Defect in bridges and their

Remedial measures
S.No. Nature of the problem Remdial measues
1 Foundation settlement
[a] Moderate packing under super structure
[b] Sever
Stabilisation by piles around the foundation. Root pilling
or rebulding
may be resorted
2 Severe
[a] Maderate
oulder may be dumped around the piers in the scoured
portion
[b] Sever piles around the foundation may be driven
! "eathering of masonry
[a] #oints$superficial pointing may be adopted
[b] #oints deep cement of epo%y grounting may be adopted
& 'eaching of lime mortar (emant grouting
[a] Masonry units )uniting
[b] (racks
)routing "ith cement or *po%y may be
adopted.+acketting may also be done
, 'eaning or bulging Follo"ing measures may be adopted
[a] -raining of backfill
[b] soil or rock anchoring
[c] +acketting or rebuilding
.
(racked or shaken bed
blocks
ed block should be recast either cast in situor precast
and bonded
/
0ollo" left in masonry du
to cement grouting may be adopted
defective "orkman ship
1 2rches
["eathering] Follo"ing measuresmay be adopted
[a] pointing
[b] )uniting
[c] )routing "ith cement or rebuilding
[b] (racks in arch )routing "ith cement or *po%y or rebuildind
3
(rackes or bulging in
parapet4 [a] -raining of back fill
spandrel "all [b] providing ties
[c] Rebuilding
15
R.(.(. or prestressed
concret
girders and slabs
[a] (racks )routing "ith *po%y
[b] Spalling )routing
11 Steel girders
[a] -efective material Replace
[b] (orrosion maderate painting6metallising
(orrosion severe Strengthening and painting or metallising
(racks Strengthening
'oose rivets Replacement of rivets
'oose of camber Strengthening
Remedial Measures In Detail
Cement grouting
Grout is a construction material used to embed rebars in masonry "alls6
connect sections of pre$cast concrete6 fill voids6 and seal #oints 7like those
bet"een tiles8. )rout is generally a mi%ture of "ater6 cement6 sand6 often color
tint6 and sometimes fine gravel 7if it is being used to fill the cores of cement
blocks8. 9t is applied as a thick emulsion and hardens over time6 much like its
close relative mortar.
[1]
Main varieties include: tiling grout 7either urethane6 cement$based or
epo%y86 flooring grout6resin grout6 non$shrink grout6 structural grout
and thi%otropic grout.
Structural grout is often used in reinforced masonry to fill voids in masonry
housing reinforcing steel6 securing the steel in place and bonding it to the
masonry.
[1]
;on$shrink grout is used beneath metal bearing plates to ensure a
consistent bearing surface bet"een the plate and its substrate.
<iling grout is often used to fill the spaces bet"een tiles or mosaics6 and to
secure tile to its base. 2lthough ungrouted mosaics do e%ist6 most have grout
bet"een the tesserae.
<here are several tools associated "ith applying and removal of grout such
as:
grout saw or grout scraper a manual tool for removal of old and
discolored grout. <he blade is usually composed of tungsten carbide.
grout float a tro"el$like tool for smoothing the surface of a grout line6
typically made of rubber or soft plastic.
grout sealer a "ater$based or solvent$based sealant
[2]
applied over
dried grout that resists "ater6 oil6 and acid$based contaminants.
Dremel grout attachment an attachment guide used in a die grinder for faster
removal of old grout than a standard grout sa".
Pointing Trowel =sed for applying grout in flagstone6 and other stone "orks
Epoxy Grouting
*po%y grouts include a hardener and an epoxy resin. <his gives the
grouting a strong bond6 chemical resistance and better resistance to items
that may be dropped on the floor. ecause it>s e%pensive6 it>s generally
reserved for industrial and commercial use. 9t "on>t "ork "ell if you>re using
tiles that are more than half an inch 71 centimeter8 thick6 or if your grout #oints
are a ?uarter $inch 7centimeter8 or smaller. 0o"ever6 if you>re placing tile in an
environment "here it "ill be e%posed to grease or acids6 or in a heavily
trafficked area6 epo%y grout is your best choice.
2pplying epo%y used to be tricky6 because it "as hard to apply and had to be
used "ithin &, minutes of being mi%ed. ;e"er epo%ies have detergents
added to the hardeners. <his means that they>re easier to "ork "ith and can
be ?uickly cleaned up "ith "ater. *po%y tile grout can cost four times more
than cement$based grout. 0o"ever6 those less e%pensive grout mi%es last
about a year@ t"o$part li?uid epo%y lasts forever in sealed containers if not
e%posed to e%treme temperatures.
Some epo%y grouts are modified "ith Portland cement. <his gives the epo%y
many of the ?ualities that make cement grouting easier to "ork. (onsider your
needs and the strength of bond you "ill need for your pro#ect.