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General function of the system: (At least 5 functions)

1. Protection
2. Sensation
3. Homeostasis of Body Temperature
4. Excretion
5. Hormone (Vitamin D) Production
6. Immunity
7. Flexibility

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Morphology-Anatomy Physiology Common Diseases and Disorders Link with other Systems Research Update(s)
(At least 2 research updates)
Cells and Tissues of the System

TATTOOS
Tattoos are made by using needle to
deposit pigment in the dermis. It is
an ancient practice but nowadays,
tattoo removal across the United
States is skyrocketing. However, It
had been found out that cancer
causing agents could be activated
during tattoo removal. The risk of
Hepatatitis C infection is 15 times
higher in people who have been
tattooed than those in who have not.



DRUG FOR ADVANCED
MELANOMA
U.S approved a new drug for
melanoma called Zelboraf

CELLS:
1. Keratinocytes- Make up 90% of
the epidermal cells and form the
principal structural element of the
outer skin
2.Melanocytes- compose more than
5% of the epidermal cells
3. Granstein Cell located in the
Epidermis.
4. Dendritic Cells (Langerhans
Cells) - these cells originate in the
bone marrow but migrate to the deep
cell layers of the epidermis early in
life.
5. Corneocyte- These are shingle
like dead cell remnants that are fully
CELLS:
1. It produces a tough, fibrous
protein called Keratin that
makes the epidermis a tough
protective layer.
2. Produces a colored pigment
called Melanin which
determines the skin color
ranging from yellow to
brown to black. Its product,
Melanin forms a pigment
umbrella over the superficial
or sunny side of their
nuclei that shields their
genetic material (DNA)
from the damaging effects of
ultraviolet radiation in
SKIN DISEASES
1. IMPETIGO
Superficial infection of the
skin caused by
staphylococci, streptococci
and multiple bacteria. It is
common in children living
in poor hygienic conditions.
2. SKIN CANCER
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Least malignant and most
common skin cancer
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Scaly, reddened papule;
arises from the cells of the
stratum spinosum
For All Body Systems
Skin provides barriers that protect
all internal organs from damaging
agents in the external environment.
It regulates body temperature
needed for proper functioning of
other body systems.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Skin protects nervous
system organs which are the
cutaneous sensory receptors
located in the skin.
Nervous system regulates
diameter of blood vessels in
skin; activates sweat glands,
contributing to
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keratinized.

6. Tactile Epithelial Cells (Merkel
Cells) are located in the deepest
layer of the epidermis.
7. Fibroblast Cells located in the
Dermis region.
8. Macrophages can be found in
the Dermis region.


TISSUES:
LAYERS OF TISSUES:
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
1. Epithelial Tissue- also
known as stratified
squamous epithelium. Can be
found in the Epidermis
region.
Layers of Epidermis:
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
2. Connective Tissue Can be
found in the Dermis strata
or the underlying layer of
epidermis. Contains
fibroblast, a few adipose
cells and macrophages.
sunlight.
3. Are rather mysterious, but
apparently they interact with
white blood cells of the
immune system, suppressing
immune responses in the
skin. This helps keep the
responses under control.
4. Are branched cells that play
a role in immunity. Each of
these cells finds markers on
bacteria and other invaders
and presents them to other
immune system for
recognition and destruction
which is an important
defensive function.
5. As long as these cells
remain intact,
microorganisms cannot
enter.
6. They connect to sensory
nerve endings to form
structures that serve as light
touch receptors.
7. Synthesizes Collagen and
maintains the structural
integrity of connective
tissues.
8. It attacks foreign substance
and initiate a specific
defense mechanism for the
skin.
TISSUES
Malignant Melanoma
Arises from accumulated
DNA Damage in a skin cell;
appears as a spreading
brown to black
3. BURNS
First degree burns
Only the epidermis is
damaged
Second degree burns
The epidermis and the upper
region of the dermis is
damaged
Third degree burns
Destroy the entire thickness
of the skin

4. VIRAL INFECTIONS
Some of the well-known
viral infections of the skin
include Chicken Pox,
Measles, German Measles
and Cold Sores. Warts,
which are caused by a viral
infection of the epidermis
are generally harmless and
usually disappear without
treatment.
5. ACNE VULGARIS
Common disorder
affecting susceptible hair
follicles. Occurs mostly
during puberty stage to
thermoregulation; interprets
cutaneous sensations;
activates arrector pili
muscles.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
serves as blood reservoir.
Cardiovascular system
transports nutrients and
oxygen to the skin and
removes waste from the
skin. It provides substances
needed by skin glands to
make their secretions.
Skin blood vessels play a
role in regulating body
temperature.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
It synthesizes Vitamin D in
which the bones need for
bone matrix such as normal
calcium absorption and
deposit of bone (calcium)
salts which makes bones
hard.
Skeletal system provides
support for the skin.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Active muscles generate
large amount of heat which
increases blood flow to the
skin and may promote
activation of sweat glands of
skin in order to control body
(vemurafenib). Zelboraf works by
blocking a protein that is involved
with cell growth. This drug was
made by Genentech, a U.S
subsidiary of the Swiss
pharmaceutical giant Roche.
Although it is far from cure, its
approval will be of great help to
10,000 Advance Melanoma patients
in United States.

NICOTINE PATCH
Some drugs administered by
applying them to the skin. An
example of this is a nicotine skin
patch which aids a smoker to stop
smoking. The drug diffuses through
epidermis to blood vessels in the
dermis.

DETECTING LIES
Emotional sweating is used in lie
detector (polygraph) tests because
sweat gland activity can increase
when a person tells a lie. The sweat
produced, even in small amounts,
can be detected because the salt
solution conducts electricity and
lowers the electric resistance of the
skin.

TREATMENT OF SKIN
WRINKLES
Retin-A is a vitamin A derivative
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Layers of Dermis
Papillary Layer
Reticular Layer
3. Adipose Tissue-also known
as body fat. Is a loose
connective tissue in the
Dermis region composed of
adipocytes.
4. Subcutaneous Connective
Tissue- dense and irregular
in nature and is also known
as the Hypodermis, which is
not the part of the skin.
Approximately half of the
bodys fat is in this region.
1. It protects the underlying
cells of the skin.
2. Fends off the internal parts
of the body from stretching
and other mechanical
insults.
3. Its main role is to
store energy in the form
of lipids, although it also
cushions and insulates the
body.
4. It functions as a source of
energy, insulation, and
padding.
the increased secretion of
sebaceous gland.
TYPES:
Closed Comedones
(Whiteheads) impacted
lipids or oils and keratin
that plug the dilated
follicle.
Open Comedones
(Blackheads)-
accumulation of lipid,
bacterial and epithelial
debis.
SKIN DISORDERS
6. BIRTHMARKS
Are congenital disorder of
the capillaries of the dermis
of the skin. The kinds of
birthmarks are strawberry
birthmark which
disappears spontaneously by
age 7, and portwine stains
which persist throughout
life.
7. DECUBITUS ULCER
Also known as bedsores, or
pressure sores, develop in
patients who are immobile.
The weight of the body,
especially in areas over
bony projections, such as
hipbones and heels,
temperature.
Muscles act on facial skin to
create facial expressions.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory system
furnishes oxygen to skin
cells and removes carbon
dioxide via gas exchange
with blood.
URINARY SYSTEM
excretes salts and some
nitrogenous wastes in sweat
Urinary system activates
vitamin D made by
keratinocytes; disposes of
nitrogenous wastes of skin
metabolism.
The kidneys help
compensate for water and
electrolytes lost in sweat.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Androgens produced by the
endocrine system activate
sebaceous glands and help
regulate hair growth;
estrogen helps maintain skin
hydration.
Hormones help to increase
skin blood flow during
exercise. Other hormones
stimulates either the
synthesis or the
decomposition of
that is being ised to treat skin
wrinkles. It appears to be effective in
treating fine wrinkles on the face,
such as those caused by long-term
exposure to the sun, but is not
effective in treating deep lines. One
ironic side effect of Retin-A use is
increased sensitivity to the suns
ultraviolet rays. Doctors prescribing
this cream caution their patients to
always use a sun block when they
are going to be outdoors.

EUPHORBIA PEPLUS
Its sap can be used topically to treat
dermatological conditions such as
warts, corns, waxy growths and it is
also an effective home remedy to
treat skin cancers. It can also be used
orally for purgative, cancer of the
stomach, liver and uterus.

INDOOR TANNING
Medical research has put indoor
tanning as a leading cause of skin
cancer, especially melanoma, the
deadliest form of skin cancer, and
the World Health Organization
places indoor tanning as a group one
carcinogen, alongside Tobacco,
which draws an excellent parallel
with tanning. Obviously it would be
absurd and heavy handed to ban it
Organs of the System



Skin- the largest organ of
the human body.


SKIN APPENDAGES
1. Hair- produced by a hair
follicle and is a flexible
epithelial structure. Each
hair consists of a central
core called medulla
surrounded by a bulky
cortex layer. The cortex
is, in turn, enclosed by an
outermost cuticle formed
It serves as the outer
covering of the body and
protects. the internal parts
from harmful foreign
materials. It also regulates
body temperature from the
temperature of the external
environment.
1. Serves as a protection
such as guarding the head
against bumps, shielding
the eyes and helping to
keep foreign particles out
of respiratory tract (via
nose hairs). It also serves
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by a single layer of cells
that overlap one another
like shingles on a roof.
2. Nails- are heavily
keratinized epidermal
cells. The visible part of
each nail is called the nail
body. The rest of the nail,
namely, the root lies flat
in a flat sinus hidden by a
fold of skin bordered by
the cuticle. The nail body
nearest to the root has a
crescent-shaped white area
known as the lunula, or
little moon. Under the
nail lies a layer of
epithelium called the nail
bed.
GLANDS
3. Sebaceous Glands-are
simple branched glands of
varying size that are found
in the dermis, except in the
skin of the palms and
soles.
4. Sudoriferous Glands-
also known as Sweat
Glands. They can be
classified into two;
Eccrine sweat glands
as insulation in cold
weather.
2. It protects the skin
beneath it (stratum
basale), the distal phalanx
and the fingertips from
injuries. It also serves as
counter pressure against
the exerted pressure on
the pulp of the finger,
enhancing the sensitivity
of the fingertip.
3. The product of this gland,
Sebum, is a lubricant that
keeps the skin soft and
moist and prevents hair
from becoming brittle.
Sebum also contains
chemicals that kill
bacteria. The sebaceous
glands become very active
when male sex hormones
produced in increased
amounts during
adolescence. Thus, the
skin tends to become
oilier during this period of
life.
4. The Eccrine sweat glands
produce a transparent
watery liquid rich in salts,
compresses tissues causes
ischemia, or reduced
circulation. The
consequence is destruction
or necrosis of the
hypodermis and deeper
tissues.
8. VITILIGO
Is the development of
patches of white skin
because the melanocytes in
the affected area are
destroyed, apparently by an
autoimmune response.
9. ECZEMA
This condition is
characterized by
inflammation often
accompanied by papules,
vesicles and crusts.
10. ALBINISM
Usually is a recessive
genetic trait causing an
inability to produce
tyrosinase. The result is a
deficiency or absence of
pigment in the skin, hair,
and eyes.
11. ATHLETES FOOT
An itchy, red, peeling
condition between toes,
resulting from fungus
subcutaneous fat.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
During pregnancy, skin
stretches to accommodate
growing fetus; changes in
skin pigmentation may
occur.
Sensory receptors play an
important role in sexual
activity and in the suckling
reflex.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
The skin as a barrier
provides an important first
line of defense for the
immune system.
Lymphatic System prevents
edema by picking up
excessive leaked fluid;
immune system protects
skin cells.
completely, but the public at large
should be aware of the risks.

LEAD CONTENT ON LIPSTICK
Maybelline Color Sensation, by
L'Oreal USA, was found to have the
most lead of all the brands that the
FDA tested, with 275 times more
than the brand with the lowest
amount of lead - Wet & Wild Mega
Mixers Lip Balm. The Wet & Wild
lip balm happened to be the least
expensive, which shows that a high-
priced lipstick does not mean it is
safe. Sean Palfrey, M.D, a professor
of pediatrics and public health at
Boston university and medical
direction of Boston's Lead Poisoning
Prevention Program explains: "Lead
is a proven neurotoxin that can cause
learning, language and behavioral
problems. Pregnant women are
particularly vulnerable to lead
exposure, because lead easily
crosses the placenta and enters the
fetal brain where it can interfere
with normal development."

SMOKING INCREASES
CANCER RISK TO WOMEN
Regular female smokers have a
threefold higher risk of developing
squamous cell carcinoma of the skin,
researchers from Moffitt Cancer
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which are important and
highly efficient part of the
bodys heat-regulating
equipment. They are
supplied with nerve
endings that cause them to
secrete sweat when the
external temperature is
high. Apocrine sweat
glands which are largely
confined to the axillary
and genital areas of the
body.
ammonia, uric acid, urea,
and other wastes. Sweat
plays a critical role in
helping the body maintain
a constant core
temperature. The
Apocrine sweat glands
produce a more viscous
and colored secretion than
eccrine glands do.
infection
12. RINGWORM (TINEA)
a fungal skin infection
caused by several different
fungi and generally
classified by its location on
the body.
Center reported in Cancer Causes
and Control. The authors said they
found a slight increase in risk among
regular male smokers, but a
statistically insignificant one.

Processes of the System
(Highlight at least 3 processes)

1. Keratinization
Covering of dry, tough, protective material that prevents water and other substances from escaping
and blocks various chemicals and microorganisms from entering
2. Absorption
Passage of materials from the external environment into body cells. Certain lipid soluble materials
do penetrate the skin such as Vitamins A, D, E, and K, certain drugs and the gases oxygen and
carbon dioxide.
3. Thermoregulation
Aids in body heat loss or heat retention.
4. Ingestion
Phagocytes ingest foreign substances and pathogens, preventing them from penetrating into deeper
body tissues.





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