Chapter 1:

Matter, Change, and Energy

Lesson 1
Chemistry
What is Chemistry?
The study of the composition of
substances and the changes
these substances undergo
The study of matter
Contributes to geology, physics,
biology, agriculture, medicine,
etc.
Applied vs. Pure Chemistry
Applied Chemistry:
chemical technology
the use of chemical
knowledge
cosmetics, medicine,
agriculture
how something can be
used

Pure Chemistry:
accumulates knowledge
for its own sake
information gathered via
pure chemistry can be
used later in applications
why something behaves
the way it does

Branches of Chemistry
1. Organic
2. Inorganic
3. Analytical
4. Physical
5. Biochemical
Organic
Study of substances
containing carbon (living
organisms)
Inorganic
Study of
substances not
containing carbon
(non-living)
Analytical
Concerned with the
composition of substances
Separation, identification,
quantification of chemical
components of natural and
artificial materials
Example: Forensics
Physical
Discovery and description of
the theoretical basis of
behavior of chemical
substances
Why do substances behave
the way they do?
Example: DNA studies
Biochemical
Composition and changes in composition of living
organisms
Example: The study of cures for diseases such as
cancer and AIDS
Lesson 2
Thinking Like a Scientist
The Scientific Method
Why do we use it?
Helps us organize speculations and resulting data that
we have tested
Scientists used it to discover many of the first elements!
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
What happens if our data doesnt fit our hypothesis?
Adjust or form a new hypothesis
Take into account initial observations and those gained
from our experiment/data
The Scientific Method
What if our data supports our hypothesis?
We repeat the experiment several times
If the hypothesis holds true, it becomes a theory
Theory vs. Law
Theory:
Thoroughly tested model
Explains why experiments
give certain results
Can never be proved
Allows us to visualize things
we cannot physically observe
Allows us to predict behaviors
Verified multiple times by
detached groups of
researchers
Scientific Law:
Summarizes results of a broad
variety of observations and
experiments
Only describes natural
phenomena (example: Newtons
Laws)
Doesnt attempt to explain why
Expressed mathematically
If laws ever did not apply, all
science based on those laws
would collapse!
Theory vs. Law
Theory and Law:
Both accepted as true by
scientists
Both used to make
predictions
Some laws translate into
theories
Example: Gravity
Law of gravity:
Expressed mathematically (g = 9.8
m/s)
Assumed to be true across the
universe
If its not true, then whoops! There
goes Physics!

Theory of gravity:
How does it work? What causes it?
The graviton?
Plays a vital role in Einsteins
Theory of General Relativity
Lesson 3
Properties of Matter
Properties of Matter
Matter:
Anything that has mass and takes
up space


Properties of Matter
Mass:
The amount of matter that an
object contains



Properties of Matter
Substance:
A kind of matter with uniform/definite composition
All samples have identical properties
Example: table sugar (sucrose)
Not an example: lemonade (water, sucrose, lemons)
Physical Properties
Observed/measured without changing the substances
composition
o Appearance (size, shape, color, state)
o Solubility, mass, odor, density, hardness,
conductivity, magnetism, melting point, boiling point
Helps identify a substance
Associated with physical existence
Chemical Properties
Related to a substances ability to form new substances
via chemical reactions
o Reactivity, heat of combustion, enthalpy of
formation, toxicity, stability, flammability
Extensive vs. Intensive Properties
Extensive:
Property that depends on the amount of matter in a
sample

Intensive:
Property that depends on the type of matter (not the
amount) in a sample

States of Matter
Physical property
Four states:
o Solid
o Liquid
o Gas
o Plasma
Physical vs. Changes
Physical:
Alters substance without changing composition
Can be reversible or irreversible
Example: cut, bend, heat

Chemical:
Occurs when a substance combines with another to
form a new substance
Example: transfer of energy, change in color, production
of gas, formation of precipitate

Mixtures
A physical blend of two or more substances
Different from pure substance because they have
variable composition
Examples: chicken noodle soup, blood, air
Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous
Heterogeneous mixtures:
Not uniform
Components are easily identified
Sometimes two or more phases are present
Examples: soil, funfetti cake

Homogenous mixtures (solutions):
Uniform
If divided in half, the same amount of substance will be present in
both halves
We cannot pull it apart
Examples: salt water, air
Elements
Simplest form of matter that can exist under normal lab
conditions
Cannot be separated by chemical reactions
All chemical matter is made of elements
Occasionally new ones are discovered as a product of
artificial nuclear reactions
Most elements exist naturally in compounds due to high
reactivity

Compounds
Comprised of 2 or more elements
Combine in definite proportions by mass (fixed ratio of
atoms)
Synthesized and decomposed by chemical change
Have chemical and physical properties that differ from
those of the elements they are made of
Held together by chemical bonds
Example: Cane Sugar (C
12
H
22
O
11
)
Example: Table Salt (NaCl)
Chemical Symbols
Usually the first one or two letters of an elements name
Names derived from Latin and Greek
Symbols are used to write chemical formulas for
compounds
Numbers represent proportion of elements in a
compound
o Example: H
2
O contains 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen
Energy
The capacity for doing work
Required for chemical and physical changes
Types:
o Chemical
o Nuclear
o Thermal
o Mechanical
o Electrical
o Radiant
Energy
Potential energy:
Stored chemical energy

Kinetic energy:
Energy of motion

Heat:
Energy transferred from one body to another because
of a temperature difference
Conservation Laws
Conservation of Matter:
Matter cannot be created or destroyed.

Conservation of Energy:
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Bonus Lesson
Chemical Literacy
Fearing Chemicals
A comprehensive overview of chemical-free consumer products:
http://blogs.nature.com/thescepticalchymist/files/2014/06/nchem_-
Chemical-Free.pdf

Curing Chemophobia:
http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2013
/02/curing_chemophobia_don_t_buy_the_alternative_medicine_in_the_bo
y_with_a.html