Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud

Original author(s) Amazon.com, Inc.

Developer(s) Amazon.com
Initial release August 25, 2006
Development status Active
Operating system Microsoft Windows
Linux
FreeBSD
Available in English
Type Virtual Private Server
License Proprietary software
Website aws.amazon.com/ec2/
(https://aws.amazon.com
/ec2/)
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) is a central part of Amazon.com's cloud
computing platform, Amazon Web Services (AWS). EC2 allows users to rent
virtual computers on which to run their own computer applications. EC2 allows
scalable deployment of applications by providing a Web service through which a
user can boot an Amazon Machine Image to create a virtual machine, which
Amazon calls an "instance", containing any software desired. A user can create,
launch, and terminate server instances as needed, paying by the hour for active
servers, hence the term "elastic". EC2 provides users with control over the
geographical location of instances that allows for latency optimization and high
levels of redundancy.
[1]
In November 2010, Amazon switched its own retail website to EC2 and AWS.
[2]
Contents
1 History
2 Elastic compute units
3 Elastic block storage
4 Instance types
4.1 Cost
4.2 Free tier
4.3 Reserved instances
4.4 Comparison Table
5 Features
5.1 Operating systems
5.1.1 Amazon Linux AMI
5.2 Persistent storage
5.3 Elastic IP addresses
5.4 Amazon CloudWatch
5.5 Automated scaling
6 Reliability
7 Competitors
8 Issues
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
History
Amazon announced a limited public beta test of EC2 on August 25, 2006,
[3]
offering access on a first-come, first-served basis.
Amazon added two new instance types (Large and Extra-Large) on October 16, 2007.
[4]
On May 29, 2008, two more types were
added, High-CPU Medium and High-CPU Extra Large.
[5]
There are twelve types of instances available.
[6]
Amazon added three new features on March 27, 2008:
[7]
static IP addresses, availability zones, and user selectable kernels. On August
20, 2008, Amazon added Elastic Block Store (EBS)
[8]
This provides persistent storage, a feature that had been lacking since the
service was introduced.
Amazon EC2 went into full production when it dropped the beta label on October 23, 2008. On the same day, Amazon announced the
following features:
[9]
a service level agreement for EC2, Microsoft Windows in beta form on EC2, Microsoft SQL Server in beta form
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Amazon CTO Werner Vogels
announces price reductions at AWS
Summit 2013 NYC
on EC2, plans for an AWS management console, and plans for load balancing, autoscaling, and cloud monitoring services.
[9]
These
features were subsequently added on May 18, 2009.
[10]
Amazon EC2 was developed mostly by a team in Cape Town, South Africa led by Chris Pinkham.
[11][12][13][14]
Pinkham provided the
initial architecture guidance for EC2 and then built the team and led the development of the project. Some other members of the early
team were Chris Brown, Quinton Hoole, Roland Paterson-Jones and Willem Van Biljon.
Elastic compute units
The elastic compute unit (ECU) was introduced by Amazon EC2 as an abstraction of computer resources. Amazons Definition of
ECU notes We use several benchmarks and tests to manage the consistency and predictability of the performance of an EC2
Compute Unit. One EC2 Compute Unit provides the equivalent CPU capacity of a 1.0-1.2 GHz 2007 Opteron or 2007 Xeon
processor. This is also the equivalent to an early-2006 1.7 GHz Xeon processor referenced in our original documentation
Elastic block storage
The Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) provides raw block devices that can be attached to Amazon EC2 instances. These block
devices can then be used like any raw block device. In a typical use case, this would include formatting the device with a filesystem
and mounting said filesystem. In addition EBS supports a number of advanced storage features, including snapshotting and cloning.
EBS volumes can be up to 1TB in size. EBS volumes are built on replicated storage, so that the failure of a single component will not
cause data loss. EBS was introduced to the general public by Amazon in August 2008.
[8]
Instance types
EC2 uses Xen virtualization.
[15]
Each virtual machine, called an "instance", functions as a virtual private server. Amazon sizes
instances based on "Elastic Compute Units". The performance of otherwise identical virtual machines may vary.
[16]
As of December 2012, the following instance types were offered:
[17]
On-demand: pay by hour without commitment
Reserved: rent instances with one-time payment receiving discounts on the hourly charge
Spot: bid-based service (runs the jobs only if the spot price is below the bid specified by bidderthe spot price is claimed to be
supply-demand based, however, research refutes this claim
[18]
)
Cost
As of July 2014, Amazon charged about $0.013/hour ($9.7/month) for the smallest "Micro
Instance" (t2.micro) virtual machine running Linux or Windows. Storage optimized instances
cost as much as $6.820/hour (i2.8xlarge). "Reserved" instances can go as low as $4.5/month
for a three-year prepaid plan.
[note 1][19]
The data transfer charge ranges from free to $0.12 per
gigabyte, depending on the direction and monthly volume (inbound data transfer is free on all
AWS services
[20]
).
AWS' pricing came under scrutiny due to the complexity of their pricing model.
[21]
Guides on
cost savings tips are available
[22]
and third party vendors, such as Cloudyn
[23]
and
CloudCheckr
[24]
offer fee for service analysis to help reduce costs.
Free tier
As of December 2010 Amazon offered a bundle of free resource credits to new account holders. The credits are designed to run a
"micro" sized server, storage (EBS), and bandwidth for one year. Charges are applied on demand so the credit need not be used in the
first month.
[25]
Reserved instances
Reserved instances enable EC2 or RDS service users to reserve an instance for one or three years. There is a fee associated with
reserving an instance. The corresponding per hour rate charged by Amazon to operate the instance is much less than the rate charged
for on-demand instances.
[26]
Reserved Instances come in three different utilization levels: Light, Medium and Heavy. Each one has a different upfront cost and a
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different hourly cost. This makes the break-even points different for each utilisation level and term.
Comparison Table
API
Name
Memory
(GiB)
Cores/Compute
Units
Instance
Storage
(GB)
32bit/64bit
I/O
Performance
EBS-Optimizable
On-Demand
Cost (Linux
- per hour
on US East
1)
t2.micro 1 1/Variable
0 (EBS
only)
32/64 Low No $0.013
t2.small 2 1/Variable
0 (EBS
only)
32/64 Low No $0.026
t2.medium 4 2/Variable
0 (EBS
only)
32/64 Low No $0.052
m1.small 1.7 1/1 160 32/64 Moderate No $0.060
m1.medium 3.75 1/2 410 32/64 Moderate No $0.120
m1.large 7.5 2/4 850 64 Moderate 500 Mbit/s $0.240
m1.xlarge 15 4/8 1600 64 High 1000 Mbit/s $0.480
m3.xlarge 15 4/13
0 (EBS
only)
64 Moderate 500 Mbit/s $0.500
m3.2xlarge 30 8/26
0 (EBS
only)
64 High 1000 Mbit/s $1.000
m2.xlarge 17.1 2/6.5 420 64 Moderate No $0.410
m2.2xlarge 34.2 4/13 850 64 High 500 Mbit/s $0.820
m2.4xlarge 68.4 8/26 1690 64 High 1000 Mbit/s $1.640
c1.medium 1.7 2/5 350 32/64 Moderate No $0.145
c1.xlarge 7 8/20 1690 64 High 1000 Mbit/s $0.580
cc1.4xlarge 23
2/33.5 (2 Intel
Xeon X5570)
1690 64
Very High (10
Gbit)
? $1.300
cc2.8xlarge 60.5
2/88 (2 Intel Xeon
E5-2670)
3370 64
Very High (10
Gbit)
Not necessary $2.400
cr1.8xlarge 244
2/88 (2 Intel Xeon
E5-2670)
240 (SSD) 64
Very High (10
Gbit)
Not necessary $3.500
cg1.4xlarge 22
2/33.5 (2 Intel
Xeon X5570) + 2
NVIDIA Tesla
"Fermi" M2050
GPU
1960 64
Very High (10
Gbit)
Not necessary $2.100
hi1.4xlarge 60.5
16/35 (8 cores + 8
hyperthreads)
2*1024
(SSD)
64
Very High (10
Gbit)
Not necessary $3.100
hs1.8xlarge 117
16/35 (8 cores + 8
hyperthreads)
48000 (24
* 2TB
drives)
64
Very High (10
Gbit)
Not necessary $4.600
Features
Operating systems
When it launched in August 2006, the EC2 service offered Linux and later Sun Microsystems' OpenSolaris and Solaris Express
Community Edition. In October 2008, EC2 added the Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008 operating systems to the list
of available operating systems.
[27][28]
In November 2012, Amazon officially supported running FreeBSD in EC2.
[29]
In March 2011,
NetBSD AMIs became available.
[30]
In November 2012, Windows Server 2012 support was added.
[31]
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Amazon Linux AMI
Amazon has their own Linux distribution based on the Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux as a low cost offering known as the
Amazon Linux AMI. Version 2013.03 included:
[32]
Linux kernel version 3.4.34
Java OpenJDK Runtime Environment (IcedTea6 1.11.4)
GNU Compiler Collection gcc.x86_64 4.4.6-3.45.amzn1
Persistent storage
An EC2 instance may be launched with a choice of two types of storage for its boot disk or "root device." The first option is a local
"instance-store" disk as a root device (originally the only choice). The second option is to use an EBS volume as a root device.
Instance-store volumes are temporary storage, which survive rebooting an EC2 instance, but when the instance is stopped or
terminated (e.g., by an API call, or due to a failure), this store is lost.
EBS volumes provide persistent storage independent of the lifetime of the EC2 instance, and act much like hard drives on a real
server. More accurately, they appear as block devices to the operating system that are backed by Amazon's disk arrays. The OS is free
to use the device however it wants. In the most common case, a file system is loaded and the volume acts as a hard drive. Another
possible use is the creation of RAID arrays by combining two or more EBS volumes. RAID allows increases of speed and/or
reliability of EBS. Users can set up and manage storage volumes of sizes from 1GB to 1TB. The volumes support snapshots, which
can be taken from a GUI tool or the API. EBS volumes can be attached or detached from instances while they are running, and moved
from one instance to another.
[33]
Simple Storage Service (S3) is a storage system in which data is accessible to EC2 instances, or directly over the network to suitably
authenticated callers (all communication is over HTTP). Amazon does not charge for the bandwidth for communications between
EC2 instances and S3 storage "in the same region." Accessing S3 data stored in a different region (for example, data stored in Europe
from a US East Coast EC2 instance) will be billed at Amazon's normal rates.
S3-based storage is priced per gigabyte per month. Applications access S3 through an API. For example, Apache Hadoop supports a
special s3: filesystem to support reading from and writing to S3 storage during a MapReduce job. There are also S3 filesystems for
Linux, which mount a remote S3 filestore on an EC2 image, as if it were local storage. As S3 is not a full POSIX filesystem, things
may not behave the same as on a local disk (e.g., no locking support).
Elastic IP addresses
Amazon's elastic IP address feature is similar to static IP address in traditional data centers, with one key difference. A user can
programmatically map an elastic IP address to any virtual machine instance without a network administrator's help and without having
to wait for DNS to propagate the new binding. In this sense an Elastic IP Address belongs to the account and not to a virtual machine
instance. It exists until it is explicitly removed, and remains associated with the account even while it is associated with no instance.
Partial IPv6 is provided in the US East (Northern Virginia), EU (Ireland) and Asia Pacific (Tokyo & Singapore) regions.
[34]
Amazon CloudWatch
Amazon CloudWatch is a Web service that provides real-time monitoring to Amazon's EC2 customers on their resource utilization
such as CPU, disk and network. Cloudwatch does not provide any memory, disk space, or load average metrics without running
additional software on the instance. Amazon provides example scripts for Linux instances.
[35]
The data is aggregated and provided
through AWS management console. It can also be accessed through command line tools and Web API's, if the customer desires to
monitor their EC2 resources through their enterprise monitoring software.
The metrics collected by Amazon CloudWatch enables Auto Scaling feature to dynamically add or remove EC2 instances. The
customers are charged by the number of monitoring instances.
Since May 2011, Amazon CloudWatch accepts custom metrics that can be submitted programmatically via Web Services API and
then monitored the same way as all other internal metrics, including setting up the alarms for them.
Automated scaling
Amazon's auto scaling feature of EC2 allows it to automatically adapt computing capacity to site traffic. The schedule-based (e.g.
time-of-the-day) and rule-based (e.g. CPU utilization thresholds) auto scaling mechanisms are easy to use and efficient for simple
applications. However, one potential problem is that VMs may take up to several minutes to be ready to use, which are not suitable for
time critical applications. The VM startup time are dependent on image size, VM type, data center locations, etc.
[36]
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Wikinews has related
news: Amazon server
outage affects Reddit,
other websites
Reliability
To make EC2 more fault-tolerant, Amazon engineered Availability Zones that are designed to be insulated from failures in other
availability zones. Availability zones do not share the same infrastructure. Applications running in more than one availability zone can
achieve higher availability.
EC2 provides users with control over the geographical location of instances that allows for latency optimization and high levels of
redundancy. For example, to minimize downtime, a user can set up server instances in multiple zones that are insulated from each
other for most causes of failure such that one backs up the other.
High availability database services, like Amazon Relational Database Service run on top of EC2 instances.
Competitors
Since the launch of EC2, several companies have launched competing solutions, including Google Compute Engine, Microsoft's
Windows Azure Virtual Machines, Internap's Agile platform, as well as conventional infrastructure providers such as Rackspace.
Issues
In early July 2008 the anti-spam organizations Outblaze and Spamhaus.org began blocking Amazon's EC2 address pool due to
problems with the distribution of spam and malware.
[37]
On December 1, 2010, Amazon pulled its service to WikiLeaks after coming under political pressure in the USA.
[38]
The Internet
group Anonymous attempted to attack EC2 in revenge; however, Amazon was not affected by the attack.
[39]
Amazon's websites were temporarily offline on December 12, 2010, although it was initially unclear if this was due to attacks or a
hardware failure. An Amazon official later stated that it was due to a hardware failure.
[40]
Shortly before 5 am Eastern on April 21, 2011, an outage started at EC2's northern Virginia
data center that brought down several websites, including Foursquare, Springpad, Reddit,
Quora, BigDoor and Hootsuite.
[41][42][43]
Specifically, attempts to use Amazon's elastic-disk
and database services hung, failed, or were slow. Service was restored to some parts of the
datacenter (three of four "availability zones" in Amazon's terms) by late afternoon Eastern time
that day;
[44]
problems for at least some customers were continuing as of April 25.
[45]
0.07% of EBS volumes in one zone have also
been lost; EBS failures were a part of normal operation even before this outage and were a risk documented by Amazon,
[46]
though
the number of failures and the number of simultaneous failures may find some EC2 users unprepared.
On Sunday August 6, 2011, Amazon suffered a power outage in one of their Ireland availability zones.
[47]
Lightning was originally
blamed for the outage; however, on August 11, Irish energy supplier ESB Networks dismissed this as a cause, but at time of writing,
could not confirm what the cause of the problem was.
[48]
The power outage raised multiple questions regarding Amazon's EBS
infrastructure, which caused several bugs in their software to be exposed. The bugs resulted in some customers' data being deleted
when recovering EBS volumes in a mid-write operation during the crash.
[49]
August 8, 2011, saw another network connectivity outage of Amazon's Northern Virginia datacenter, knocking out the likes of Reddit,
Quora, Netflix and FourSquare.
[50]
The outage lasted around 25 minutes.
Another Northern Virginia datacenter outage occurred on October 22, 2012, from approximately 10 am to 4 pm PT. Edmodo, Airbnb,
Flipboard, Reddit, and other customers were affected. Anonymous claimed responsibility, however Amazon denied this assertion.
[51]
See also
Amazon S3
AppScale
Bitnami
CopperEgg
ElasticHosts
Eucalyptus
FlexiScale
Fujitsu's Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5
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GoGrid
Google App Engine
Google Compute Engine
GreenQlouds ComputeQloud
Internap's Agile Hosting
Linode
Liquid Web
Lunacloud
Microsoft Azure
Nimbula
OpenShift
OrionVM
Rackspace Cloud
RightScale
Savvis
TurnKey Linux Virtual Appliance Library
Zadara Storage
Notes
^ $109 for a three-year Heavy Utilization Reserved t2.micro Instances reservation amortized over thirty-six months plus one month at
$0.002/hour.
1.
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42.
^ "Cloud storm, EC2 startup takedown" (http://www.doeswhat.com/2011/04/21/cloud-storm-amazons-ec2-takes-down-startups/). DoesWhat.
April 21, 2011.
43.
^ 6:18 pm PDT April 21, 2011, entry, says "all Availability Zones except one have been functioning normally for the past 5 hours."
(http://status.aws.amazon.com/,)
44.
^ April 25 entry. (http://status.aws.amazon.com/,) 45.
^ Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) (http://aws.amazon.com/ebs/) section "Volume Durability" 46.
^ "Lightning strikes Amazon's European cloud" (http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/cloud/2011/08/08/lightning-strikes-amazons-european-cloud-
40093641/). August 8, 2011.
47.
^ "Amazon web outage not caused by lightning" (http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/08/11/esb_web_outage/). August 11, 2011. 48.
^ "AWS cloud accidentally deletes customer data" (http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/cloud/2011/08/10/aws-cloud-accidentally-deletes-customer-
data-40093665/). August 10, 2011.
49.
^ "Amazon cloud outage downs Netflix, Quora" (http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-20089866-93/amazon-cloud-outage-downs-netflix-
quora/). August 9, 2011.
50.
^ "Amazon cloud outage impacts Reddit, Airbnb, Flipboard" (http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57537499-93/amazon-cloud-outage-
impacts-reddit-airbnb-flipboard/). October 22, 2012.
51.
External links
Official website (https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/)
Official Amazon Web Services YouTube Channel (https://www.youtube.com/user/AmazonWebServices) - Tutorials on using
and optimizing services running on EC2
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