Morphology

Preliminary
Plants at the present science has progressed so rapidly, to the areas of knowledge that only
branches of plant science course, now it has become a science that stand on their own.
From a wide range of plant science that now is a stand-alone plant morphology. The study of
plant morphology and composition of a plant form was already such a rapid progress to be
separated out or morfolosi morphology alone (Sensu stricto = morphology in the strict sense)
or the anatomy and morphology in plants.
This paper will describe the external morphology, or morphology matter in a strict sense,
which in addition includes the knowledge of the terms (termologi) are commonly used in
plant science, particularly in the taxonomy of plants, it also contains guidance how
mencandra (Describe) plants.
Because the presented mainly outside the body shape and composition of plants, then in
prateknya described in this paper only the body shape and composition of vegetation in the
form kormus. So just be related to two classes of plants are: Pteridophyta (ferns) and
Spermatophyta (seed plants).
Regarding the other factions, namely Schizophta (plants apart), Thallophyta (talus plants),
and Brophyta (mosses). Given the body that has not differentiable, and some have only
consisted of a cell, the conversation is more appropriate for inclusion in plant anatomy.
By definition, the morphology of the plants do not just describe the shape and susunantubuh
plants, but also served to determine whether the function of each part in the life of plants,
and then also trying to find out where it came from the shape and arrangement of such a
body had been. Besides morphology must also be able to provide answers to the question of
why the body parts of the plant has the form and composition were varied.
In order to carry out his duties morphology can use the assumptions and theories that prevail
in the world of life sciences, for example:
A. Merdasar evolution of plant body will change shape and susunanya, up to a device or
body part can be sought from filogenetiknya.
2. Acceptance of the notion, that the shape and composition of a plant is always adapted to
its function and its natural surroundings.
With the handle is not meant, that every body shape and composition can be explained how
and what its function filogeninya. There are many things about the shape and arrangement
of the body that has yet to be explained, why the body parts that have been of such
nature. To cite a few examples, for example: size and shape of the leaves are different too,
the absence of chlorophyll in the leaves of certain plants, are things that still need research
to be given testimony.
Dlam the following descriptions, the emphasis lies on the shape and arrangement according
to reality and what the terms used in stating the verbal form and the arrangement was, how
should a new addition to the descriptions given on the functions, as well as data from others.
Kormus and their parts
Has dikemukaan in the introduction, that the morphology of the body discussed only in the
form of plants kormus. Kormus is the body of the plants are only dimilikioleh Pteredophyta
(ferns) and Spermatophyta (seed plants), so while the plant scientists put two groups of
plants are in a group called: Cormophyta (kormus plants). Kormus a plant body that the real
show differentiation into three main sections, namely:
- The root (radix)
- Trunk (caulis)
- Leaf (folium)
Another part can be found in the plant body can be viewed as a manifestation of one or
possibly two had two main parts, which means that as other parts of the plant body can be
considered as a body derived from the principal that has undergone metamorphosis
(changing shape, nature, and may also function for plants).
Another part can be found in plants and are considered as part of metamorphosis or a
combination poko poko parts of it such as:
A. Bud (gemma), regarded as the incarnation of the stem and leaves.
2. Interest (Floss), also the embodiment stems and leaves.
3. Thorn (spina), can be an incarnation of the branches and leaves.
4. Pembelit tools (cirrhus), can be derived from the leaf and the branch or branches.
5. Tuber (tuber), the embodiment of the rod.
6. Rhizomes (rhizoma), the embodiment of the leaves along the stem.
7. Bulbs (bulbus), the embodiment of the stem and leaves. And there are many other
examples again.
Besides, on the part of certain plants can sometimes still be found the other tools more
typically smaller or more delicate plants or equipment called a complementary tool
(accessoria organ), for example:
- Hair or hair (pilus),
- Scales (lepis),
- Lenticels (lenticulus), etc..
Plant parts that directly or indirectly useful to establish the plant life, so closely
relatedespecially about food, called a hara (organum nutrivum), such
as roots and leaves toabsorb and process food, tubers for
food, cups or bubble for certain plants to catchinsects, etc.. These instruments is only
important for the growth of it is also called the means of growth or vegetative means.
Other parts of the plant has a duty to produce a tool or a tool breeding breeding, so its
function for the plant is to produce new offspring. Breeding tool or a means to multiply itin
a foreign language is called organum reproducticum, such as flowers, fruits, seeds.
These will be described plant parts one by one, both the parts belonging to
the nutrienttools and parts belonging ynag breeding tool.
In addition to knowing whether the function of each of these instruments in the plant life,the
description is primarily intended to provide guidance to mencandra or Describe aplant
species or taxon are commonly used for this purpose.
Application of the morphology and terminology in plant mencandra
Existing plants on earth we are but there is a huge amount of diversity also showed a very
large anyway. The number and diversity of a very large man pushed the study of plants to
simplify the study of objects in the form of plant variety through the classification (grouping)
and giving the right name for each group is formed. Two activities is the main task of science
is the systematic or plant taxonomy.
In a very large diversity of plants that experts - scientists can identify the plant unit - a unit or
group - a group with common characteristics - a specific nature, and each unit so that the
plant taxonomist called a taxon. Every taxon includes a population with certain
characteristics equation, according to hierarchically different. Many properties of the
equation at least that's what made the basis of determining levels of taxon in
question.Hierarchically different taxa were labeled differently and arranged to follow a certain
hierarchy. A taxon that has a different color to the leaves are still fresh. These color
differences we see are when we compare the color of young leaves and mature
leaves.Young leaves are light green whitish - putihan, sometimes - sometimes purple or rosy
- rosy. While the adult was usually green.
Fallen leaves are always replaced with new leaves, and usually the number of newly formed
leaves exceeds the number of leaves that fall, so that the plants we find that the larger the
number the larger the leaf, so that a tree looks more and more shady. But there are also
plants that at the time - time mengugurkan all its leaves, so plants in such circumstances
was totally bald look bleak dead plants. DAPT we see this event in the dry season on the
type - a particular plant species. That before the coming season huajn forming buds - new
shoots and in the rainy season will look green again. Type - the type of plants that have
properties that demikiana called deciduous plants (tropophyta) the more we find in
Indonesia, such as: teak (Tectona grandis L.), kedondong (Spondias dulcis Forst.), Kapok
kapok (Ceiba pentandra Gaertn. ), the tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell.), and another -
another.
Many leaves are spread thin, green, and his seat on the trunk facing upwards it is already
aligned with the functions of plant leaves, namely as a tool for:
a. Intake of substances - food substances (resorbsi), especially in the form of gaseous
substances (CO2)
b. Processing of substances - nutrients (assimilation)
c. Water evaporation (transpiration)
d. Breathing (respiration)

Plants take substances - environmental dati nutrients and substances taken (absorbed) was
the substance - a substance that is inorganic. With salt water - salt is taken from the soil by
plant roots, while carbon dioxide (CO2) which is also food for the plant substance extracted
from the air through the gap - a gap which is called the mouth smooth leaves (stomata) into
leaves. Substance - the substance is not in accordance with the needs of plants. Therefore it
should be changed, be treated substances - organic substances in accordance with the
interests of the plant. Processing of inorganic substances into organic matter carried by a
leaf (leaf chlorophyll or indeed its chlorophyll) with bantuna sunlight. These jobs are called
assimilation, so it leaves the kitchen to the DAPT equated with plants. For example, carbon
dioxide from the air with berasala of ground water in the leaf is converted into sugars, and
substances - organic matter that is open in the leaves is transported to a place beyond - the
landfill and there is a reserve food substances. Due to this large is the task leaves the help
of sunlight, the leaves form a flat, wide, and is always facing up to be able to capture as
much sunlight - many.
Each object is wet, in the space that has not been saturated with water vapor will evaporate
the water into the room earlier. This event is an event that is known as an event in the nature
of diffusion, which aims to eliminate differences in the concentration of water content
between the room with a wet object. Evaporation will continue until konsenttrasi or moisture
present in the room where it was the same as the water content in the body, or the indoor air
was no longer able to accept additional water vapor, in other words the air in the room had
been saturated with water vapor. Plants are some of his body is in the air, too, is essentially
a wet object, an object that contains a lot of water. Therefore, during the air where the plants
are not saturated with water vapor, during which the plant will continue to be - constantly
evaporating water in their bodies.It's just a living plant as a set of evaporation is DAPT,
DAPT prevent or reduce evaporation in accordance with the interests of his life. Although the
plants always need water for various purposes of life. The presence of water evaporation
can not be avoided, after all that water evaporation occurs in plants it is also important to
him.Evaporation of water through the leaves causes the water is absorbed by the roots of
land plants in the body in motion, flowing from bottom to top. This is very important means
for the transport of nutrients are usually found in solution and the flow of water from the
bottom to the top of the substances - substances can reach the leaves had to be converted
into a substance - an organic substance. Thus the importance of water flow needed and the
body of the plant, so if the air, as air plants where it is located, has been saturated with water
vapor, then plant out of water in liquid form, and thus the plants remain in the body of water
flows from bottom to top . The event can be seen in the morning in the rainy season, for
example on taro or taro plants that shed water into the ground through a hole located at the
tip of the leaves. Water discharge in the form of drops - these drops of water or gutasi called
hatching.
All parts of a plant life requires energy to run a wide range of work life (grow, move, etc..),
And as with animal and human labor were obtained from respiratory as well. That is, the
plants were taking substances azam (O2) from the air and the substance is then used to
burn (oxidize the assimilation of such sugar, in order to obtain power, and are usually issued
from the combustion of gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Leaf - as part of a
plant leaf is composed of cells - the cells that make life even breathing as well as with the
other survivors. Given that the leaves have a lot of mouth - the mouth of the leaves that can
be dlam entrance of air into the plant body, it is no exaggeration to leaf was regarded as an
important tool for breathing.
Parts - the leaves
Complete leaf has the following parts:
A. Upih leaf or leaf midrib (vagina)
2. Petiole (petiolus)
3. Leaf blade (lamina)
Full leaf can be encountered on some kind of plant, such as a banana tree (Musa
paradisiaca L.), tree nut (Areca catechu L.), bamboo (Bambusa sp.), Etc..
Plants that have leaves that are equipped not so much the number of its kind. Most plants
have leaves that are missing one or two parts of the three sections mentioned above. Such
leaves are called leaves incomplete.
Regarding the arrangement of leaves that are not complete there are several possibilities:
A. Only consists of the shaft and blade only, lazimya then called stemmed leaves. The
composition of the leaf that is the most widely found. Most plants have such leaves before,
misalnaya: jackfruit (Artocarpus integro Merr.), Mango (Mangifera indica L.), etc..
2. Upih and leaf blade consists of, such leaves are called leaf or leaf berupij berpelepah as
we commonly found in plants belonging to the tribe of grass, for example: rice (Oryza sativa
L.), corn (Zea mays L.), etc..
3. Leaves just consists of strands only, without upih and tnagkai, so langdung strands
attached to or sitting on the trunk, the leaves are so-called leaf sitting arrangement (sessilis),
as can be encountered in biduri (Calotropis gigantea R.Br.), leaves onlyconsists of leaf blade
alone can have such a wide base of the leaf. To the base of the leaves were like - will be
wrapped around the stem or trunk converted, and therefore called leaf embracing the stem
(amplexicaulis) as contained in tempuyung (Sonchus oleraceus L.). the side of the base of
the leaf that has a stem that is often called the ear leaf and leaves membualat.
4. Leaves just consists of the stalk only, and in this case generally and becoming flattened to
resemble leaf blade, leaf blade so it is a pseudo or false, is called: filodia, as terdpat on
various tree species Acacia from Australia, miasalnya: Acacia auriculiformis A . Cunn.
In addition to the - the section above and the possibility of incomplete or absence of the - the
last, the leaves of a plant often has a tool - or alt additional appendages, such as:
A. Leaves the fulcrum (stipula), which is usually in the form of two pieces of similar sheets of
small leaves, which are close to the base of the petiole and generally useful for protecting
the young buds. There are times when it leaves the fulcrum of the wide bleak plain leaf and
also useful as a tool to assimilate as found in pea (Pisum sativum L.).leaves the fulcrum
there is an easy one to fall as miasalnya jackfruit tree (Artocarpus integra Merr.), teteapi
some are old and new autumn live together - each leaf, for example in roses (Rosa
sp.). according to its location in the leaves of the fulcrum can be distinguished:
a. Leaf-free fulcrum located on either side of the base of the petiole, the leaf is called the
fulcrum free (stipulae liberae) found for example in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
b. Fulcrum of leaves attached to either side of the base of the petiole (stipulae adnatae) on
roses (Rosa sp.).
c. Leaves the fulcrum of berlekatan into one and takes place at the leaf armpit (axillary or
stipulae stipulae intrapetiolaris),
d. Leaves the fulcrum of berlekatan into one that took place dealing with the petiole and
usually a bit wide to encircle the stem (stipulae petiolo opposita or stipulae antridoma),
e. Leaves the fulcrum of berlekatan and took place between the two leaf stalks as often
occurs in plants which in one book - the book stems have two leaves that were facing each
other, such as the noni tree (Morinda citrifolia L.). Such a leaf is called the fulcrum: fulcrum
between the leaf stalk (stipulae interpetiolaris).
2. Membrane tube (ocrea or ochrea). This tool is a thin membrane that surrounds the base
of a stem segment, so there is at the top of a leaf stalk. Membrane tube is considered as a
fulcrum that leaves both sides together and wrapped around the stem berlekatan, there are,
among others, on Polygonum sp.
3. Tongue - the tongue (ligula), a small membrane that is usually found at the boundary
between upih and leaf blade on the grass (Gramineae). This tool is useful for preventing the
flow of rainwater into the armpit between the stem and leaves upih, so the possibility of
fouling can be avoided.
Upih leaf or leaf midrib (vagina)
As described above, not all plants have leaves that berupih. Berupih leaves generally only
be found in plants belonging to the plant a single seed (Monocotyledoneae) alone, al tribe of
the grass (Gramineae), interest empon - empon (Zingiberaceae), banana (Musa sapientum
L.), class of palms (Palmae), etc..
Upih leaves besides an inherent part of the leaf or stem hugging, may also have other
functions:
a. As a patron of young buds, as can be seen in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.),
b. Give strength to plant stems. In this case upih leaves - the leaves are all wrapped rod, so
btang not appear, even appearing as rods from the outside is upih - upihnya earlier.This is of
course possible if upih huge leaves on trees such as banana (Musa paradisiaca L.). stem
that looks at the banana tree is actually not true of the plant stem is called pseudo-stem.
Petiole (petiolus)
The leaf petiole is supporting strands and served to put the leaf blade was positioned in such
a way, to be able to get as much sunlight - many.
The shape and size of the petiole is very different - different by type of plant, even in a single
plant may vary in size and shape. Petiole generally cylindrical in shape with the upper side
slightly flattened and thickened at the base. When viewed in cross section can be
encountered melintangnya kemungklinan - the following possibilities:
- Spherical and hollow, for example, the petiole of papaya (Carica papaya L.)
- Flat and wide edges (wings), for example in citrus (Citrus sp.)
- Sided
- Half circle and often superficial or upper side grooved berlaur da; am like in a banana leaf
stalks.
Although petiole as mentioned above is usually thickened at the base, there is also the
petiole thickened at the base and tip, for example on leaves butterfly - butterfly (Bouhinia
purpurea L.).
Furthermore, if you review the state of its surface, petiole to show any wrinkles - wrinkles,
scales - scales, hair - hair, lenticels, etc..
In the description of the arrangement of the leaves has been stated also, that the petiole
DAPT experience transforms (metamorphoses) into a kind of leaf blade is called filodia.
Leaf blade (lamina)
Plants are so many macamdan manifold strands that have leaves that are different - different
as well, both on the shape, size, and color. It is not easy to find two types of growth - which
strips the leaves of plants exactly the same shape and color. Therefore, although not of
great value, especially in the case of a doubt, people often compare the form of leaf blade to
obtain certainty about the types of plants that face to be recognized.
Because the leaf blade is the most important part of the leaf and quickly attracted attention, it
is a trait that really only applies to the strand, also referred to as the nature of the leaves. For
example: if we say "wake jackfruit leaves oblong". Surely that's not the leaves are oblong,
but the strands. In the description of traits - traits that should be referred to as the leaf blade
characteristics, will be called as well as leaf traits.
A tree can have only a few leaves only, such as bananas, but dpat also have thousands of
leaves of a tree, such as the banyan tree (Ficus benjamina L.). whether the number of
leaves on a plant more or less, generally dpat dikatan, that characteristic - the hallmark of
leaves on one plant species are equal to each other, especially the shape or get up
strands. If there are differences, it is usually just have a different color to the leaves that
have grown up. Yet there remains an exception. In the radish plant (Raphanus sativus L.),
for example, leaves - leaves near the soil surface is not only a great lebid, tetepai any other
form with leaves that is located far from land. Too often we can menyaksikkan own, that the
young plants have leaves of different shapes with an after becoming parents. Jackfruit tree
(Artocarpus integra Merr.) And the object tree (Artocarpus elastica Reinw.), A young leaf
edges have bertoreh, while if it is large flat leaves are trimmed. Suat plant showing different
leaf shapes in a tree, said to show heterofili nature, that each - each located on different
branches. If there is one branch of the two forms of the earlier one, its called anisofili. In
practice it is usually equated the two terms only.
Above has been explained, that the nature - the nature of the leaves can be used as clues to
identify a plant species. For this purpose it is necessary to know the nature - the nature of
the leaves, so that from the leaves can be given the fullest possible picture.
Properties - properties of leaves that need our attention are:
a. Downs (actually wake strand / circumscripto)
b. The tip (apex)
c. Base (base)
d. The composition of the bones - bones (nervatio or venatio)
e. Edge (margo)
f. Meat leaves (intervenium)
g. And nature - the nature of another, for example: the state of upper and lower surfaces
(bare, hairy, or others), colors, etc.
Wake up (form) leaves (circumscriptio)
In addition to using the term - the term or word - a word commonly in use to express the
shape of an object, such as round, triangular, etc..In calling up often leaves us with a swatch
perdamaan shape form - the form of other objects, such as wake up spears, arrows up,
shields up, and so on.
The next thing to remember is that in setting up our leaves should not be affected by a notch
- notch or groove - groove on the edge of the leaf, but rather should be thought of as if nick
was not there. Leaf - leaf distance (ricinus communis L.), papaya (Carica papaya L.), waluh
(Cucurbita moschata Duch.), Cassava (Manihot utilissima Pohl.) Is said to have rounded
up. It will become clear if the end - the end of the leaf edges are connected to each other by
a line, so if the leaves had not bertoreh or notched edges will be found right up the round or
at least - kuarangnya close up round. Although in practice it will be known later, that if the
notch - notch on the edge of the leaf was so deeply to wake up the base or the original is no
longer visible, then wake up the leaves will be determined by a shallow notch or it is
combined with a bone - the bone leaves.
To obtain a concise overview of the leaf up and given the kind of - that stuff up before the
leaves, the leaves are held classification based on the location of the widest part. Based on
the location of the widest part of the leaf can be distinguished four classes of leaves, ie
leaves with:
a. There is the widest part about - about the middle - the middle of leaf blade
b. There is the widest part below the middle - the middle of leaf blade
c. The widest part atasa contained in the middle - the middle of leaf blade
d. No part of the widest, which means from the base of the leaf blade to the tip can be said
to be the same width
The widest part is in the middle - the middle of leaf blade
If that is the situation we will encounter the possibility of up leaves as follows:
A. Round or circular (orbicularis). If the length: width = 1: 1. This leaves a wake up so we
can meet at the Victoria regia, large lotus (Nelumbo Nelumbium Druce), etc..
2. Wake shield (peltatus). The leaves are usually rounded up, have leaf stalks that are not
embedded in the leaf stalks, but in the middle of leaf blade, for example on a large lotus
above, the leaf spacing, etc.. In the event that such a leaf is said to have built a shield.
3. Ellipsoid (ovalis or ellipticus), ie, if the comparison length: width = 1.5 - 2: 1. As can be
seen on the leaves of jackfruit (Artocarpus integra Merr.) And nyamplung (Calophyllum
inophyllum L.)
4. Lengthwise (oblongus), ie if the length: width = 2.5 - 3: 1. For example, leaves Sugar-
apple (Annona squamosa L.) and soursop (Annon a muricata L.)
5. Build the lancet (lanceolatus). If the length: width = 3-5: 1, for example, leaves Cambodia
(Pluimera acuminata Ait.), Oleander (Nerium oleander L.)
It should be noted, that we face up leaves do not necessarily correspond to any of the five
possibilities above. Form - there is always a transitional form. In such a case, set among the
forms - which form the elongated spherical shape of the leaves, the leaves were said to have
built-elongated ellipse (elliptico-oblongus), if between the elongated and extending to wake
up so-called lancet lancet (oblongus-lanceolatus).
There is the widest part below the middle of leaf blade
The leaves that have the widest part below the middle of leaf blade divided into two classes,
namely:
a. The base of the leaves are not bertoreh. In this group we find the following forms:
A. Bnagun ovoid (ovatus), for example leaf hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa sinensis L.), leaf cayenne
pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.)
2. Build the triangle (triangularis), which is built the same triangle three sides, such as water
leaves the bride's eyes (Antigonon leptopus Hook. Et Arn.)
3. Build the rhombus (rhomboideus), which is up the side of a rectangle is not the same
length, for example, a child who leaves at the end of the bengkoang Dayn (Pachyrrhizus
erosus Urb.)
b. Beartoreh base of leaf or grooved. In this class include the following leaves:
A. Build the heart (cordatus), which is built like an oval, but the base of the leaf shows a
curvature, such as leaf hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.)
2. Build the kidney or kerinjal (reniformis), which is a short wide leaves with a blunt or
rounded tip and base of a shallow grooved, such as gotu kola leaf or leaves the foot of the
horse (Centella asiatica Urb.)
3. Wake up arrow (sagittatus), which leaves a little less wide, sharp edges, pankal leaves
also taper, as well as the right-left curve leaves the base. We can see the leaves enceng
(Sagittaria sagittifolia L.)
4. Wake up spears (hastatus), like an arrow up, but the base of the leaf on either side of
horizontal stems, such as leaf wewehan (Monochoria hastata Solms.)
5. Wake-eared (auriculatus), such as wake up spears, but the base of the leaf on either side
of the stalk round, such as leaf tempuyung (Sonchus asper Vill.)
There is the widest part above the middle of leaf blade
In the event that such a possibility of up leaves that can be encountered are:
a. Ovoid wake breech (obovatus), which is like an oval, but there is the widest part near the
end of the leaf, ie leaf kecik sapodilla (Manilkara kauki Dub.)
b. Heart Bnagun breech (obcordatus), for example, leaves sidaguri (Sida retusa L.), leaf
clover calincing or mountain (Oxalis corniculata L.)
c. Wake up the inverted triangle or wedge (cuneatus), for example child clover (Marsilea
crenata Pres1.)
d. Bnagun spatula or wake spatel or solet (spathulatus), such as up inverted oval, but
elongated baguan underneath, such as leaf liman (elephantopus scaber L.), leaves of radish
(Raphanus sativus L.).
No part of the widest or from base to tip almost as wide
In this class include the leaves of plants that are usually narrow, or the width is much
different compared to the length of the leaf.
a. Build the line (lineralis), the cross melintangnya very long, flat leaves, such as leaf variety
of grass (Gramineae).
b. Bnagun tape (lingulatus), leaves up gaaris similar, but even longer, is also found in other
types of grass, leaves such as maize (Zea mays L.)
c. Wake up the sword (ensiformis), as bnagun line, but woke up in the middle thick and thin
in the second edge, such as other side of pineapple leaves (Agave sisalana Perr., Agave
cantala Roxb.)
d. Wake up a nail or dabus (subulatus), leaf shape was almost like a cylinder, pointed toes,
all parts rigid, for example, leaves of Araucaria cunningharnii Ait.
e. Wake up needle (acerosus), similar to nail up a smaller, long and tapered, for example,
leaves of Pinus merkusi Jungh, and Devr.
Regardless of the presence or absence of properties heterofili / anasofili on a type of plant,
once again warned here that the equation of the form of the leaves on one plant species was
only a cursory impression as if examined closely the shape of leaves on a tree will show
variation, example of which extends to other forms of transition to wake lancet and others.
Leaf tip (apex folii)
Ujunga leaves DAPT also showed a faceted shape. Forms of leaf tips that we often juampai
is:
a. Sharp (acutus), if both left and right edges of the mother's bones gradually toward the top
and meeting at the top of the leaves forming an acute angle (less than 900). The pointed tip
of the leaf commonly encountered in the leaves up: round to elongate, lanceolate, triangular,
dalta, lozenges, etc.. For example, the end of oleander leaf (Nerium oleander L.)
b. Tapered (acuminatus), as in the pointed end, but the meeting point of both edges of the
leaves is higher than expected, until the end of a long narrow leaves and spiky look, such as
leaf tips tailings (Annona muricata L.)
c. Blunt (obtusus), which leaves the edge of the original is still some distance away from the
mother's bones, quickly headed to a rendezvous point, and to form an obtuse angle (greater
than 900), we often encounter such as the brown leaf tips kecik (Manilkara kauki Dub.)
d. Rounded (rotundatus), as in a blunt tip, but not forming an angle at all, until the end of the
leaf is sort of an arc, contained in a round or oblong leaves, or leaves up to the kidneys,
such as the tip leaves the legs of horses (Centella asiatica Urb. ), the tip of a large lotus leaf
(Nelumbo Nelumbium Druce.)
e. Rompang (truncatus), appears as a modern day edge of a flat line, for example uttermost
leaf clover (Marsilea crenata Presl.), Leaves of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)
f. Split (retusus), ends precisely memperlihatka leaves an indentation, it is sometimes very
obvious, such as leaf tips sidaguri (Sida retusa L.), sometimes splitting ends will only be
apparent if a thorough examination is held, such as the tip of the leaf spinach (Amaranthus
hybridus L.)
g. Barbed (mucronatus), which is covered with a leaf tip jiika a hard pointy part, is a thorn, for
example other side of pineapple leaf tip (Agave sp.)
The base of the leaf (base folii)
What has been described on the tip of the leaf in general can also be applied to the base of
the leaf. Apart from that there is also said, that the two edges of the leaves on either side of
the base and berlekatan can meet each other, therefore the base of the leaves are
distinguished in:
A. The edges of the leaves had never met, but separated by the base of the mother's bone /
end of the petiole. In such circumstances, the base of the leaf can be:
a. Sharp (acutus), usually found on leaves of up to elongate, lanceolate, lozenges, etc..
b. Tapered (acuminatus), usually on leaves ovate wake up breech or spatula.
c. Blunt (obtusus), wake up in the leaves oval, oblong.
d. Rounded (rotundatus), in the wake leaves round, oblong, and oval.
e. Rompang or flat (truncutus), in the leaves of up triangle, delta, flatten.
f. Grooved (emarginatus), on the leaves up the heart, kidneys, and the arrow.
2. The edges of the leaves and berlekatan can meet each other:
a. Meeting at the base of the leaf edges occur on the same side of the rod according to the
position of leaves on the stem was, as usual we can see the leaves up the shield.
b. The meeting occurred on the edge of the leaf stem opposite side or opposite to the
position of the leaves. In this case it seems like an impregnable base of the leaf by the stem
(perfoliatus).
If viewed form the base of the leaf as described above, this is usually rounded.
Arrangement of the bones of the leaf (or venatio nervatio)
The bones of the leaves are the leaves that are useful for:
a. Give strength to the leaf as it is with the bones in animals and humans, and therefore all
the bones in the leaves are called leaf frame (sceleton)
b. Besides as an amplifier, the bones are actually vascular bundles that serve as roads for
the transport of substances, namely:
- Road transport of substances taken from land plants, is water and its dissolved salts in it.
- Road transport of the results of assimilation of place of manufacture, from leaves to other
parts which require that material.
The bones of the size of the leaf menurtut divided into 3 types:
A. Maternal bone (costa), the bone is usually the largest, the petiole canal, and there in the
middle lengthwise and cut leaves. The leaf blade bone is generally divided into two parts
symmetric or symmetric. There is also kalnya leaves the mother plant has no bones had
been right in the middle of leaf blade, so that both sides of the leaves on the mother's bones
had become symmetric or asymmetric, eg Begonia leaves. There is also a leaf that shows
some of the bones which are all based on the petiole ujuung, for example in the modern day
have a shield up or rounded leaves: large lotus leaf, distance, cassava, etc..
2. The bones of the branches (lateral nerves), the bones of the smaller bones of the mother
and maternal bone stem or branch-cabng earlier this bone. Cabnag bone is directly derived
from the maternal branch of the bone called a bone, bone branch branch branch level 1
bone called level 2, and so on.
3. Leaf veins (veins), is actually a branch of the bones as well, but that small or flaccid and
another one along with the bones of the larger forms such as the arrangement of the mesh,
lattice or other.
In leaves, the bones of a growing branch level to the side, so to the edge of the leaf, may
exhibit the following properties:
- Bones branch was able to reach the edge of the leaf.
- Bones branch was stopped before reaching the edge of the leaf.
- The bones of the branches were close to the edge of the leaf and then bends upward, and
met with the bone on top of existing branches, as a row, so that along the edges of the
leaves are more or less the positioning yag bone parallel to the edges of the leaves or
sometimes appear choppy, bone called the edge. With the edge of the leaf of this bone to be
strong and not easily torn, as can be seen on the leaves kedondong (Spondias dulcis
Forst.), Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.), etc..
Tulanag-bones look at the big branch on the leaf blade, we distinguish several kinds of bone
formation, and based on the composition of the bones we distinguish the leaves into 4
groups, namely:
A. The leaves are pinnate invertebrates (penninervis). This leaves the mother has a bone
that runs from the base to the tip, and a petiole canal. From the mother of this bone to the
side out of the bones of the branches, so that its structure reminds us of the fins on fish,
invertebrates and therefore called pinnate. Leaves with this arrangement so common we find
the seeds of plants apart (Dicotyledoneae), such as mango leaves (Magngifera indica L.)
2. The leaves are reinforced menjari (palminervis), namely that of the end of the stem leaves
out a few scattered bones, showing arrangement such as the fingers on the hand. Amount of
bone is usually uneven, the middle of the largest and longest, while getting to the shorter
side. Thus leaves the bone structures were generally found only in seed plants apart
(Dicolyledoneae), for example in: papaya (Carica papaya L.), distance (ricinus communis L.),
cotton (Gossypium sp.), Etc..
3. The leaves are reinforced curved (cerniveris). These leaves have a large bone, one in the
middle, which is the greatest, while others follow the edges of the leaves, so the original
scatter munuju then back to one direction: to the end of the leaf., In addition to bone in the
middle of all the bones appear curved. Leaves the bone structures so this is usually only
found in plants belonging to the plant a single seed (Monocotyledoneae), for example genjer
(Limnocharis flava Buch.), Gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.), Etc..
4. The leaves are reinforced or reinforced parallel leaf straight leaves (rectinervis), usually
found in the leaves build up a line or band, which has a longitudinal bone beasar amid the
leaves, while all the other bones clearly smaller and appear to all have the same
directionparallel to the mother's bones were, therefore also called bony alignment. Behold
the bones of the little leaves as the leaves are curved bony base of the mother are all
derived from the bone and then meet back at the end of the leaves are the leaves. Due to
the narrow leaves and long, the bones were not visible curved, but straight and parallel to
each other. No wonder also that the leaves with the leaf arrangement of the bones were so
commonly found in plants the seed in a single (Monocotyledoneae), for example, all kinds of
grasses (Gramineae), puzzle-tekian (Cyperaceae), etc..
From the description of the arrangement that leaves the bone can be concluded, that the
bone structures of leaves can be used as a guide to identify plants, namely that:
- Plant seeds split (Dicotyledoneae) has pinnate leaves or menjari reinforced, while
- Plant seed in a single (Monocotyledoneae) leaves have a curved or misaligned bones.
Salalu no means an exception from the class of plants that have seeds that have split some
leaves which leaf melengkun reinforced.A.l. Betel (Piper betle L.), Senggani (Melastoma
polyanthum Bl.), etc.. Instead of a single class of seed plants that have some pinnate leaves
that are reinforced, such as bananas (Musa paradiciasa L.), beads (Canna hybrida Hort.),
And others have leaves that are reinforced menjari leaves, such as palm (Borassus
flabellifer L. )
Leaf edge (margo folii)
In outline the edges of the leaves can be divided into two kinds:
A. The average (integer), for example, leaves jackfruit (Artocarpus integra Merr.)
2. The bertoreh (divisus).
Nock-nock on the edge of the leaf is very diverse in nature, there is nothing in the shallow,
large, small, etc.. Usually the notch-notch on the edge of the leaf can be divided into two
classes:
a. Nock-nock that do not affect or alter the original up leaves. Nock-nock is usually not how
deep, notch location does not depend on the number of bones of the leaf. Therefore, also
called an independent notch. In conjunction with this type of nock-nock used the term "sine"
for torehnya own and "angle" to the protruding edge of the leaf.
Edge of the leaf with a notch of an independent
Edge of the leaf with a notch that many of them independent variety.Nock-nock was often
very shallow and less obvious, so difficult is known. That we often encounter is that the leaf
edges dinamakn:
- Jagged (serratus), ie if the same angle singus and pointy, such as leaves of lantana
(Lantana camara L.). Next to complete the description of the nature of the nock-nock, it can
also add words that are related to the size of the sinus and its angle, such as smooth jagged,
serrated rough, and so on.
- Jagged double or multiple (biserratus), the edges of the leaves as above, but angulusnya
big enough, and more jagged edges.
- Teeth (dentatus), if the sinus is angulusnya blunt taper, such as leaf beluntas (Pluchea
indica Less.)
- Beringgit (crenatus), upside-toothed, sinuses so sharp and blunt angulusnya, such as duck
Cocor leaf (Kalanchoe pinnata Pers)
- Wavy (repandus), if the sinus and equally obtuse angle, such as water leaves the bride's
eyes (Hook et Arn leptopus Antigonon.)
Edge-nock nock leaves the premises affecting its shape
As has been stated, if the nock-nock and the large leaves, the leaves will be affected by it
up, so the original is no longer visible wake.Notch-notch preformance was great and there
are usually among the large bones or between the bones of the branches. If the leaves are
very large or wide, such as papaya leaves, the leaves of the notch-notch large and in it can
bertoreh-notch again, so do not look up the original leaves.
Associated with it need to be warned again, that in such a case, usually no more mention of
how to get up the leaves, but only mentioned just how the nature of the hack-hack earlier. It
certainly must be careful in the way that in addition pencandraan call-notch properties
torehnya was preceded by calling up the original leaf.
Based on the notch-notch therein, the edges of the leaves can be distinguished in which:
A. Grooved (lobatus), ie if less than half a notch dalmnya long bones on either side terdpat
B. Becangap (fissus), ie if it nock until approximately the middle of the long bones of the left
leaf dikanan
C. Share (partitus), ie if it exceeds half notch length of the bones on either side of leaves.
Because as has been said nock-nock location depends on the arrangement of the bones of
the leaf, then the name for the leaf edges mencandra bertoreh in this big, is always a
combination of properties with a bone torehnya berangkutan leaves, thus can be
distinguished by leaf- leaves with edges as follows:
a. Scalloped pinnate (pinnatilobus), if the edge notched follow the pinnate leaf skeletons,
such as leaf eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
b. Bercangap pinnate (pinnatifidus), while the edges of the leaves have bercangap menyirp
arrangement, such leaf breadfruit tree (Artocarpus communis Forst.)
c. Share pinnate (pinnatipartitus), edge sharing, with pinnate bone structures, such as
marigolds leaves (Cosmos caudatus MBK) and breadfruit (Artocarpus communis Forst.)
d. Grooved menjari (palmatilobus), notched edges, menjari bone structures, eg, leaves of
Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.), cotton (Gossypium sp.)
e. Bercangap menjari (palmatifidus), if the edges bercangap, is the composition of bones
menjari, such as leaf distance (ricinus communis L.)
f. Share menjari (palmatipartitus), ie, if the edge of the share, while the leaves have menjari
bone structures, such as cassava leaves (Manihot utilissima Pohl.)
Meat leaves (Intervenium)
Called meat leaves (intervenium) are: the leaves contained between the bones of leaves and
leaf veins. This section is a real kitchen herbs. This section of substances taken from outside
the altered substances used in accordance with the purposes of plant life had been. The
green color is actually the color of the leaves contained in this section, also has a leaf kalu
another color, eg red, mottled yellow, etc.. In the flesh there is also the color of the leaves.
Thick or thin leaf blade, in effect also depends on thickness of meat leaves. In connection
with these distinguished properties such as leaf:
a. Sepeerti thin membrane (Membranaceus), for example, leaf membrane spikes
(Hymenophyllum australe Willd.)
b. Such as paper (or chartaceus papyraceus), a thin but tough enough, for example, banana
leaves (Musa paradiciasa L.)
c. Thin soft (herbaceus), for example, water lettuce (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.)
d. Like parchment (perkamenteus), thin but stiff enough, for example, palm leaves (Cocus
nucifera L.)
e. Such as skin / bones (coriaceus), if the leaf blade is thick and rigid, such as leaf
nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.)
f. Fleshy (carnosus), ie, if thick and juicy, such as aloe leaf ((Aloe sp.)
Other properties of the leaf is necessary also to note
In addition to properties that have been described until now belumlahlengkap of leaves
presumably if not yet mentioned are al:
a. Color
b. State of the surface, up and down.
Leaf color
Although generally it is understood, that the leaves are usually green, but not infrequently we
find that the color is not green leaf, green and anyway can show many variations or
shades. For example, it can be called a colored leaf
- Red, for example, a squirrel's tail flower leaves (Acalypha wilkesiana M.Arg.)
- Green mixed or covered with red, for example, a variety of leaf croton (Codiaeum
variegatum Bl.)
- Dark green, for example, leaves nyamplung (Colophyllum inophyllum L.)
- Yellowish green, the leaves of plants such as jute (Corchorus capsularis L.)
It should be noted, that in mention the color of the leaves are very large influence of an
individual, remembering the colors do not exist any objective. Besides the color of the leaves
of a plant species DAPT changed by the growth of state and intimately linked to water and
food supplies as well as irradiation.
Leaf surface
In general, the color of the leaves on the top and bottom clearly different, usually the upper
side appear more green, smooth or shiny, when compared with the underside of the leaf.
The color difference was caused by the green color is more abundant in the upper layers
than in lower layers.
Sometimes on the leaf surface there are additional tools in the form of scales, hairs, spines,
etc.. See the state of the leaf surface:
a. Smooth (laevis), in which case the leaf surface can be seen:
- Sleek (nitidus), the upper side of leaves of coffee (Coffea robusta Lindl.), Fig (Ficus
benjamina L.)
- Gloomy (opacus), misalnay leaves of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas Poir.)
- Webbed wax (pruinosus), for example, the underside of the leaves of banana (Musa
paradiciasa L.), leaf beads (Canna hybrida Hort.)
b. Bald (glabber), for example, water guava leaf (Eugenia aquea Burm.)
c. Coarse (scaber), for example, leaves of teak (Tectona grandis L.)
d. Creased (rugosus), for example, leaves jarong (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Vahl.), Guava
(Psidium guajava L.)
e. Berbingkul-bingkul (Bullatus), such as wrinkles, but the lining is greater, for example, the
bride leaves tears (Antigonon leptopus Hook. Et Arn.)
f. Hairy (pilosus), if the fine hairs and sparse, such as leaf tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum
G.Don.)
g. Fluffy and meetings (villosus), hairy in such a way that if felt like laken or velvet.
h. Shaggy (hispidus), if the hair stiff and rough when touched, such as leaf gadung
(Dioscorea hispida Dennst.)
i. Scaly (lepidus), such as the underside of the leaves of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.)
Compound leaves (folium Compositum)
If we look at the leaves of various plant species will be seen, that there is such that:
- The stem leaves have contained only a single leaf blade. Such a leaf is called a single leaf
(folium simplex).
- Branching stems and stalks of this new branch there are strands of leaves, so here on a
stalk more than one leaf blade. Leaves the arrangement is called a compound leaf (folium
Compositum).
A compound leaf can be seen coming from a single leaf, which torehnya so deep, so that the
leaf between the nock-nock were separated from each other, and each is a small strand of
its own. On a compound leaf can we distinguish the following parts:
a. Mother petiole (petiolus communis), which is part of the compound leaves his seat strands
of leaves, which here is called a child of each leaf (foliolum). Petiole mother can be seen an
embodiment of a single leaf stalk stalk plus the mother's bones, and therefore axillary buds
in plants that have compound leaves, also located in the capital base of the stalk on the
stem.
b. Child leaf stalk (petiololus) is a branch-cabnag mother stalk that supports the child
leaves. This section can be regarded as the embodiment of a spinal branch at the base of a
single leaf, so it was never there in the armpits of a bud.
c. Child leaves (foliolum), this part is actually part because of the leaf blade and notch size to
be separated. Leaflets on a compound leaves usually have a short stalk or stalk almost
sitting on the mother, for example on leaves selderi (Apium graviolens L.). There are times
when a child leaves have long stalks and clearly visible, for example on leaves mangkokan
(Nothoponax scuttellarium Merr.). as a compound leaf can be seen coming from a single
leaf, the DAPT compound leaves, we also find the other parts as in the single leaf, for
example: upih leaves (vagina), which is part of the mother under a wide stalk and usually
hug the stem, as can be take a look at the leaves of betel nut (Areca catechu L.)
Similarly, a single leaf, petiole at the base of the mother compound or near the base of the
stem mother, it can also be found a pair of leaf fulcrum, such as the leaves of roses (Rosa
sp.), Which form two small leaves attached to the sides of the petiole base of the mother,and
the leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.) that here is a pair of leaf width and leaf join duty as a
tool to assimilate. With the above description would be enough clues to identify a compound
leaf, and will not be confused with a branch that has a single leaf. In addition to presumably
also pointed out that:
a. In one compound leaves every child leaves occur together and are usually collapsed
together as well, being a branch with a single leaf has a leaf that is not the same age and
size, and of course the leaves had not collapsed together.
b. At one such compound leaves on a single leaf terdapt also limited growth, which means
that no longer grow long and has no end bud. A branch typically always get longer and have
a bud at the tip.
c. In the compound leaves there will be no axillary buds in leaf child, being on a branch of
the axillary leaves usually consists of one or possibly more than one bud.
However there are always things that if less thorough examination DAPT misleading, such
as:
a. In the tree Cerme (Phyllanthus acidus Skeels.) And starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). The
second tree both have compound leaves, but leaves this compound is still some time to
show the growth of elongated, so that leaves the child has a different age, therefore it also
does not shed together. We often see the child leaves the mother at the base of the stalk
has collapsed, there was still a child at the edges of leaves that still looks fresh (still green).
b. In plants meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) and valve (Souropus androgynus Merr.) There are
branches that alternate with single leaf, which grows horizontally from the main stem and its
growth is limited (not growing longer again). Branch-leaves cabnag we think this will
compound leaves, but the allegations were false because the armpit-armpit at certain times
it will look out flowers and fruit so well. If the compound leaves, it is not possible we will find
flowers or fruit.
Jelaas is that to avoid mistakes in the matter has always required a careful study or
pemerikssaan. According to the arrangement of leaves on the child's mother stalk, DAPT
compound leaves divided into two groups, namely:
A. Pinnate compound leaves (pinnatus), if the child leaves arranged like fish sirp on either
side of the mother stem.
2. Menjari compound leaves (palmatus).
3. Compound leaves up feet (pedatus).
4. Leaves compound mixture (digitato pinnatus)
Pinnate compound leaves (pinatus)
Called compound leaves are pinnate compound leaves that child leaves the mother there on
either side of the petiole, so arranged much like the fins ikan.daun pinnate compound can be
divided into several types:
a. Leaves compound pinnate leaves bear one (unifoliolatus). Without a thorough
investigation of these leaves would be referred to as a single leaf, but here shows a
persendiaan petiole (articulatio), so the leaf blade is not directly contained in the mother
stalk. Surely this leaves also contained more than one leaf blade, the other just-lainny been
reduced, so that leaves only one child lived. Such leaves are usually found in the different
jenias our citrus trees, such as grapefruit (Citrus maxima Merr.), Lemon (Citrus aurantilfolia
Sw.)
b. Even-pinnate compound leaves (abrupte pinnatus). Usually this is there are a number of
leaflets in pairs on either side of maternal bone, and therefore the number of children and
leaves usually become even. However, given that at a leaf majemukmenyirip leaves children
are not always in pairs, to determine whether a compound pinnate leaf even or not. People
no longer count the number of leaflets, but looking at the end of the mother stem. If the tip of
the mother stems cut off, it means the end of the stem mother of a child there is no leaf, so
that the tip of the stem mothers are sometimes free or covered by a small bud ayng easily
collapse. Then it means that even pinnate leaves. With this information jelashlah, that one
might even-pinnate compound leaves having an odd number of leaflets. Pinnate compound
leaves on the trees there are even examples of acid (Tamarindus indica L.) leaves the
children in pairs, so it really leaves an even number of children. Even-pinnate compound
leaves, but leaves ank odd number can be encountered for example in lychee trees (Litchi
chinensis Sonn.) And kepulasan (Nepphelium mutabile B.)
c. Majemu odd pinnate leaves (imparipinnatus). Also here is a guideline is whether or not the
child's mother leaves the closed end of the stem. Judging from the number of children
leaves will be found in numbers that really odd if the child leaves in pairs, while the tip of the
stalk there is a child's mother leaves the individual (usually the child leaves that are bigger
than others), as we can lihatpada leaves china girlfriend (Aglaia odorata Lour.) and rose
(Rosa sp.). As with opposite pinnate compound leaves that may have an even number of
leaflets that odd, odd pinnate compound leaves also can also have an even number of
leaflets, as we often find on the tree chinese girlfriend (Aglaia odorata Lour.) mentioned
above.
There are also a child again dibekan pinnate compound leaves his seat by the children in the
mother leaf stalk, and also according to the size of the children contained in a single leaf
ayng mother stalk. Until we find also:
a. Pinnate compound leaves with leaflets in pairs, ie if a child seat in the mother leaf stalk
face to face.
b. Pinnate compound leaves alternate, if the child leaves the mother stalk alternate seat.
c. Pinnate compound leaves alternately (interrupte pinnatus), namely that children in the
mother leaf stalks alternating pairs of leaves are broad with narrow leaves child pairs, for
example in young leaves of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)
On a compound leaf can also be seen, that children are not directly sitting on the leaf stalk
ibbu, but the mother branch of the stem pad earlier. In such a case, compound leaves and
compound leaves called dual or double compound leaves. Usually only compound leaves
that may memounyai menyiriplah such properties, and therefore also that there is a double
compound leaves, it usually is a pinnate compound leaves. Double compound leaves can be
distinguished according to the branch where the child leaves the mother's level of how much
of the stems. Thus the double pinnate compound leaves DAPT distinguished:
a. Two double pinnate compound leaves (bipinnatus), if the child leaves sitting on a branch
level of the mother stalk
b. Three double pinnate compound leaves (tripinnatus), if children are sitting on a branch
leaves the mother of two from the stalk
c. Four-leaf double majemukmenyirip, etc..
In general, rarely found double pinnate compound leaves more than three.
Double pinnate compound leaves divided again in:
A. Pinnate compound leaves with a perfect double, ie Jiak no one leaves any child who sits
on the mother stalk
B. Double pinnate compound leaves are not perfect, if a child leaves mashi that sits directly
on the mother stalk
An imperfect double pinnate compound leaves usually only odd pinnate only, while the
pinnate perfectly even. Here are given some examples of double pinnate leaves:
A. Menyiyirp double compound leaves two perfectly even, for example leaf peacock flower
(Caesolpinia pulcherrima Sw.) And leaf lamtoro (Leucanea glauca Benth.)
2. Odd pinnate compound leaves two imperfect double, for example kirinyu leaves
(Sambucus javanica Bl.)
3. Odd pinnate compound leaves triplicate imperfect example Moringa leaves (Moringa
oleifera Lamk.)
Menjari compound leaves (or digitatus palmatus)
Menjari called compound leaves are compound leaves composed of all the children
scattered leaves on the tip of the stalk like a mother lying on the fingers of the
hand. Regarding menjari compound leaves, there is no such things as complicated as the
compound pinnate leaves. Based on the number of child leaves, compound leaves menjari
can be distinguished as follows:
a. Leaves bear two (bifoliolatus), at the end of the shaft there are two children mother
leaves, ie leaves nam-nam (Cynometra cauliflora L.)
b. Bear three leaves (trifoliolatus), at the end of the shaft there is a mother of three leaves,
for instance in the tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell.
c. Bear leaves five (quinquefoliolatus), at the end of the shaft there is a mother of five
children leaves, for example, maman leaf (Gynandropis pentaphylia DC)
d. Bear leaves seven (septemfoliolatus), if there are seven children mother leaves at the end
of the stem, for example, kapok leaves (Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.)
If the leaves are compound leaves menjari had seven children or more, it can be said to bear
a lot of leaves (polyfoliolatus), no longer count the exact number of child leaves, such as for
example at kapok leaves (Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.)
As with compound pinnate leaves that can be double menyiripnya, can also occur menjari
compound leaves that are double, for example: bear compound leaves of three double
menjari two (biternatus). For example Aegopodium and Aquilega vulgaris.
Compound leaves up feet (pedatus)
This arrangement leaves have compound leaves menjari, but two children leaves most
mothers do not sit on the edge of the stalk, but on the leaf stalk beside the child, as
contained in filiforme Arisaema (Araceae).
Leaves compound mixture (digitatopinnatus)
What is meant by a mixture of compound leaves are a double compound leaves that have
branches petiole mother, but on the branches of the petiole there are mothers of children
who arranged pinnate leaves. So the mix is a mixture of compound leaves menjari and
pinnate arrangement., Such as leaf sikejut (Mimosa pudica L.)
When examined completely, it leaves sikejut is not a true mixture of compound leaves, but is
even-pinnate compound leaves two perfect double. Only the leaves are the location of the
two pairs of branches of the stem mother was so close to each other, so as if there are four
branches of the stalk at the end of the leaf stalk women.
The layout of the leaves on the stem (phyllotaxis or dipositio foliorum)
The leaves on a plant is usually found on trunks and branches, there are also times when
the leaves of a plant-jejal crowded on a stem, which is the base of the stem or on the
edges. Generally, the leaves on the stems separated by a distance is real.
The trunk or branches of the seats of a leaf stem called books (nodes), and is often seen as
part of the stem is slightly enlarged and a circular rod as a ring, we can see clearly in
bamboo (Bambusa sp.), Sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) and all the grass in general,
while the shaft between the two books named segment (internodus). Although in other plants
usually do not look any books that obviously stems, but also here we refer to as the seat
leaves the books, while the stem between two leaves of a segment as well.
If we compare the leaves on the stem seats the various types of plants, it turns out there is a
difference. Primarily the difference is about the rule where the leaves on the stem of each
other earlier.Rules regarding the positioning layout are called leaves. For similar plants (all
papaya trees grow and where the course) we will find the layout of the same leaf, and
therefore the layout of the leaves can also be used as identification of a plant.
To find out how the layout of the leaves on the stem, should be determined in advance how
many leaves are on the books of the sticks, the possibilities are:
a. At each of these books there is only one leaf only.
b. In each book there are two leaf stems are face to face.
c. At each stem books there are more than two leaves.
Based on the number of leaves on the stem of books that show the three possibilities above
it can be made an overview of the layout of the leaves as follows:
A. In each book there is only one leaf stem.
Jia is the situation, then the layout of the leaf is called: scattered (folio Sparsa). Despite this
spread, but if you researched it we will find things that are very interesting, and will be
apparent that there are things that are irregular.
If such a plant, we consider the trunk has a cylindrical shape, rods books as circles at
regular intervals on the last cylinder and leaves his seat is a point on the circle, then we will
find the following things.
If we take one point (seating leaves) as a starting point, and we move mengiktui line leading
to the point of leaf sitting on a trunk of books on it by taking the shortest distance, and so on,
at some point we will arrive at a leaf which is located right on the vertical line above the first
leaf which we use as a starting base, and while we berputarmengikuti a spiral line was
wrapped around the stem. On the way round until it reaches the leaves perpendicular on the
base of departure, we have passed a certain number of leaves. Such events will always
repeat itself, even if we take another leaf as toalk point.So the layout leaves no obvious
characteristics that are irregular.
It turns out here, that the ratio between the number of times the spiral line that wrapped
around the stem with leaf number that is passed over so many times before the circular rod
(beginning leaves is not counted) is a fraction of nialainya fixed for one type of plant.
If to reach leaves that are perpendicular to the spiral leaves the start line around the trunk
was a time, and number of leaves that is passed over it is b, then the comparison of the two
bialangan'd be a fraction a / b, the formula also leaves dinamakn or divergence.
Has been explained above, that to achieve the two leaves that are perpendicular to one
another has passed a number of b leaves, meaning the stem there are also a number of b
perpendicular lines (vertical lines) are called ortostik. Spiral line that we follow a circular rod,
a line connecting the leaves in a row from the bottom up, so according to the sequence of
young parents. Spiral line is called genetic spiral.
Fraction a / b DAPT further demonstrated, the distance between the two leaf angle in a row,
if projected in the plane. Angle distance between two successive leaves were fixed and the
size is a / bx size of the circle = a / bx 3600, called the divergence angle. If we memerilsa
different types of plants with leaves scattered layout, will turn out, that the fraction a / b can
be made up of broken pieces: , 1/3, 2/5, 3/8, 5/13, 8/21, ff. If we observe carefully the
figures that make up the fragments before, then a row of fractional numbers, each of which
can be a formula that leaves of a plant species, showed the following properties:
- Each tribe behind the second term to the third term and beyond. Is a fraction, the
numerator is obtained by adding up DAPT both the numerator in front of the two tribes, as
well as the denominator, which is the sum of the denominator in front of him were two tribes.
- Each tribe in the series is that the denominator of a fraction of the difference between the
denominator and numerator are in front of the tribe, while the denominator is the sum of the
numerator by the denominator in front of the tribe's own tribe.
Rows of leaves formulas that show the nature of such a characteristic is called by name who
discovered the Fibonacci sequence. On different types of plants with leaves scattered layout,
sometimes visible leaves tightly cramped seat, that is, if the joints very short stem, so that
leaves sitting on the trunk looks almost as high, and very difficult to determine the sequence
of old youth. The leaves that have such arrangement is called: rosette (rosula).
We distinguish:
a. Rosette roots, ie if the stem is very short, so all the leaves crowded on the ground, so the
rosette is very close to the roots, such as the radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
b. Rosette stem, that is if the leaves are tightly crammed-jejal was found on the tip of the
stem, the Mass in the coconut tree (Cocos nucifera L.) palms and a variety of others.
On the horizontal or oblique cabng up, leaves with leaves scattered layout can be organized
in such a way that the strands of leaves on the branch regularly on a plane and form a
mosaic pattern (the pattern of the carpet). Such a leaf arrangement is called a leaf
mosaic. For the horizontal branches of leaf mosaic occurred because all the leaves back to
the left and right by using the selective flat fields as possible. The location of the leaves so
that DAPT seen for example on Alnus trees. For the branches that grow upward oblique,
leaves scattered layout placing strands of leaves on a plane on the tips of the branches,
strands in the middle and young leaves to the edge of the leaves are usually older were
more width. It can be achieved because the stem leaves to the tips of the branches to be
getting shorter. Such a type of mosaic leaves was found in trees such as pecan (Aleuteris
moluccana Willd.) And certain types of Begonia.
2. In each book there are two leaf stems
In this case the two leaves on each of the books lying face (separated by a distance of
1800). In the subsequent books are usually two leaf stems form a cross with two leaves
below it earlier.The layout of such a leaf is called: dealing crossbones (opposita folio or folio
decussata), for example, the noni (Morinda citrifolia L.), soft-shelled (Ixora paludosa Kurz.),
Etc..
3. At each stem books there are more than two leaves.
The layout of such a leaf is called: rocky (folio verticillata), can be found for example in the
Pulai tree (Alstonia scholaris R.Br.), Alamanda (Allamanda cathartica L.), oleander (Nerium
oleander L.).
In plants with the layout leaves a craggy face and never leaves the formula can not be
determined, but also the seat of such leaves may also demonstrated the existence of a link
ortostik-ortostik leaves that are perpendicular to each other earlier.
Chart (scheme) and leaf diagram layout
To provide a description of the layout of the leaves on the stems of plants, can be taken two
ways:
a. Create a chart or a schema location leaves
b. Making the diagram

A. Chart leaves layouts
For this purpose the plant is drawn as a cylindrical rod and stretch out her drawn-ortostiknya
ortostik, as well as the books of the trunk.To avoid confusion should the lines be drawn each
piece was created berbedabeda. The leaves are drawn as a cross section of leaf blade is
reduced. So as a triangle with a base width of the back (with a width essentially was facing
upwards). If a leaf is described by the formula layout, for example 2/5 we have to draw the
first 5 ortostiknya, and so leaves a distance of one another as far as 2/5 loop, then we will
see that starting with the leaves of which are, aftercircular spiral line genetic twice
before. That leaves a number 1,6,11, etc., each time plus 5. Similarly, numbers 2,7,12
leaves, etc., will be located on the same ortostik. To show it to all the leaves consecutively
numbered along the genetic spiral.
B. Layout diagram of a leaf or leaves abbreviated diagram
To create a diagram of plant stems should be viewed as an elongated cone, with a trunk of
books as a perfect circle-ligkaran. If projected on a plane, then the rod books will be
concentric circles and the peak will btang is the focal point of all the circle. Ortostiknya will be
the radius of the circle. If for example the layout of the leaves taken by the formula 2/5, to
show leaves that sit on one ortostik must be made at least six concentric circles (more is
better), and fifth ortostiknya will divide the circles were in 5 sectors the same magnitude. At
each successive circle from the outside in the leaves is described, as in the earlier chart-
making and be numbered. It needs to be shown, that the distance between two leaves is 2/5
loop.So every time, must skip one ortostik. Genetic leaf spiral in the diagram will be a line
upward spiral that spins more and more narrowly drawn. Also on the diagram we see the
same things as described on the chart layout leaves.
Spirostik and parastik
At one plant ortostik lines that usually appear straight up may experience changes its
direction due to the influence of various factors. A very characteristic change is the change
ortostik a spiral lines are visible circular rod. In that case the genetic spiral is difficult to
determine, and it seems to follow the location of leaves on the stem ortostik which has
turned into a spiral lines above, which here and then given another name as well, namely
spirostik. A spirostik occurs usually because stem growth is not straight but rotate. As a
result ortostiknya too twisted and turned into spirostik earlier. Plants that show such
properties, for example:
- Pacing (Costus specious Smith.), Which has one spirostik until the leaves arranged like
rungs on a circular staircase.
- Bupleurum falcatum, which has two ortostik.
- Pandan (Pandanus tectorius Sol.) Which shows three ortostik.
Furthermore the layout of the plant leaves are quite close to one another, such as the oil
palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Leaves as if sitting in spiral lines right or left. On this tree
ortostik and genetic spiral is very difficult to determine. The lines with the direction of rotation
of the circular spiral rod to the left and right that connects the leaves to the direction laterally
(flat, horizontal) has the closest distance. It is understandable that each leaf has one nearest
neighbor on the left and right next to one another. It also seems to last from two spiral to the
left and right. The lines of this spiral is called: parastik. Spiral lines are also visible on the
pineapple fruit that shows where the rules of the spy in the last pineapple-parastik parastik.
Rod (caulis)
Parts of a plant stem is very important, and keeping in place for the body and the position of
plant stems, trunks can be likened to the body axis of the rod tumbuhan.pada generally have
the following properties:
a. Generally shaped like a cylindrical or spherical length may also have other shapes, but
always be aktinomorf, meaning the number of fields can be divided into two symmetric parts.
b. Consists of sections, each of which is limited by the books, and in these books are the
leaves.
c. The growth is usually upward, toward the light or the sun (or is fototrop heliotrop).
d. Always goes on in the end, therefore it is often said, that the rod has an unlimited growth.
e. Held during his lifetime and branching plants are not terminated, except for occasional
branches or small twigs.
f. Generally not green, except the short age of plants, such as grass and the stems are still
young.
As part of a plant, the stem has a duty to:
A. Support the plant parts above ground are the leaves, flowers, and fruit.
2. With branches extending the field of assimilation, and place the plant parts in space in
such a way that the terms of the interest-bagina plants were found in the most advantageous
position.
3. Road transport of water and nutrients from the bottom up and haul road hasi; assimilation
from top to bottom.
4. Into the landfill reserve food substances.
When comparing different types of plants, of which there are clearly visible trunk, but others
seem like a no-trunked. Therefore we distinguish:
a. Plants do not trunked (planta acaulis). Plants that really do not trunked ada.hanya not
really look just is not there. That's because the stem is very short, so all the leaves as if out
of the top roots and are arranged close to one another, is a rosette (rosula), just as for
example in radish (Raphanus sativus L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L. ). Such plants will
show a real stem at flowering time. From the middle of a rosette of leaves will emerge
rapidly-growing stems with leaves rarely, branches and support rates.
b. The clear-trunked plant (planta caulis)
Stems of plants can be distinguished as follows:
A. Wet bar (herbaceus), which is soft and juicy stems, for example in spinach (Amaranthus
spinosus L.), purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)
2. Woody stems (lignosus), the trunk is unusually hard and strong, because it consists
mostly of wood, found in the trees (arbores) and shrubs (frutices) in general. Plant a tree is a
tall, woody stems and branches away from the surface, while the bush is a plant that is not
how much, batgn woody and branched near the soil surface or even in the
ground. Examples of trees: mango (Mangifera indica L.), bush: sidaguri (Sida rhombifolia L.)
3. Blades of grass (calmus), which is not that hard rod, sections that have no real and often
hollow, for example in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and grass (Gramineae) in general.
4. Mendong stems (Calamus), such as blades of grass but has sections that are longer,
such as the mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa Kunth.), Wlingi (Scirpus grossus L.) and wild
countrymen puzzles (Cyperaceae), and others.
Form of rods
Open seed plants (Dicotyledoneae) in general have a rod in the lower part is larger and
Valentine has narrowed, so the trunk can be viewed as a cone or pyramid is very elongated,
which may have percabangaan or not. Plant a single seed (Monocotyledoneae) have
opposite stems from the base until Valentine virtually no difference in magnitude. Only in a
few groups who base looks larger, but subsequent to the above remain the same, as seen in
a variety of palms (Palmae). If we talk about the shape of the stem is usually referred to
stem the cross-sectional shape can be distinguished melintangnya a variety of shapes such
as rods:
a. Round (teres), such as bamboo (Bambusa sp.), Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)
b. Sided (Angular), in this case da possibilities:
- Build a triangle (triangularis) for, say stem puzzles (Cyperus rotundus)
- Aspects of four (quadrangulis), eg stem passion fruit (Passiflora quadrangulis L.), slobber
(Coleus scutellarioides Benth.)
c. Flat and wide and usually resembles a leaf and took over the leaves as well. Rod is thus
named:
- Filoklada (phyllocladium), if it is very flat and have limited growth, such as the jakang
(Muehlenbeckia platyclada Meissn.)
- Kladodia (cladodium), if it still continues to grow and hold a fork, for example countryman
cactus (Opuntia vulgaris Mill.)
Judging from the surface, the stem of plants also memprlihatkan various properties. We can
distinguish the nature of the stem:
a. Smooth (laevis), such as corn stalks (Zea mays L.)
b. Ribbed (costatus), if on the surface there is a longitudinal ridge-ridge, misalnay slobber
(Coleus scutellarioides Benth.)
c. Grooved (sulcatus), Jiak longitudinal grooves of the stem there is a clear, for example, in
Cereus peruvianus L. Haw.
d. Winged (alatus), usually on the trunk are multifaceted, but at the corners there is a
widening of the thin, such as the yam (Dioscorea alata L.) and passion fruit (Passiflora
quadragulis L.)
In addition the surface of the stem can also:
a. Hairy (pilosus), such as in tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.)
b. Barbed (spinous), for example in roses (Rosa sp.)
c. Showed traces of leaves, such as the papaya (Carica papaya L.) and coconut (Cocos
nucifera L.)
d. Showed traces of leaf fulcrum, for example in jackfruit (Artocarpus integra Merr.),
Breadfruit tree (Artocarpus communis Forst.)
e. Shows many lenticels, misalnay on sengon (Albizzia stipulata Boiv.)
f. Other circumstances, such as loss of crust (the skin of the dead) as shown in guava
(Psidium guajava L.) and eucalyptus tree (Melaleuca leucadendron L.)
Direction of stem growth
Although as noted, generally tmbuh batanng towards the light, leaving the soil and
water. But the direction may exhibit variation and are associated with these properties that
distinguish stem growth:
A. Perpendicular (erectus), which is Jiak him straight up eg papaya (Carica papaya L.)
2. Hang (dependens, pendulus), is of course only allows for the growth of vegetation, slope
or the slope of the edge, for example Zebrina Pendula Schnitzl., Or grown-tumbhuhan who
live above the trees as epiphytes, such as species of orchids (Orchidaceae) specific.
3. Lying (humifusus), if the rod is located at ground level, Hanay edges are slightly curved
upward, for example on watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schard.)
4. Spreading or creeping (repens), the stem lying, but his books out of the roots such as
sweet potato sticks (Ipomoea batatas Poir.)
5. Upward oblique or skew (ascedens), the base of the trunk as if to lie down, but then
turned up the other part, misalnay in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)
6. Nodding (nutans), utmbuh rod straight up, but its end is then bent back down, for
example, in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
7. Climbing (scandens), if batanng utmbuh up with support.Investigations may be either
inanimate objects or other plants, and at times went up sticks to use special tools to
"berpenganagn" in supporting this for example:
- The root of the ticker, for example betel (Piper betle L.)
- Roots pembelit, eg vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andr.)
- Branch pembelit (vine branches), such as grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)
- Leaves pembelit (vine leaves), such interest breech (Gloriosa superba L.)
- The shaft pembelit, for example, in pea (Pisum sativum L.)
- Spines, such as roses (Rosa sp.), Bougainvillea (Bougenvillea spectabilis Willd.)
- Dorsal leaf, rattan Calamus misalnay caecius Bl.)
- Hooks, for example, gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb.)
8. Convolve (Volubilis), if batng rise to the top by using the supporting rod just as the climb,
but not used that particular tool, but the trunk itself up by twisting the supporting. According
to the direction of the rod melilitnya distinguished:
- Twisted to the left (sinistrorsum Volubilis), when viewed from above direction opposite to
the winding in a clockwise direction. Thus it can be said, if we follow the course of a twisted
rod, the support will always be on our left sebalah. Wrapped around the stems left on the
flower miaslnay telang (Clitoria ternatea L.)
- Twisted to right (dextrorsum Volubilis), if blood sam turns in a clockwise direction, or if we
follow the winding direction, will always support the right of us. Kekanan twisted trunk of the
plant is not found for, say gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.)