KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF POLYMER TECHNOLOGY

SECOND INTERNAL TEST – 2010

SUB CODE: PT 44 SUB NAME: PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL ENGINERING

SUB INCHARGE: K.AGATHIAN

TOTAL MARKS: 50 MARKS TIME: 1 ½ HOURS

PART A 5 X 2 = 10 Marks
1. What are the different modes of heat transfer?
2. Define Fourier’s law of heat conduction?
3. Define Ficks law of diffusion?
4. What is parallel & Counter flow in heat exchanger?
5. What is LMTD?

PART B 4X 10 = 40 Marks
6. Explain in detail about shell and tube heat exchanger?
7. Derive the equation to find out the rate of heat transfer by conduction for a rectangular block
made of three different materials?
8. Derive the equations for equi molar counter diffusion in gas?
9. Derive the equation to find out the rate of heat transfer by conduction for a hollow cylinder
made of three different materials?

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 KEY TO FIRST INTERNAL QUESTION

PART A
1. Modes of heat transfer:
CONDUCTION
• Heat can be conducted between two bodies which are in contact with each other; heat "flows"
from one to the other.
• Materials which conduct heat well are called conductors of heat. Electrical conductors
(such as metals) are good conductors of heat.
• Materials which do not conduct heat well are called insulators. Electrical insulators
(for example, wood or glass) are usually good insulators of heat. Materials with low density,
such as air or foamed plastic, are normally also good insulators unless they happen to be
electrical conductors. To prevent heat from moving from one place to another, we usually
place an insulator between.

CONVECTION

• This is a different kind of heat transfer than conduction. In conduction, heat itself is moving;
in convection, hot portions of a fluid move through the body of the fluid.
• The hot fluid mixes with the cold fluid, and heat is transferred more quickly than by
conduction.
• What we commonly call a "rolling boil" results from convection.
• Hot fluids rise through surrounding, cooler fluid because they are less dense; cooler fluids
sink through warmer fluids because they are denser.
• This causes circular motion of the fluid away from a source of heat.
• Convection in water drives ocean currents; convection in air drives weather patterns; and
convection of molten rock inside the earth is thought to drive plate tectonics.

RADIATION
•
• Radiation is the simplest means of heat transfer. Heat radiation is carried not by moving atoms
(as in conduction or convection) but by electromagnetic waves.
• Radiation is the only way that heat can move through a vacuum, and is the reason that even a
closed thermos bottle (which has a vacuum between the inner and outer parts) will eventually
come to the same temperature as its surroundings.

2. Fourier law of heat conduction:

When there exists a temperature gradient within a body, heat energy will flow from the region
of high temperature to the region of low temperature. This phenomenon is known as conduction heat
transfer, and is described by Fourier's Law (named after the French physicist Joseph Fourier),

This equation determines the heat flux vector q for a given temperature profile T and thermal
conductivity k. The minus sign ensures that heat flows down the temperature gradient.

3. Ficks law of diffusion:

2
 ,

also,

Where:

• J is the flux
• D is the diffusivity constant of proportionality

• is the concentration gradient in the x-direction

• c is the concentration
• u1 is the velocity relative to a stationary plane
• u0 is the bulk fluid velocity
4. Flow arrangement in heat exchanger:
Parallel flow: Both the shell side fluid and tube side fluid are flow in the same direction.
Counter flow: Both the shell side fluid and tube side fluid are flow in the opposite direction.
5. LMTD:
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference

∆ Tm = ∆ T2 - ∆ T1 / ln (∆ T2 / ∆ T1)

PART B

6. Shell and tube heat exchanger: 10 Marks

• A shell and tube heat exchanger is a class of heat exchanger designs.
• It is the most common type of heat exchanger in oil refineries and other large chemical
processes, and is suited for higher-pressure applications. As its name implies, this type of heat
exchanger consists of a shell (a large pressure vessel) with a bundle of tubes inside it.
• One fluid runs through the tubes, and another fluid flows over the tubes (through the shell) to
transfer heat between the two fluids.
• The set of tubes is called a tube bundle, and may be composed by several types of tubes:
plain, longitudinally finned, etc.

THEORY AND APPLICATION

• Two fluids, of different starting temperatures, flow through the heat exchanger.
• One flows through the tubes (the tube side) and the other flows outside the tubes but inside
the shell (the shell side).
• Heat is transferred from one fluid to the other through the tube walls, either from tube side to
shell side or vice versa.

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• The fluids can be either liquids or gases on either the shell or the tube side. In order to
transfer heat efficiently, a large heat transfer area should be used, leading to the use of many
tubes.
• In this way, waste heat can be put to use. This is an efficient way to conserve energy.
• Heat exchangers with only one phase (liquid or gas) on each side can be called one-phase or
single-phase heat exchangers.

• Two-phase heat exchangers can be used to heat a liquid to boil it into a gas (vapor),
sometimes called boilers, or cool a vapor to condense it into a liquid (called condensers), with
the phase change usually occurring on the shell side.
• Boilers in steam engine locomotives are typically large, usually cylindrically-shaped shell-
and-tube heat exchangers.
• In large power plants with steam-driven turbines, shell-and-tube surface condensers are used
to condense the exhaust steam exiting the turbine into condensate water which is recycled
back to be turned into steam in the steam generator.

7. Composite wall: 10 Marks

• Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact of particles of matter.
• The transfer of energy could be primarily by elastic impact as in fluids or by free electron
diffusion as predominant in metals or phonon vibration as predominant in insulators.
• In other words, heat is transferred by conduction when adjacent atoms vibrate against one
another, or as electrons move from atom to atom.
• Conduction is greater in solids, where atoms are in constant contact. In liquids (except
liquid metals) and gases, the molecules are usually further apart, giving a lower chance of
molecules colliding and passing on thermal energy.
• Heat conduction is directly analogous to diffusion of particles into a fluid, in the situation
where there are no fluid currents.
• This type of heat diffusion differs from mass diffusion in behaviour, only in as much as it
can occur in solids, whereas mass diffusion is mostly limited to fluids.
• Metals (eg. copper, platinum, gold, iron, etc.) are usually the best conductors of thermal
energy. This is due to the way that metals are chemically bonded: metallic bonds (as
opposed tocovalent or ionic bonds) have free-moving electrons which are able to transfer
thermal energy rapidly through the metal.
• As density decreases so does conduction. Therefore, fluids (and especially gases) are less
conductive. This is due to the large distance between atoms in a gas: fewer collisions
between atoms means less conduction. Conductivity of gases increases with temperature.
• Conductivity increases with increasing pressure from vacuum up to a critical point that
the density of the gas is such that molecules of the gas may be expected to collide with
each other before they transfer heat from one surface to another.
• After this point in density, conductivity increases only slightly with increasing pressure
and density.
• To quantify the ease with which a particular medium conducts, engineers employ
the thermal conductivity, also known as the conductivity constant or conduction
coefficient, k.
• In thermal conductivity k is defined as "the quantity of heat, Q, transmitted in time (t)
through a thickness (L), in a direction normal to a surface of area (A), due to a
temperature difference (ΔT) Thermal conductivity is a material property that is primarily
dependent on the medium's phase, temperature, density, and molecular bonding.
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 8. Diffusion:

Principles of Diffusion

• Diffusion is the movement of a component through space under the influence of a physical
stimulus.
• The most common cause of diffusion is a concentration gradient, which tends to adjust the
component concentration until it reaches equilibrium. In short, diffusion is the physical flow
of material.
• There are four related concepts used in the diffusion theory.
• One, velocities are needed to describe the movements for the total phase and the individual
component.
• Two, the concentration, molar density, or mole fraction is used to define the number of
molecules of interest within a defined volume.
• Third, the concentration gradient will show the shifts in concentration as time increases.
• Forth, the molar flux of a component is proportional to the concentration gradient and the
diffusivity of that component.
• The equation that describes the molar flux is Ficks first law

also,

Where:

• J is the flux
• D is the diffusivity constant of proportionality

• is the concentration gradient in the x-direction

• c is the concentration
• u1 is the velocity relative to a stationary plane
• u0 is the bulk fluid velocity

This equation is the basic equation for mass transfer in a nonturbulent fluid phase. It accounts
for the amount of the component carried by the bulk flow of the fluid and the amount of the
component being transferred by diffusion.

MASS TRANSFER CO EFFICIENTS

In engineering, the mass transfer coefficient is a diffusion rate constant that relates the mass
transfer rate, mass transfer area, and concentration gradient as driving force:

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Where:

 kc is the mass transfer coefficient [mol/(s·m2)/(mol/m3), or m/s]

 is the mass transfer rate [mol/s]
 A is the effective mass transfer area [m2]
 ΔCA is the driving force concentration difference [mol/m3].

9. conduction through hollow cylinder:

• Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact of particles of matter.
• The transfer of energy could be primarily by elastic impact as in fluids or by free electron
diffusion as predominant in metals or phonon vibration as predominant in insulators.
• In other words, heat is transferred by conduction when adjacent atoms vibrate against one
another, or as electrons move from atom to atom.
• Conduction is greater in solids, where atoms are in constant contact. In liquids (except
liquid metals) and gases, the molecules are usually further apart, giving a lower chance of
molecules colliding and passing on thermal energy.
• Heat conduction is directly analogous to diffusion of particles into a fluid, in the situation
where there are no fluid currents.
• This type of heat diffusion differs from mass diffusion in behavior, only in as much as it
can occur in solids, whereas mass diffusion is mostly limited to fluids.
• Metals (eg. copper, platinum, gold, iron, etc.) are usually the best conductors of thermal
energy. This is due to the way that metals are chemically bonded: metallic bonds (as
opposed to covalent or ionic bonds) have free-moving electrons which are able to transfer
thermal energy rapidly through the metal.
• As density decreases so does conduction. Therefore, fluids (and especially gases) are less
conductive. This is due to the large distance between atoms in a gas: fewer collisions
between atoms means less conduction. Conductivity of gases increases with temperature.
• Conductivity increases with increasing pressure from vacuum up to a critical point that
the density of the gas is such that molecules of the gas may be expected to collide with
each other before they transfer heat from one surface to another.
• After this point in density, conductivity increases only slightly with increasing pressure
and density.
• To quantify the ease with which a particular medium conducts, engineers employ
the thermal conductivity, also known as the conductivity constant or conduction
coefficient, k.
• In thermal conductivity k is defined as "the quantity of heat, Q, transmitted in time (t)
through a thickness (L), in a direction normal to a surface of area (A), due to a
temperature difference (ΔT) [...]." Thermal conductivity is a material property that is
primarily dependent on the medium's phase, temperature, density, and molecular bonding.