ADVERBS AND ADVERB PHRASES [mostly

between commas at the beginning of sentences]

1. Sequencing (secuenciacin de elementos):

first (of all) ..., secondly ..., thirdly , next ..., then ...., finally/ lastly/ at last/ last of all
(primeiro de todo ..., en segundo termo ..., a continuacin ..., finalmente ...)
first ..., then ..., after that ..., later , afterwards, finally/ in the end ... (en primeiro lugar
..., despois ..., logo..., finalmente ...)
first of all/ to begin with/ first/ firstly/ to start with/ in the first place/ at first/ in the beginning (en
primeiro lugar)
the next stage is to + INF
meanwhile (mentras tanto)
finally/ in short/ to sum up/ in conclusion/ lastly (por ltimo)/ last but not least (por ltimo pero
non menos importante)

2. Adding (adicin):
furthermore/ moreover ... (ademais, asemade)
in addition (to this) ... as well as this .... besides this (ademais disto)
another good reason is ... (outra boa razon que)
another thing is ... (outra cousa ), also... (tamn)
too (tamn)
as well (tamn, ademais)
NEG + either (tampouco).
besides (e ademais)
whats more (o que mis)

3. Giving opinions (expresin de opinins personals):
personally ..., in my own opinion/ view ..., as I see it (na mia opinion, dende o meu punto
de vista, tal e como eu o vexo)

4. Giving examples (exemplos):
for example/ for instance ... (por exemplo)
... such as/ like... (coma).
particularly/ in particular/ specially/ (more) specifically (en particular, en especial,
concretando mis)

5. Showing result (expresin de consecuencias):
consequently/ as a consequence ... (coma consecuencia)
as a result ... (coma resultado)
thus ... (de este xeito, asi).
for this reason (por esta razn)
therefore (por conseguinte)

6. Making contrasts (expresin de contrastes ou diferencias):
on the one hand ... / on the other hand... (por unha banda, por outra banda)
however/ nevertheless/ even so/ still ... (nembargantes, con todo)
in contrast..., in comparison... (en comparanza)
on the contrary (pola contra)
alternatively (dende outro punto de vista)

7. Summing up (resumo de ideas):
in conclusion ... (en conclusion)
to sum up/ in short... (para resumir).

8. Making general statements (falando en xeral):
in general/ generally/ as a rule/ on the whole (en xeral)

9. Describing reality (describindo a realidade):
in fact/ as a matter of fact/ actually (de feito, en realidade)

0. Describing similarities (describindo similitudes):
similarly/ likewise/ in the same way/ by the same token (do mesmo xeito, igualmente)

CONJUNCTIONS [+ (Subject + conjugated verb)]

1. Time (tempo):
when (cando), while (mentres), as (ao tempo que), after (despois de), before (antes de), as
soon as (tan pronto como), till/ until (ata que), since (desde que), by the time (no mis tarde
do).

2. Noun Subordinate Clauses: Interrogative Subordinate Clauses ("que" completivo e
subordinadas interrogativas):
I (strongly) believe/ think/ feel/ it seems to me that (que)
whether (se) - what (que) - who (quen), ...

3. Addition (adicin):
and (e).

4. Giving alternatives (expresin de alternativas):
either... or (ou ... ou)
neither nor (nin nin)

5. Contrast (contraste, diferencia):
whereas/ while (mentras que, pola contra)
but/ yet (pero)
although/ though/ even though (ainda que)
despite the fact that/ in spite of the fact that (a pesar de que).
even if (incluso se).

6. Reason (causa)
because (porque)
as/ since/ seeing that (xa que, posto que)

7. Purpose (finalidade):
(not) to + INF (para ... )
in order (not) to + INF/ so as (not) to + INF (para )
so that/ in order that (para que)

8. Result (consecuencia):
so (polo tanto)
so/ such ... that (tan ... que)

9. Conditional (condicin):
if (se)
unless (se non)

0. Comparatives:
as ... as (tan ... coma),
NEG: so ... as (tan ... coma),
like (coma).

PREPOSITIONS [+ pronoun, noun, noun phrase,
gerund]

1. Contrast:
in spite of/ despite (a pesar de)

2. Reason/ cause:
because of, on account of, owing to, due to (a causa de, debido a, con motivo de)

3. Result:
as a result of (a resultas de)

4. Addition:
in addition to, as well as (ademais)
apart from, except (for) (con excepcin de)