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Urban And Rural Transport System

Abstract:
Transportation system plays an important role in shaping urban
and rural communities, stimulating economic growth, creating
healthy communities and ensuring respect for the environment.
The most basic means of transport is human transport: people
walking between locations and carrying things themselves.
At the other end large-scale means of transport, including trucks,
buses, automobiles, trains, airplanes, and ships. These are
generally designed for moving people and goods quickly over long
distances with large loads.
Rural - Poor access to transport constrains economic and social
development and contributes to poverty. Better transport
services can stimulate economic activity and social improvement,
leading to easier access and a virtuous circle that reduces poverty
and improves the lives of poor rural residents.
Urban - Cities play a vital role in generating economic growth and
prosperity. The sustainable development of cities largely depends
upon their physical, social and institutional infrastructure.
Though not all urban areas have major public transportation
systems, they tend to have more options available than those
found in rural areas.
MAIN TRANSPORT SYSTEM:
URBAN Road, Rail, Air, Water transport systems
RURAL Only Road transport system (80% in india)
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Human settlements are classified as rural or urban depending on the
density of human-created structures and resident people in a particular
area. Urban areas can include town and cities, while rural areas include
villages and hamlets.
TRANSPORT FROM THESE TWO SETTLEMENTS ALSO
VARIES NOT IN MARGINALLY, IN HUGE.
1) Rural transport system
2) Urban transport system

RURAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM:

MAHATMA GANDHI, the father of our nation, declared in the
beginning of the 20th century that the soul of India lives in its
villages.
INDIA is a vast country extending over an area of 3.29 million
square kilometers with an astounding strength of population of
843.93 million The census of 2001 state that 74% of Indians live in
6,38,365 villages throughout the country.
Some villages have a population of less than 500, while 3976
villages have a population of more than 10,000 people.
Villages are more spread out in hilly region of central, eastern and
far northern India.
In such case to develop the country or to improve the living
standards of the people, must begin with the development of
villages.
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Villages are physically spread throughout the length and breadth
of the country, no mode of transport other than road transport
can adequately and effectively meet the demand of transport.
Rural India is not just plagued by bad roads but also far and
infrequent transport services, not withstanding the importance of
rural transport to economic and social development of the country.
ROAD TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND THEIR
VECHICLES:

BICYCLES, BICYCLE TRAILERS, SIDECARS, AND
TRICYCLES:

Bicycles are the most available, affordable, and flexible means of
transporting people and small loads over short distances, and
they are increasingly common in rural areas.
In some countries bicycles have important functions for carrying
other people (family, friends, hire) and small loads (up to 100 kg).
Bicycles do not need elaborate infrastructure but work best in flat
areas with hard surfaces.
While long journeys are possible, bicycles are mainly used for
distances of 1- 10 kilometers.

ANIMAL POWER

Animal transport is often appropriate and affordable in rural
areas, where feed resources are available and the animals
have multiple functions.
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Animal-drawn carts can carry significant loads between
fields, farms, and villages even if tracks are poor.
Carts are mainly used in flat areas, while pack animals
provide important mobility in hilly areas.
Many different animals can be used for riding, as pack
animals, and for pulling sledges, carts, and wagons.
They include oxen (available and strong, but slow and
expensive), cows (multipurpose), and buffalo (strong but
sensitive to heat).
Horses (strong but delicate) are fast transport animals, most
common in temperate, subtropical, and highland areas.
Donkeys (small but cheap) are found mainly in semiarid
areas. Animals can be used wide range of transport
capacities, from 50 kg (single small pack animal) to 5,000 kg
(wagon pulled by two or more oxen, horses, or mules).
Animals are most commonly used for trips of 1-10
kilometers, but longer journeys are possible.

BULLOCK CARTS ARE THE MAIN TRANSPORT VECHICLE

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Smaller the village, less the economic activity, and therefore, less
the number of vehicles. Carts move only about 15% of the ton km
of goods while trucks carry much more, accounting for 83%.

MOTORCYCLES AND THREE-WHEELERS:

Motorcycles, mopeds, and scooters are expensive relative to rural
incomes but provide convenient, fast, and flexible transport for
passengers and small amounts of freight.
They can also be adapted to make three-wheelers for carrying
passengers and goods.
In the Philippines motorcycle sidecars commonly carry six or more
people.
In Cambodia motorcycle trailers may carry more than 10 people,
or over 500 kg, without safety devices.
These have basic covers to protect passengers and goods from the
weather. Although motorcycles can be used on poor tracks,
motorcycle trailers and three- wheelers require good roads
without steep slopes.

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TRACTORS, POWER TILLERS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES:

Four-wheel agricultural tractors are complicated machines,
specialized for traction in poor terrain. They can pull trailers
with more than five metric tons on very poor tracks.
Tractors are expensive but may benefit from preferential
agricultural duties. Tractors are most important for short
distance (1-5 kilometer) transport in agriculture, road
maintenance, and forestry.
Due to the scarcity of other transport options in rural areas,
tractors may be used on roads as multipurpose vehicles for
longer distances. In South and Southeast Asia trailers pulled
by two-wheel agricultural tractors (power tillers) are
becoming increasing important for rural transport (1-10
kilometers).


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CARS, PICKUPS, AND MINIBUSES

Cars (bush taxis) and minibuses fill similar niches in
periurban and rural areas but do not have the same ability
to cope with bad roads.
Minibuses are becoming increasingly common for
transporting passengers and small loads in areas where
roads are well maintained.



LARGE BUSES AND TRUCKS

Large trucks (5-30 metric tons) and buses (30-60 passengers)
are most cost-effective when carrying full loads over long
distances (20-200 kilometers).
They are not always as suitable for rural transport.
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PEOPLE WITHOUT TRANSPORT and RURAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM











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Conclusion:
THOUGH THE LACK OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM in villages, bullock carts
play a significant role for freight transport in road transport system.
Most state and private undertakings are using large size buses and they
complain that load factor is low in rural transport system.
Gandhijis dream of a prosperous rural India and the pledges given by
successive leaders can be realized only if transport and communications
are improved. Other physical and social infrastructure would follow
automatically, paving the way for business.
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Urban transport system:
The urban population in India has increased significantly from 62
million in 1951 to 285 million in 2001 and is estimated to grow to
around 540 million by the year 2021. In terms of percentage of
total population, the urban population has gone up from 17% in
1951 to 29% in 2001 and is expected to increase up to around
37% by the year 2021
Although less than one-third of Indias people live in cities and
towns, these areas generate over two-third of the countrys
income and account for 90% of government revenues.
City transportation is an essential part of daily urban life wherein
the volume of traffic is increasing constantly. To ensure
tomorrow's mobility, we need innovative solutions.

The level of urban travel demand in India is increasing
substantially over the years. Two factors contribute to this. The
first is the increase in population. The second factor is the
mobility rate, that is, the average number of trips per person per
day.

2. Tram Cars: Convenient, commuter-friendly and cost-effective
mass transit system forms the highlight of a well-connected city and its
successful urban transportation network.

3. Light Rail Vehicles: Light Rail Vehicles (LRVs) are leading
examples of a common product platform being evolved from cross-
border market experience.

4. Metro Vehicles: Metro Vehicle represent the changing face of
urban transportation vehicles and the speedy evolution of cutting-edge
Technology.
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A peak of rush hour commuters at Churchgate, a terminus for one of
Mumbais main suburban train lines contributing to the nearly 6.5
million people feeding in and out of the city daily.


Delhi metro and Bangalore metro rail systems

Tram system:
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The advent of the British saw trams being introduced in many
cities including Mumbai and Kolkata. The Kolkata tram is
currently the only tram system in the country and provides an
emission-free means of transport in Kolkata while the other tram
systems in India were phased out.

Indias oldest tram system in kolkatta

Air system:

As of 2013, there are 346 civilian airports in India - 253 with
paved runways and 93 with unpaved runways. Of these, 66 are
licensed by the DGCA in the public use category while 21 are
licensed for private use.

Most of these are managed by the AAI
while the rest are owned by State Governments and private
entities. There are more than 20 international airports in
India. Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi and Chhatrapati
Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai handle more than a half of
the air traffic in the country.
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I
India's busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic delhi
Ports and shipping system:
The ports are the main centres of trade. In India about 95% of the
foreign trade by quantity and 70% by value takes place through
the ports.
.
Mumbai Port & JNPT(Navi Mumbai) handles 70% of
maritime trade in India. There are twelve major
ports: NaviMumbai, Mumbai, Kochi, Kolkata (including Haldia), Pa
radip, Visakhapatnam, Ennore, Chennai, Tuticorin, New
Mangalore, Mormugao andKandla. Other than these, there are
187 minor and intermediate ports, 43 of which handle cargo.
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Vishakapattinam seaport is one of the busiest
ports on the East Coast of India.
Waterways system:
India has an extensive network of inland waterways in the form
of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks. The total navigable
length is 14,500 kilometers (9,000 mi), out of which about
5,200 km (3,231 mi) of river and 485 km (301 mi) of canals can be
used by mechanised crafts.

BOAT RIDE IN KOLKATTA HOOGLY RIVER
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Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS)
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems and air conditioned buses have
been taken by the various state government to improve the bus
public transport systems in cities. Bus Rapid Transit systems
already exist in Pune, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Mumbai and Jaipur.
High Capacity buses can be found in cities
like Mumbai, Bengaluru, Nagpur and Chennai.


An air conditioned public bus in Bangalore

Vehicular Emission, Congestion, and Road
Safety Issues:

The transport sector is the major contributor to air pollution in
urban India. Growing trac and limited road space have reduced
peak-hour speeds to 5 to 10 kms per hour in the central areas of
many major cities.
For example, at a speed of 75 kmph, emission of CO is 6.4
gm/veh.-km, which increases by ve times to 33.0 gm/ veh.-km at
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a speed of 10 kmph. Similarly, emission of hydrocarbons, at the
same speeds, increases by 4.8 times from 0.93 to 4.47 gm/veh.-
km.

Environmental issues and impact system:

The National capital New Delhi has one of the largest CNG based
transport systems as a part of the drive to bring down pollution.
In spite of these efforts it remains the largest contributor to the
greenhouse gas emissions in the city.

The CNG Bus manufacturers
in India are Ashok Leyland, Tata Motors, Swaraj Mazda and
Hindustan Motors.
In 1998, the Supreme Court of India published a Directive that
specified the date of April 2001 as deadline to replace or convert
all buses, three-wheelers and taxis in Delhi to compressed natural
gas.
The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation was the first
State Transport Undertaking in India to utilise bio-fuels and
ethanol-blended fuels.

KSRTC took an initiative to do research in
alternative fuel forms by experimenting with various
alternatives blending diesel with biofuels such as honge, palm,
sunflower, groundnut, coconut and sesame. In 2009, the
corporation decided to promote the use of biofuel buses.
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Delhi was one of the first cities in the World to
introduce CNG powered buses



URBAN EFFECT IN INDIA 2011


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URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Conclusions:
Transport systems are among the various factors aecting the
quality of life and safety in a city. The urban transport situation in
large cities in India is deteriorating. The deterioration is more
prevalent in metropolitan cities where there is an exces- sive
concentration of vehicles.
Commuters in these cities are faced with acute road congestion,
rising air pollution, and a high level of accident risk. These
problems cannot be solved without a concise and cogent urban
transport strategy.
The main objective of such a strategy should be to provide and
promote sustainable high-quality links for people by improving
the eciency and eectiveness of the citys transport systems.
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