLj;J
jkpof rl;lrig njhFjpfspd; vz;zpf;if
231 Mff; Fiwe;jJ.
mjd; gpd; Nfusj;Jld; kyghh; khtl;lq;fs;
,izf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,e;j vz;zpf;if NkYk;
Fiwe;J 190 MdJ. Nfusj;Jld;
,ize;jpUe;j> fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk;
jkpofj;Jld; ,ize;jjhy;> rl;lrig
njhFjpfs; vz;zpf;if 205 Mf cah;e;jJ.
njhlh;e;J 1962 Mk; Mz;L> gpg;guthp khjk;
ele;j Njh;jiyj; njhlh;e;J> %d;whtJ
rl;lrig> me;j Mz;L khh;r; khjk; $baJ.
1965 ,y; rl;lrig kw;Wk; Nyhf;rgh
njhFjpfs; rPuikf;fg;gl;L> 234 njhFjpfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld. Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpad;
cWg;gpdh; xUtUf;F jdpahf ,lk;
xJf;fg;gl;lJ.


22

Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jkpofr;
rl;lNguitf;F 1935 Mk; Mz;L ele;j
Kjy; Njh;jypy; nkhj;jk; 215 ,lq;fspy;
fhq;fpu]; fl; rp 159 ,lq; fisg; ngw;W
ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;wJ.
murpyikg;G rl;lk; mky; : ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk;
mile;j gpd;dh; 1950 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; mkYf;F te;jJ.
,e;jr; rl;lk; mkYf;F te;JNghJ ,Ue;j
rl;lg;Nguit 1952 tiu ePbj;jJ.
ngd;dpFapf; kzpkz;lgk;
Ky;iy nghpahW miziaf; fl; ba
nghwpahsh; fh;dy; ngd;dpFapf;Ff;F &.1
Nfhbapy; kzpkz;lgk; fl; lg;gLk; vd;W
[dthp 8> 2012 y; Kjy;th; n[ayypjh
mwptpj;jhh;. ngd;dpFapf;fpd; jpUTUtr;
rpiyAld; $ba ,e;j kzpkz;lgk; Ky;iy
nghpahh; mizapd; Nyhah; Nfk;gpy; cs;
jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thhpa tshfj;jpy; Rkhh;
2>500 rJubapy; fl;lg;gLfpwJ.
Ky;iyg; nghpahW miz
1886 Mk; tUlk; mf;Nlhgh; 29k; Njjp
jpUthq;$h; kfhuh[h tprhfk; jpUehs;
uhkth;khtpw;Fk; nrd;id khfhzj;jpw;Fk;
,ilNa 999 Mz;LfSf;fhd nghpahW
Fj;jif cld;gbf;if nra;J
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. xU Vf;fh; epyj;jpw;F 5
&gha; thlif vd;w mbg;gilapy; 8000
Vf;fh; epyk; Fj;jijf;F tplg;gl;lJ. (Nk
29> 1970 y;) jkpo;ehl; bw;Fk; Nfushtpw;Fk;
,ilNa Vw;gl;l Jiz xg;ge;jq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; ,e;j Fj;jijf; njhif &. 30
Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
1887 Nk khjk; mg;Nghija nrd;id
khfhz MSeh; yhh;L fd;dpkhuhthy;
Ky;iy nghpahW mizfl;Lk; gzp
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. 1895 k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh;
10k; Njjp khiy 6 kzpf;F mg;Nghija
nrd;id MSeh; yhh;L ntz;yhf;
mth;fshy; ,e;j miz jpwe;J
itf;fg; gl;lJ.
,e;j mizia fl;b Kbg;gjw;F nkhj;jk;
80 yl;rj;J 30 Mapuk; &gha; nrythdJ.
,e;j miz Ky;iyahW kw;Wk; nghpahW
,izAk; ,lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Rz;zhk;G fhh;f;fp fyitahy; fl; lg;gl;l
,e;j Ky;iyg; nghpahW miz GtpaP h;g;G
tpirapd; mbg;gilapy; fl;lg;gl;l
mizahFk;. GtpaP h;g;G tpirapd;
mbg;gilapy; fl; lg;gl;l mizfs; epy
mjph;Tfshy; Vw;gLk; tpir> ePh; mOj;jk;>
miyfshy; Vw;gLk; mOj;jk; Nghd;wtw;iw
jdJ gStpdhy; jhq;fp nfhs;Sk;.
,jdhy; ,t;tif mizfs; kpfTk; cWjp
tha;e;jitahf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
,e;j Ky;iyg;nghpahh; miz %yk;
jkpo;ehl; by; Njdp> jpz;Lf;fy;> kJiu>
rptfq;if> uhkehjGuk; khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s
2.23 Vf;fh; epyq;fs ghrd trjp
ngWfpd;wd. ,e;j Ky;iy nghpahh;
mizapd; nkhj;j nfhs;ssT 152 mb.
cr;r ePjpkd;wk; 2006 gpg;uthp 27k; Njjp
mspj;j jPh;g;gpy; Ky;iyg; nghpahW
mizapd; ePh;kl;lj;ij 142 mbahf
cah;j;jpf; nfhs;s jkpof murpw;F mDkjp
toq;fpaJ. cr;r ePjpkd;wk; 2012> gpg;uthp
18k; Njjp Ky;iyg; nghpahh; miz Fwpj;J
Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf Kd;dhs; cr;r
ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp V.V];. Mde;j
jiyikapy; 5 Ngh; nfhz;l Xh; mjpfhuf;
FOit epakpj;jJ. ,e;j FO rkpgj;jpy;
jdJ mwpf;ifia cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy;
jhf;fy; nra;jJ. ,e;j mwpf;ifapy;
nghpahW miz ghJfhg;ghf cs;sjhfTk;.
xU rpy FiwghLfis ePf;fpagpd;
mizapd; ePh;j;Njf;f msit 136
mbapypUe;J 142 mbahf cah;j;jpf;
nfhs;syhk; vd;Wk; njhptpj;jpUe;jJ.
brk;gh; 15> 2011 y; jkpof rl;lg;Nguitapy;
Ky;iyg; nghpahW mizia
ghJfhg;gjw;fhf kj;jpa njhopw;rhiy
ghJfhg;G gilia (General Industrial Force)
mizg; gFjpapy; epWj;jp itf;f kj;jpa
muir typAWj;jpAk;> Nfush muir
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; 2006 Mk; Mz;L jPh;g;ig
Vw;Wf; nfhs;s typAWj;jpAk; jPh;khdk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpy; eP jpgjpahf ,e;jpah; Njh;T
,e;jpa cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; (Supreme Court)
ePjpgjp jy;tPh; gz;lhhp (Dalveer bhandari)
rh;tNjr ePjpgjpahf Vg;uy; 27> 2012y;
mnkhpf;fhtpd; epa+ahh;f; efhpy; eilngw;w
Njh;jypd; %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.


23

N[hh;lhd; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j Awn Shawdat Al-
khasawneh jdJ gjtpia mf;Nlhgh; 2011y;
uh[pdhkh nra;jij njhlh;e;J Vw;gl;l
fhypaplj;ij epug;Gtjw;fhf ,j;Njh;jy;
eilngw;wJ.
ePjpgjp jy;tPh; gz;lhhp 6 Mz;L fhyk; tiu
,e;j gjtpapy; ePbg;ghh;. rh;tNjr ePjpkw;w
cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; 9 Mz;Lfs;.
Mdhy; xU cWg;gpdh; gjtp tpyfpaij
njhlh;e;J me;j gjtpf;F Njh;T
nra;ag;gl;bUg;gjhy; uh[pdhkh nra;j
cWg;gpdhpd; kPjKs;s gjtpfhy msNt
,th; gjtpapy; eP bg;ghh;.
jy;tPh; gz;lhhp rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
Njh;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Mrpahit Nrh;e;j
%d;whtJ egh; ,tUf;F Kd; [g; ghd;
ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j Hisashi Owasda
rPdhitr; Nrh;e;j Xue Hanqin MfpNahh;
rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Njh;T
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdh;.
rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;
,jd; jiyikafk; nejh;yhe;J ehl;by;
mike;Js;sJ. mYtyf nkhopfs; Mq;fpyk;
kw;Wk; gpnuQ;r;. vy;yh I.eh. cWg;G
ehLfSk; ,e;j ePjpkd;w mjpfhuj;jpw;F
cl;gl;lit.
,J 15 cWg;gpdh;fis (ePjpgjpfis)
nfhz;lJ. cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtpf; fhyk; 9
Mz;Lfs;.xU ehl;bypUe;J xU ePjpgjp
kl;LNk epakpf;fg;gl KbAk; .
nts;sp #hpaf; flg;G (The Solar Transit of Venus)
tpz;zpy; mhpjhf elf;Fk; epfo;Tfspy;
xd;whd vth; #hpaDf;F ,uz;lhtJ
neUf;fkhf cs;s nts;sp Nfhs; #hpaid
flf;Fk; epfo;T [_d;5> 2012 md;W
epfo;e;jJ. nts;sp fpufk; #hpaDf;Fk;
g+kpf;Fk; eLNt tUk;NghJ ,e;epfo;T
elf;fpwJ.
,e;j epfo;T 243 Mz;Lfspy; 4 Kiw
kl;LNk epfOk; Vnddpy; g+kpiaf; fhl;bYk;
(nts;sp Ntfkhf #hpaid Rw;wp te;J
tpLfpwJ. nts;sp #hpais Rw;wp tu MFk;
fhy msT 224.7 ehl;fs;> g+kp #hpaidr;
Rw;wp tu MFk; fhy msT 365.25 ehl;fs;).

,jw;FKd; ,e;j nts;sp #hpa flg;G epfo;T
(njhiyNehf;fp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpd;G) 1872
kw;Wk; 1882 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; epfo;e;Js;sJ.
121 Mz;Lfs; 6 khjj;jpw;F gpwF fle;j
2004> [_d; khjk; ,e;j epfo;T eilngw;wJ.
gpd;dh; 8 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF fle;j [_d;
6> 2012y; ,e;epfo;T ele;jJ. Mf ,e;j
E}w;whz;by; ,uz;LKiw kl;LNk ,e;j
epfo;T eilngw;Ws;sJ.
mLj;j nts;sp #hpa flg;G epfo;T
eilngWk; ehl;fs; (2117 brk;gh; 11k; Njjp).
,e;j epfo;T ,e;jpahtpy; njhpahJ Vnddpy;
#hpaid Rw;wptUk; ghijapy; nts;sp
Nfhspd; Nfhzk; khWgLk;.
2125brk;gh; 8k; Njjp
2247 [_d; 11k; Njjp
2255 [_d; 9k; Njjp
2360 brk;gh; 10k; Njjp
2490 [_d; 12k; Njjp
2498 [_d; 10k; Njjp
tpz;ntspapy; mLj;j mhpanjhU epfo;thf
2016Mk; Mz;L #hpaDf;Fk; g+kpf;Fk;
FWf;Nf Gjd; Nfhs; flf;Fk; epfo;T
eilngw cs;sJ. Gjd; Nfhspd; #hpaf;
flg;G xU E}w;whz;by; 13 Kiw elf;Fk;.
nts;sp Nfhs; (Venus Planet)
nts;sp Nfhs; #hpa FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s
cl;Nfhs;fspy; (Inner Planets) xd;W.
cl;Nfhs;fs; ,Uk;G kw;Wk; ghiwfshy;
Mdit.
nts;sp G+kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s Nfhs;.
nts;sp kpfTk; xspkpf;f Nfhs; (Brighter
Planet) #hpa FLk;gj;jpy; kpfTk; ntg;gkhd
Nfhs; (Hottest Planet) nts;sp MFk;.
Vndd;why; ,jd; tspkz;lyj;jpd; 9095%
fhh;gd; il Mf;irL epuk; gp cs;sJ.
,jdhy; mq;F epfOk; gRik ,y;y
tpisT (Green house effect) fhuzkhf
nts;sp Nfhs; mjpf ntg;gKs;s Nfhshf
jpfo;fpwJ. nts;spf; Nfhspy; gfy; kw;Wk;
,uT Neu ntg;gepiy ngUk;ghYk; rkkhfNt
,Uf;Fk; (ntg;gepiy 480
0
C)
nts;spapd; NtWngah;fs;: fhiy el;rj;jpuk;
(Morning Star), khiy el;rj;jpuk; (Evening
Star), Ml;L ,iladpd; tpsf;F(Shepherds
Lamp)


24

cl;Nfhs;fspd; NtWngah; ghiwf; Nfhs;fs;
(Terrestrial Planets) cl;Nfhs;fs;: Gjd;
(Mercury) nts;sp(Venus) G+kp (Earth)
nrt;tha; (Mars) nts;sp g+kpapd; rNfhjhp :
(Earths Twin) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
nts;sp g+kpiatpl rw;Nw rpwpa misitf;
nfhz;lJ. (500Km less in diameter tpl;lj;jp
500 FiwT) mjhtJ g+kpapd; tpl;lj;jpy;
94.9% cilaJ.
#hpa FLk;gj;jpy; fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fhf
(East - West) R+oYk; xNu Nfhs; nts;sp
MFk; . #hpa FLk;gj;jpy; Jizf; Nfhs;fs;
,y;yhj ,uz;L Nfhs;fspy; nts;spAk;
xd;W. kw;nwhd;W Gjd; (Mercury)
kpfTk; nkJthf R+oYk; Nfhs; nts;sp
(Slowest Rotating Planet) 243 ehl;fs;. nts;sp
#hpais tyk; tu (Revolution) 224.7 ehl;fs;
vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. Mdhy; jdJ mr;rpy;
R+oy; (For Rotation) 243 ehl;fs; kl;LNk
vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. mjhtJ nts;spapy;
xUehs; vd;gJ xUtUlj;ijtpl mjpfk;.
nts;sp fpufj;ij Muhatjw;fhf
mDg;gg;gl;l tpz;fyd;fs; mnkhpf;fhtpd;
tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp ikak; ehrh(NASA)
Mariner 2, Mariners kw;Wk; Magellan Nghd;w
tpz;fyd;fis mDg;gpAs;sJ. u~;ah
Venera 2 to 5 kw;Wk; Vega 1 Nghd;w
tpz;fyd;fis mDg;gpAs;sJ.
18 tJ jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah;
(18
th
Chief Election Commissioner)
,e;jpahtpd; 18tJ jiyikj; Njh;jy;
Mizauhf jkpo;ehl; ilr; Nrh;e;j tp.v];.
rk;gj; mth;fs; 2012 [_d; 11 md;W
nly;ypapy; cs;s Njh;jy; Miza
mYtyfj;jpy; nghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;.
,tUf;F Kd; ,g;gjtpapy; ,Ue;jth;
v];.xa;.FNu~p (S.Y. Quraishi) tp.v];.rk;gj;
jkpofj;ijr; Nrh;e;j 6tJ ,e;jpa jiyikj;
Njh;jy; Mizah; Mthh;. ,tUf;F Kd;
,g;gjtp tfpj;j jkpofj;ij Nrh;e;jth;
gw;wpa tptuk; .
1. fy;ahz Re;juk; (1958 1967)
2. b. Rthkp ehjd; (1973 1977)
3. b. vd;. Nr~d; (1990 1996)
4. b. v];. fpU~;z%h;j;jp (2004 2005)
5. vd;. Nfhghy;rhkp (2006 2009)
tp.v];. rk;gj; (tP uts;sp Re;juk; rk;gj;)
nrhe;j Ch; NtY}h; khtl;lk;> thyh[h
tl;lj;jpy; cs;s nrq;fhL vd;w fpuhkk;.
1973 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpapy;
Njh;r;rp ngw;w ,th; Me;jpu khepyk; rpj;J}h;
khtl;lk; Ml;rpauhf 1979 89 tiu
gzpahw;wpAs;shh;. 2009 k; Mz;L ,e;jpa
Njh;jy; Mizauhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
18tJ ,e;jpaj; jiyikj; Njh;jy;
Mizauhf nghWg;Ngw;Ws;s ,thpd;
gjtpf;fhyk; tUk; 2015Mk; Mz;L [dthp
16k; NjjpAld; KbtilfpwJ.
Njh;jy; Mizak;
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gFjp
XV(Part XV) Njh;jy; Fwpj;J $WfpwJ.Njh;jy;
Mizak; xU jd;dhl; rp mjpfhuk; nfhz;l
mikg;ghFk;.
(Independent body),e;jpa murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 324 (Article 324) d; gb
Njh;jy; Mizak; xU jiyikj; Njh;jy;
Mizah;> (Chief Election Commissioner)
kw;Wk; FbauRj; jiytuhy; mt;tg;NghJ
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd gpw
Njh;jy; Mizah;fisAk; (Election
Commissioner) cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; kw;Wk; gpw
Njh;jy; Mizah;fs; FbauRj; jiytuhy;
epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.
FbauRj; jiyth; Njitnadf;
fUJk;NghJ> Njh;jy; Mizaj;ij
fye;jhNyhrpj;J> Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpw;F
cjtpGhptjw;fhf xU kz;ly Mizaiu
(Reginoal Commissioner) epakpf;fyhk; (Article
324(4))
,e;jpa Njh;jy; Mizak; ghuhSkd;wk;>
rl;lkw;wk;> FbauRj; jiyth; kw;Wk; Jiz
FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy;fis elj;jTk;>
fz;fhzpf;fTk;> Nkw;ghh;it nra;aTk;
mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
Njh;jy; Mizah;fs;(Election Commissioners)
kw;Wk; kz;ly Mizah;fspd; (Regional
Commissioners) gjtpf;fhyk; (Tenure of
Office) kw;Wk; gzp (Service) Fwpj;J FbauRj;
jiyth; KbT nra;thh;.


25

gjtp ePf;fk;
jiyikj; Njh;jy; Mizaiu cr;r
ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak;
Kiwapy; kl;LNk gjtpePf;fk; nra;a KbAk;.
NtWtpjkhf $WNthNkahdhy; jFjpapd;ik
(Incapacity) kw;Wk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;l xOq;fw;w
eltbf;iffspd; (Proved misbehaviours)
mbg;gilapy; jiyikj; Njh;jy; Mizah;>
FbauRj; jiytuhy; gjtp ePf;fk;
nra;ag;gLfpwhh;. ,jw;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
,U mikfspYk; rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ikapy;
(Special Majority) jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
kw;w Njh;jy; Mizah;fs; kw;Wk; kz;ly
Mizah;fis (Regionla Commisioner)
jiyikj; Njh;jy; Mizahpd;
MNyhridapd; mbg;gilapy; kl;;LNk
FbauRj; jiytuhy; gjptp ePf;fk; nra;a
KbAk;. Njh;jy; Mizahpd; rk;gsk; kw;Wk;
gbfs; ,e;jpa jpus; (Consolidated Fund of
India) epjpapypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
Njh;jy; Mizah;fspd; gjtpf; fhyj;jpy;
mth;fspd; rk;gsNkh my;yJ gzp
epge;jidNah khw;w KbahJ. ,e;jpa
murpayikg;Gr; rl;;lj;jpy; ,e;jpa Njh;jy;
Miza cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk;
kw;Wk; mth;fspd; jFjpfs; Fwpj;J
njspthf Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
Njh;jy; Mizah;fs; jq;fs; gjptpf;
fhyj;jpw;F gpd;G murhq;fj;jpy; NtW
gzpfSf;F epakpf;fg;gLtjw;F
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; jilNaJk;
tpjpf;ftpy;iy.
Njh;jy; Mizak; %d;W cWg;gpdh;fisj;
nfhz;l mikg;ghf cUthfpa tuyhW.
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F
te;j 1950Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1989 mf;Nlhgh;
15k; Njjp tiu Njh;jy; Mizak; xU
cWg;gpdiu nfhz;l mikg;ghfNt (Single
Member body) nray;gl;L te;jJ.
1989y; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l 61tJ
murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1988 (61
st

Consitutional Amendment Act - 1988)d; gb
Njh;jypy; thf;fspf;Fk; taJ tuk; G 21
ypUe;J 18 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;
Njh;jy; Mizj;jpw;F Vw;gl;l gzpr;
Rikiaf; Fiwf;Fk; nghUl;L mf;Nlhgh; 16>
1989y; FbauRj; jiyth; ,uz;L Njh;jy;
Mizah;fis epakpj;jhh;. ,jd; %yk;
Njh;jy; Mizak; %d;W cWg;gpdh;fisf;
nfhz;l mikg;ghf khwpaJ.
kj;jpapy; Njrpa Kd;dzp muR (National
front Government) gjtpNaw;wTld; 1990
[dthp 2k; Njjp Njh;jy; Mizak; kPz;Lk;
xU cWg;gpdh; nfhz;l mikg;ghf khw;wg;
gl;lJ.
1993 mf;Nlhgh; khjk; FbauRj; jiytuhy;
,uz;L Njh;jy; Mizah;fs;
epakpf;fg;gl;ljd; %yk; Njh;jy; Mizak;
kPz;Lk; %d;W cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l
mikg;ghf khwpaJ. jw;NghJ tiu ,e;j
epiy njhlh;e;J ePbf;fpwJ.
Gjpa jdpkk;
fle;j gy Mz;Lfshfg; nguk; ghLgl;L 113
MtJ jdpkj;ij (Element) cUthf;fp
cs;sjhf [g;ghdpa epGzh;fs;
mwptpj;js;sdh;. ,J gw;wpa mwptpg;G 2012
nrg;lk;ghpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. Gjpjhf xU
jdpkj;ij cUthf;FtNj ngUk;ghL. 113
MtJ jdpkNkh ,j;Jiwapy;
ty;yth;fSf;Nf ,Jtiu gpbnfhLf;fhky;
Vkhw;wp te;jJ.
jdpkq;fspd; gl;baiy (Periodic Table)
ftdpj;jhy; thpirahf gy;NtW jdpkq;fspd;
ngah;fSk; mtw;wpd; mZ vz;fSk; (xU
jdpkj;jpy; cs;s GNuhl;lhd;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifNa mjd; mZ vz;) fhzg;gLk;.
mZ vz; 82 tiuapyhd jdpkq;fspy; 80
kl;LNk epiyahdit. nlf;dP~pak; (mZ
vz; 43)> gpuhkpjpak; (mZ vz; 61)
MfpaitAk; mj;Jld; 82 f;Fg; gpwF cs;s
jdpkq;fSk; epiyaw;wit. ,it
Jfs;fis my;yJ Mw;wiy ntspg;gLj;jp
xahJ cUkhwpf; nfhz;bUg;git. vdpDk;
92 (ANudpak;) tiuapyhd jdpkq;fs;
fzprkhd mstpy; fpilf;fNt nra;fpd;wd.
mZ vz; 93 ,ypUe;J 103 tiuapyhd
jdpkq;fs; mnkhpf;f epGzh;fshy; fz;L
gpbf;fg;gl;ld. my;yJ cUthf;fg; gl;ld.
,tw;wpy; G@l;Nlhdpaj;ij (mZ vz; 94)
mZ ciyfspy; epiwaNt cw;gj;jp nra;a
KbfpwJ. kw;w jdpkq;fspy; gytk;
nraw;ifahd rpy kpy;yp fpuhk;
msTf;Fj;jhd; cUthf;f Kbe;jJ.


26

mZ vz; 104 Kjy; 106 tiuapyhd
jdpkq;fs; mnkhpf;f kw;Wk; u~;ah
tpQ;Qhdpfshy; cUthf;fg; gl;lit.
107 Kjy; 112 tiuapyhd jdpkq;fs;
n[h;kd; epGzh;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
114 Kjy; 116 tiuapyhd jdpkq;fs;
mnkhpf;f u~;a epGzh;fspd; $l;Lahf
cUthf;fg; gl;ltw;wpy; mNdfkhf
midj;JNk rpy nehbfs; kl;LNk [Ptpj;J
NtW jdpkkhf khwptpLgit. mNdf
rkq;fspy; mth;fs; gjpa jdpkj;jpd; rpy
mZf;fis kl;LNk cw;gj;jp nra;jth;fshf
,Ug;gh;. MfNt mth;fs; cUthf;fpa
jdpkj;ijf;fz;zhy; fhz;gjw;fhd
tha;g;Ngh fpilahJ.
,Jtiu $wg;gl;ljpy; 113 kl;LNk
tpLgl;Lg;Nghapug;gijf; fhzyhk;. [g; ghdpa
tpQ;Qhdpfs; gp];kj; mZfis (mZ vz;
83) Nehf;fp Jj;jehf mZf;fis (mZ
vz; 30) gaq;fu Ntfj;jpy; nrYj;jpdh;.
mg;NghJ 113 I mZ vz;zhff; nfhz;l
Gjpa jdpkk; Njhd;wpajhf [g;ghdpa
epGzh;fs; njhptpj;jdh;. (,uz;ilAk;
$l;bdhy; 113 tUtijf; ftdpf;fTk;)>
mth;fs; cUthf;fpaJ rpy mZf;fNs>
mitAk; rpy tpdhbfspy; NtW
jdpkq;fshf khwptpl;ld.
vdpDk; gjpa jdpkq;fSf;F mq;fPfhuk;
toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; nfhz;l rh;tNjr
mikg;G Muha;e;J KbT njhptpj;j gpd;dNu
[g; ghdpa epGzh;fspd; fz;lgpbg;G cWjpg;
gLj;jg;gLk;. mg;gb cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;
mJ [g; ghdpaUf;F kl;Lkd;wp Mrpah;fSf;F
ngUik Nrh;g;gjhf ,uf;Fk;. Vnddpy;
,Jtiu ve;j xh; Mrpa ehLk; Gjpa
jdpkj;ij cUthf;fpajpy;iy.
thdpy; ,ul;il #hpad;
ekJ #hpa kz;lyj;jpd; eLNt #hpad;
mike;jpUf;f mij g+kpAk; kw;w
fpufq;fSk; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. g+kp jdJ
mr;rpy; Roy;tjhy; #hpad; ekJ thdpy;
cjpg;gjhfTk; m];jkpg;gjhftk; ekf;Fj;
Njhd;WfpwJ.
#hpa kz;lyj;jpd; eLNt ,uz;L #hpad;fs;
,Uf;Fkhdhy; thdpy; ,uz;L #hpad;fs;
,Ue;jhy; ntapy; g+kpiar; Rl;Lg; nghRf;fp
tpLk; .
vq;FNk ,g;gb thdpy; ,uz;L #hpad;fs;
,uf;f KbahJ vd;Wjhd; thdtpay;
tpQ;Qhdpfs; neLq;fhykhf epidj;J
te;jdh;. Mdhy; tpQ;Qhdpfisj; jpiff;f
itf;Fk; tifapy; ,u fpufq;fisf;
nfhz;l ,ul;il el; rj;jpuk; fz;L
gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,J njhlh;ghd jfty;fs; 2012 Mf];by;
gPfpq;fpy; ele;j rh;tNjr thdptpay;
rq;fj;jpd; kfhehl;by; njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
mnkhpf;fhtpd; rhz;bahNfh efhpy; mike;j
rhz;bahNfh khepy gy;fiyf;fof
thdtpay; Nguhrphpah; tpy;ypak; nty;~;
,j;jfty;fisj; njhptpj;;jhh;.
,e;j ,U el;rj;jpuq;fs; mlq;fpa el;rj;jpu
kz;lyk; nfg;sh;-47 vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j ,U el;rj;jpuq;fspy; xd;W #hpad;
msTf;F cs;sJ. kw;nwhd;W #hpadpy;
%d;wpy; xU gq;F cs;sJ. ,uz;Lk; xU
nghJ ikaj;ijr; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd.
,tw;Wf;F ,uz; L fpufq;fs; cs;sd. xU
fpufk; g+kpiag; Nghy %d;W klq;F
nghpaJ.
ntsptl;lj;jpy; mike;j ,uz;lhtJ fpufk;
g+kpia tplg; gy klq;F nghpaJ. ,e;j
,uz;LNk xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghJikaj;ijr;
Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. me;j mstpy; mit
,uz;L el; rj;jpuq;fisAk; Rw;Wfpd;wd.
,e;j ,U fpufq;fspYk; xUth; ,Ug;gjhf
itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; me;jf; fpufq;fspd;
thdpy; ,uz;L #hpad;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
,ul;il fpufq;fisf; nfhz;l ,e;j ,ul;il
el; rj;jpuq;fs; g+kpapypUe;J Rkhh; 5000 xsp
Mz;L njhiyTf;F mg;ghy; (hp~g uhrpf;F
mUNf cs;s) rpf;d]; el;rj;jpu
kz;lyj;jpy; cs;sd. xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
fpufq;fisf; nfhz;l ,ul;il el;rj;jpuq;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gLtJ ,JNt Kjy; jilt.
Mfha fq;ifapy; #hpad; mike;j
tl;lhuj;jpy; g+kpiag; Nghd;w fpufq;fs;
cs;sdth vd;W fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhf
mnkhpf;fhtpy; eh]h epWtdk; 2009 Mk;
Mz;by; nfg;sh; vd;Dk; Mspy;yh
nraw;iff; Nfhs; xd;iw nrYj;jpaJ. 2011
k; Mz;L brk;gh; tiu nfg;sh; nly];Nfhg;
2326 fpufq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ.
,tw;wpy; 207 fpufq;fs; g+kp mstpy;
cs;sd.


27

xU Mo;fly; rhjid
N[k;]; Nfkuhd; Abyss, Titanic, Avatar, The
Terminator Nghd;w gpugy `hypTl;
glq;fspd; ,af;Fdh;. ,th; jpiuf;fij
vOJtjpYk; ty;yth;. mtUf;F
mwptpaypYk; Mh;tk; cz;L. Fwpg;ghf
Mo;fly; rkhr;rhuq;fspy; kpfe;j mf;fiw.
,J njhlh;ghf lhFnkd;lhp glq;fisAk;
vLj;Js;shh;. mj;Jd; ey;yhky;> Nfkuhd;
2012 khh;r; khjk; 6 Mk; Njp cyfpd; kpf
Mokhd gFjpf;F tpNr~ ePh;%o;fp fyk;
%yk; nrd;W rhjid gilj;js;shh;.
kdpjdhy; vspjpy; nry;y Kbahj ,lk;
mJ. tpz;ntspf;Fg; gy E}WNgh; nrd;W
te;Js;sdh; ,Jtiu %thapuj;Jf;Fk;
mjpfkhdth;fs; vtnu];l; rpfuj; jpy; fhy;
gjpj;Js;sdh;. Mdhy; gRgpf; flypy;
khpahdh mfop (Mariyan Trench) vdg;gLk;
,lj;jpy; Rkhh; 11 fpNyh kPl;lh; Moj;jpy;
cs;s NryQ;rh; kL (Challenger Deep) vd;w
flybj; jiug; gFjpf;F ,Jtiu %d;W Ngh;
kl;LNk nrd;W te;js;sdh;. Nfkuhd;
%d;whtJ egh;> NryQ;rh; kL gRgpf; flypy;
Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy;> gpypg;igd;]; jPTfSf;F
fpof;Nf [g;ghDf;F njw;Nf mike;Js;sJ.
flypYk; kiyfs;> gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;> kLf;fs;
cz;L. flypd; Mok; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;
xNu khjphpahf ,Ug;gJ fpilahJ.
flyf;Fs; ek; tpUk;gk;Nghy; Mokhd
,lq; fSf;Fr; nry;y ,ayhJ. ePUf;Fs; -
mjhtJ flYf;Fs; 10 kPl;lh; ,oj;Jf;F
,wq;fpdhy; fly; kl;lj;jpy; cs;sijg;
Nghy ,uz;L klq;F mOj;jk; ,Uf;Fk;. 20
kPl;lh; Moj;jpy; mOj;jk; %d;W
klq;fhfptpLk; . 30 kPl;lh; Moj;jpy; ,J
ehd;F klq;fhf cah;e;J tpLk; . ,J ,e;j
mstpy; mjpfhpj;Jf;nfhz; Nl NghFk;.
NryQ;rh; kLtpy; mOj;jk; xU rJu nrd;b
kPl;lUf;F 1.25 ld; vd;w mstpy; ,Uf;fk;.
mjhtJ ePuhdJ me;j Moj;jpy; ehyh
Gwq;fspypUe;Jk; gaq;fukhf mOj;Jk;.
tpNr~khf tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; xopa
ePh;%o;Ff; fyk; mg;gsk; Nghy
nehWq;fptpLk;.
MfNtjhd flybj;jiu vd;gJ kpfePz;l
fhykhf ahUNk nrd;W ghh;j;jpuhj
,lkhfNt ,Ue;J te;jJ. vdpDk; 1960
Mk; Mz;L [dthp 23 Mk; Njjp cyfg;
gpurpj;jp ngw;w ePh; %o;F epGzh; [hf;f];
nlhdhy;l; thy;~; Mfpa ,U tUk; tpNr~
ePh;%o;F fyk; xd;wpd; mbapy; mike;j
rpwpa Nfhsj;Jf;Fs; xz; bf;nfhz; lgb
cyfpNyNa Kjy; jlitahf NryQ;rh;
kLTf;Fs; ,wq;fp rhjid gilj;jdh;.
mth;fs; mkh;e;jpUe;j rpwpa Nfhsk; 12.7
nr.kPl;lh; jbkd; nfhz;l tpNr~
cUf;fpdhy; MdJ. flybj; jiuapy;
mth;fs; ,Ue;jJ rpwpJ NeuNk.
,e;j rhjidf;F 52 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF
57 tajhd N[k;]; Nfkuhd; mNj NryQ;rh;
kLtpy; ,wq;fp rhjid gilj;js;shh;.
mth; gad;gLj;jpa fly; %o;Ff;fyk; tpNr~
Eiug;nghUshy; MdJ. mjd;
ntspg;Gwj;jpy; gy fhkpuhf;fs; ,Ue;jd.
NryQ;rh; kLtpy; MW kzpNeuk; jq;fp
,Ue;J tPbNah glq;fis vLf;f mth;
jpl;lkpl;bUe;jhh;. Mdhy; rpW NfhshW
Vw;glNt tpiutpy; NkNy
tuNtz;bajhapw;W. NryQ;rh; kLtpy;
,wq;Ftjw;F Kd;dh; Nfkuhd; cyfpd; gy
fly; gFjpfspy; Rkhh; 30 jliy cs;Ns
,wq;fp ey;y mDgtk; ngw;wpUe;jhh;.
vjph;fhyj;jpy; NryQ;rh; kL Nghd;w gy
fpNyh kPl;lh; Mok; nfhz;l flybj;
jiuf;F tpNr~f; fyq;fspy; kdpjd; ,wq;f
Kbayhk;. Mdhy; fjitj; jpwe;J
nfhz;L ntspNa tu vd;WNk ,ayhJ.
flypd; gaq;fu mOj;jk; kdpjidf;
$ohf;fptpLk; . Mo;fly; vd;WNk
kdpjf;fhyb gjpf;f Kbahj ,lkhfNt
,Ue;J tUk;.
jkpo;ehl;bd; khehfuhl;rpfs;
1688 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 29k; Njjp
nkl;uh]; khefuhl; rp njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
,k;khefuhl;rp njhlq;Ftjw;F fhuzkhf
,Ue;jth; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd;
jiytuhf ,Ue;j rh; N[hra;ah iryl;
vd;gth;. nrd;id khefuhl;rpapd; Kjy;
Nkah; ejhdpNay; `f;fpd;rd; (Nathaniel
Higgison)
Rkhh; &. 7.5 yl; rk; nrytpy; fl; lg;gl;l
hpg;gd; khspif 1913y; jpwf;fg;gl;lJ.
,f;fl;blj;ij fl;bath; Nyhfehj Kjypahh;.
nrd;id khefuhl;rpapd; Kjy; ,e;jpa
jiyth; rh;.gp. jpahfuha nrl;bahh; 1919
Mk; Mz;L (,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; Nkah;
gjtp ePf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ).


28

1933y; kPz;Lk; Nkah; gjtp nfhz;L te;j
gpwF nrd;id khefuhl;rpapd; Kjy; ,e;jpa
Nkauhdth; Fkhuuh[h vk;.V. Kj;ijah
nrl;bahh;. jkpo;ehl;by; 10tJ khefuhl; rpahf
J}j;Jf;Fb khefuhl;rp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
(9tJ khefuhl;rp NtY}h; 8tJ khefuhl;rp
<NuhL 7tJ khefuhl;rp jpUg;G+h;). jw;NghJ
jkpofj;jpy; cs;s khefuhl;rpfSk; mjd;
Nkah;fSk;
vz; khefuhl;rp khefuhl;rp
Nkah;fs; 1 nrd;id irij Jiurhkp
2 kJiu uh[d; nry;yg;gh
3 Nfhak;Gj;J}h; nr.k. NtYr;rhkp
4 jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp V. n[ah
5 jpUney;Ntyp tp[pyh rj;ahde;j;
6 Nryk; rTz;lg;gd;
7 J}j;Jf;Fb rrpfyh G\;gh
8 <NuhL ky;ypfh
9 jpUg;g+h; tprhyhl;rp
10 NtY}h; fhh;j;jpfhapdp

kfh uj;dh me;j];J ngw;W epWtdq;fs;
kj;jpa muR kpf rpwg;ghf nray;gLk; nghJ
Jiw epWtdq;fis mtw;wpd;
nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tsh;r;rpia
nghWj;J %d;W tifahf gphpj;Js;sJ.
1. kfhuj;dh 2. etuj; dh 3. kpdp uj;dh.
List of Maharatna
1. Coal India Limited
2. Indian Oil Corporation Limited
3. NTPC Limited
4. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited
5. Steel Authority of India Limited
6. Gas Authority of India Limited
7. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

List of Navaratna
1. Bharat Electronics Limited
2. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
3. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
4. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
5. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
6. National Aluminium Company Limited
7. National Mineral Development Corp. Limited
8. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited
9. Oil India Limited
10. Power Finance Corporation Limited
11. Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
12. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited
13. Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
14. Shipping Corporation of India Limited
kf;fs; njhif 2011- xU Kf;fpa fz;Nzhl;lk;
tptuk; ,e;jpah jkpo;ehL
(,lk;) kf;fs; njhif 1>21>01>93>422 7>21>38958 (07)
Mz;fs; 62>37>24>248 3>61>58>871
ngz;fs; 58>64>69>174 3>59>80>087
10Mz;L
tsh;r;rp
17.64 15.60 (23)
kf;fs; neUf;fk; 382 555 (12)
ghypd tpfpjk; 940 995 (03)
vOj;jwpT (nkh) 74.04 80.33 (14)
Mz;fs; 82.14 86.81 (16)
ngz;fs; 65.46 73.86 (15)
jkpo;ehL kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G 2011
mjpfKs;s kw;Wk; Fiwthd 5 khtl;lq;fs;
khtl;lk; k.njhif khtl;lk; k.njhif
nrd;id 46>81>087 nguk;gY}h; 5>64>511
fhQ;rpGuk; 39>90>897 ePyfhp 7>35>071
NtY}h; 39>28>106 mhpaY}h; 7>52>481
jpUts;Sh; 37>25>697 f&h; 10>76>588
Nryk; 34>80>008 Njdp 12>43>684

jkpo;ehl; by; mjpf kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp tPjk;
nfhz;l khtl;lk; - fhQ;rpGuk;. (38.7%)
jkpo;ehl; by; Fiwe;j kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp
tPjk; nfhz;l khtl;lk; - ePyfphp (-3.6%)
jkpo;ehl; by; mjpf vOj;jwpT nfhz;l khtl;lk; -
fd;dpahFkhp (92.1%)
jkpo;ehl; by; Fiwe;j vOj;jwpT nfhz;l
khtl;lk; - jUkGhp (64.7%)
jkpo;ehl; by; mjpf ghypd tpfpjk; nfhz;l
khtl;lk; - ePyfphp (1041)
jkpo;ehl; by; Fiwe;j ghypd tpfpjk; nfhz;l
khtl;lk; - jUkGhp (946)
jkpo;ehl; by; mjpf kf;fs; neUf;fk; nfhz;l
khtl;lk; - nrd;id (26>903)
jkpo;ehl; by; Fiwe;j kf;fs; neUf;fk; nfhz;l
khtl;lk; - ePyfphp (288)
2011- mjpfKs;s kw;Wk; Fiwthd khepyq;fs;
mjpfk; FiwT
kf;fs;
njhif
cj;jpugpuNjrk; rpf;fpk;
kf;fs;
tsh;r;rp
kj;jpa gpuNjrk; ehfyhe;J(-.5%)
vOj;jwpT Nfush (93.9%) gPfhh; (63.8%)
ghypd
tpfpjk;
Nfush (1084) `hpahdh
(877) kf;fs;
mlh;j;jp
gPfhh; (1102) mUzhr;ry;(12)

(,;e;jpa kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;
murpayikg;G ruj;J gphpT 246. kf;fs; njhif
kj;jpa gl;bay; (69tJ gphpT). )


29

rhfpj;a mfhnjkp tpUJ
rhfpj;a mfhnjkp tpUJ ,e;jpahtpy;
toq;fg;gLk; ,uz;lhtJ cah;e;j
tpUjhFk;. rhfpj;a mfhnjkp 1954Mk;
Mz;L khh;r; 12-y; cUthf;fg; gl;lJ. ,J
jw;NghJ 22 Njrpa nkhopfs;> Mq;fpyk;
kw;Wk; uh[];jhdp cl;gl nkhj;jk; 24
nkhopfspd; tsh;r;rpf;F cjTk; tifapy;
Mz;LNjhWk; tpUJfis toq;fp tUfpwJ.
jkpo;ehl; by; rhfpj;a mfhnjkp tpUJ ngw;w
gpugy vOj;jhsh;fs; & E}y;fs;.
Mz;L vOj;jhsh;fs; tpUJ ngw;w
E}y;fs; 1955 uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is jkpopd;gk;
1956 fy;fp miy xir
1958 uh[h[p rf;futh;j;jp
jpUkfd; 1961 K.tujuhrdhh; mfy; tpsf;F
1963 mfpyd; Ntq;ifapd;
ike;jd; 1969 ghujpjhrd; gprpuhe;ijahh;
1972 n[afhe;jd; rpy Ne. rpy kdpjh;.
1973 uh[k; fpU\;zd; NtUf;F ePh;
1977 ,. ghh;j;jrhujp FUjpg;Gdy;
1990 R. rKj;jpuk; Nthpy; gOj;j gyh
1991 fp. uh[ehuazd; Nfhgy;yGuj;J
kf;fs; 1997 Njh.
KfkJkPuhd;
rha;T ehw;fhyp
1998 rh. fe;jrhkp tprhuizf; fkp\d;
2003 ituKj;J fs;spfhl;L
,jpfhrk; 2005 jpyftjp fy;kuk;
2007 ePy gj;kehgd; ,iyAjph; fhyk;
2008 Nk. nghd;Drhkp kpd;rhug;G+
2009 GtpauR ifnahg;gk;
2010 ehQ;rpy; ehld; R+ba g+ R+lw;f
2011 R. ntq;fNlrd; fhty; Nfhl;lk;
2012 b. nry;tuh[; Njhy;

I.eh.tpd; 193-tJ ehL
Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; kpfg; nghpa ehlhd R+lhd;
gy E}w;whz;Lfs; ePz;l cs;ehl; Lg; Nghhpd;
Kbtpy; xU topahf mjpfhug;g+h;tkhf
,uz;lhf gphpe;jJ. R+lhdpd; cs;ehl; L
Nghiu njhlh;e;J 2005 cld;gbf;ifapd;
gb kf;fs; fUj;J fzpg;G nra;a KbT
nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjd;gb 2011 [dthpapy;
njw;F r+lhdpy; eilngw;w kf;fs;
fUj;jwpAk; thf;nfLg;gpy; 99 rjtPjk; Ngh;
jdp ehL Nfhhpf;iff;F Mjuthf
thf;fspj;jdh;. ,jd; %yk; I.eh-tpd; 193-
tJ cWg;gpduhf njw;F R+lhd; (Republic
of South Sudan) cs;sJ. ,jd; jiyefh;
[{gh (Juba). njw;F r+lhd; mjpgh; ry;th
fPh; kahbl; Salva Kiir Mayardit).
cyfpd; kf;fs; njhif 700 Nfhb
cyf kf;fs; njhif 700 Nfhbiaf;
fle;jJ. ,ijf; nfhz; lhLk; tpjj;jpy;
cyfpd; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; tpohf;fs;
elj;jg;gl;ld. ,e;jpahtpy; cj;jpug;gpuNjr
khepyk; khy; muR kUj;Jtkidapy; gpwe;j
eh;fP]; vd;Dk; ngz; Foe;ijNa 700
NfhbahtJ Foe;ij vd
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ([f;fpa ehLfs;
fzf;nfLg;G). ,f;fzf;nfLg;gpd; kpfr;
rhpahf vz;zpnaLf;fg;gl;l fzf;fPly;y.
kf;fs; neUf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd
fzf;fPNl ,e;j KbTf;F Mjhuk;.
,e;jpahtpd; kpd; cw;gj;jp gfph;T
vz; cw;gj;jp epiyak; cw;gj;jp
(MW)
%
1. mdy;kpd;
epiyak;
1>21>806.98 65.66
2. ePh; kpd; epiyak; 38>748>40 20.88
3. mZkpd;
epiyak;
4>780 2.57
4. kuG rhuh vhprf;jp 20>162>24 10.89
100.00

Ie;jhtJ IPL Nghl; b xh; fz;Nzhl;lk;
Ie;jhtJ IPL Nghl;bapy; nrd;idapy;
eilngw;w ,Wjp Nghl;bapy; nfhy;fj;jh
iel; iulh;]; nrd;id R+g;gh; fpq;];
mzpia Njhw;fbj;J Nfhg;iia ntd;wJ.
,e;j Nghl;bapy; fphp]; nfapy; (Chris Gayle)
mjpf gl;rkhf 733 ud;fs; vLj;Js;shh;.
Nkhh;Nd Nkhh;fs; mjpfgl;rkhf 25
tpf;nfl; Lfs; vLj;Js;shh;. fphp]; nfapy;
MuQ;r; (Orange) epw njhg;gpia
ifg;gw;wpdhh;. Nkhh;Nd Nkhh;fs; gOg;G
(Purple) epw njhg;gpia ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
Nfhy;ld; tpUJ Rdpy; ehuaz;-f;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ.

S.No
YEAR IPL CHAMPIONS
1. 2008 RAJASTHAN ROYALS
2. 2009 DECCAN CHARGES
3. 2010 CHENNAI SUPER KINGS
4. 2011 CHENNAI SUPER KINGS
5. 2012 KOLKATTA KNIGHT RIDERS

nkhigy; nraypfs; (Mobile Softwares)
nkhigiy ,af;f mtw;wpy; mbg;gilaha;
epWtg;gl;bUg;gJ jhd; nkhigy; nrayp
(Mobile operating system). Kf;fpa nkhigy;
nraypfs; x.v]; (ios), Mz;buha;l;
(Anderoid-os), rpk;gpahd; (Symbian-os),
gpshf;nghp (Black Berry-os).


30

cWg;G khw;w kNrhjh
kdpj cly; cWg;G khw;W Fwpj;j rl;l
(1994) tuk;gpw;Fs; jirfis khw;wp
itg;gijAk; cl;gLj;Jk; rl;lj; jpUj;j
kNrhjhTf;F uh[;arig xg;Gjy; toq;fpaJ.
cWg;G jhdk; toq;Fk; neUq;fpa cwtpdh;
gl;baypy; jhj;jh> ghl;b> Ngud;> Ngj;jp
MfpNahiuAk; cl;gLj;jpa ,k; kNrhjh
fle;j 2010 Mf];by; Nyhf; rigapy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. cWg;G khw;W kNrhjh
Fwpj;j rl;lq;fs; khepyq;fspd; mjpfhu
tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;lit.jw;NghJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;l
kNrhjh Kjw;fl;lkhf Nfhth> tq;fhsk;>
,khr;ry; Mfpa khepq;fspy; eilKiwf;F
tUk;
gpsh];bf;Fj; jil
Gifapiyg; nghUl;fis Ngf; nra;tjw;F
gpsh];bf; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F
kj;jpa Rw;Wr;R+oy; mikr;rfk; jil
tpjpj;Js;sJ. kW Row;rp nra;ag;gl;l
gpsh];bf;Ffshy; czT nghUs;fis Ngf;
nra;aTk; jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
gpsh];bf fyh;fs; ntz; ik
epwKs;sjhfNth my;yJ BIS mDkjp
epwq;fspNyh jhd; jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz; Lk;.
40 ikf;uhDf;F Fiwe;j gpsh];bf;Fs;
gad;gLj;j mDkjpapy;iy.
cyfpd; mjp Ntf tpkhdk;
mnkhpf;fhtpd; ,uhZtj;jpwDf;F nkU
$l;Lk; tpjj;jpy; /ghy;fd; vr;btp-I
vd;Dk; i`g;gh; Nrhdpf; igyl; ,y;yh
tpkhdq;fs; jahuhfp tpl;ljhf
njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; Ntfk;
kzpf;$Uf;F 21>580 fp.kP. mjhtJ
fd;dpahFkhpapypUe;J fh\;kPh; nry;y
ntWk; vl;L epkplq;fs;. gwf;fj; Jtq;fpa
xU kzpf;$Uf;Fs; cyfpd; ve;j
%iyiaAk; nrd;wilAk; /ghy;fd;. ,J
mZ Fz; L cl;gl 4.5 Ftpd; lhy;
vilia rke;J nry;Yk; jpwd; nfhz;lJ.

jp rd;nrl; fpsg; - F\;te;j; rpq;
gpugy vOj;jhsh; F\;te;jrpq; mth;fs;
vOjpa jp rd; nrl; fpsg; vd;w E}y;
ntspapl;L tpoh nly;ypapy; eilngw;wJ.
me;j E}iy FUruz;rpq; mth;fs;
ntspapl;lhh;. rkPgj;jpa E}y;fs;: A History of
the Sikhs: 1839-2004 (2005), The Illustrated
History of the Sikhs (2006), Why I Supported the
Emergency: Essays and Profiles ( 2009).
re;jpudpy; fhh;gd; - il - Mf;i]L
re;jpudpy; Nyrhd i`l;Nuh fhh;gd;fs;>
fe;jfk; kw;Wk; fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L
Mfpait ,Ug;gJ czh;T nraw;ifNfhs;
Nkhjpajpy; njhpate;Js;sjhf tpQ;Qhdpfs;
njhptpj;jdh;. re;jpud; fhzg;gLk; nghpa
gs;sq;fspy; jz;zPh; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gJk;
me;j gs;sq;fspd; gug;gstpy; 5.6 rjtPjk;
jz;zPh; ,Uf;Fk; vd;Wk;
kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. czh;T nraw;ifNfhs;
re;jpudpd; ,Ul;Lg; gFjpapy; Nkhjpa
Ntfj;jpy; 10fp.kP cauj;jpw;F J}rpfs;
fpsk;gpajhfTk; tpQ;Qhdpfs;
njhptpj;Js;sdh;.
cyfpd; mjp Ntf kPj;jpwd; fzpzp
kPj;jpwd; fzpzp (Super Computer) vd;gJ
cr;r fzpik tYf;nfhz; l fzpzpahFk;.
Ntfkhf mjpf fzpj;jiy ,it nra;a
ty;yit. cUtfg;gLj;Jjy;> nraw;if
mwpthz;ik> Njly;> mwptpay; fzpik
Nghd;w gy gad;fs; kPj;jpwd;
fzpzpfSf;F cz;L. jw;NghJ cyfpd;
mjpNtf kPj;jpwd; fzpzp [g; ghd; ehl;by;
jahhpj;j Fujitsu K computer vd;w R+g;gh;
fzpzp MFk;. mjd; nray; jpwd; Ntfk;
10.51 PFLOPS MFk;. ,uz; lhtJ ,lj;ij
rPdhtpd; jpahd;[pd; efh; Njrpa ikaj;jpd;
jpahd;`p-1 vd;w R+g;gh; fzzp gpbj;jJ.
,jd; jpwd; Ntfk; 2.566 PFLOPS MFk;.
Year Supercomputer Speed

Location
2008 IBM Roadrunner 1.026 PFLOPS USA

2009 Cray Jaguar 1.759 PFLOPS USA

2010 Tianhe-IA 2.566 PFLOPS China
2011 Fujitsu K computer 10.51 PFLOPS Japan
2012 IBM Sequoia 16.32 PFLOPS USA
2012 Cray Titan 17.59 PFLOPS USA

gpdhfh Nrhjid ntw;wp
gpdhfh vd;w ngahpy; cUthf;fgl;Ls;s
gy mLf;F uhf;nfl; yhQ;rh; fUtp xbrh
khepyk; re;jpg;g+hpy; 2012 khh;r; 29Mk; Njjp
ntw;wpfukhf Nrhjid nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,J
xU ky;b Nguy; uhf;nfl; yhQ;rh; MFk;. 44
tpdhbfspy; 12 uhf;nfl; fis VTk; jpwd;
gilj;jJ. 40 fp.kP tiu nrd;W jhf;Fk;.
,Nj Nghy; 6 uhf;nfl; yhQ;rh;fis xU
,lj;jpy; epWj;jp itj;J jhf;Fjy;
elj;jpdhy; 3.9 rJu fp.kP gug;gstpy; cs;s
fl; llq;fs;> gJq;F Fopfis mopj;J
tpLk;.

Current Affairs 2012-13 Shunmugam Ias Study Circle Head3

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SHUNMUGAM IAS STUDY CIRCLE H.O: Coimbatore -99941 46662 B.

O: Tirunelveli- 95972 11166, Tirupur-99944 27714

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