Pipe racks are structures designed and built specifically to support multiple pipes where adequate structure is not available. In Rack Piping following topics will be covered. O Number of tier O Minimum vertical clearance O Clear height between tiers. O If any manually operated valve or control station is on rack then rack tiers has to given space to operate valve easily.
Pipe racks are structures designed and built specifically to support multiple pipes where adequate structure is not available. In Rack Piping following topics will be covered. O Number of tier O Minimum vertical clearance O Clear height between tiers. O If any manually operated valve or control station is on rack then rack tiers has to given space to operate valve easily.
Pipe racks are structures designed and built specifically to support multiple pipes where adequate structure is not available. In Rack Piping following topics will be covered. O Number of tier O Minimum vertical clearance O Clear height between tiers. O If any manually operated valve or control station is on rack then rack tiers has to given space to operate valve easily.
Yard area piping:Piping out side power block is known as yard area Piping. 14 Yard area Piping Yard area piping can be divided in two parts Above Ground Under Ground 15 Above Ground Piping In above ground piping following topic will be covered Rack Piping Sleeper Piping Clearance Human factor guide line 16 Rack Piping Definition: Pipe racks are structures designed and built specifically to support multiple pipes where adequate structure is not available. 17 Rack Piping . In rack piping following topics will be covered. Rack width Number of tier Minimum vertical clearance Clear height between tiers Arrangement of pipes on rack 18 Rack Piping Rack width : Following factors will decide the rack width. Number of Pipes laid on rack Size of Pipes Space between pipes Electrical /instrument cable tray Space reserved for future lines 19 Rack Piping Number Of Tier : Number of tier depend upon following factors. Multi tier rack are cheaper than single tier. When space is limited use multi tier even when width requirement Is 3-4 meters. When width requirement increases more than 6 meters. 20 Rack Piping Vertical clearance: At the time of designing rack we should decide elevation of lower tier of pipe rack on the basis of following factors. In maintenance way where loading unloading is expected 6m. Above main road ways along which crane movements is expected 10m. height of equipment to be located beneath the rack at grade level . 21 Rack Piping Clear Height Between Tiers : Clear height between tiers depend upon following factors. If there is requirement of walk way then man height clearance has to given. If any manually operated valve or control station is on rack then rack tiers has to given space to operate valve easily. Generally provide space between tiers in range of 1m-3m. 22 Rack Piping This figure is taken from Dharki project which show the space between tiers is 1.2m 23 Rack Piping Arrangement Of Pipes On Rack Heavier pipelines should be located as near as possible columns. Pipes should be located clear off columns so as to enable the columns to be extended upward for future expansion. Valves requiring frequent operation, strainers, safety valves, on- line flow meters, etc. should not be placed on racks as far as practicable. In case of pipes nearest to the columns, locate all joints, flanged or welded, away from the columns. 24 Rack Piping Single Tier Arrangement : Fuel oil line should not be placed adjacent steam lines or other high temperature pipe work to eliminate fire hazards. Group of Steam lines requiring expansion loops should be on one side of the rack. Within the cluster of hot lines at each level, position of the hottest line should be at the outermost (nearest to the column). 25 Rack Piping Multi tier Rack Piping arrangement If electrical cable trays require different level should be at top tier. All critical lines should be in upper level. Non critical (utility lines) lines should be in lower level. 26 Rack Piping Multi tier Rack Piping arrangement 27 Sleeper Piping In sleeper piping we will cover following topics. Sleeper Sleeper width Sleeper span 28 Sleeper Piping Sleeper : Sleeper is a concrete structure that is used generally in yard area with C channel for supporting of pipes when BOP pipes at same elevation . Sleeper height is generally kept 350mm from grade level. 29 Sleeper Piping Sleeper Width: sleeper width is decided on following factors Number of pipe that comes on sleeper and size of pipes Space between pipe lines Leave 200-300mm space from both side of sleeper Generally 20% to 25% space is reserved for future lines 30 Sleeper Piping Sleeper Span: Sleeper span is decided on the basis of following factors. Cost of sleeper is high so use of excess sleepers should be avoided. Sleeper span is decided on the basis of large bore span So that we can optimize the cost of supporting. Generally keep sleeper span between 4.5m-6m 31 Sleeper Piping This snap shows sleeper span of 4.5m for Cirebon Project 32 Clearance While designing piping systems ,adequate clearances must be provided between pipe and other piping systems, duct work structural steel and concrete , equipment and cable tray to allow interference-free erection maintenance in service inspection. Final spacing and clearance should be provided to permit the maintenance or removal of any valve or other piece of equipment with out disturbing any adjacent piping or equipment. 33 Clearance Head room clearance : Provide following minimum head room clearances under all pipes. 2.1m over walk way areas 3.8m over maintenance way 6m over roads or any truck access 7m over rail road 34 Clearance Spacing between parallel pipe lines There shall be enough space between parallel lines for assembly of clamps and flanges so keep following distance between different diameter Pipes. The minimum face to face distance of cold ,non insulated pipe shall be 100mm if both adjacent pipes are small bore Face to face distance between large bore pipes shall be 150mm 35 Clearance For pipes size higher than 300mm running parallel to each other minimum face to face distance should be 200mm Hot piping should be be designed that sufficient space for installation of thermal insulation and allowance for thermal movement will be obtained. insulated piping shall have a minimum face to face distance of 150mm
Stair-Building and the Steel Square: A Manual of Practical Instruction in the Art of Stair-Building and Hand-Railing, and the Manifold Uses of the Steel Square
A Short Guide to the Types and Details of Constructing a Suspension Bridge - Including Various Arrangements of Suspension Spans, Methods of Vertical Stiffening and Wire Cables Versus Eyebar Chains
Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXVIII, Sept. 1910
The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
The Cross-Town Tunnels. Paper No. 1158