Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@Hk;a&;aumfrwD.

tmabmf

trSwf ( 20 )
jo*kwfv/ 2001 ckESpf

Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@Hk;a&;aumfrwD.tmabmf

trSwf ( 20 )
jo*kwfv/ 2001 ckESpf

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xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 12001
xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 22001
xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 32001
xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 42001
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apmifa& rnfr#xkwfonfukd rod&yg? okdaomf 0,fol&SdykHay:onf? ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;
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vufv$wf xGufcGm oGm;onftxd qef
}udwfpuf&Sdonf? 0g}udwfpufESifh abxkyf
xkyfonfhpuf&Sdonf? csnfr#ifpuf/ txnf
&ufpufr&Sd? acwfrDpufr+vkyfief;qkdv#if
a&eHcsufpufom &Sdonf?
pD;yGm;a&;ukdxm;cJhrnf? e,fcsJ
pepfa [mif;. Ekdi fi Ha &;vuQ%mukdom
tav;xm; wifjyygrnf? udkvdkeDe,fy,f
us,fus,fESifh }uD;}uD;ukd xdkpOfu olwkd
bma-umifhvkd c sif- uoenf; qk donf ukd
od&efom pD;yGm ;a&;bufukd wifjyjcif;

jzpfygonf?
1906 ckESpfu a*s/ *sD/ paumh
( J. G. Scott ) ypkaompmtkyfqdkv#if
tawmfjynfhpkHygonf? tm%mykdifrsm;u
u|rf;usif&m bmom&yftvkduf a&;om;
xm;onfrsm;ukd pka ygif;xm;ygonf?
ArmESifhusew
f kdif;&if;vlrsKd;rsm; wkdif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; aoG;cJGaom ta&;tom;
rsm; ododomom ygvmyg_yD?
xdkpmtkyf wwd,t}udrf xkwf
onfrSm 1921 ckESpf jzpfygonf? aemufqkH;
tajctaeESifh avsmfnDatmif jyefvnf
yjyif_yD; xkwfonf[kqkdxm;&m aoG;cJGa&;
ta&;tom;rsm;ukd aemufrSxnfhoGif;ykH
ay:ygonf?
e,fcsJpepfa[mif;ESi fh udkvkdeD
0g'a[mif; &mZ0ifudpP TwGif &yfygrnf?
(2)
txufwGi f qkdc Jhonfhtwkdif;
1920 avmufwGif Aef;pm;}uD; xkwfa0r+
&yfqidk f;oGm;aom &mZ0ifpmtkyrf sm; 2000
jynfhESpfw0kdufwGif jyefvnfxkwfa 0vm
ygonf? paumh.pmtkyfqkdv#if wwd,
t}udrf 1921 uxkwf_yD; pwkwt}udrf[k
rajymbJ/ jyefkdufonf[kokH;um wwd,
t}udrfxkwfukd 1999 wGif xkwfygonf? ESpf
( 80 ) avmuf ikyfae_yD;rS jyefay:ygonf?
rnfonft
h wGuf jyefay:oenf;/
e,fcsJ pepfopftwGuf vkdtyfIjzpfygonf?
Armjynf r S m 1962 ck E S p f
uwnf;u e,fcsJEkid fiH}uD;rsm; odyfpdwrf 0if
pm;aom aemufwef;tydk cx
H m;&onfh Ekid fiH
jzpfygonf? Akdvfa e0if; ppft kyfpkukd ol
twdkif; v$wfxm;v#ifvnf; pdwfcs&_yD[k
oabmxm;-uygonf? xk d a-umifh 88
ckE Spfw Gi f xkdi f ;odk v$w fvkdu fol e,fc sJ
pepfopf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;wGif ukd;um;
rSDjirf;yp&m ygrvmyg? 1988 rS 1995 txd
ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;wGif aiGxkyfykduf_yD; 0if
vuf w nf h p rf ; -uygonf ? r,f r ,f & &
bmrSjzpfrvmyg? jzpfvmp&mvnf; r&Sdyg?
tb,fa-umifh qkdaomf vlxktkHuGr+rS
vlxkawmfvSefa&;okd wufvSrf ;roGm;
ap&ef ukd,fhukd,fudk csKyfaESmifxm;aom
3

jynfolhtm%m
t-urf;rzufa&; ukd rlcsxm;I jzpfyg
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rif; eef;wufa&;om jzpfygonf? vlxk
tm%m&a&; r[kwfyg?
t-urf;rzufa &;rlukdi fxm;_yD;
olwdktaemufEkdifiHrsm;wGif usifhokH;onfh
EkdifiHa&;tefwkr+enf;emrsm;ukd oif-um;
yk d csygonf ? um;rS e f r sm;wG i f uyf & ef
uyfcGm rsm; jzefjzL;ygonf? xkdvli,f
rsm;onf q&mhxuf&ifhusufygonf? 1962
= 69/ 74/ 75/ 76 ESifh 1988 wGif vlxk
tkH uGr+udk azmfxw
k fa&Saqmifch-J u/ ud,
k fydik f
xkd;xGif;wDxGifr+jzifh wkdufyJG0ifcJh-uolrsm;
jzpfygonf? olwkd vkdcsifonfrSm vufeuf
ukd i fa wmfv S ef a &;jzif h tm%mod rf ; a&;
jzpfygonf? okdaomf vkyfcGifhr&yg?
wufuGr+t&SdefESifh ,kH-unfcsuf
ukd a&at;jzifh yufolrsm;ESifhom awG&
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f rl sm; awG&
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&ygonf? aoG;cJGr+ESifh aoG;uJGr+om uH&
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aemufa-umif; rjyefvkdaomf
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owday;vkdIom &ifempGmjzifh wifjyae
&jcif; jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwdk wkdufyJG0if
vli,frsm;. ,k-H unfcsuu
f kd txdtemqkH;
xkd;ESufcsufrSm vufeufukdifwkdufyJGqif&ef
awmxJa&mufvm_yD;rS t-urf;rzufa&;
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rd ay:wk d u f yJ G r qif b J twwf q ef; _yD ;
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4

Tokdjzpfjcif;twGuf u|efawmf
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vufopfrsm; jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwdk
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jyifqif_yD;rS rulnDvkduf&yg?
awmck d j cif ; onf wef j yef
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awmxJqif;&ef rvdkyg?
ukd,fpm;vS,f q&muav;rsm;
rSm xkdi f;ta-umif; od-uygvdrfhrnf?
(AD ,uferfppf/ qDwd k; SEATO acwf
pmayrsm;/ rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;a-umifh )
Armjynfta-umif; rod-uyg? 1988 rS 95
avmuftxdrodbJ q&mvkyfcJh-uonf?
olwkdxuf enf;enf;apma&mufcJholrsm;u
pmwtkyfESpftkyfa&;_yD; u|rf;usifolvkyfcJh
-uonf?
Tok d vky f& if; ar#mfr Se f ;ovk d
jzpf rvmaomtcg vky fe nf ;ajymif; csif
vmonf? bmh a -umif hq kd wm awG ;vm
onf? xdktcg ESpf 100 eD;yg;ryfaeaom
tD w vD c&pf , mef b k e f ; }uD ; a&;onf h
&mZ0ifpmtkyfukd awGonf? uref;uwef;
xkwfa0onf? e,fcsJpepfopf q&mav;
rsm;. vufpJGjzpfvmonf?
xkdpmtkyfwGif Armwdk. pkduf
vuQ%m ( 12 ) csuf a&;xm;onf?
tenf;i,f tjrnf;oabm wifjyygrnf?
tcsuf ( 2 ) wGif = tpk;d &uoufOD;qHykdif/
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u|efpdwf&Sd_yD; kdusKd;onf/ a-umufwwf
onf[k tus,fw0ifh a&;onf? yufyuf
pufpufa&;onf? olwyg;xHrS &p&m&Sdv#if
bk&m;ocifa&Sa&mufaeovdk atmufusKd
vdrrfh nf[k a&;onf? u|efawmf [laom
tokH;tE+ef;onfyif yxremrfpm; ( first
person ) r[kwf[k qkdonf?
ay;urf;Ekdifolqkdv#if udk,fESifh
wef;wlukdawmif OD;!Gwfvdrfhrnf? 'l;wkyf
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ajrmufrnf[k a&;onf? ESdrfhc sa&;&rnfh

a0g[m& ukefoGm;ojzifh ponfjzifh [lI
tqkH;owfxm;onf? a0g[m&xyf&v#if
xyfxnfhrnfhoabm?
tcsuf ( 3 ) wGif = tar&duefpum;ykHu
u|efqkdwm ajcz0g; wkwfwekd JememESuf_yD;
tkyfc sKyf&w,f vkd qkdw,f? tJ'DvkdyJ
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a-umufatmifvyk x
f m;rS Oya'ukd vkdufem
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a&;onf?
tcsuf ( 4 ) wGif = Armrsm;onf ukd,fh
xufedrfhusoltay:rSmawmh armufrm-u
onf/ tEdkifusifhwwfonf[k a&;onf?
tcsuf ( 5 ) wGif = Armrsm;onf yjyif
r&aom vlysif;rsm;[k a&;onf? tvkyf
qkdv#ifvufa-umrwif;/ avmif;upm;Y
ckHrifI tvGeft-uL;tkd;pJGaeaom olckd;
rsm;/ wEkdifiHvkH; olcdk;"m;jyrsm;[k a&;onf?
tcsuf ( 6 ) wGif = Armrsm;onf rkom
0g'a&Sm if-uOfa &;ukd ajyma[m-uaomf
vnf; olwkdavmufToDvukd csKd;azmuf
ol r&Sd/ ToDvapmifhxdef;ol &Sdv#ifvnf;
tl;[k owfrSwf-uonf? tjyifyef;u
cspf-unf[efyum twGif;ykdif;u aumuf
uspf ,kwfrm-uonf[k a&;onf?
tjrnf ; ay;jcif ; Tr#ESi f h vk H
avmufyg_yD? quf_yD;rukd;um;awmhyg? (12)
csufwGi f csD;usL;onfh tcsufrsm;vnf;
a&;ygonf? okdaomf csD;rGrf;ajcausmuf?
1995 Y bmha-umifhTpmtkyu
f dk
xkdif; (,kd;',m;) ykHESdyfwdkufrS acs;ajcmuf
a&E;vkyfonfukd odavmufyg_yD?
e,fcsJvufopf udk,fpm;vS,f
av;rsm;rS m xG u f [J h x G u f [ J h qk d I om
xG uf vm_yD ; q&mvmvky f& onf ? bm
vkyf&rSef; rod/ olwdk Armjynfta-umif;
rod? tm;vk;H uvnf; vufoifuav;rsm;
jzpfonf? ta&Stv,fydik f;wGif 0ify+ o
f nfh
atmfvDAmaemhofvkd 0g&ifhrsm; r[kwf-u?
apm_yD;a&mufESifhol vljzLwdkukd q&mwif
onf? _yD;awmh oifwef;awGbmawGay;-u
onf? olwkdxuf tawGtuH}uD;aom
u|efawmfwdk wkdufyJG0if&Jabmfrsm;tay:
q&mvkyf-uonf?

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ESpftcsKd&Sdvmaomtcg rnfokd
r# rxl;/ ppftpkd;&um; -umavwnf_rJav
jzpfaeonf? tmqD,H (ASEAN) okdyif
0ifawmhrnf? wkwfaemufvkduf[k tykycf s
aekEH iS hf r&awmh? tmqD,Haemufvdu
k f[kyg
ajym&awmhrnf? tmqD,Hum; uGefjrLepf
qefusifa&;twGuf olwkd yJGxkwfxm;&mu
ajymif;vJvmjcif; jzpfonf? xkda-umifh
jyefvnfokH;oyf-uonf? awGvkdufyg_yD =
c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;a&;cJhonfh Armhpkduf/
ArmhvuQ%m? olwdktzkd 1833 u vljzL
wOD;a&;cJhaom &mZ0ifpmtkyf u tajz
ay;vkdufyg_yD? bmrSxl;rvmwm ArmawG
&J pku
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k f
Ekdif.?
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ykH ) ta&;edrfhpOfuvnf; t*Fvdyfrsm;u
ArmvlrsKd;wdkum; ZGJr&Sd/ aumufkd;rD;vkd
[kef;ceJx_yD; _idrfusoGm;wwf. [k Armh
pkdufvuQ%mukd owfrSwfzl;.? ta&;
awmfykHtiftm;pkrsm;u ZGJ oDcsif;jzifh
wkHjyefcJh&zl;.?
1942 rS 48 umvwG i f
t*Fvdyfwkd ArmhpkdufvuQ%mukd tvef
w-um;awG vkdufa wmhrS xk dt pJG u|wf
oGm;ykH&onf? tar&duefwkdum; tpJGukd
,ckrS &onf? tpJGukd c|wfay;-u&OD;rnf?
1999 wGif aemufwtkyf xkwf
jyefonf? xkpdk mtkyfrSm ykdItok;kH wnfv
h .
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a&Spmtkyfvkd Avef;rus/ AvmcsDrtkyf?
od y`He nf;us a&;xm;ovkd a&;xm;
onf? 1906 urS a&;xm;ojzifh acwfrD.?
ArmwjynfvkH; odrf;ykdufxm;_yD; pdwfuduf
avhvm a&;om;&ojzifh jynfhpkH./ t*Fvdyf
rif ; rsm; vuf p J G p mtk y f t jzpf ok H ; &ef
vufa wG avhvm_yD; a&;om;xm;onfh
tcsuftvufrsm;[k qkdonf?
,ckxkwfonfhpmtkyfrSm 1906
uk d yjyif r G r f ; rH x m;aom 1921 ck E S p f
wwd,t}udrfxkwf pmtkyfjzpfonf?
xk d p mtk y f w G i f wk d i f ; &if ; om;
vlrsKd;rsm;ta-umif; tawmfjynfhpkHonf?
e0w. vl r sKd ; (135) rsKd ; avmuf y if
jynfhpkHyg.? e0w u vlrsKd;EG,frsm; wef;pD
jykHom jy.? (oltwGuf xkdr#om vkdyg

onf)
paumhurl pm&if;Z,m;rsm;/
tusifhpkdufrsm; okH;oyfcsufrsm;jzifh a0a0
qmqm a&;onf?
Armta-umif;odyfra&;? a&Su
vlawGa&;cJhor#ESifh vkHavmuf_yD[k ,lqykH
&onf? olpmtkyfwGif vlrsKd;a&;&efprsm;ukd
rD;ar$;ay;xm;onf? vlrsKd;a&; &efwkdufr+
rsm;uk d v nf ; od y ` H e nf ; us ok a woe
vk yfo vk dvk dES i f h yg;yg;eyf eyf xnfh oGi f;
xm;onf?
csKyf & v#if = ol w k d onf =
a&S pmtk y f (tD w vD c&pf , mef
bkef;}uD;.pmtkyf) jzifh = ArmvlrsKd;wdk.
tusifhpkdufvuQ%ma-umifh 'Drdkua&pD
ta&;awmfykH ratmifrjrif jzpf&onf[k
tajzxkwf.?
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u&uf. pmtkyf) jzifh vlrsKd;pk tiftm;pk
wGif;rS tpdrf;oufouf vli,fuav;rsm;
ukd jzm;a,mif;vSnfhpm;.? vlrsKd;pk0g&ifh
acgi;f aqmifrsm;rSm tawGtuH &ifu
h su_f yD;
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xkdpmtkyfu Armta-umif;
taumif; ra&;ovdk vlrsKd;pkrsm;ta-umif;
taumif; rajymyg? acwfaemufusr+rsm;/
tpJ G t vef ; }uD ;r+ rsm;/ k di f; pkd i f; r+r sm;ud k
ca&aphwGif;usa&;onf? rnfokd a&;xm;
onfukd tus,frcsJawmhyg?
,ckwavmwGif ored&n
S faom/
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tajrmf t jrif & S d a om vl r sKd ; pk tzJ G
tpnf;}uD;rsm;ukda usmfI bk&m;ocif
wyf qkdonfukd urBmausmfatmif a&;ae
0g'jzefae-uonf? Tokd ausm-f um;atmif
vkyfjcif;jzifh vlrsKd;pkrsm;onf acwfaemuf
usonf/ tpJGtvef;}uD;onf/ kdi;f pkid f;onf
qkdwmukd armif;cwfovkd jzpfae_yD? Tokd
vkyfojzifh u|efawmfwdk u&ifvlrsKd;pkrsm;.
*k%foduQm !Kd;EGrf;&onf? u&ifvlrsKd;pkwkd
. EkdifiHa&;tajccHukd wl;zdypfovkd jzpfcJh
&onf r[kwfygavm?
bk & m;ocif w yf . acwf
aemufusr+/ tpJt
G vef;}uD;r+udk urBmausmf
atmifvkyfjcif;u u&ifwrsKd;om;vkH;.

EkdifiHa&;ukd xdcdkufapovdk &Srf;/ 0 ponf

wkdukdvnf; bdef;vkyfief;twGif; epfjrKyfae
ovkd a&;ae-uonf? TonfrSmvnf;
&Srf;/ 0 ponfwdkukd ESdrfhcsjcif;yifjzpfonf?
KMT rsm; bdef;t}uD;tus,f
vkyfpOfu xdkokd a&;cJhygoavm? pOf;pm;
csifhcsdef-uyg?
vl r sKd ; pk r sm;uk d tcsif ; csif ;
&efwkdufa y;jcif;onfvnf; ,ckwavm
ykdrsm;vmcJh.? _idrf; tzJGrsm;ukd ppftpkd;&
. &moufyef opPmawmfcHrsm;jzpfatmif
wGef;rykd oifha y? r-umcifuawmh Akdvf
cif!Gefukd wkwfaoG;ygonf[k ajymvm
jyefonf? xkdif;rS 0ef}uD;csKyf oufqifukd
xdkokdrajym pOf;pm;p&myif?
Tokd jzif h Armrygaom wyf
aygif ; pk z J G a&; jzpf v monf ? v+ y f & S m ;r+
wkdif;wGif Armrsm;ukd z,fxkwfxm;a&;/
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pum;rokH;bJ t*Fvdyfpum;omokH;a&;
awGvm&.?
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d f&.? Armrsm;ESifh
vrf;cJaG &;/ Armygv#if olwkduom EkdifiHjcm;
axmufyHhaiGawGukd emrnft rsKd;rsKd;ESifh
xkwf,o
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rauseyfoHrsm; tawmfrsm;rsm; -um;vkduf
&onf?
tif w meuf pmrsuf E S m wG i f
vnf; vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmif avmuf
tajrmft jrif& Sd o l ArmxJ wG i f r &S d [l I
vnf;aumif;/ tajrmftjrifr&Sdonfh Arm
acgif ; aqmif r sm;a-umif h 'D r d k u a&pD
ta&;awmfykH a&pkefarsmae&onf[laom
ta&;tom;rsm; zwfvkduf&.?
xd k aemuf w G i f u m; ab;xk d i f
bkajym pGyfpJGaom tifwmeuf pmrsufESm
rsm;ES i f h jyef v nf & S i f ; vif ; csuf r sm;jzif h
tifwmeufwkdufyJG a0pnfvmawmhonf?
1939 u tjzpf rsKd ; oHo &m
wywf vnfvmav_yD?
u|efawmfwdktm;vkH; owd&Sd-u
&ygrnf ? ppf t k y f p k o nf jynf w G i f ;
ppfrsufESmwGi f jyefvnfoifhjrwffa &;
vSnfhuGufqifae_yD; jynfyppfrsufESmwGif
5

jynfolhtm%m
xkd;ppfqifaeygonf?
1958 u ygwD. tawGtuHudk wifjyygrnf? ArmawG
a-umifh 'dk&rS f;jynfu vli,fawG Auy/ jynfol&Jabmf/ tvHeD [lI
jzpfae&onf? ArmawGuJGovdk vdkuf uJGaeIrjzpf? ArmawGrygwJh
&Srf;jynf uGefjrLepfygwD oD;jcm;zJG&rnfqkd_yD; zJG-u onf?
xdkowif;ukd OD;AaqG/ ocif omcifwdk-um;_yD; cJGxGuo
f l
Auyrsm; (&Srf;jynfuGefjrLepfygwD ) ukd csOf;uyfonf? OD;AaqGu
awmif}uD;/ ocifomcifu rkd;ukwftajccH_yD; cJGxGufolawGukd
v#Kd0SufawGqkH-uonf? aemufq kH;csKyfvkdufa omtcg olwkd
tm;vkH; vufeufcs-uonf? zqyv ESpfjcrf;ruJGrDuav;wGif
ausmufrJ Y vufeufcsyJG vkyfonf? vufeufcsyJG vkyfaomtcg
zqyv uJG_yD;oGm;_yD? tdrfapmifhppftpkd;& wufvmaomtcg
olwkdonf ppftkyfpk.trmcHrsm; jzpfoGm; -uawmhonf?
cJGumpu olwdktvGefwufuG -uonf? pDrHudef;}uD;
-uonf? &Srf;u ArmjynfucJG/ wkwfjynfxJu ppfaqmifyEMm;/
refpDwkdif;wkducJGxGuf/ ajrmufAD,uferfu 'ifAifzl;cJGxGuf/ tdENd,
jynfxJrS tmoH&Sd t[kefrsm;u cJGxGuf/ ucsifjynfe,frSvnf;
&Srf;eDrsm;cJGxGuf tm;vkH;ukd ,kd;',m;/ avmwdkESifhaygif;_yD; ( UTR
- United Tai Republic ) zJG-urnf? }uD;us,fvSaom pdwful;
yif?
xkdkpOfu ( UAR - United Arab Republic ) u
zJGpnf;ptcsdef? SEATO uvnf; zJG_yD;p/ olwdkwawG tvGef
pdwful;,OfI aumif;cJh-uonf?
okdaomf pdwful;onf b0r[kwf? b0uolwdkukd
ppftkyfpkatmufokd a&mufapcJh.? 1958 u vufeufcsoGm;ol
xJrSqkdv#if ( Auywkef;u wyfpkrSL;/ olwkdcJGaomtcg ppfa&;
wm0efcHjzpfaeaom ) Akdvfrkd;[def;ESifh vlwpkom awmjyefckd-u
onf?
awmjyefc dka om Adkvfrkd;[def;onf UTR tdyfruf
rufpOfu olwdkq&mwif ukd;uG,fcJhaom KMT wkwfbkef;}uD;
tultnDjzifh KMT ESifh tquf&um KMT vufa0cH
wav#mufvkH; vkyfoGm; ygonf?
&Srf;jynfuGefjrLepfqkdolrsm;u ay;cJhonfh oifcef;pmrSm
( 1 ) vlrsKd;pkrsm;u vlrsKd;a&;tvHukdi f_yD; wdkuf-uv#if
ArmvlrsKd;}uD;tvH ukdif xm;aom ppftkyfpk. rsKd0g;jcif;cH-u&rnf?
( 2 ) vlrsKd;a&;tvHukdifxm;ol vlrsKd;pktcsif;csif;ukd Arm
ppftkyfpku &efwkdufay;wm cH-u&rnf?
( 3 ) vlOD;a&trsm;qkH;jzpfaom Armrsm;ukd 0kdif;y,fv#if
ukd,fhukd,fukd 0kdif;y,fxm;ovdk jzpfvdrfhrnf? [lIjzpf.?
vlrsKd;a&;pdwf rdk;r$efpOfu rE Wav;onf &Srf;bmom
refwmav (vufyHyif ul;wkdqdyf&Gm ) rS qif;oufvmjcif; jzpf
onf[kvnf;aumif;/ AE<Kvonf ucsif AE<K rsKd;EG,frS rv
jzpfonf[kvnf;aumif; ajymcJh-uonf? ESpf oef;aygif; 40 u
tkd;awGonfudk ta-umif;y_yD; Akdvfoef;a&$u jrefrmtp
ykHawmif u [k ajymaeonfESifh wykHwnf;yif? tm;vkH;vlrsKd;a&;
OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;enf; jzpfygonf? rdrd. ody`HynmA[kokw tqifh
6

twef;ukd azmfjy-u&mvnf; a&mufygonf?

TykHpHpOf;pm;ae-uv#if e,fcsJpepfopf. a-umhuGi;f xJ
wjynfvkH; usa&muf&ygvdrfhrnf? ppfat;vGefacwf jzpfae_yDukd
owdyoifh-uonf?

Ekdi fi Hwum tzJG tpnf;u u,fw ifr ,fv kd cifA sm;wdk

xifa e-uykH ay:w,f? tJ'Dvkdxif-u&ifa wmh cifAsm;wkd
tnmcH&wmyJ? bD&GwfrSm jzpfcJhwm owd&-u? u|efawmfh
rdwfaqGaumif;awG tJ'Dvdk tnmcH&_yD; aooGm;-uwmyJ?
cifAsm;wkd wa,mufrusefatmif vlowfyJGvkyfae-u&if
EkdifiHwum tzJGtpnf;u odyfauseyfw,f
( urBmhukvor*~ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf bl;xkdpf*gvDu wGwfqD
[lwl acgif;aqmifrsm; aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJGwGif ajymaompum;)
(3)
e,fcsJpepfa[mif;u ukdvkdeDodrf;ykdufa&;twGuf vkyfcJh
onfhenf;em a[mif;rsm;ukd e,fcsJopfu vdkufvkyfrnf r[kwfyg?
c&pf,mefomoemywdk/ olv#KdppfAkdvf oHwrefwdk vkyfcJhovkd
vnf; vkyfrnfr[kwfyg? olwkd.tajccHpdwfxm; ajymif;oGm;I
awmh r[kwf? acwfajymif;I jzpfonf? urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;
acwfwGif &Sdonfh EkdifiHpkHaumfykda&;&Sif;}uD;rsm; ( MNC )/ EkdifiH
jzwfausmf aumfyakd &;&Si;f }uD;rsm; ( TNC ) rsm;.vkt
d ifESihf e,fcsJ
pepfa[mif;acwfu &SdcJhonfh ukr`%D}uD;rsm;.vkdtif rwl-uI
jzpfygonf?
e,f c sJ a[mif ; acwf u ta&S td E N d , uk r ` % D v k d
ukr`%D}uD;rsm;.vkdtifu e,fajrus,fus,f}uD;}uD;/ vlOD;a&
rsm;rsm; vdkcsifygonf? opfvkyfief;vkyfonfh ukr`%Du opfawm
us,fus,f&av aumif;av/ a&eHuvnf; xdktwl/ ausmufoH
ywWjrm;orm;uvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;/ tm;vkH;us,fus,f
}uD;}uD; &csifonf? omoemyrsm;uvnf; vlOD;a&rsm;rsm;ukd
c&pf,mefbmomwGif; oGwfoGif;vdkonf?
xkdacwfu ausmufrD;aoG;acwf/ a&eHacwf (a&eHu
,ckvnf; acwfrukef ao;)/ ukdvdkeDorm;rsm;ukd,fwdkif awmwkd;
awmifausmf &Sm-u&/ "mwfcJG-u&onfhacwf jzpfonf? tm&S
jynfolwdk rmS xdyk nm rwwf/ ya'o&mZfacwfwGif tdyaf rmusq?J
,ckxkdokdr[kwf_yD? vGwfvyf vm-u_yD? wlwvufESifh
owK&Smonfh ynmru tjcm;ynmrsm;yg wkdif;&if;om;rsm;
vkkyfwwfaeonf? ukdvkdeDorm;rsm; ukd,fwkdif vkyfp&mrvkd/
opfxkwfvkyfa&;ESifh a&mfbm_cH}uD;rsm;vnf; ukd,fwkdif0ifvkyf&ef
rvkd/ wkdif;&if;om;rsm; vkyf-uvdrfhrnf?
,ckacwfwGif bk&ifcHxm;_yD; ukdvdkeDvky&f efrvdk/ wm0ef
}uD;onf/ vkyfIvnf;rjzpf? aumfykda &;&Si f;refa e*smxm;_yD;
ukdvdkeDopf vkyfEkdifonf? refae*smu orRwxufykd_yD; -oZm
tm%m}uD;aeonfh wkdif;jynfrsm; tar&duwkdufwGif &Sdaeonf
r[kwfavm?

jynfolhtm%m
,ckacwfwkdif;&if;om;rsm;wGif
r&So
d nfrSm t&if;tES;D ESifh acwfrDenf;ynm
jzpfonf? Taomhcsufukd ukdifxm;kHjzifh
e,f c sJopfonf t!m uk d ukd i fxm;_yD;
jzpf a eonf ? tm&S p D ; yG m ;a&; tusyf
twnf ; wk e f ; u bmawG j zpf c J h o enf ; ?
EkdifiHwumhaiGa-u;&efykHaiGtzJG ( IMF )
bmawGvkyfcJhoenf;? Tonfyif e,fcsJ
opf.vkyf enf ; jzpf a wmho nf? e,fc sJ
a[mif;wkef;uvkd omoemy rvdkawmh/
ppfAdkvfrvkdawmh/ &mZ0ifpmtkyfrvkdawmh?
olwdkbmvkdoenf;? ud;qJG&m
urnhfol Ekdi fi Ha &;tm%mykdif vdkonf?
EkdifiHa&;tm%mykdiftjzpf olwdkudk,fwkdif
vkyfonfhacwf r[kwfawmhyg? wa,muf
raumif; wa,mufajymif;zdkom zdtm;
ay;rnf?
(4)
,ckacwfwGif pmwrf;rsm; urBm
wcGi f wGi f yvlysHa eonf / zwfI ruke f?
tar&duef/ t*Fvef/ *smr%D/ jyifopf/
wkw/f tdENd,u xkwf-uonf? pm&if;ukef
ra&;awmhyg? tvGefrsm;ygonf? tpkd;&rsm;
u xkwfjcif;rSm r&Sdoavmufyif? pmwrf;
rsm; xkwfaeonfrSm tpkd;&ESifhrqkdifaom
tzJG tpnf;rsm;/ okawoetoif;tzJGrsm;/
wuUov
kd rf sm;/ ynm&SiftpktzJG rsm;pojzifh
&Sdygonf?
,ck -opa-w;vsrS p mtk y fu d k
rd w f q uf a y;yg&ap? erl e mwck t jzpf
oabmxm;apvkdygonf?
Armjynf t a&; u|rf ; usif
olrsm; . pmwrf;rsm;[k qkdonf? -op
a-w;vsrS xk w f a 0onf ? &mpk E S p f w ck
aemuf u saeonf h &mZ0if p mtk y f r sm;
rxrf;aqmifEkdifonfh tcef;ukd olwdk
wwyfwtm; xrf;aqmif&ef xGuv
f mjcif;
jzpfonf?
-opa-w;vsrS pmwrf; rsm;u
q,fpkESpfwckpmom a&;onf? &mZ0ifukd
rvdkufyg? 1988 rS 1998 umvta-umif;
om a&;onf? a&;olrsm;uvnf; pkHonf?
tar&duefom;/ qDG'ifom;/ tdENd,om;/
-opa-w;vsom;pojzifh pkHv ifygonf?
Armjynfom;awmif ygvkdufao;onf?

ol w k d .pmwrf ; rsm;rS m ynm&S i f

pmwrf ; [ef a qmif x m;aom vk d & mqJ G
pmwrf ;rsm;jzpfa -umif ; od o mygonf ?
pmtkyftrnfukdu tm;}uD;onfh tpkd;&
ESifh tm;enf;aomEkid fiH [k ay;xm;ojzifh
twGif;oabmay:vGif_yD; jzpfygonf?
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;ukd t-urf;
rzufa&; t,ltqjzifh wzufuxde;f csKyf
xm;_yD ; rd ay:wG i f v k y f & rnf h tef w k r +
enf;emrsm; vkyfapjcif;. &nf&,
G fcsuo
f nf
e,fc sJpepfopfa tmufokd ppft pkd;&ukd
ESpfbuf!yft usyfukdi f_yD; odrf;oGif;&ef
jzpf.? zwfcs&ef r[kwfyg? olwkdvkyfae
onfh ydwfqkda&; ESifh twdkiftazmuf
nDnD v+yf&Sm;apjcif;om jzpf.? 10 ESpf
vkyf_yD; bmrSrxl;aomtcg &mZ0ifpmtkyf
ta[mif;taqG;rsm; tult nD ,lum
ArmhpkdufvuQ%mtay:ykHcs w&m;cH&Sm
vkduf.? Tokd ukd,fvGwfkef;_yD;aomtcg
&mZ0ifpmtkyftcef; ukefoGm;onf? a&S
vkyfief;pOfcs&ef vkdvmonf?
e,fcsJpepfopft zkd Ttcsdefonf
aemufvlukdjzwfcsefxm;zkd ajcukefokwf&
rnfht csdef jzpfonf? ArmjynfwGi f 'Drdk
ua&pDa &; atmif ratmif u jy\em
r[kwf? Armjynf tpdk;&ukd t&qJGxm;zkd
ta&;}uD;onf?
wdkufwkdufqkdifqkdifyif ppfat;acwf
_yD;qkH;jcif;ESifh ArmjynfwGif rqvydusjcif;
u wxyfwnf; usae.? xkda-umifh ta&S
Oa&myenf ; / tif ' k d e D ; &S m ;enf ; ( 86
zdvpfykdifenf;vnf; ygonf) ukd vkyf-unfhcJh
-ujcif ; jzpf o nf ? rpG H c J h ? 1997 wG i f
tmqD,o
H kd 0ifEdik o
f mG ;onf? ppftpk;d &tzdk
cGifus,fus,f&oGm;onf?
xkdtajctaewGif a&Svkyfief; jrefjref
cs&rnf ? tD w vD c &pf , mef b k e f ; }uD ; vk d
a&;Irjzpf? e,f c sJ a[mif; AsLk du &uf
vd k v nf ; r&? urB m h t oG i f a qmif a &;
(globalisation) pdwf"mwf/ owif;enf;
ynm ( I.T ) tjrifESifh a&;&rnf?
Armjynf r S m vuf w if t ar&d u
wd k i f ; jynf w jynf j zpf v #if pd w f 0 if p m;r+
r&SdonfhEkdi fiH jzpfayvdrfhrnf? ,cka wmh
pd w f 0 if p m;ol rsm;ygonf ? td E N d , ES i f h
wk w f j ynf - um; &S d a ek H r u vuf u sef

uGefjrLepftm%m&EkdifiH okH;Ekdiif HESifh (wcku

_cHpnf;kd;jcm; tdrfeD;csif;/ ESpfcku taygif;
toif;) &if;ESD;onf?
Armjynfta&;wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;-u
onfh t"duEkdifiHwumhZmwfaqmifrsm;ukd
pm&if;cs&aomf rygrjzpfy g&rnf h urB m h
Akdvf}uD; tar&duef/ aemuft&Si focif
a[mif; t*Fvdyf/ aemuft&Sifocifa[mif;
yifjzpfonfh *syef/ urBmtoGifaqmifa&;
acwfwGif wGifus,fcsifaom -opa-w;vs
ygvmonf? olwkdtjyif ya'o&mZfacwf
uwnf;u wa-umif;r[kwfwa-umif;
pdwf0ifpm;-uonfh tdrfeD;csif;tm;vkH;ESifh
ta&Sawmiftm&SrS teD;ta0;EkdifiHrsm; yg
-uonf? Armjynfta&;udk bufaygif;pkH
pD;yGm;a&;/ Ekid fiHa&;/ ppfa&; pdwf0ifpm;jcif;ukd
txl;yygonf? omrefpdwf0ifpm;onfh
EkdifiHrsm;ukd xnfhrwGufyg?
20 &mpkE Si f hpmv#if Zmwfa qmif
topfrS m tar&d uef / -opa-w;vsESi fh
ta0;rS ta&Sawmiftm&S EdkifiHrsm; jzpfyg
onf? tdrfeD;csif;rsm;uawmh ya'o&mZf
acwfuwnf;u yH;wvSnfh rkef;wvSnfh
qufqHa&;&Sd_yD; jzpfonf?
tar&duefrSm urBm&Gm. tm%m&
rd 0ef / -opa-w;vsu vuf a xmuf
jzpfygonf[k olwkd0ef}uD;csKyfudk,fwkdif
ta&SwDa rm udpPwkef;u wufuG_yD;
ajymxGufzl;ygonf? aemufrSolpum;ukd
av#mcsvkduf&ygonf?
t*F v d y f u awmh tar&d u ef .
tqifhedrfhtaygif;tazmf ( junior partner ) yg[k 0ef}uD;csKyfu,
kd fwdik f ajymygonf?
xkdpum;ukd tcktxd rkyfodrf;yg?
uGe f jrLepf r sm; tpdk ; &d r fq k H ;rS m T
okH;EkdifiHESifh *syef jzpfygonf? t*FvdyfrSm
Oa&mywGi f&Sda eIom Oa&myor*~wGi f
ygaeaomfvnf; pdw"f mwfuawmh ork'N&m
ausmf _ yD ; tar&d u efE S i f h eD ; pyf y gonf ?
orkdif;a-umifh/ pum;wlaoma-umifh csnf;
r[k w f y g? ol w OD ; wnf ; rnf o k d r#
rpGrf;Ekdifaom urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;wGif
tar&duef.aemufu ygcsifaoma-umifh
jzpfygonf?
rnfr#txd tydk;usKd;aeoenf;[lrl
jyif o pf / *smr%D w d k u tar&d u ef .
7

jynfolhtm%m
olwukd,faumif;}uHonfh 'kH;cGif;'kH;pDrHudef;
( NMD ) ukd uefuu
G yf gonf? t*Fvyd u
f
a0hvnfvnf vkyfaeygonf? t*FvdyfwGif
*syefvdk a'owGif; 'kH;ysHumuG,fa&;
( TMD ) tm;uk d ; &S d a eI r[k w f y g?
t*Fvefu|ef;ukduGufI ( TMD ) vkyfvdk
rjzpfyg?
bma-umifh t*Fvdyfu ajAmifruef
uGufoenf;? jzpfEkdifonfrSm ta&;
ta-umif;&Sdv#if tar&duef. ( NMD )
atmuf 0ifcdkrnf[k pdwful;aoma-umifh
jzpfykH&ygonf? t*Fvdyftm;vkH; ork'N&m
ausmf_yD; ajy;-urnf r[kwfyg? t*Fvdyf
"e&Sif}uD; vlwef;pm;om ajy;0ifckdv+HEkdif
ygonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGi f;uvnf;
Tokd vkyfzl;ygonf?
e,fc sJ opft if t m;pkt m;vkH ;onf
ppftpkd;&ukd rnfokdusKH;oGif;rvJ [lIom
pOf;pm;-uygonf? txufazmfjyyg -op
a-w;vs xkwfpmtkyfwGi f ArmjynfwGi f
'D r d k u a&pD & a&;u a0;ao;onf ? ppf
tpk;d &u tm;}uD;aeonf? jzpfcsifwmxuf
jzpfEkdifwmyJ vkyf-u &rnf[k okH;oyfonf?
TokH;oyfcsufukd tajcyI oef&m
oef&m a&;-ujcif; jzpfonf?
aemufrygrjzpfyg&rnfh qdk&S,fvpf
wkwjf ynfqefusifa&; a&;onf? Armjynf
ukd wkw-f oZmatmufu qJGxkwf&rnf[k
qkdonf? olwkd.a&;ykH/ tom;ay;ykH tzd
tazmhum; uGm jcm;-uonf? a&;onfh
axmifhcsif;vnf; rwl-uyg? tar&duefom;
a&;v#if urBmhAkdvf}uD;axmifhrS a&;onf?
a-u;pm;u a-u;pm;axmifh/ tdENd,om;u
tdENd,axmifhrS a&;-uonf?
qdk &S,fv pfwk wfjynfq ef usif a &;
a&;v#if ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDta-umif;
enf;enf;awmh yg&onf?
Armjynf
ta-umif; a&;aeonfyJ?
1988 rSpI 10 ESpf vkyfcJhonfhtay:
okH;oyf&mwGif tm;vkH;u rSm;cJhonf[k
woabmwnf; &Sd-uonf? wa,muf
uawmh q,fESpfvkH;vkH; aumvm[v
tay: tajccH v k y f c J h I rS m ;cJ h o nf [ k
jywfjywfa&;onf? ppfwyftwGif; tkyfpk
uJGae_yD/ acgif;rm*kd%f;ESifh aysmhaysmif;onfh
*kd%f; uJGaeonf? wkwfuodrf;awmhrnf?
8

ppf t pk d ; & yd u sawmh r nf [l a om

aumvm[vrsm;ukd tajccH_yD; vkyfcJhI
rSm;onf[k qkdonf? aemufqkH;awmh ppf
tpkd;&uwnf_idrfum tm%m_rJaeonf[k
qkdonf?
aumvm[vukd rnfo la wG jzef
oenf;? Akdvfarmifa t;ESifh Akdvfcif!Gef
*kd%f;wkdufyJG ukd b,folawGu tESH
tjym; jzefoenf;? tjypfukd 'Drdkua&pD
ta&;awmf y k H wd k u f y J G 0 if o l r sm;tay:
ykHcsIr&yg?
Akdvfarmifat;/ Akdvfcif!Gef *kd%f;uJGr+
owif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;xHrS pcJhjcif;
r[k w f y g? _id r f ; csrf ; a&; aqG ; aEG ; yJ G
qko
d nfrsm;u pcJhjcif; jzpfonf? ppftyk pf 0k if
rsm; bDvl;acgif;pGyf/ rif;om;acgif;pGyf pGyf_yD;
us&mZmwfkyfukd yDyDjyifjyifokyfaqmif-u
&mrS rsufpdvnf-ujcif; jzpfonf? ppftkyfpk
0ifrsm;wGif ydyuQ r&Sdr[kwf &Sdygonf?
,cifuvnf; &SdcJhonf? ,ckvnf; &Sdonf?
aemifvnf; &SdOD;rnf? okdaomf &efbuf
ydyuQokd trsm;tm;jzifh ul;ajymif;avhr&Sd
-u? ( 58 ) tm%modrf;yJG/ ( 62 ) tm%m
odrf;yJG/ ( 88 ) tm%modrf;yJGwkdwGif yg0if
aom ppftkyfpktzJG0ifrsm; uJG-uygonf?
wzwfzwfvnf; ywf-uygonf? okdaomf
olwdk &efbufydyuQodk ul;ajymif;roGm;yg?
e0w tuJGt_yJukd ykH}uD;csJolrsm;rSm
e,fcsJtiftm;pkrsm; jzpfonf? tar&duef
tawGtuH0g'jzifh ykH}uD;csJvkduf-ujcif;
jzpfonf? tar&duefonf awmifud&k ;D ,m;/
awmifAD,uferf/ uarBm'D;,m;/ avmwkd
wGif ppft kyfpkESifh qufq Honfh tawG
tuHrsm; &SdcJhonf? xkdtawGtuHrsm;ESifh
ykHwl[yf_yD; ArmjynfwGif ppftkyfpk tuJG
t_yJukd ykH}uD;csJjcif; jzpfonf? ywfcsKH[D;/
c|ef'l;[Grf/ idk'ifZif/ a'gifAefrif;/ aumifuD;/
vkEH k;d / zlrDEq
kd mAef polrsm;ESihf qufqcH ho
J nfh
tawGtuHudk,l_yD; ykH}uD;csJjcif; jzpfonf?
ArmjynfESifh xkdwdkif;jynfrsm; rwlonfukd
owdry? xkdtjyif xkdwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif
tar&duefwyf}uD; &Sdaeonf/ -oZm}uD;
onfukd owdry? qENapm_yD; ykH}uD;csJ-u
onf? ratmifjrifaomtcg olrsm;tay:
tjypfykHcsonf?
ppft kyfpk0ifrsm; ( 58 jzpfjzpf/ 62

jzpf j zpf / 88 jzpf j zpf ) tm;vk H ; onf

Akdvfae0if;aus;Zl;ESifh ruif;-uyg? t*Fvdyf
u tdENd,wGif ppfajy;b0u aumfr&Sif
ay;xm;aom ppf w yf . txuf v $ m
w&yfvH;k udk Akdvfae0if;&Sif;ypfcho
J nf? Todk
jzifhf tpkd;&ppfwyf. txufv$mrSm olwkd
Armqd&k S,v
f pfppfAkdvfawG jzpfvm-uonf?
Taus;Zl;onf olwdktay: Akdvfae0if;ycJh
onfh yxrqkH;aus;Zl; jzpfonf? aemuf
awmh aus;Zl;awG w&pf_yD;w&pf wufvm
onf? orRwawG/ 0ef}uD;csKyfawG/ 0ef}uD;
awG Adkvfae0if;cefcJhonf? olwdkwawGxJrS
ppf t k y f p k 0 if jzpf c J h w m rS m ;ygonf [ k
Ak d v f w if O D ; wOD ; om 0ef c H o nf ? usef
ppfAkdvfrsm; TokdajAmifrajym-uonfukd
-unfyh g? aemufq;kH tokwf xkwfvkdufonfh
AkdvfxGef;-unf/ AkdvfrsKd;!Gef/ Akdvfausmfb
vnf ; rajymyg? 0ef r cH y g? Tonf r S m
Armjynf ppftyk fpk. xl;jcm;csufjzpfygonf?
Txl ;jcm;csuf udk r-unfhb J awmif
AD,uferf/ awmifukd&D;,m;wkdESifh ykHwl[yf
ol r sm;om t"d u wm0ef ,l - u&rnf ?
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;wGif t"duwm0ef
r&Sdyg?
ratmifjrifv#if ud k,fvGwfkef;_yD;
olrsm;tay: tjypfyckH sjcif;onf tar&duef
. vufokH;enf; jzpfonf? r-umrD xkdokd
xyfvkyfOD;rvm;[k pkd;&drfrdonf?
wdkufyJG0ifausmif;om;vli,f tawmf
rsm;rsm;onf wcsd e f c sd e f u ppf t pk d ; &
axmufvSrf;a&; tzrf;cH&zl;-uonf? ppf
a-uma&;wGif axmufvSr;f a&;wa,mufu
bDvl;}udrf;}udrf;_yD; ESdyfpuf/ aemufwOD;u
rif;om;acgif;aqmif;_yD; taysmhqGJ qJG/ 'grsKd;
uH c J h z l ; onf ? wjynf v k H ; twG u f v nf ;
AkdvfpdefvGi f. t-urf;zufr+ESi fh Adkvf
(a'gufwm) armifarmif. taysmq
h GJ uHczJh ;l
onfyJ? olwkdrsufpd rvnfyg?
aumvm[vtay: ykH,kHolawGrSm
e,fcsJorm;rsm; jzpfonf? tckrS olrsm;
tay: ykHcs_yD; ay:vpDajymif;csif-uonf?
(5)
ay:vpD tajymif ; tvJ u d k
a':vmwbDvsHESifhjrLjcif; (taemufEkdifiH
rsm;enf;)/ vl tcGifhta&; oifwef;jzifh

jynfolhtm%m
r#m;jcif; (-opa-w;vsenf;) / taxmuf
tyHh tueftowfESifhay;jcif; (*syefenf;)
vkyfae-uonf?
r-umrD u awmh rav;&S m ;
enf; vkyfvmonf? trSerf Sm r[moD,m/
&mZmvDtpPar;wkd vkyfIom rav;enf;
[k vG,fvG,fac:ygonf? tESpfom&u
*syefenf;/ tm&Senf; jzpfygonf? rav;&Sm;
qDu rnfokdr# rsm;rsm;pm;pm; &p&mr&Sd
a-umif; ppftpkd;&odygonf? r[moD,m.
aemuf u *syef .aiG a -u;ukd ppft pk d; &
rufjcif; jzpfygonf? &mZmvDcsw
d x
f m;aom
ukvor*~ qkdif;bkwfukd vkdvm;jcif; jzpfyg
onf?
ppftpkd;&u *syeftultnDudk
rufojzifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJG[k rnfokd r#
rajymEkdifaom ppftpkd;&axmufvSrf;a&;
t}uD;tuJEiS fh trsK;d om;'Drku
d a&pDtzJGcsKyf
acgif;aqmifawGjcif;ukd ,ckykH}uD;csJae-u
ygonf? olwkd. ay:vpDopfatmifyJG[k
ajymcsif-uygonf?
tm;vkH;uvnf; igvkyfwm/
ighzdtm;a-umifh [k vufraxmifae-u
ygonf ? t*Fv dy f uk d vd ke D a cwfu vl jzL
ta&;ykdif. tjzpfrsKd; ruH&ygapESifh[kom
qkawmif;ae&ygonf? awmypfxGufaom
ta&;ykdifu olypfvkdufI awmaumifukd
rSefonfxif_yD; igypfwm [k uGm;onf?
oGm;-unfha omtcg vJaoaeonfrSm
awmaumifr[kwf/ vljzpfaeonf? xkdtcg
csufc sif;yif igypfwm r[kwfb l; [k
ta&;ykdif}uD;u ajymonf[k qkdygonf?
,ckvnf; olwkdwawG igypf
wm vkyfaeygonf? aphpyfa&;aqG;aEG;yJG
uawmh ta0;}uD ; ? zrf ; xm;ol u k d
axmufvSrf;a&; t}uD;tuJu a&-unf
tkdif rac:bJ wuUokdvf&dyfomvrf;wGif
oGm;awGjcif;om[k ajymv#ifvnf; jzpfae
onf?
ykHjyifxJwGif rSm;typfcH&onfu
vl w a,muf ? ,ck r S m ;ypf c H & v#if cH &
onfu jynfolw&yfvkH; jzpfygvdrfhrnf?
Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD o nf
b,f o l y pf y pf rS m ;_yD ; typf c H r nf
r[k wf y g? 'D r dk ua&pD tift m;pk w kd i f ;

onfvnf; rSm;typfc-H u rnf r[kwfyg? qd k &if ud k ,f x G u f r,f ? Ak dv f a tmif} uD ;

jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;uvnf; ordkif;auG; rxdef;Ekdif&if Akdvfatmif}uD;xGufay; [k
wifcH-urnf r[kwfyg?
ac:ajyma-umif;?
Akdvfatmif}uD;u kH;cef;jyefoGm;
(6)
_yD; tcsdefrqdkif;bJ xGufpmwifcJha-umif;/
ppf a t;vG e f a cwf ra&muf r D aemuf *l; bm;&d y fo m ( jrpf} uD; em;
1980 ckESpfuyif Armjynf. vufawG ajrmufbuf ) okd ukd,fhukd,fukd rJZmykdcJh
tajctaeukd ok;H oyf_yD; ArmjynfueG jf rLepf a-umif; Akv
d fatmif}uD;a&;I zwf&zl;onf?
ygwD u ygwD p k H ' D r d k u a&pD tqk d ycsuf ( Akdvfatmif}uD;raocif a&;cJhor#pmawG
wifcJhygonf? jynfcspf0g' OD;xdyfxm;_yD; pmtkyftjzpf xkwfxm;oifhw,f )
wifjcif; jzpfygonf?
1988 wGif AkdvfpdefvGif/ Akdvf
Armjynf EkdifiHa &;avmuwGif (a'gufwm) armifarmif vlajymif;xdef;
wtHhw-o jzpfoGm;ygonf? OD;Eku ta&; aomfvnf; xdef;r&/ wyfydawmhrnf? xdk
uHv#if armifEu
k kd a&Swef;wGif awG&rnf tcg ( 26 ) ESpu
f pum;t& Akv
d af tmif}uD;
[k
ta-umif;jyefonf? us&mwm0ef xdef;&rnhf tvSnfha&mufonf?
,l r nf [k ajymol v nf ; &S d o nf ?
Ak d v f a tmif } uD ; u ,m,D
OD;ausmf_idrf;uyif 'Dwcgawmh uGefjrLepf tpk d ; & ol oabmES i f h o l zJ G vk d o jzif h
awGeJ woabmwnf;yJ [k ajymonf? ppfwyfukd pwifpnf;kH;jcif; jzpfonf? xkd
1988 tkHuGr+ 'Da&jrifhcsdefwGif a-umifh pdwfeJawmif rjypfrSm;eJ [k
Auy u csihfcsifhcsdefcsdef ajcvSrf;vSrf;onf? vlxkudk rdefcGe;f acGjcif; jzpfonf? xkdtpnf;
ukd,t
hf xJuyif rcsirhf &Jjzpfatmif csichf sed _f yD; ta0;okd AkdvfrSL;atmifukd wzufvSnfh
ajcvSrf;vSrf;onf?
ac:xm;ao;onf? ppfwyfukd xdef;csio
f nfh
Tok d ajcvS r f ; vS r f ; aecsd e f w G i f twGuf jzpfonf?
pwifyJGzsufolrSm Akdvfatmif}uD;jzpfonf?
Ak d v f a tmif }uD ; um; ,m,D
ppftyk fpkEiS fh (Akdvfae0if;ESih)f em;vnfr+,l_yD; tpdk;& rzJGvdkuf&? ausmif;om;or*~
axmifu vGwv
f maom Akdvfatmif}uD; ( Auo) u y,fcsvkdufonf? okdaomf
u y'krRmuGif;wGif rdefcGef;ay;onf? 'Drdk
OD;Eku &moufyef 0ef}uD;csKyf
ua&pD zcif}uD; bJG c,
H o
l nf? wyfrawmf qdk_yD; Akdvfatmif}uD;ukdausm&ef ,m,D
udk pdwfeJawmif rjypfrSm;eJ [k ajymonf? tpkd;& wu,fzJGvdkufonf? yJGum;ysuf
Tpum;ukd ukd,fwkdifwkdifay;_yD; vlxkukd av_yD?
vdkufI&Gwfaponf?
ygwDu xdkpOfu }uD; 5 }uD;[k
ta-umif;&Sdygonf? Akdvfae0if; wGi f a eaomol rsm; tm;vkH;pka ygif; _yD;
ESifh em;vnfr+,cl ho
J nfrmS wyfuk/d wkid ;f jynf ,m,Dtpkd;& zJGapcsifonf? xdkokdzJGjzpf
ukd _idrfa tmifxdef;zdk jzpfonf? Akdvf v#if ygwDu rdrdwyfESifhwuG xkd,m,D
(a'gufwm) armifarmif rxdef;Ekdifawmh? tpkd;&ukd ausmaxmufaemufcHyrnf[k
Akdvfae0if;ESifh Akdvfatmif}uD; }uH&G,fcJhonf?
qufqHa&;wGif tjzpftysufwck &Sdonf?
olwrsKd;ukd,fwzkH vkyf-u&if;
xdktjzpftysufukd Akv
d fatmif}uD;udk,fwdkif rif;rJ h0g'jzpfvm_yD/ wyfutm%modrf;
a&;xm;I od&jciff; jzpfonf?
&rnf[k Akdvfatmif}uD;u (Adkvfae0if;ESifh
1962 wGif *syefjynfrS jyefvm wk d i f y if I jzpf a p/ em;vnf r + E S i f h j zpf a p)
ump Akd v fa tmif } uD ;uk d Ad kv f a e0if; u tcgay;awmh o nf ? Tok d jzif h 1988
ac:awGonf? Akdvfatmif}uD;ukd udk,f pufwifbm tm%modrf;yJG jzpfvm&onf?
r,kHawmhbl;/ udk,fhukdvnf; Akdvfatmif}uD; Akdvfcif!Gefvnf; vlwGifus,fp_yD; jzpfvm
r,kHbl;/ 'Dawmh'Dvdkvkyf&atmif/ wyfeJ awmhonf?
wkdif;jynfukd Akdvfatmif}uD; xdef;Ekdifr,f
tm;vkH;om wnDw!Gwfwnf;
9

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xkdr#ESifh&yfI rjzpf? trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;
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10

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56 = 57 u &Srf;jynfrS wkd;wuf
onfh acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ygwDu &Srf;jynf
ta&; aqG;aEG;cJhygonf? 10 ESpfaphv#if
cJGrcJGpOf;pm;-ujcif; jzpfygonf? oabm
wlnDc sufwck &cJhygonf? jynfaxmifpk
ppf p pf q k d v #if rcJ G ? ,ck & S d o nf r S m

jynf a xmif p kq k di f ;bk wf csd dw f xm;aom

wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfonf[k oabm&-u
ygonf?
ygwDuvnf; rdrdwdkodor# wif
jyygonf? 1945 zqyv wnDw!Gwf
wnf;&SdpOfu/ trsK;d om;nD!Gwfa&; &SdpOfu
Armjynf a emif a &;ES i f h ywf o uf _ yD ;
Akdvfatmifqef;ESifh woabmwnf; &SdcJh
onf? vGwfvyfonfh Armjynf. Ekdi fi H
zJGpnf;ykHpepfonf jynfaxmifpk orRwEkdifiH
jzpf&rnf[k oabm&cJh-uonf[k wifjy
ygonf?
xdkoabmwlcsuft& v+yf&Sm;cJh
ojzif h &S r f ; jynf r S w k d ; wuf o l r sm;.
axmufcHr+ Akdvfatmifqef;&cJhjcif; jzpfyg
onf? Twk;d wufolrsm; ycJah omaumif;r+
&Sdygonf? apmfbGm;rsm;u bdvyfa&muf
Adkvfatmifqef;onf &Srf;jynfukd ukd,fpm;
ry[lI t*Fvdyfe,fcsJtuduf oHud;kduf
cJhpOfu Akdvfatmifqef;onf &Srf;jynfvlxk
ukd ukd,fpm;yonf[k wefjyefoHud;kduf
cJhjcif;onf aumif;r+yjcif;yif jzpfygonf?
vG w f v yf a &; ( 10 ) ES p f
jynfhawmhrnfhtcg Twkd;wufolrsm;onf
&S r f ; jynf c J G r cJ G pOf ; pm;vm-uygonf ?
tm%m& zqyv qdk&S,fvpfrsm;onf
wkd;wufolrsm;ukd ypfy,fcJh_yD; apmfbGm;rsm;
ESifh tvGrf;oifhcJhonf? apmfbGm;rsm;ukd
&Srf;jynfwGif vkyfcsif&mvkyfcGifh ay;cJhonf?
ya'o&mZf qef usif a &;orm;rsm;uk d
apmf b G m ;rsm;u rk d i f ; yG e f w H w m;wG i f
acgif;jzwfowfcJhonfukd tm;ay;cJhonf?
ya'o&mZfqefusiaf &; tpOftvm&Sad om
ytkd0f;rsm;ukd ESdyfuGyfonf? xkda-umifh
wk;d wuforl sm;onf jynfaxmifpk tay:
oHo,0ifvmjcif; jzpfonf? jynfaxmifpk
ppfppfudk awmifhw-uonf?
wdk;wufolrsm;u xkdokd pOf;pm;
-u/ pmtkyfa&;-u vkyfvmcsdefu apmfbGm;
rsm;onf _idr fa e-uonf ? wkw fwkw fr#
rv+yfcJhyg?
58 wGif zqyv uJG/ ppfwyf
tm%modrf;/ apmfbGm;rsm;tm%mpGef&
(avsmfa-u;,l_yD; tm%mpGefjcif;) jzpfcJh
onf?
1960 a&G;aumuf yJGwGi f OD;Ek

yxp u tjywftowf tEkdif&aomtcg

apmf b Gm ;rsm; &J vmonf ? xd k t cgusrS
jynfaxmifpk ppfppf v+yf&Sm;r+wGif ygvm
-uonf?
jynfa xmifpkppfppfzJG a&; v+yf
&Sm;r+vnf; v#Kd0SufrSajAmif jzpfvmonf?
awmif } uD ; wG i f ES D ; aES m zvS , f - uonf ?
ygwDu teD;uyf t}uHrsm;ay;cJhonf? xdk
ESD ;aES m yJG rS qkH ;jzwfc sufr sm;ukd tajccH
tm;jzifh ygwDu oabmwlcJhonf?
62 ckEpS fwGif OD;Eku jynfaxmifpk
ppfppfzJGa&; ESD;aESmr+udk &efukefwGif vkyfap
cJhonf?
Tokdjzifh 62 ae0if;ppftkyfpk
tm%modrf;yJG jzpfvmawmhonf? tm%m
odrf;jcif;ta-umif;wGif jynfaxmifpkppfppf
a-umif h c snf ; r[k w f y g? ppf t k y f p k u k d
'Drku
d a&pDppfppf tiftm;pkrsm;u pJcG suaf wG
wck_yD;wck wifaeIvnf; jzpfygonf?
tm%modrf; rqv ppftpdk;&
onf jynfaxmifpkqdkif;bkwfukd rzwfyg?
ok d aomf ( 47 ) Oya'xuf y k d I
wjynfa xmifpepfqefaom zJG pnf;ykHukd
a&;ygonf ? twif ; tusyf twnf y
ygonf?
,ckvnf; e0w/ etz ppftpkd;&
yk d I yk d I wjynf a xmif p epf q ef a om
tajccHOya' a&;aejyefonf?
OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf_idrf; Armjynf
qdk&S,fvpfygwDonfvnf;aumif;/ ae0if;
ppftkyfpkonfvnf;aumif; rnfonfhtcg
ur# jynfa xmifpkpepfukd rudufyg?
jynfaxmifpk qkdif;bkwfukdyif rudufyg?
Adkvfatmifqef;ukd rvGefqef&JIom -unfh
ae&jcif; jzpfonf?
OD ; Ek u 62 ck E S p f w G i f jynf
axmifpkppfppf v+yf&Sm;r+wGif0ifI EkdifiHa&;
upm;aomtcg tm%modrf;vkdufjcif;
jzpfygonf?
_idrf ;csrf;a&;tppf / 'Drdk ua&pD
tppf/ jynfaxmifpt
k ppf rwnfaxmifEkdif
-uv#if wdkif;jynf. tem*wf rxGef;ajymif
Ekdifyg? ?
pmwnf;tzGJ
jynfoltm%m
11

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf
'DcsKyf

( NLD )

= etz ( SPDC ) aphpyfyJGeJywfouf_yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD

ajyma&;qkdcGifh&Sdol&Jxkwfjyefcsuf
xkwfjyefcsuftrSwf = 1 2001

(1)
'DcsKyf ( NLD ) = etz ( SPDC ) aphpyfyJG[m Armjynf&Jxl;jcm;csufjzpfygw,f? 1963 ckESpfwkef;u usif;ycJhwJh
aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;eJrwlyg? 'DcsKyfu w&m;0ifygwD ( Legal Party ) jzpf_yD; 1990 ckESpfa&G;aumufyJGrSmvJ tEkdif&xm;wJh ygwD
jzpfw,f? 'ga-umifhw&m;0iftpkd;&wykdif; ( semi de jure ) vkd ajymEkdifw,f?
etz uawmh vuf&Sdtm%mukdukdifxm;wJh ( de facto ) tpkd;& jzpfaew,f?
urBmrSm 'DtjzpfrsKd; odyf&Sm;r,f xifygw,f?
um,uH&SifawG taESmifht,Sufrjzpfapvdkvdk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu bmrS0ifrajymcJhyg? 'DcsKyf = etz tjyif 88
rsKd;qufrsm;[mvJ um,uH&SifawGjzpf-uvkd olwkdvJ ajymykdifcGifh&Sdw,fvkd xifygw,f? ajym-uqkd-uzkd wkdufwGef;tm;ay;r+vJ
ycJhygw,f? olwkdtoHawGukd em;pGifhchyJ gw,f? wHcg;ydwfawGqrkH +jzpfvkd olwkdrSmvJ owif;&&Sdr+ tueftowf }uD;aewm awG&w,f?
'DcsKyf = etz ESpfbufpvkH;eJ awGvmcJhw,fqkdwJh ukvor*~ukd,fpm;vS,f &mZmvD/ tD;,l ukd,fpm;vS,f polawGtjyif
etzeJ xJxJ0if0ifawGvmcJhykH&wJh rav;&Sm;0ef}uD;csKyf&J xkwfjyefajymqkdcsufawGt& owif;tptewcsKd od-u&w,f? 'gayrJh
olwdktm;vkH;u -um;ukd,fpm;vS,fawG jzpfaeygw,f? a&&mwJh/ tmrcHcsuf&SdwJh/ jynfolawG&J tmomqENudk jznfhpGrf;ay;EkdifwJh
owif;tcsuftvufawG xkwfray;EkdifcJh-uygbl;?
(2)
tckawmh etzOuUX AkdvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ukd,fwkdifu olwdkcsif;pum;ajymae-uygw,fvkd twnfy ajymxGufvm_yDrkd
ajymp&mqkdp&mwcsKd ajymygr,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m jynfwGif;_idrf;csrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ wkdif;jynfwaygif;wpnf;wnf; wnfwnf_idrf_idrfjzpfa&;
twGuf tm%m&tpkd;& tqufqufeJ aphpyfaqG;aEG;cGifh&atmif t}udr}f udrf ud;pm;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh 1963 ckESpf w}udrfom yDyjD yifjyif
aqG;aEG;cGifh&cJhygw,f?
&Spfav;vkH;ta&;tcif;rSm tm%modrf;cJhwJh ppftm%modrf;acgif;aqmif Akdvfapmarmifvufxuf (1991 ckESpf) w}udrf/
Akdvfoef;a&$wufvmawmhw}udrf awGqkHaqG;aEG;cGifh&zkd urf;vSrf;cJhygao;w,f?
urf;vSrf;pmrSm =
= ESpfbufpdwf0ifpm;wJh wkdif;a&;jynf&mudpPawG aqG;aEG;vdka-umif;
= aqG;aEG;aepOf aqG;aEG;csufrsm;ukd v#Kd0Sufxm;&ef
= oifhawmfwJh tcsdefa&mufrS wkdif;jynfokdtoday;a-unm&ef
pwJhtcsufawG yg0ifygw,f?
'gu ,l*sDygwDwck&Jurf;vSrf;csufom jzpfygw,f?
tck 'DcsKyf = etz aphpyfyJG[m 'DykHomeftwkid f;jzpfaewm awG&ygw,f? okd aomf 'Dvkyyf v
kH kyef nf;ukd a&&Snfrvkyfoifhyg?
vlxkukd jyefvnfwifjy&r,fhwm0ef 'DcsKyf rSm &Sdaeygw,f? Akdvfoef;a&$uawmh xGufajymaeyg_yD?
'Dae&mrSm enf;enf;avmuf aemufa-umif;jyef_yD; Ed+if;,SOfwifjyzkd vdkvmygw,f?
wcku 1963 ckESpf aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJGeJ tck ESpfbufpum;ajymaewmukd wwef;wnf;oabmxm;vkd r&yg? acwfcsif;

jynfolhtm%m
rwlvdkjzpfygw,f? u|efawmfwdk udufudufrudufuduf acwfeJuif;uGm_yD; pOf;pm;vkd rjzpfyg? tm&Swkduf yx0Dtaetxm; t&
Armjynf[m urBmhacwf&J *,ufkdufcwfr+ ykd&Sdaeygw,f?
1963 ck ([kdacwfu) ppfat;acwfjzpf_yD; e,fcsJ*kd%f;eJ ( yduJGpyaomfvJ &Sifoefaeao;wJh ) qdk&S,fvpf*kd%f; &Sdygw,f?
AD,uferfppfyJG pwifwJhacwfvJ jzpfygw,f? jynfyu pdwf0ifpm;olawGqkdwm t"du tJ'D*kd%f; ESpf*kd%f;yg?
tJ'w
D kef;u Armjynfudk pdwfcsvufcs vJx
$ m;vkd&wJhacwfyJ? tckawmh ppfat;acwfuvJ ukefpyvm_yD? b,folyJ tm%m&
aeae Armjynfukd rsufESmv$Jxm;vdkr&wJhacwf a&mufae_yD?
63 ckESpfrSm aphpyfaqG;aEG;ol um,uH&SifawGu t"dutm;jzifh vufeufukdifwdkufaewJh uGefjrLepfeJ awmfvSefa&; aumifpD
ppftpdk;& jzpfygw,f? b,folrS jynfolvlxkutyfESif;wJh vlxktcGifhtm%m &Sd-uwm r[kwfygbl;?
Auy eJ rwlwmu 'DcsKyf[m w&m;0ifygwD? aemuf_yD; 1990 ck a&G;aumufyJGEkdifxm;wJhygwDyJ? tckaqG;aEG;aewm awGukd
oifhawmfwJhtcsdefrSm wkdif;jynfukd today;&ygr,f? vlxkua&G;aumufxm;wJh ygwD[m vlxkukd rysufruGuf tpD&ifcH&r,fhwm0ef
&Sdygw,f?
aemufwcku zrf;xm;oleJ tzrf;cHae&ol&J pum;0kdif;[m aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJG rrnfygbl;?
ouU&mZf 2000 = 2001 tckkacwf[m ppfat;vGefacwf/ tar&duefwOD;wnf; Akdvfusv$rf;rkd;csifaewJhacwfyg? 'gayrJh
Armjynfta&;rSm oljzpfcsifovdk rjzpfEdkifwht
J aetxm; jzpfaeygw,f? u|efawmfwdkwdik f;jynfukd jyifypdwf0ifpm;olawGuvJ rsm;vm
ae ygw,f? tdrfeD;csif;tm;vkH;/ tmqD,H/ *syef/ tD;,l/ -opa-w;vs (olwdkxJrSm ArmjynfeJywfoufvdk oabmxm;trsKd;rsKd;&Sdw,f)
eJ tar&duefponf wef;pD_yD; awGEkdifw,f? Armjynftay: olwkdu ajz&Sif;enf; trsKd;pkH ukdifxm;-uw,f?
apmapmyJGxGuf = pifay:wufvmwJh r[moD,m bmvJ = -unfh-uygpkd?
olu *syeftudufvkyfaewJh ukd,fpm;vS,fyJ? olcsnf;qkd&if ArmjynfudpPrSm ta&;ygvSwJhol r[kwfbl;? ppftkyfpk
tudufajymr,fhol/ ajymwJholyJ? ArmjynfrSm a':vmoef; 600 ausmf &if;ESD;jrKyfESHxm;wJh rav;&Sm;&JtusKd;pD;yGm;-unfh pum;ajym
ygw,f? olajymwJh a&G;aumufyJGopf qkdwm aoG;wkd;prf;-unfhcsifwJh etztiSm;yg;pyfeJ ypPnf;emrnfavmufukdom a-umfjimoGm;/
vrf;!efoGm;wmyg?
b,fvkd a&G;aumufyJGopf qkdwmukd a&Smifxm;ygw,f?
wu,fu a&G;aumufyJGopf vkyfr,fqkd&if &Sif;p&mawG yxr&Sif;&ygOD;r,f? udvkyfxm;ESifh&r,fh udpPawG &Sdygao;w,f?
1? 1990 ckESpf a&G;aumufyJG&v'ftwkdif; v$wfawmfukd t&ifqkH;ac:&r,f?
2? v$wfawmfu tajccHOya'a&;qJG/ jynfolqENcH,lyJGeJtwnfy?
3? tajccHOya'opf &vmrS a&G;aumufyJGopfvkyf?
'DtpOftwkdif;oGm;&rSm jzpfygw,f?
r[moD,m qkdvkdcsifwJh a&G;aumufyJGopfu ppftkyfpka&;qJGaewJh zJGpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHt& abmif;bD0wf/ abmif;bDc|wfawG
a&G;aumufyJGr0ifbJ trwftjzpf 25 cJGwrf;ay;&r,fh a&G;aumufyJGyJ?
(3)
bma-umifh olwkd pum;ajymae-uovJ
ae0if;vGefacwf twGuf ppftyk pf ku jyifqifcsiaf eygw,f? tm%m&awG (olwkd ) a&;xm;wJh tem*wf OD;aqmifrt
+ cef;
qkdwmukd tmrcHwJh tajccHOya'ukd tjreftwnfycsifaew,f? okdaomf 'DcsKyfu tajccHOya' tygt0if Oya'tm;vkH;a&;qJGcGifh
(1990 a&G;aumufyJGrSm) &xm;wJh tm%mrJhygwD jzpfaew,f?
olwdkt-um;rSm uJGvJGr+}uD;ygw,f? 'DuJGvGJr+abmifukd usOf;ypfzsufypfcsifw,f? a&G;aumufyJGopf qkdwm vkyfr,fqkd&ifvJ
1990 a&G;aumufyJGukd t&ifqkH; ajrjrKyfo^*K[f&OD;r,f?
'gawGa-umifh 'DcsKyfeJ pum;ajymaewm jzpfw,f?
a&G;aumufyJGr0if&bJ ppftkyfpku trwf 25 &csifwma-umifhvJ olwdk 'DcsKyfeJ pum;ajymaewmyg? vlxku 75
aomtrwfawGtwGufom rJay;-uayawmh qkdwJhoabmyg? 'g[m 'kdiftmcDacwfukd wausmhjyefwm jzpfygw,f?
vkyfwJh enf;emusawmh vljyefay;qJG_yD; &ydkifcGifhawmif;aewJhykHpH awG&w,f?
wzufrSm-unfhjyefawmh tar&duef/ tD;,l/ *syefeJ tmqD,H ( -opa-w;vs vJxnfhwGufcsifwGufyg ) wkdtaeeJ b,folrS
Armjynfukd vuf&Sdtajctaetwkdif; v$wfrxm;Ekdif-uawmhygbl;?
pum;ajymaew,fqkdwJhumvrSm olwkdbmawGvkyfaeovJ
yxrqkH; b*Fvm;a'h&Sfe,fpyf ewfjrpfurf;ab;rSm a&umwmaqmufwJhudpP azmfxkwfvkdufwm awG&w,f?
'kwd,taeeJ ppfawGrdbufrSm Ak'<bmomeJ rlqvif ta&;udpP ay:vmcJhw,f?
13

jynfolhtm%m

ckaemufqkH; ,kd;',m; = Arme,fpyf r,fqkdif = wmcsDvdwfbufrSm jyif;xefwJhwdkufyJGawG jzpfvmyg_yD?

'DudpPtm;vkH;[m Armppftpkd;&&J qENay:rSm rlwnf_yD;jzpfvmwJh udpPawGcsnf;yg? ay:ap = aysmufap
ESpfckpvkH;ukd olwkd wwfEkdif-uygw,f?
wwkdif;jynfvkH; pkpnf;xm;a&;eJ jynfy&efumuG,fa&;twGuf wyfrawmfomtm;ukd;p&m&Sdw,fqkdwm
jycsifwJh oabmyg? 'DcsKyf (NLD) eJaqG;aEG;aepOfrSm aps;qpfaumif;atmif tcsuftvufawG zefwD;jyaewmyg?

(4)
'ga-umifh trsK;d om;nD!Gwaf &; jyefvnfwnfaqmufzdk / 'Drku
d a&pDtkycf sKyfa&;pepf wnfaqmufzkd wu,fyJ
pdwf&if; apwemrSef&Sd-u&if vwfwavm atmufygtwkdif;vkyfzkd vkdygr,f?
(u) a&&Snv
f kyf&r,fhtvkyfeJ a&wkv
d kyf&r,fh tvkyfukd cJGjcm;csOf;uyfwht
J aeeJ 1988 rS 2000 twGi;f ay:aygufchw
J Jh
jy\emawGukd t&if&Sif;&ygr,f?
(c) ajcvSrf; okH;vSrf;eJ azmfaqmifoifhygw,f?
yxrajcvSrf;? 1988 ckESpfaemufykdif;zJGpnf;cJhwJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDtm;vkH;ukd if;wkdqEN&Sdygu w&m;0ifae&mjyefay;a&;/
EkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;tm;vkH; c|if;csufr&Sdv$wfay;a&;eJ AkdvfrSL;atmiftrSL;ywJt
h zJGudk t}uHay;tzJGtjzpf w&m;0if
todtrSwfya&;?
'kwd,ajcvSrf;? 1988 ckESpfaemufydkif; ppftpkd;&eJ typftcwf&yfpJxm;wJh tiftm;pktm;vkH;eJ wnfwHhckdif_rJwJh
_idrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufzkd EkdifiHa&;t& aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;?
wwd,ajcvSrf;? 1948 rSpI EkdifiHa&;t& ydyuQjzpfaeaomtiftm;pkrsm;eJ EkdifiHa&;t& aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;?
= jzpfygw,f?
(5)
um,uH&Sifrsm;[m wkdif;jynftusKd;ukd a&S+_yD; aphpyfaqG;aEG;-ur,fvkd ar#mfvifhygw,f?
u|efawmfwdkoabmxm;uawmh =
= 1990 a&G;aumufyJGukd jynfzkH;um; rcsoifhyg?
= 1990 ckESpfuvkyfcJhwJh a&G;aumufyJGukd todtrSwfy&ygr,f? uav;upm;ovkd rjzpfatmif qifjcifoifhygw,f?
= toufxif&Sm;&Sdaeao;wJh a&G;aumufcH&oltm;vkH; (tm;vkH;) ygwJh v$wfawmfac:oifhw,f?
tJ'Dv$wfawmfrSm um,uH&SifESpfOD; aphpyfxm;wJh&v'fukd wifoGif;_yD; v$wfawmf&JqkH;jzwftwnfyr+ukd
cH,loifhygw,f?
'grSom jynfolvlxkukd av;pm;&mvJa&muf wkdif;jynftwGufvJ tusKd;&Sdygvdrfhr,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD taeeJuawmh _idrf;csrf;wJh/ 'Drdkua&pD&SdwJhtajccHay:rSm trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;
wnfaqmuf-u _yD; 21 &mpk urBm}uD;rSm xkdufxkdufwefwef tqifhtwef;&SdwJhArmjynf jzpfapcsifwmt"duyg?
tJ'Dvkyfief;tpOfrSm rdrdpGrf;tm;&Sdor# ulnDoGm;ygr,f?
1362 ckESpf/ wykdwJGvqkwf 7 &uf?
2001 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D 14 &uf?

14

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;Hk;a&;aumfrwD/ ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.
xkwfjyefa=ujimcsuf trSwf 22001?
( 1 ) 'Duae@ etztpdk;&eJ@ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfw@dk pum;ajymae=uwmudk usaemfw@dk ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwDtaeeJ@
atmifjrifapcsifwJhqEN &SSdygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdk&if 'DaqG;aEG;r_&J@ t"duOD;wnfcsuf[m 'Drdkua&pD&&SSda&;eJ@ qufaevdk@ygyJ? 'gudk
usaemfwdk@ tckvdkt&Sif;vif;qHk; teufzGifhcsifygw,f?
ppftkyfpktm%m&Sifpepf&Sdae&if 'Drdkua&pDr&SdEdkifygbl;? 'Drkdua&pDr&Sdbl;qdk&if yxrqHk; tzdESdyfcH&rSmeJ@ tzdESdyftcH&qHk;[m
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtyg vuf0Jtiftm;pkawG jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pDudk usaemfwdk@ wu,fvdkcsifygw,f? etztpdk;&eJ@
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwdk@ vuf&Sdpum;ajymae=uwm[m 'Drdkua&pDudk wqifhwdk;jrifhwifr,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@ xifjrif,lqygw,f?
vuf0Jtiftm;pkawG[m &J&JawG;csif/ &J&Ja&;csif/ &J&Ja0zefcsifygw,f? a&vdkufig;vdkuf rvkyfcsifygbl;? yef;jym;yif ay:vpD
rusifhoHk;vdkbl;? ppftm%m&SifawG rif;rlwJh acwfwav#mufvHk;rSm vuf0Jtiftm;pkawG[m trsm;qHk;tzdESdyfcH&olawG jzpfygw,f?
Armjynf&J@'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfudk tjywfom;qHk;umuG,faewm[mvJ 'Dtiftm;pkawGygyJ?
( 2 ) ESpfbufaphpyfaqG;aEG;=uw,fqdk&if tay;t,lawG&Sd=u&p+rJyg? udk,fuyJ tm;vHk;,lcsif+yD; enf;enf;rS ray;csif&if
bmrSjzpfajrmufvmr,f r[kwfygbl;?
tay;t,l&Sd=u&r,fvdk@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ,lqygw,f? bmay;vdk@ bm,l=u&r,fqdkwmawmh um,uH&SifawG
qHk;jzwf&rSm jzpfygw,f?
usaemfwdk@&J@tjrifrSm 90ckESpfa&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudpPeJ@ tajccHOya'udpPwdk@[m tc&mjzpfvdrfhr,fvdk@ ,lqygw,f?
usaemfwdk@taeeJ@ txl;vdkvm;wmuawmh jynfolvlxk&J@pdwf"mwfudk ysufjym;apwmrsdK; rjzpfapzdk@ygyJ? vlxkom pdwf"mwfysufjym;
oGm;&if ppftpdk;&u vdkvdkcsifcsif tm%mv$Jay;r,fhygwDudkyJ rJay;vdkufwm at;ygw,fvdk@ jzpfoGm;ygvdrfhr,f?
'grsdK;rjzpfEdkifbl;vdk@ rqdkEdkifygbl;? rqv wacwfvHk;vkyfcJhwJh qENcH,lyGJawGeJ a&G;aumufyGJqdkwmawGudkyJ=unfhyg?
( 3 ) ArmjynfueG fjrLepfygwDu ajcvSr;f oHk;&yfay:vpDukd csrSwv
f u
dk w
f m[m Armjynf&dS Edik if Ha&;tiftm;pkeJ@ vlyk*K~d vftm;vHk;
rdrdwdk@ta&;udk rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif ajymydkifqdkydkifcGifh &Sd=uapcsifvdk@ jzpfygw,f?
'DtxJu yxrajcvSrf;udk jrefjref+yD;ajrmufapcsifygw,f? ta=umif;u 'Drdkua&pDa&;tajccHudk yxrajcvSrf;up+yD; csrSwf
&rSmrdk@ jzpfygw,f?
'kwd,ajcvSrf;rSm yg0if=u&r,fh +idrf;tzGJ@awG[m a'oE W&EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawGcsnf;yJ jzpfygw,f? olwdk@rSmvJ ajymp&m
qdkp&mawG trsm;}uD; &Sad eygw,f? txl;ojzifh olwdk@[m ppfrSew
f Jh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;/ rdrdw@dk trsdK;om;rsm; zG@H zd;wdk;wufa&;/ vlr_b0
jrifhwifa&;eJ@ vlr_w&m;r#wr_ &&Sda&;wdk@udk vdkvm;=uygw,f? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm toufaoG;ac|;ay;+yD; &,lxm;=u&wJh atmifoD;
atmifyGifhawGudk olwdk@xdef;odrf;xm;vdk=uw,f?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m olwdk@&J@qENeJ@ vdkvm;csufawGudk jywfjywfom;om; pmemaxmufcHygw,f?
wwd,ajcvSr;f usrSom ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[
D m yg0ifvmrSm jzpfygw,f? usaemfw@dk tavmr}uD;yg? wnf+idraf t;aq;pGm
apmifhEdkifygw,f? tm;vHk;twGuf &v'faumif;udkyJ ar#mfvifhygw,f? ?
1363 ckESpf/ wefcl;vqkwf 10 &uf?
2001 ckESpf/ {+yD 17&uf?

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

xdkif;Armta&;ESifhywfoufI ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdpnf;kH;a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qkdcGifh&Sdol.

xkwfjyefa-unmcsuf 32001
xkdif;ESifhArmta&;udk ppfjzpfawmhravmuf ajymae-uonf? xdkta&;ESifhywfoufI u|efawmfwdktjrifESifh
oabmxm;rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf?
1? Tta&;ukd pdwf0ifpm;aom wkdif;jynftcsKd &Sdygonf? um,uH&SifESpfOD;om qkH;jzwfjy@mef;aeonf r[kwfyg? xdk
a-umifh Tta&;udk bufaygif;pkHrS cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm okH;oyf&rnf[k jrifygonf?
yxrqkH; um,uH&SifESpfOD;ukd okH;oyfv#if Armjynfppftpkd;&onf bufaygif;pkH tusyftwnf; awGaeygonf?
aomhcsufusaom EkdifiHa&;tusyftwnf;ukd ajz&Sif;&ef NLD acgif;aqmifESifh twGif;usdwfpum;ajymyJG vkyfaeygonf?
tm;vkH;u ar#mfwvifhvifh apmifhaeygonf? vwcsKd-umonftxd bmtajzrSrxGufbJ jzpfaeaomtcg jynfoltm;vkH;u
pdwfr&Snf-uawmhyg? pdwfr&SnfonhftxJwGif EkdifiHawmfppfwyfrS wyfrSL;wyfom;rsm;/ _idrf;tzJG qkdonfrsm;yif ygygonf?
pum;ajymyJG rS tajztwdtus rxGufEkdifaomtcg ppftkyfpku a&SmfAif0g' (url;SL;xdk;vlrsKd;a&;0g') jzifh jynfolvlxkukd
r+dif;wkdufvmygonf? vlxk.tmkHukd xkdif;Armta&;tay:a&mufatmif vrf;v$Jay;ygonf?
Tokd Armjynfppftpkd;&u vkyfaeovkd xkdif;tpkd;&uvnf; vkyfygonf? xdkdif;tpkd;&. tusyftwnf;rSm wrsKd;
jzpfygonf? pD;yGm;a&;emvefrxlao;cif aemufxyfpD;yGm;a&;uyf uHrvkdjzpfjcif;u tajccHygonf? xdkif;wGif 'Drdkua&pD
t&yfom;tpkd;& tusyfawGv#if ppfwyft m%modrf;yJG jzpfwwfygonf? 'gukd a-umuf&jcif; jzpfonf? xkda-umifh
xkdif;tpkd;&onf wm0efxrf;aqmifqJ ppfAkdvfrsm; (ppftkyfpkopf) ukd a&SmfAif0g'pum;rsm; ajymcGifhy_yD; wzufrSvnf;
ppfwyfrSxu
G fum Ekid fiHa&;ygwaD xmifaeaom ppftyk pf ka[mif;rsm;ukd ppftkyfpkopftm; t&Sdeo
f wfay;aponf? tcktxdawmh
tvkyfjzpfaeygonf?
xkid f;=Arm tpdk;&rsm;u xko
d dk vyk af eojzifh e,fpyfwiG f -um;cHxm;_yD;wku
d af om wku
d yf rJG sm;/ xdawGyeG ;f &Sr+uav;rsm;
jzpfaeonf? Tokdaom tajctaeonf twef-umjzpfaernf[k rSef;q&ygonf?
2? xddkif; = Arm um,uH&SifESpfOD;tjyif wwd,tiftm;pkwckvnf; &Sdygonf? xdkolrSm ukd,fhukd,fukdcefxm;aom
urBmhykvdyf}uD; tar&duef jzpfygonf? ol.pdwf0ifpm;r+uwrsKd; jzpfygonf? tar&duefOD;aqmifaom urBmhpepfopf
(wenf;) 0ifkd;wckwnf;&Sdaom urBmhpepfopfukd xlaxmif&eftwGuf xkdif; Arm ta&;wGif twif;yg0ifvkdjcif; jzpfygonf?
ppfat;vGefumvtwGuf trsm;vufcHxm;aom urBmhpepf r&Sdao;yg? 0ifkd;wckwnf;pepfESifh 0ifkd;trsm;pepf
vGefqJGaeqJ jzpfygonf?
tm;vkH;odonfhtwkdif; 0ifkd;trsm;&Sdonfh urBmhpepfudk wkwfjynfu vdkvm;ygonf?
0ifkd ;wckpepfESi fh 0ifkd;trsm;pepf vG efyJGrSm jyif;xefvmp&m &Sdygonf? xkdvGefyJGwG i f -um;nyfc H&v#if
wkdif;jynfepfemEkdifygonf?
xk d i f ; =Arm ta&; ,ck t wk d i f ; -um&S n f j zpf a eapv#if -um;nyf c H & p&m &S d y gonf ? tar&d u ef E S i f h
ppfat;umvwav#mufvkH; eD;pyfcJhaomxkdif;tzkd ta-umif;r[kwfaomfvnf; Armjynftzdk tvGefepfemEkdifygonf?
wkdif;jynfyduJGusqkH;rnfh tE W&m,fyif &Sdygonf?
xkda-umifh xkdif;=Arm ta&;ukd rus,fjyefapoifhyg? _idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh ajz&Si;f oifhygonf? Tokdajz&Si;f Ekdio
f nfh
tzJG tpnf;ESifh vrf;a-umif;vnf;&Sdae_yD; jzpfygonf? ( TvtwGif;rSmyif ukvor*~rl;,pfaq;0g; xdef;csKyfa&;tpDtpOf
( UNDCP ) ESifh a'ocJGtwGif; rl;,pfaq;0g; yl;aygif;xdef;csKyfa&;qkdif&m 6 EdkifiHtpnf;ta0; &efukefrdwGif usif;ycJh_yD;
jzpfonf? )

jynfolhtm%m
tar&duefonf oltudufurBmhpepfopfukd bk&Sf (t}uD;) ESifh uvifwefwkdvufxufuvnf; azmfaqmif&ef
ud;pm;zl;ygonf? okdaomf olwkdvkyfenf;u ,ck bk&Sf (ti,f ) uJhokd igwaumaumonfhenf; r[kwfyg?
,ckrl bk&fS (ti,f ) . igwaumaumr+a-umifh trsKd;om; 'kH;vufeuftE W&m,fumuG,af &; ( NMD ) jy\em/
urBmhywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;jy\empaom jy\emrsm;wGif twdkuftcHyr+rsm; uHaeygonf? urBmhukvor*~.
vufatmufcH tzJGrsm;twGif; tar&duefudk qefusifonfh rJqENay;r+rsm;yif ay:ygonf? tar&duef Ekdiif Ha&;orm;rsm;u
em;ukdufv#if yg;ukdufrnfwuJuJ jzpfaeygonf?
_idrfaecJhaom tm&yf tpPa&;udpP jyif;xef-urf;wrf;vmygonf?
xdkif;=Arm ta&;wGif tar&duefygvmygu jy\em }uD;onfxuf }uD;vmrnfjzpfI um,uH&SifESpfOD;u
-um;vl t0ifrcHbJ TudpPudk ajyvnfatmif vkyfoifhygonf?
ArmjynfwGif Armjynfjynfolrsm;[m 'Dtajctaeukd vkH;0qefusifygonf? xkda-umifh jynfoludk ukd,fpm;yonfh
jynfcspf 'Drdkua&pDtpkd;&w&yf ay:vmv#if TudpPukd _idrf;csrf;pGmajz&Sif;Ekdifrnf jzpfygonf?
3? ,ck ESpfbufta-umif;jyaeonfh udpPrSm rl;,pfaq;0g;udpP jzpfygonf? rl;,pfaq;0g;e,fausmfr+ udpPr#jzifh ppfjzpfp&m
rvkdyg? awmiftar&du/ tv,ftar&du/ ajrmuftar&duwkdwGifvnf; rl;,pfaq;0g;e,fausmfjcif;rsm; &Sdygonf? olwkd
ppfrjzpf-uyg? tar&duefuvnf; zGay;qGay;jcif; rvkyfyg?
tm&SwGif ta&Sawmiftm&SwGif bma-umifh zGay;qGay;aeonfukd pOf;pm;oifhygonf? tar&duefuduf
urBmhpepfcsrSwfa&;wGif t[eftwm;jzpfaeonfh ASEAN &SdI jzpfygonf? uGefjrLepfwkwfjynf&SdI jzpfygonf?
4? wdkif;jynfwkdif;wGif trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm; &Sdygonf? trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd jy@mef;ykdifcGifh&SdolrSm tpkd;&jzpfygonf?
tpkd;&u tm%modrf;ppftkyfpk jzpfaeaomtcg ppftkyfpk. tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;tjzpf vkyfypfygonf?
ppft kyfpktusKd;pD;yGm;ukd trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm; vkyfaeor# ArmjynfwGi f wdkif;jynfyduJGusqkH;rnfht E W&m,f
&Sdaeygvdrfhrnf?
'Drdkua&pDa&;/ _idrf;csrf;a&;/ wef;wlaoG;pnf;aom jynfaxmifpkppfppf xlaxmifa&;onf ,aeumv Armjynf.
trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm; jzpfonf[k ,lqygonf? rl;,pfaq;0g;jy\emukd txufyg trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;.atmufwGif
tvG,fwul ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnf[k ,kH-unfygonf? xkdif; Arm ppfyJG jzifh ajz&Sif;&rnfhudpP r[kwfyg?
5? xkdif;a&mArmyg ukd,fhvufeuf ukd,fxkwfvkyf_yD; ppfwkdufEkdifonf r[kwfyg? ppfwkdufrnfqkdv#if trSD&Sm&ygonf?
EkdifiHcsif;ppfukd jynfwGif;ppfvkd &SdonfhvufeufESifh rwkdufEkdifyg?
trSD&Smv#if xkdif;twGuftqifoifh jzpfygonf? ArmjynftwGuf cufygonf? rdwfaqGESpfEkdifiH ppfwkdufrnfudk
wk w f j ynf u vk d v m;rnf r [k k w f o vd k tmqD , H E k d i f i H c sif ; ppf c if ; onf h t a&;wG i f tmqD , H E k d i f i H r sm;u
vufeufyJGpm;vkyfvkdrnfvnf; r[kwfyg? ygupPwefukd rSDcdkvdrfhrnf[k wcsKdu a&vmajrmif;ay; xifa-u;ay;aeygonf?
Tokdjzpf&ef jzpfEkdifajc tvGefenf;ygonf? tdrfeD;csif; taemufbufu tdENd,ukd &efpovkd olwkdppftkyfpk rvkyf0Hhyg?
u|efawmfwdktjrifrSm xkdif;Arm ESpfbuftpkd;&wkdonf yg;pyfppf/ (bk&ifhaemif = e&mq0rf ) a-u;kyfcsif;ppf/
-um;cHxm;_yD;wkdufaom ppfyJGuav;rsm;jzifhom a&&Snf (olwdk jynfwGif;EkdifiHa&; vkdtyfcsuft& ) pcef;oGm;aernf[k
,lqygonf?
6? ppfE+ wfc rf; av#muf onfh ud pPr sKd ;onf tE W&m,f} uD; ygonf? rlv pDp Of! ef -um;olr sm;.vufrS vGw fxG uf
oGm;wwfygonf? E+wv
f eG &f mu ajcu|v
H ufu|H jzpfwwfygonf? xkdokd jzpfchaJ omf a&SmfAif0g'D ppftkyfpu
k dk tjrefzwfcs&ygrnf?
EdkifiHawmf ppfwyfwGif;rS jynfcspf wyfrSL;wyfom;rsm;. ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifaom jynfcspf'Drdkua&pDnGefaygif;tpkd;&jzifh
tpm;xkd;&ygrnf? xdktpkd;&u ppf&yfpJa&;/ _idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh cspf-unfa&; jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef tjrefpDpOfaqmiff&Guf&ygrnf?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf us&mtcef;rS wufuGpGm yg0ifygrnf?
7? pkd;&drf&onfrSm xdkif;ppfwyfrS a&SmfAif0g'Drsm; tm%m&vmrnfhta&; jzpfygonf? ArmjynfwGif a&SmfAif0g'Dwdk
tm%m&ae_yD; jzpfygonf? ppfwdkufvkdv#if xwdkufEkdifygonf? &[wf,mOfysufus&mwGif ygoGm;aom AdkvfwifOD;tygt0if
ppfAv
kd frsm;onf xdkif;ESifh ppfwkduf&v#if usifhokH;oifhonfh ppfaoe*FAsL[m enf;y&d,m,frsm;&Sm}uH&ef uGif;qif;avhvma&;
c&D;xGufj cif;[k owif;wcku qkdygonf? twnf ycsuf ray;Ekdi fa omowif; jzpfygonf? Edki fi Ha wmfp&dwfjzifh
vlpkHaysmfyJGpm;xGufjcif;vnf; jzpfEkdifygonf? Arm a&SmfAif0g'DwdkrSm tm%m&jzpfI ppfwkdufcsiv
f #if vG,fonf[k ajymvkd&if;
jzpfygonf? okdaomf xwkdufIrjzpfaomtcsufu ppfwkduf&ef vufeufcJ,rf;a&aomufjrpf r&Sdjcif; jzpfygonf?
xkdif;a&SmfAif0g'Dwkdu vufeufcJ,rf;a&aomufjrpf &Sdygonf? tm%mr&Sdyg? olwkdomtm%m&Sdv#if ppfjzpfEkdifajc
rsm;oGm;ygvdrfhrnf?
17

jynfolhtm%m
xdkif;. orkdif;tawGtuHt&qdkv#if ppftm%modrf;r+ukd tar&duefu rD;pdrf;jyrS vkyfjzpfygonf?
tm%modrf;_yD;v#ifvnf; tar&duefuduf SEATO vkyfygonf? AD,uferfppfxJ 0ifwkdufygonf?
ppfat;vGefacwfwGif 'Drdkua&pDa&Saqmif}uD; u rD;pdrf;jyzkd cufygvdrfhrnf? xdka-umifh u|efawmfwdku
yg;pyfppf/ a-u; kyfcsif;ppf/ e,fpyfxdawGyGef;&Sr+uav;rsm;om jzpfaevdrfhrnf[k wGufqjcif; jzpfygonf?
8? wpn OuUXrS etzOuUXxH v#Kd0Suw
f ifjycsufwck ykdvdkufonfukd zwf&ygonf? ppftkyfpka[mif;rS ppftkyfpkopfukd
t}uHay;jcif; jzpfonf? v#Kd0Suf qkdaomfvnf; wjynfvHk;odapcsif[ef wlygonf?
a&G;aumufyJGopf udpPtjyif rSefwmawGajymrdI &mxl;rStxkwfcHvdkuf&onfh AkdvfrSL;csKyfaZmfxGef;
ta-umif; azmfjy_yD; olvkdvl awG xyfay:aygufvmv#if wyfukdxdef;zkdcufrnfhta-umif;vnf; ygonf?
cufonfrSm a&SvlawGrvkyfEdik cf w
Jh mawG wkdvufxufusrS vkyEf ikd o
f nf [k ppftkyfpo
k pf txifrSm;aejcif;
jzpfonf? 1989 ckEpS f tjzpftysuo
f nf olwkd awmfIr[kwf/ ppfat;vGeu
f mv.aumif;usKd;udk olwdk cpH m;vkdu&f jcif;om
jzpfonf? okdaomf 2000 jynfhESpfaemufykdif; umvonf 89 = 90 ckESpf tajctaeESifh rwlawmhyg? t&m&monf
ajymif;vJaeyg_yD? ppftkyfpkopf ukd,fhukd,fukdtxif}uD;_yD; pGwfvkyfvkdufv#if wdkif;jynf'kuQawGygvdrfhrnf?
xkda-umifh ppftkyfpka[mif;taeESifh xdkif; = ArmudpPukd t}uHay;apcsifygonf? AkdvfrSL;csKyfaZmfxGef;udpPu
jynfwGi;f a&;udp/P xkid ;f = Arm ta&;tcif;u Ekdiif Hcsif;udp/P Edkiif Hjcm;a&;jy\emjzpfI rwlyg? wkid ;f jynfyduo
GJ Gm;Edik fygonf?
Tw}udrf wcsufrSm;v#if &mpkESpfESifhcsDI cH&ygrnf? u|efawmfwdk jynfcspf0g'Drsm;taeESifh Ttm;prf;yJGwGif -um;!yfcHI
rjzpfyg?
wdkif;jynftwGuf aemufqkH;tusKd;yonfhtaeESifh etz = 'DcsKyf awGqkHaqG;aEG;yJG jzpfajrmufatmif -oZm
okH;ay;yg [k OD;ae0if;xH ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf arwWm&yfcHcJhzl;ygonf? ,ckudpPwGifvnf; Akdvfomausmf/
AkdvfxGef;wifwdkygxGuf_yD; csifhcsifhcsdefcsdefvkyf-uzkd ppftkyfpkopfudk t}uHyapcsifygonf?
9? wkdfif;jynfESifh jynfolxuf rGefjrwfaomt&m r&Sdyg? wkdif;jynfESifh jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;udk umuG,f&ef }uHq&or#ukd
wifjyjcif; jzpfygonf? a0zeft}uHycsufrsm;udk udqkdygonf?
1363 ckESpf/ uqkefvqkwf 9 &uf?
2001 ckESpf/ arv 15 &uf?

u|efawmfwdkhwdkif;_ynfudk _yifypdwf0ifpm;olawG
uvJ rsm;vmygw,f?
( xkwf_yefajunmcsuf 1 2001 rS )

18

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf
tjrifqdkif&m udpPrsm;ESi fhywfouf+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;kH;a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.
xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 42001
(1) - ygwDwdkif;/ tzJGwdkif;rSm oD;jcm;&yfwnfcsuf tjrifeJ@oabmxm;rsm; &Sd=uvdrfhr,f? tm;vkH; rwlEkdifygbl;? rwlvdk@ qefusifp&m
rvdkovdk/ wlaevdk@vnf; pdk;&drfp&mr&Sdyg? ArmjynfEkdifiHa&; a&S@wqifhwdk;a&;om t"du yg?
- 1960 a&G;aumufyu
JG dk ppftkypf ku csufcsif;todtrSwf yygw,f? ppfwef;vsm; jyefygw,f? aemuf 2 ESpaf eawmh tm%modrf;+yD;
tajccHOya'udk zsufodrf;ygw,f? b,ftift m;}uD; EkdifiHurSvnf; tjypfrajymyg? tJ'Dwkef;u ppfwyftm%modrf;wmudk
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20

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22

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( xkwfjyefa-unmcsuf 32001)

23

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25

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( xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 12001 )

27

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33

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34

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35

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36

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39

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40

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42

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jyifopfbk&iftkyfpdk;r_tm; jynfolrsm;u pGJcsufwifae=upOf

yxrurBmppfvdkyJ ppfyGJawGjyefjzpfyGm;aeygw,f?
av;euftm;wufzG,f tifwmaeSife,foDcsif;oHjzifh tqHk;owfcJhaom nDvmcH}uD;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;wif *k%fjyKtyfaom
Taqmif;yg;udk *&duGefjrLepfygwDrS &Jabmft,fvpPef;j'm;upP. rdef@cGef;ygpmom;rsm;ESifh ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf?
wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tHkuGr_awG[m igwdk@acwfumv&J@vuQ%mudk ajymif;vJaprSm r[kwfbl;? EdkifiHwum awmfvSefa&;
v_yfSm;r_}uD; aemufwvSrf;qkwfae&wJh vufSdumv[m ,m,Dom jzpfw,f? onf;oefvmaewJh vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJawGeJ@twl
jyefvnfSifoefxuGwJh umvudk a&mufSdvmaew,f?21 &mpkESpf[m EdkifiHwumt&if;&J@ xdk;ppfudk awmfvSefwJhtiftm;pkawGu
jyefvnftm;pk+yD; wGef;vSefwJh/ wefjyefwu
dk fppfqifwJh acwfumv jzpfvdrrfh ,f? igw@dk &J@ 'D&mpkESpfrSm urBmhawmfvSeaf &;v_yf Sm;r_topfeJ@
vlr_awmfvSefa&; tajrmuftjrm;udk rkcsawG@=u&vdrfhr,f?

46

rSwfav mu f
om; av mu f

b0twGufawmif;qdkcsuf
ighb0rSm wdkufyGJawGeJ@ jynfhv$rf;aeygap/ (um;vfrmhufpf. i,fG,fpOfu auG;a=umfoH)
May my life be full of struggles! Karl Marxs motto when he was young.

tpdk;&&Jhwm0ef
tpdk;&qdkwmrSm OpPm"eydkifqdkifr_udk xdef;odrf;zdk@uvGJ+yD; wjcm;bm&nf&G,fcsufrS r&Sdbl;?
(+Adwdo#tbd"rRmq&m *|efavmhcf?1632-1704)
Government has no other end but the preservation of property. John Locke (1632-1704)

a_yvnfva
kd ompdwf
vufoD;qkyfxm;&if vufqGJE_wfqufvdk@r&bl;? (tif'D&m*END/ 1917 - 1984)
You cannot shake hands with a clenched fist. Indira Gandhi (1917-1984)

obm0ywf0ef;usif
Tajr}uD;udk cspfjrwfEdk;yg? ,if;rSm oifhrdbu oifhtm; t+yD;ay;xm;aomt&mr[kwf/ oifhaemifvmaemufom;rsm;u
oifhtm;iSm;ay;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? (aS;a[mif; tar&duefvleD pum;yHk)
Treat The Earth Well, It Was Not Given To You By Your Parents, It Was Loaned To You By Your
Children. (An ancient American Indian proverb)

tar&duefavm*spf
usKyfwdk@eJ@twlr&yfwJhvl[m usKyfwdk@udkqef@usifolyJ/ (1953-59u tar&duef EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; vkyfcJhol
*|efazmfpwm'g;vufpf/ 1888-1959)
Those who are not with us are against us. John Foster Dulles (1888-1959)

a&G;aumufyGJ
cifAsm;u a&G;aumufyGJEdkifw,f/ 'gayrJh rJa&awmh usKyfuEdkifw,f/(,cifeDum&m*GmrS tm%mSif
temwmqD,dkqdkrdkZm &J@ aG;aumufyGJrSm rJcdk;onf[k pGyfpGJcH&&mwGif ajymaompum;? 1925-1980)
You won the elections, but I won the count. Anastasio Somoza (19251980),
Nicaraguan dictator.

oHcif;wrefcif;
oHwrefaumif;qdkwm trsKd ;orD;wa,muf&J@arG;ae@udkom rSwfrd+yD; olhtoufudk rrSwfrdojl zpfw,f
(tar&duefuAsmq&m a&mbwfza&mh/ 1874-1963)
A diplomat is a man who always remembers a womans birthday but never remembers her
age. Robert Frost (18741963), U.S. poet.

a&yGufyrmwoufvsmwnf;
AD,uferfawGudkajymvdkuf? 'if;wdk@aemufudkqkwf&ifqkwf? rqkwf&if ausmufacwfjyefa&mufatmif AHk;}uJypfr,fvdk@/
(1964ckESpf/ AD,uferfppfyGJrSm ppfOD;pD;csKyfvkyfpOfu AdkvfcsKyfum;wpPvDar&J@ }uHK;0g;pum;)
Tell the Vietnamese theyve got to draw in their horns or were going to bomb them back
into the Stone Age. General Curtis Lee May.

48

pGefhv$wf_cif;&Jht"dy`m,f
wckcktwGuf toufrpGef@Edkifbl;qdkwJhvl[m vljzpfaezdk@ raumif;bl;? (tar&duefvlrnf;acgif;aqmif
rmwifvlomuif;? 1929-1968)
A man who wont die for something is not fit to live. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929
1968), U.S. civil rights leader.

rlvm;tusdK;pD;yGm;vm;

EdkifiHawGrSm tusdK;pD;yGm;yJ&Sdw,f? rlr&Sdbl;? (,ciftar&duef EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; [ife&D upfpif;*g;/ 1923-)

Nations have interests but no principles.

Henry Kissenger( 1923-)

trSefw&m;

*,fvDvD,dkudk jypf'%fcsrSwfwJhtcgrSm oluurBm}uD;[m vnfywfaewkef;yJvdk@ a=unmcJhw,f/

'Dae@usaemfwdk@uGefjrLepfawGuvJ ol@xufravsmhwJh ,Hk=unfr_rsdK;eJ@ a=unmvdkufygw,f- urBm}uD;[m
vnfywfaewkef;yJ/ (blvfa*;&D;,m;EdkifiHom;/ wwd,uGefjrLepftifwmaeSife,f&J@twGif;a&;rl; a*smf*sD'DrDxa&mhAf
(1882-1949) udkemZDrsm;utr_qif+yD; Hk;wif&mwGif Hk;Yolajym=um;aomrdef@cGef;?) ( 'Drdef@cGef;udk emZDcHkHk;u
qHk;atmifajymcGifhray;cJhygbl;?)
When Galileo was condemned he declared:E pur si muove! No less determined than
Galileo we Communists declare today E pur si muove! The wheel of history moves on towards
the ultimate, inevitable, irrepressible goal of Communism.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Georgi Dimitrov (1882-1949)

49

aqm&D;jcif;awmhrwlygav

rSwcf surf vdak om

pum;rsm;
rif;orD;&Jpum;
wdkeDbvJ,m;[m aus;vuf
udk em;rvnfbl;? ol@rdef;ruqdk ydkqdk;ao;
w,f?bvJ,m;a&;qGJwJh bwf*suf[m
trd_ufyHkvdkyJ?
(+Ad w d o #rif ; om; tuf ' 0yf . =uif , m
qdkzDonf {nfhcHyGJwckY Tpum;rsm;udk
ajymrdojzifh t}uD;tus,f a0zefcHvdkuf
&onf?)
( 2001ck/ {+yDv/ wdkif;rfr*~Zif;rS )

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk[m ygupPwef

urBmheHygwfwpf.'kuQ

Ed k i f i H & J @ rd w f a qG E d k i f i H y g? pD ; yG m ;a&;eJ @
ukefoG,fa&;wdk@rSm &if;ESD;wJh qufqHr_awG
Sd=uygw,f? Edk@ayrJh rljy\emawGrSmawmh
usaemfwdk@ taeeJ@ olwdk@ udk raxmufc H
Ed k i f y gbl ; ? 'D u d p P r S m usaemf w d k @ u
AJ&D;aqm&D; vdk@yJ ajym&ygr,f? 'gayrJh
'D u saemf wd k @ &J @ AJ & D ; aqm&D; [m wk w f
wdkuaf v,mOf ysuu
f sr_twGuf tar&duef
uajymwJ h AJ & D ; aqm&D ; eJ @ rwl y gbl ; ?
usaemf w d k @ ajymwJ h AJ & D ; aqm&D ; [m
av;av;eufeuf ajymwmyg?

tar&duefEdkifiHwGif wdkufcsif;
ypf'Hk;ysHrsm;wGif wyfqifxm;aom nlu
vD,m xdyfzl;aygif;u 5400/ ckZf 'Hk;ysHESifh
AH;k }uJav,mOfrsm;wGif wyf+yD;o,faqmif
Edkifaom nluvD,mAHk;aygif;u 1750/
enf ;AsL[mvufe uf rsm;wG i f wyf q if
xm;onfu 1670/ wjynfvHk;Sd befum
rsm;twG i f ; 0S uf x m;onf u 10000
Sda=umif; od&aomtcgrSm orwbkSfu
Todk@ ajymxGufoGm;onf?

rdef@cGef;rS )

xd kt cgwG i f &D * if v uf x uf r S p I vH k
+cKHa&;*kk}uD;vkyfvmaom&pfc swfyg;vf
(Richard Perle) u ,ckuJhodk@ ajzvdkuf
onf [ k e,l ; pf 0 d c f * sme,f w Gi f azmf j y
xm;onf?

usaemfwdk@ rSm bma=umifh'gavmuf

trs
m;}uD; Sdae&w,fqdkwm pOf;pm;vdk@
( ukvor*~vlhtcGifhta&; nDvmcHwGif
ajymaom ygupP w efu d k , fp m;vS, f . r&bl;? 'gawG bmvkyfzdk@vJ?

edyeG o
f rdik ;f opf

'kwd,urBmppftpydkif;wGif Oa&my ESifh trS efa jym&r,f qdk &if 'D[ mawGu dk
tar&d u ef r[mrd w f w yf r sm;tm; usaemfwdk@u b,fa wmhrS toHk;jyKrSm
*syefutEdki f&jcif;rSm xdkudkvdkeDjyKjcif;cH r[kwfb l;/ kSm;awGuvJ toHk;jyKrSm
ae&aom EdkifiHrsm;tm; &JpGrf;owWdSdap r[kwfygbl;?
cJhonf?

( tm&SwdkufrS EdkifiHtajrmuftjrm;u
azmfvu
dk rf ,fwaJh zmfvku
d fr,f
jyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uGufajymqdkae=u
aomf v nf ; etztpd k ; &u vH k ; 0a&iH k ( 2001 ck/ dkufwmowif; )
tar&duefEdkifiH tdk[dkif;tdk; E_w f y dw f a eaom *syef Ed k i fi H a usmif ; oHk ;
vmbfay;vmbf,l vkyfaepOf
jynfe,f pifpifemwDrd@wGif vlrnf;vli,f ordkif;pmtkyfopfxJrS )
cdk;+yD; dkufxm;aom AD'D,dkwdyfacGrsm;
wOD;udk &JawGu 0dkif;zrf;&if;ypfowfonfh
udpPa=umifh vlrnf;rsm;.qlylr_ jzpfyGm;cJh
a=umifh jy\emwuf um trd E d ki f i Hr S
0ufyifv,fatmf&@J used pf m
&onf ? xd k q l y l r _ E S i f h ywf o uf a om
xGufajy;&+yD; AifeDZGJvm;EdkifiHrS zrf;qD;
udef;*%ef;tcsdK@rSm1960ckESp fu pDt dki fa t. tpDt pOf
ol@udk0dkif;zrf;wJh &Jom;OD;a& 12?
tult nDjzifh usl;bm;Edki fi Hydki f 0ufyif jyefydk@cJhaom yDl;EdkifiHrS axmufvSrf;a&;
ol@udkypfonfhusnf
1?
v,fatmfwGif usL;ausmf wdkufcdkuf&if; t}uD;tuJa[mif; Avm'DrDdkrGefwDpDEdku
1995ck up+yD; 'Drd@rSm &Juypfowfvdk@ r_rvSH_;edrfhcJhaom wyfom;a[mif;rsm;
ol@ tm;ppfaq;aom w&m;ol}uD;tm;
ao&olOD;a&
15?
toif;onf rdrdwdk@ .toif;om; ESpfOD;
,ckuJhodk@ ajymcJhonf?
e,l; a,muf rd@ u tvm;wlj zpfp Of &J @ tm; toif;rS xkwfypfvdkufonf?
tqaygif;
4 qausmf
ta=umif;rSmTtoif;om;2OD; onf aemufxyfAD'D,dkawG =unfhOD;rvm;?
towf c H &wJh v la wG xJ rS m yg0if a ewJ h usL;bm;EdkifiHodk@ oGm;vnfaom a=umifh
usKyfrSm tacGaygif; 30000 Sdw,f?
vlrnf;OD;a& &mE_ef;
100
jzpfonf?[l.?
( &Sif[Gmowif;pOf/ 27-6-01 )
'Drd@rSmSdwJhvljzLOD;a& 57
( 2001? {+yDv? e,l;p0dcfr*~Zif;rS )
( tifwmeufowif;wyk'frS )

ude;f *%ef;wcsKd @

ajomf
Z,m;wGif tar&duefEdkifiHrS vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;u &DywfbvDuifywD. +yD;cJhonfha&G;aumufyGJtwGuf
ay;cJhaom v'gef;aomaiGyrm% ( a':vmoef;aygif; ) ESifh a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf,if;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;
toHk;yaomaiGpkpkaygif;. &mcdkifE_ef;wdk@udk azmfjyxm;onf?
vkyfief;trsdK;tpm;

a':vmoef;

&mE_ef;

aq;vdyfESifhpD;u&uf

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opf
a&eHESifh"mwfaiG@

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jyefvnftusdK;cHpm;&r_
pD;u&ufxkwfvkyfolrsm;tay: zuf'&,ftpdk;&u pGJqdkxm;aom
tr_rsm;udk zsufodrf;ay;jcif;?
opfxkwfvkyfa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;tm; ydwfyifr_udk kyfodrf;ay;jcif;?
pufHkrsm;. umAGef'dkifatmufqdkuf"mwfaiG@xkwfvkyfr_ uef@owfcsuf
tm; y,fzsufjcif;/ usdKwdkoabmwlnDcsuftm; ab;csdwfjcif;/ tmwdwf
a'o&Sd xdef;odrf;xm;aoma'orsm;wGif a&eHwl;azmfcGifhyjcif;?
obm0ywf0ef;usif oef@&Sif;a&; pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm; zsufodrf;
ay;jcif;?
a'0gvDcHoGm;&aom c&uf'pfu'fydkif&Sifrsm;xHrS aiGjyefodrf;&mwGif
vG,fulapaom bDvfOya' jyXmef;ay;jcif;?
vlr_zlvHka&;Oya'udk aps;E_ef;ruef@owfbJ yjyifay;jcif;
oydwfrsm;udk Oya'jzifh twm;tqD; yvkyfay;jcif;/ x&yfpfuJhodk@
vkyfief;}uD;rsm;tm; uef@owfaomOya'wdk@udk jyefav#mhay;jcif;

e,fcsJhpepfopf
rsufarSmufacwft&if;&Sifpepf.tqifhopf

rsufarSmufacwf t&if;&Sifpepf.
tqifhopf

1? ed'gef;
tcsKdaom orkdif;ESifhabm*aA'
ynm&Sifrsm;u 20 &mpkESpf&Sd t&if;&Sif pepf
yduJGoGm;_yD? 21 &mpkESpfwGif vlr+pD;yGm;a&;
pepfwck ay:xGef;vmvdrfhrnf? ,if;pepf
um; urBmht&if;&Sifpepf (global capitalism) okdr[kwf t&if;&Sif pepfopf (new
capitalism) jzpfonf[k a&;om;ajymqkdae
-uonf? olw k d u e,f c sJ pepf [ l a om
a0g[m&ukd rokH;-u? tod&pSd mG a&Smif-ujcif;
jzpfayrnf? e,fcsJpepfqkdonfrSm vlom;
orkdi;f wGif urBmppf}uD;ESpcf u
k dk zefwD;cJah om
pepf/ vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm aoauscJh&_yD; "e
OpPmypPnf;rsm;ESihf vl,Ofaus;r+ tarGtESpf
rsm;udk nufnufa usatmif zsufq D;cJh
aom pepfjzpfI if;ukdarSmufax_yD; aemif
tESpfw&mwGif ay:vmrnfhpepfrSm ,Of
aus;odrfarGonfh xGef;vif; awmufajymif
onf h t&if ; &S i f p epf o pf jzpf r nf [ k
qkdvdk[ef wlayonf?
vl r + p D ; yG m ;a&;pepf jzpf a y:
wkd;wufr+rSm wpdwfwykdif;taeESifh tcsKd
tcsdefwGif aemufjyefqkwfjcif;/ yduJGoGm;
jcif;/ ysufpD;oGm;jcif; &Sdrnfjzpfaomfvnf;
wck v k H ; taeES i f h q k d a omf a-umif v d r f
avSum;ozG,f/ a&v+dif;ozG,f yrlv+yf&Sm;
jcif ; jzpf a yonf ? jzpf a y:wk d ;wuf j cif ;
jzpfayonf?
vlom;orkdi f;wGi f a&S;bkHpepf

(Primaeval Communal System) OD;pGm

ay:aygufcJhonf? xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;ukd
pka ygif;ykdi fq kdi f_yD; pka ygif;xkwfvkyfum
txGufypPnf;rsm;udk pkaygif;&,l-uonf?
vlwef;pm;uJGjym;r+r&Sda o;/ vlwef;pm;
wkdufyJGvnf; ray:ao;I Ekdi fi Ha wmfESi fh
tpdk;&qkdonfrSmvnf; wnf&Sdzkd rvdkao;
ay? xkwfvkyfa&; ud&d,monf tvGef
k d;wm_yD ; twwfy nmvnf; edr fhusvS
ojzifh xk w fv k yf a &;tif t m;pk jzpf a y:
wkd;yGm;r+rSm tvGefaES;auG; aemufus
vSonf?
aus;u|efpepfu a&S;bkHpepfudk
tpm;xd k ; cJ h o nf ? vl w ef ; pm;uJ G j ym;r+
&Sdvm_yD? Ekdi fi Ha wmfvnf;ay:aygufc Jh_yD?
aus;yk di fu |efy dk i f &S i f u aus;u|ef rsm;uk d
oHajcusif;cwfum tvGef&ufpuf -urf;
uwfpGm tvkyfvkyfcdkif;cJhonf? aus;u|ef
rsm;. tpGef;xGuft vkyf (surplus
labour) wck v k H ; omru vd k t yf a om
tvk y f (necessary labour) {&mr
trsm;ykdif;ukdyg tykdifpD;cJhonf? aus;u|ef
pepforkdif;wGif aoG;acsmif;pD;cJhaom jzpf&yf
rsm;udk b,fokdr# arhaysmufEkdifp&m r&Sday?
rnfokdqkdapumrl xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+wGif aus;u|efpepfonf a&S;
bkHpepfESifhpmaomf wqifhjrifhwufvmjcif;
jzpfonf? vlrp+ ;D yGm;a&;pepf wqifhjrifw
h uf
vmjcif; jzpfonf?
ya'o&mZf ajr&S i f p epf u
aus;u|efpepfudk tpm;xkd;cJhonf? ya'
o&mZf ajr&Sifu ajru|efrsm;ukd -umyGwf
ukdi fum &uf&ufpufpuf zdESdyfa oG;pkyf
cJhonf? tvkyfoD;pm;c/ oD;ESHoD;pm;c/

tojymoD ; pm;cES i f h pD ; yG m ;a&;abmif

vGefa om t"rRenf;emomefrsm;jzifh
ajru|ef r sm;. tpG e f ; xG u f t vk y f
wckvkH;ESifh vkdtyfaomtvkyf tawmf
rsm;rsm;ukdygaoG;pkyfcJhonf? ya'o&mZf
ajr&Sifpepf ordkif;wGif aoG;csif;csif;eDcJhaom
yke fu efr +r sm;uk d jynf zk H; um;csI &rnf
r[k w f a y? ok d apumrl xk w f v k y f a &;
tiftm;pk jzpfay:wd;k yGm;&mwGif ya'o&mZf
pepfonf aus;u|efpepfxuf wqifhjrifh
wufvmjcif; jzpfonf? vlr+pD;yGm;a&;pepf
wqifhjrifh wufvmjcif; jzpfonf?
ya'o&mZf ajr&Sifpepfae&mwGif
t&if;&Sifpepfu 0if,lcJhonf? ukefpnf
xkwfvkyfa &;onf tjrifhqkH;tqifhtxd
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vm_yD; vkyftm; (labour
power) onf vl tzJ G tpnf ; twk d i f ;
twmt& ukefpnf (commodity) jzpfvm
aomtcg t&if;&SifvltzJGtpnf; jzpfvm
ayonf? t&if;&Sifonf vkyftm;ykdif&Sif
jzpfojzifh tvkyform;rsm;udk y,fy,f
e,fe,f aoG;pkyfEkdifcGifh&cJhonf? tvkyfcsdef
wkd;jrifhonfhenf;jzifh tvkyform;rsm;.
tpGef;xGuftvkyf ukd qefxkwfvkduf_yD;
vkdtyfaomtvkyf ukd avsmhenf;ap
cJhonf? Tenf;jzifh tuGif;rJh tpGe;f xGuf
wefzkd; (Absolute Surplus Value) ukd
!pf,lcJhonf? tvkyform;rsm;u wkdufyJG
qifjcif;a-umifh Tenf;udk usifhokH;&ef
cufvmonfhtcgwGif twwfynm wkd;jrifh
onfhenf;jzifh tvkyform;rsm;. vkdtyf
aomtvkyf ukd avsmhenf;ap_yD; tpGef;
xGuftvkyf ukd wdk;rsm;apcJhonf? T
enf;jzifh E+dif;,SOfjcif;tpGef;xGuf wefzdk;

jynfolhtm%m
(Relative Surplus Value) ukd !pf,lEkdif

cJhonf? t&if;&Sifpepfordkif;wGif t&if;&Sif

u oHajcusif;ESifh -umyGwfudk ukdifrxm;
apumrl/ xkwfvkyfa&;ypPn;f ESifh vkyftm;ukd
ykdifqkdifxm;ojzifh &uf&ufpufpuf aoG;pkyf
EkdifcGifh&cJhonf? txGufypPnf;rsm;udk tydkif
pD ; Ek d i f c G i f h & cJ h o nf ? t&if ; &S i f vl tzJ G
tpnf;wGif aoG;ac|;pGef;cJhaom vlwef;pm;
wkdufyJGrsm;um; rSwfwrf;wifI ukefEkdifrnf
r[kwfay? Tokdjzpfapumrl xkwfvkyfa&;
tiftm;pk jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+wGif t&if;&Sif
pepfonf ya'o&mZfpepfxuf wqifhjrifh
wufvmjcif; jzpfonf? ,cifvlr+ pD;yGm;a&;
pepf r sm;ES i f h p maomf tbuf b uf w G i f
twkdif;twm}uD;rm;pGm jzpfa y:wdk;yGm ;
vmjcif; jzpfonf?
xkdenf;wl 20 &mpkESpfwGif ay:
xG uf vmaom e,fc sJ pepfo nf vnf;
aumif;/ rsufarSmufwGif jzpfay:vmaom
e,fc sJ pepfo pfo nf vnf ;aumif; vl r+
pD ; yG m ;a&;pepf w G i f yd k r d k j rif h r m;vmjcif ;
jzpfayonf? xdkpepfrsm;ESifh qefusif_yD;
wnf&daS eaom qdk&S,v
f pfpepfonf wqifh
jrifhonfh vlr+pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk ukd,fpm;y
aeayonf? Tokd aom vlom;ord ki f;
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+ukd rnfonfh tiftm;pkurS
wm;qD;Edkifrnf r[kwfay? ta-umif;um;
orkdif;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+w&m;ESifh avsmfnD
aoma-umifh jzpfayonf?
2? e,fcsJt&if;&Sifpepf
jzwfoef;cJhonfhc&D;pOf
t&if;&Sifpepfonf 18 &mpkESpf
'kwd,ESpf0ufykdi f;rS pwif_yD; }uD;rm;pGm
jzpf x G e f ; vmcJ h o nf ? 19 &mpk E S p f
ES pfw&mtwGi f; zG H zd;wkd; wuf &if hrSn fh
vmcJhonf? vGwfvyfpGm ydifqdkifonfh
t&if;&Sifpepf/ pHwift&if;&Sifpepf [k
ac:wGifcJh onf?
um;vfrmhufpfu t&if;&Sifpepf
ukd oabmw&m;t&/ ordkfif;t& okH;oyf
_yD; vGwfvyfpGmydifqdkifr+u xkwfvkyfa&;
pkpnf;r+ (concentration of production)
ukd jzpfay:aponf? ,if;uwzef jzpfay:
wdk;yGm;r+ wpkHw&maom tqifhokd a&muf
onfwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr+ (monopoly)

ay:aygufaponf ( ADtdkif=vDeif e,fcsJ

pepf = t&if;&Sifpepf. tjrifhqHk;tqifh ESm
18 ) [k !ef jycJ honf ? wu,fhj zpf& yf
uvnf; Ttwkdif;yif jzpfvmayonf?
1860 = 70 ck E S p f r sm;wG i f
vGwfvyfpGmydifqidk fr+ (free competition)
txGwftxdyfokd a&mufcJhonf? xkdpOfu
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr+[lonfrSm jrifomxif
om r[kwfao;? uvva&-unfwnfpyif
&Sdao;onf?
1873 ckESpfuyfqkdufr+ ay:ayguf
vm_yD;aemufwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyf um
w,fvf tzJGrsm; war#mfwac: }uD; ay:
vmayonf? okdaomf wnfwnfwHhwHh
r[kwfao;? pyful;rwful; omefr#om
&Sdao;onf?
19 &mpkE Sp ft uke f pD ;yGm ;a&;
zGHzd;r+umvESifh 1900 = 03 usyfwnf;
r+uyf ay:vm_yD;aemuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
umw,fvf tzJGrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;b0
wckvkH;wGif tkwfjrpfwck jzpfvmayonf?
t&if;&Sifpepfonf e,fcsJpepftjzpfodk
ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf? Oa&mywkduftzkd
ajym&v#if 20 &mpkESpftpwGif e,fcsJpepf
jzpfwnfvmayonf?
xkwf vkyfa &; pkpnf ;r+a -umifh
vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJGrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;
um; e,fcsJpepf. a,bk,sESifh tajccH
w&m; jzpfayonf? e,fcsJpepf. pD;yGm;a&;
tESpfom&vnf; jzpfayonf?
e,fcsJpepftqifhwGif xkwfvkyf
a&;onf twdkif;twm}uD;rm;pGm vltzJG
tpnf; vuQ%maqmifvmonf? oD;jcm;
tm;jzifhqkdaomf twwfynm wDxGifr+ESifh
jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r+jzpfpOfonfvnf; vltzJG
tpnf; vuQ%maqmifvm ayonf? (socialization of production)

xkw fv ky fa &; vl tzJ G tpnf ;

vuQ%maqmifapumrl txGuf ypPnf;
rsm;udk &,lr+rSm yk*~vduvuQ%m jzpf_rJ
jzpfvsuf &Sdayonf? vltzJGtpnf; qkdif&m
xkwfvkyaf &;ypPnf;rsm; (social means of
production) onfvnf; vltenf;pku
yk*~vduykdifqikd _f rJyifjzpfonf? vGwfvyfpmG
ydifqkdifr+ [laom a,bk,sabmifrSm

qufvuf&Sdapumrl vufwqkyfpm vuf

0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifrsm;u usefvlom;
w&yfvkH;tay: pkd;rdk;r+um; tq&mr#ru
yk d r k d } uD ; av;vmayonf ? rcH r &yf E d k i f
avmufatmif 0efxkyf0efykd;'%frSm ykdrkd
}uD ; rm;vmayonf ? qif ; &J c srf ; om
tpGef;ESpfbufuGmjcm;r+um; -umav}uD;
xGm;av jzpfvmayonf?
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfrwkdifrD t&if;&Sif
pepfwGif pufr+t&if; (industrial capital ) onf t"dutcef;rS ygcJhonf? e,fcsJ
pepfwGifrl pufr+vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzJGrsm;.
puf r+ t &if ;ES i f h b%f v uf 0g;}uD ;tk y f
tzJGrsm;. b%ft&if; (bank capital )
aygif;pyfr+rS ay:vmaom bmt&if; (finance capital ) onf t"du jzpfvm
onf? 1910 ckESpfwGif tcsrf;omqkH;
t&if;&SifEdik if rH sm;jzpfaom t*Fvef/ jyifopf/
tar&d u ef E S i f h *smr%D w d k onf urB m h
bmt&if;. 80 &mckdifE+ef;eD;yg;ukd ykdifqikd f
xm;_yD; urBm ay:&S d usefE k di fi Hr sm;onf
wenf ; r[k w f w enf ; qk d o vd k TEk d i f i H
wumh bmt&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;/ wenf;
qkdaomf urBmhbmt&if; a'gufwkdif}uD;
4 ck. _rDpm;rsm;b0/ tqG,ftyGm;rsm;
b0okd tenf;ESifhtrsm; qkdovdk qkduf
a&mufvmcJhayonf?
vG w f v yf p G m yd i f q k d i f o nf h
t&if ;&Si fp epf. xl ;jcm;csufw &yfu m;
ukefpnfwifykdr+ jzpfayonf? vuf0g;
}uD;tkyf t&if;&Si fpepf (0g) e,fcsJpepf
wGifrlum; t&if;wifydkr+onf xl;jcm;
csufw&yf jzpfvmayonf?
t&if;wifykdr+ jzpfEkdifvmonfh
tcsufum; acwfa emufusonfh Edki fi H
trsm;tjym;onf urBmht&if;&Sifpepf.
tjyeftvSefqufoG,fr+ abmiftwGif;okd
0if a &mufv mjcif; a-umif h jzpf a yonf ?
t"durD;&xm;vrf;rsm;ukd azmufvkyf_yD;cJh
av_yD? okdr[kwf azmufvkyfEdkifcJhav_yD?
pufr+vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;Ekdif&ef tajccH
ta-umif;tcsufrsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmcJh
_yD jzpfonf?
t&if;wifykdr+twGuf vkdtyfr+
um; a&Swef;a&mufaeonfh Ekid if H tcsKdwGif
53

jynfolhtm%m
t&if;pkykHr+ (accumulation of capital ) tvGef}uD;rm;aom twdkif;twm okd
qku
d af &mufc_hJ yD; t&if;twdik ;f xuftvGef
aygrsm;vmjcif; (super abundance of
capital ) jzpf a yonf? Tokd jzpf&onfh
ta-umif;rSm xkdEdkifiHrsm;wGif v,f,m
vk y f i ef ; Y acwf a emuf u svsuf & S d j cif ; /
jynfolvlxkonf qif;&JrJGjymusvsuf
&Sdjcif;a-umifh tjrwf&zkd t&if;jrKyfESHEdkifrnfh
tajctae rjynfhpkHaoma-umifh jzpfay
onf?
20 &mpkESpftpykdif;wGif t&if;
wifykdr+onf tvGef}uD;rm;aom twkdif;
twmokd a&muf& Sdc Jh a yonf? xkdp Ofu
t&if;wifykdr+wGif t"duEdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom
_Adwed /f jyifopf/ *smr%Dwkd onf tajctae
csif; rwl-uay? _Adwdefu t"dutm;jzifh
if;.ukdvdkeDrsm;&Sd pufr+vkyfief; vkyfcif;
ukdifcif;rsm;wGif t&if;jrKyfESHonf? jyifopf
u t"dutm;jzifh Oa&mywkduf/ a&S;OD;pGm
k&Sm;wGif acs;iSm;a&;t&if; jrKyfESHonf? xkd
a-umifh _Adwdeftm; ukdvdkeDe,fcsJpepf
(colonial imperialism) / jyifopftm;
acs;iSm;a&;e,fcsJpepf (usury imperialism) [k orkwfcJh-uonf? *smr%D.
ykHpHum; wwd,trsKd;tpm; jzpfayonf?
*smr%DwGif ukdvdkeDtenf;tusOf;om&SdI
if;.t&if;udk Oa&myESifh tar&duwGif
tnDtr# cJGa0jrKyfESHayonf?
vuf 0 g;}uD ; tk y f t&if ; &S i f
tzJ G rsm;jzpf a om uG e f b d k i f ; rsm;/
umw,fvf rsm;/ qif'Dudwf rsm;ESifh
x&yfpf wdk u yxrOD;pGm jynfwGi f;
aps;uGufudk cJGa0,lvkduf-uonf? wkdif;jynf
wjynf. pufr+vkyfief;ukd tjynfht0 eD;yg;
ydkifqdkif&,lvkduf-uayonf?
t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif jynf
wGif;aps;uGufqdo
k nfrSm Ekdiif Hjcm; aps;uGuf
ESifh ra&Smifv$JombJ qufpyfvsuf &Sday
onf? t&if;&Sipf epfonf -um &Snpf Gmuyif
urBmhaps;uGufukd zefwD;cJhav_yD? t&if;
wifykdr+ wkd;rsm;vmonfESifhtr# vuf0g;
}uD;tkyf uGefbkdif;}uD;rsm;. EkdifiHjcm;ESifh
ukdvkdeDqufoG,fr+rsm;/ -oZm e,fy,f
rsm; (spheres of influence) bufaygi;f pkH
54

wkd;csJvmonfESifhtr#/ T uGefbdkif;
rsm;t-um; EkdifiHwumhoabmwlnDcsuf
&zdk tajctae zefwD;vmayonf? EkdifiH
wumh umw,fvf ay:aygufzdk tajctae
zefwD;vmayonf?
Tum; ,cift qifh rsm;ES i fh
rE+dif;,SOfomatmif ykdrkdjrifhrm;aom urBmh
twkdif;twmt& xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh t&if;
pkpnf;r+[laom tqifhopfw&yfodk a&muf
&Sdvmjcif; jzpfayonf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
vG e f t zJ G rsm; (super monopoly)
ay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfayonf?
1907 ckESpfwGif *smr%D taxG
axGv#yfppfukr`%D (German General
Electric Company ) ES i f h tar&d u ef
taxGa xGv#yfppfukr`%D ( American
General Electric Company ) wdk pmcsKyf
csKyf_yD; urBmudk cJaG 0vdkuf-uonf? olwdk t
-um; ydifqkdifr+ &yfpJoGm;onf? tar&duef
x&yf p f u tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k E S i f h
uae'gukd &_yD;/ *smrefx&yfpfu *smr%D/
-op}wD;,m;/ k&Sm;/ a[mfvef/ 'def;rwf/
qGpfZmvef/ wl&uDESifh abmfvfuefa'o
rsm;udk &cJh onf? rowfrSwf&ao;aom
pufr+vkyfief;cJGt opfrsm;ESi fh wkdi f;jynf
topfrsm;wGi f orD;ukr`%Drsm; xdk;
azmuf 0 if a &muf E d k i f a &;twG u f txl ;
v#Kd0Suf pmcsKyfrsm;udk csKyfqkdcJh-uonf?
enf;ynmopf wDxGi fr+rsm;ESifh prf;oyf
vkyfukdifr+rsm;udk zvS,f&efvnf; oabm
wlnDcJh-uonf? Tx&yfpfESifh ydifqdkif&ef
um; cufcJvSayonf? bDvsHrsm;pGmukd
t&if;tjzpf csKyfukdifxm;onf? urBmESifh
t0Srf; acsmifudacsmif-um;rusef vkyfief;
cJGrsm;/ at*sifpDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/
tquftoG,frsm; jzef-uufxm;onf?
okd apumrl jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+ wajy; rnDnm
jcif;a-umifhvnf;aumif;/ ppfjzpfjcif;a-umifh
vnf;aumif;/ auG;_rD rqyfEkdifawmhojzifh
ukr`%Dtyfvkduf&jcif;a-umifhvnf;aumif;
tiftm;pktaetxm; ajymif;vJomG ;onf
&Sdaomf/ if;wdkt-um; urBmudkjyefvnf
cJGa0a&;rSm a&Smifv$JI&rnf r[kwfay?
ukefoG,fa&; a&a-umif;oGm;
vma&;wG i f *smr%D r S [if ; bwf =

tar&d u (Hamburg - America)

ukr`%DESi fh aemf*sL;csmvdGKuf ( Norddeutscher Lloyd ) uk r ` % D w d k u
tar&durS EkdifiHwumhukefoG,fa&; a&
a-umif;ukr`%D ( International Mercantile Marine Co) ESifh pmcsKyfcsKyf_yD; urBmukd
cJGa 0vkduf-uonf? *smrefukr`%Drsm;u
t*Fvdyf = tar&duef a&a-umif;oGm;vm
a&; e,fy,fwGif 0ifa&mufydifqdkif-urnf
r[kwfa-umif; tmrcH&onf? rnfonfh
oabF m qd y f r sm;u rnf o nf h b uf E S i f h
oufqkdifa-umif; twdtus owfrSwfcJh
onf? pmcsKyfoufwrff;rSm tESpf ESpfq,f
jzpf_yD;/ ppfjzpfvmcJhaomf oabmwlnDcsuf
y,fzsufa-umif; tcsuftvufukdvnf;
xnfhoGif;owfrSwfcJhayonf?
EkdifiHwumh oHvrf;umw,fvf
(International Rail Cartel ) ukd 1884
ckESpf avmufuwnf;uyif zJGpnf;cJhonf?
umw,f v f tzJ G 0if r sm;jzpf - uaom
_Adwdo#/ b,fvf*sD,HESi fh*smref oHvrf;
xkwfvkyfolrsm;u oufqkdif&m EkdifiHrsm;.
jynfwGif;aps;uGufrsm;wGif tcsif;csif; rydif
qdkif&ef oabmwlnD-uonf? EkdifiHjcm;
aps;uGufrsm;ukd udkwm owfrSwfcJGa0
vdkuf-uonf? _Adwdo#ukr`%D ESpfcku
Ek wf x G u fo G m ;ojzifh 1886 ckE S p f wG i f
umw,fvfysufpD;oGm;_yD;aemuf/ 1904
ckESpfwGif t*Fvef/ *smr%D/ b,fvf*sD,H/
jyifopf/ tar&du/ -op}wD;,m;/ pydefwdk
yg0if_yD; jyefvnfxlaxmifcJhayonf?
EkdifiHwumhoGyfqif'Dudwf ( International Zinc Syndicate) ukd 1909
ckESpfwGif zJGpnf;cJh_yD; *smref/ b,fvf *sD,H/
jyifopf/ pydef/ t*Fvef tkyfpkig;cku wOD;pD
rnfr#xw
k v
f kyf&rnf qkdonfukd twdtus
owfrSwfcJh-uonf? tvm;wl enf;emt&
Ekdifiw
H umh 'kid f;erdkux
f &yfpf wGifyg0if-u
aom *smref / jyif o pf / tar&d u ef
azmufcJG,rf; xkwfvkyfolrsm;uvnf;
wurBmvkH;udk cJGa0,lvkduf-ujyefonf?
bmt&if;u }uD;pkd;aeonfh
acwfwiG f yk*~vdu vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzJGrsm;
( private monopolies) ESifh EkdifiHawmf
vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJGrsm; (state monopo-

jynfolhtm%m
lies) onf

a&maxG;,Sufwif jzpfaeay
onf? xkdpOfu *smr%DwGif TykHpHonf ykdrdk
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; azmfjycJhonf? yk*~vdu
vuf0g;}uD;tkyft zJG rsm; pD;yGm ;ysufvm
onfhtcgwGif EkdifiHawmf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
tzJGtjzpf csKyfukdifr+ cHvkduf_yD;/ jyefemvef
xlvmonfhtcgwGif yk*~vduvuf0g;}uD;
tkyf t zJG tjzpf jyeft oufoGi f; jcif;rsKd;
vkyfcJh-uonf? 1911 ckESpfwGif tar&duef
x&yfpf udk vdrfnmzdkESifh rdrdvkyfief;
wd k ; wuf j zpf x G e f ; zd k twG u f *smr%D Y
EkdifiHawmfa&eH vuf0g;}uD;tkyt
f zJG ay:vm
onfh jzpf &yf onf om"uw&yf jzpf a y
onf? wenf;qdk&aomf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;t-um; urBmukd pD;yGm;a&;
t& cJGa0a&; wdkufyJGwGif yk*~vdu vuf0g;
}uD;tkyftzJGrsm;ESifh EkdifiHawmf vuf0g;}uD;
tkyftzJGrsm;. taetxm;onf '*Fg;
wjym;. acgif;ESifhyef;yif jzpfayonf? T
enf; jzifh Ekdi fi Ha wmf vuf0g;}uD; tkyf
t&if;&Sifpepf (state monopoly capitalism ) onf wpwp jzpfxGef;vmayonf?
t&if;&Sifrsm;u urBmukdcJGa0
onfqkd&mY a&muf&Sdaeonfh xkwfvkyfa&;
ESifh t&if;pkpnf;r+ twdkif;twmu vuf0g;
}uD;tkyftjrwf &&SdapzdktwGuf if;wkd tm;
wGe;f aqmfjcif;a-umifh Tenf;emukd usio
fh ;kH
jcif; jzpfayonf? olwkdonf t&if;.
tcsKd;tpm;t& cJGa0-ujcif; jzpfonf?
uk e f p nf x k w f v k y f a &;ES i f h t&if ; &S i f
pepfwnf&o
dS nfh tajctaewGif tjcm;cJaG 0
a&;enf;em qkdonfrSm r&SdEdkifay? pD;yGm;a&;
ESifh EkdifiHa&;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+ twkdif;twm
tvkduf tiftm;tcsKd;tpm;onfvnf;
uJGjym;jcm;em;ayonf?
e,fcsJpepftqifhwGif urBmukd
pD;yGm;a&;t& cJGa0r+tay:wGif tajccHI
EkdifiaH &;t& urBmukd cJGa0a&;onf ay:xGef;
vmayonf? urBmay:wGiftkyfpk 3 ck ay:
vmayonf? ukdvdkeDykdif&Sifrsm;/ ukdvkdeDrsm;
ESifh ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh azmfjyaom rSDc dkae
&aomwkdif;jynfrsm; jzpfayonf?
uk d v d k e D E k d i f i H u m; Ek d i f i H a &;
vGwfvyfr+yif r&Sdaom/ e,fcsJEkdifiHwckcku
Ekdi fi Ha&;t&/ pD;yGm ;a&;t&/ ppfa &;t&

vuf0g;}uD;tkyf csKyfukdifxm;aom EkdifiHukd

qkdvkdayonf? e,fcsJEdkifiHrsm;tzkd udkvkdeD
rsm;onf jrifhrm;aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
tjrwf &&Sd&ma'o/ ukef-urf;rsm;&&m
a&aomufjrpf/ ukefacsmrsm; a&mif;cs&m
aps;uGuf/ vkyftm;rsm; aps;taygqkH;&&m
e,fajr jzpfayonf?
ukdvdkeDrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifr+onf
vuf 0g;}uD ;tky f t zJG rsm;tm; yd i f b uf
EkdifiHrsm;ESifh &ifqkdif&mwGif tompD;&&ef
tjynfh0qkH;tmrcHcsufrsm; &&Sdapojzifh
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifrsm;u TykHpHukd
tvdkvm;qkH; jzpfayonf?
ykHpHt rsKd;rsKd;jzifh rSDc dka e&aom
wkdif;jynfrsm;um; EkdifiHa&;t& vGwfvyf
onf[k todtrSwfyjcif;cH&_yD; bma&;
t&/ oHwrefqufqHa&;t& rSDckdae&aom
wkid f;jynfrsm;ukd qkdvakd yonf? rSDcakd e&aom
omefwrsKd;um; ukdvkdeDwykdif; Ekdi fiH
omef jzpfayonf?
Tokdjzifh t}uD;qkH;t&if;&Sif
Ek k d i f i H } uD ; rsm;t-um; wurB m vk H ; tm;
e,fa jrt& cJ Ga 0a&;onf t_yD; owfc Jh
ayonf? Ttcsufu v,f,mEkfid if Hrsm;ukd
omru pufr+vkyfief;jrifhrm;pGm xGef;um;
aom a'orsm;ukdyif odrf;,lzdk ud;pm;r+
rsm; ay:vmayonf? rnfonfhtrsKd;tpm;
a'oudkyifr qdk odrf;ydkufEkdi f&eft wGuf
urBm}uD;udk jyefvnfcJGa0&ef wGef;aqmfay;
aeayonf? ,if;tcsufa-umifh e,fc sJ
pepf. tESpfom&w&yfum; Akdvfuspkd;rkd;
a&;twGuf tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;t-um;
ydifqdkifr+ jzpfayonf? EkdifiHa&;t&qkdaomf
a,bk,stm;jzifh e,fcsJpepfonf t-urf;
zufr+ESifh azmufjyefr+qDokd OD;wnfv+yf&Sm;
jcif; jzpfayonf?
e,fcsJpepfonf r$m;vkdaoG;pkyf
aom/ ysufpD;,kd,Gi;f aeaom t&if;&Sifpepf
jzpfonf? urBmwckvkH;ukd cJGa0_yD; vuf
atmuf c H Ek d i f i H r sm;uk d aoG ; pk y f & mrS
vufwqkyfpm EkdifiH}uD;rsm;u jrifhrm;onfh
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tjrwfrsm;ukd &&SdcJh-u
onf? Ttjrwfrsm;ukd tokH;y_yD; rdrdwkd .
tkyfpkd;aom vlwef;pm;udk uG,f0aponf
omru ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. txufv$m

ES i f h atmuf t qif h vl w ef ; pm;rsm;uk d

vmbfx;kd ay;_yD; emcHapcJah yonf? t&if;&Sif
vlwef;pm;tvkdus odrf;oGif;EdkdifcJhayonf?
e,fcsJpepfwGif ysufpD;,kd,Gif;
aeaom wdr;f !Gwrf u
+ pufrv
+ kyif ef;. wpkH
w&maom vkyfief;cJGrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/
wpkHw&maom EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;
tcsKdumvrsm;wGi f tom&&Sdc Jhonf?
okdapumrl Ttcsufu t&if;&Sifpepf
vsifjrefpGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;jcif;ukd wm;qD;
xm;jcif; ryay? ta-umif;um; qefusif
buf w d r f ; !G w f r + j zpf a om vsif j ref p G m
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+ESifh twwf ynmwkd;wufr+
u e,fcsJpepfwGif pufr+vkyfief;. wpkH
w&maom vkyfief;cJGrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/
t&if;&Si fvlwef;pm;. wpkHw&maom
tv$mwGifvnf;aumif;/ wpkHw&maom
wk di f; jynf rsm;wG i f vnf; aumif; yxr
wdrf;!Gwfr+ukd tenf;ESifhtrsm;qkdovdk
azmufzsufaejcif;a-umifh jzpfayonf?
wckvkH;udk-unfhv#if t&if;&Sifpepfonf
,cifuxufyrdk v
kd sijf refpmG jzpfay:wdk;yGm;ae
avonf? Twkd;wufr+onf a,bk,s
tm;jzifh jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r+ wajy;rnDnmr+ukd
ykdIykdIjzpfay:aponf? Tjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+
wajy;rnDnmr+uwzef oD;jcm;tm;jzifh
t&if;tuG,f0qkH; EkdifiHrsm;wGif ysufpD;
,kd,Gif;r+ukd ay:vGifapjyefonf?
yxrurBmppfjzpfcgeD;tcsdefwGif
*smr%D. pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+onf
t*FvefESifh jyifopfxuf ykdrkdvsifjrefonf?
wzef tar&d u ef u *smr%D x uf
ykdv sifjref jyefonf ? ,if;tcsufa -umifh
tar&duef t&if;&Sifpepf. r$m;vkdaoG;pkyf
aom t*Fg&yfrsm;onf xifxif&Sm ;&Sm ;
ay:vGifcJhayonf?
e,f c sJ pepf E S i f h tacsmif 0 g'
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+onf aygif;pnf;vsuf&Sd&m
e,f c sJ qef usif a &;uk d tacsmif 0 g'
qefusifa&;ESifh ruJGruGmaygif;pyfxm;zkd
vkdayonf?
e,f c sJ pepf o nf aoyef ; yG i f h
aeaom t&if;&Sifpepfvnf; jzpfayonf?
ul;ajymif;aeaom t&if;&Sifpepfvnf;
rnf a yonf ? t&if ; &S i f p epf t wG i f ; rS
55

jynfolhtm%m
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr+ ay:vmonf? Tonfyif
qdk&S,fvpfpepfokd ul;ajymif;Ekdif&ef tp
csDcsufjzpfayonf?
e,fcsJpepf tajctaeatmuf
wGif wqifhjrifhaom vlr+pD;yGm;a&;pepfokd
ul;ajymif;Ekdi f&ef kyfykdif;qkdif&m wiful;
vk d t yf c suf r sm; ay:vmayawmh o nf ?
vkyfcif;}uD;wckonf tvGef}uD;rm;aom
twkdif;twmtxd }uD;xGm;vmaomtcg
tcsuftvufaygif;pkHukd twdtus wGuf
csufr+tay: tajccH_yD; vloef;q,ftcsKd
twGuf vkdtyfaom tajccHukef-urf;rsm;
. okH;ykHESpfykH okdr[kwf av;ykHokH;ykHukd
pDr Hu de f; wusay;tyf Ek di f& ef pnf; k H; Ek di f
aomtcg/ rdkifaygif;&maxmifcsDIa0;aom
toifhawmfqkH; xkwfvkyf&mae&mokd ,if;
ukef-urff;rsm;ukd pepfwus pnf;kH;r+&Sd&Sd
ykdaqmifay;Ekdifaomtcg/ ukefacsmypPnf;
trsKd;tpm; tajrmuftjrm;ukd xkwfvkyf
Ekdifonftxd wckwnf;aomA[kdXmeu
vkyif ef;tqifhqifhudk !ef-um;pDpOfEkdifaom
tcg/ pm;okH;oluka uk mtwGuf wck
wnf;aompDrHudef;t& TtxGufypPnf;
rsm;ud k jzef csd E k d i f a omtcg rd r d w k d
rsuf a rS m uf w Gi f xk w fv k y fa &; vl tzJG
tpnf; vuQ%maqmifr+onf xifxif
&Sm ;&Sm ; ay:vmayawmhonf? yk*~vdu
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh yk*~vduykdifqkdifr+ qufqHa&;
[laom tumOcGHonf xkwfvkyfa&; vl
tzJ G tpnf ; vuQ % maqmif r + [l a om
twGif;okyfESifh rukdufnDawmh? Ttum
OcHGonf tcsdeftawmf-umr# qufvufI
,dk,Gi f;ysufpD;aeonfh taetxm;jzifh
wnf&Sdwef&monf? okdaomf oltm;
ra&Smifrv$Jom z,f&Sm;ypf&rnfom jzpfay
onf?
Tokdjzifh e,fcsJpepfacwfwGif
twkdif;twm}uD;rm;aom xkwfvkyfa&;
vl tzJG tpnf ; vuQ %maqmif r+ onf
qd k & S , f v pf p epf t wG uf k y f y k d i f ; qk d i f & m
wifu;l vkdtyfcsurf sm;ukd zefwD;aeayonf?
t&if ; &S i f p epf u d k qd k & S , f v pf p epf E S i f h
tpm;xkd;a&;onf awmfvSefaomckeful;
ajymif;vJr+ jzpfayonf? awmfvSefa&;enf;
jzifhom jzpfay:Edkifayonf? kyfykdif;qkdif&m
56

tcsuf t vuf r sm;uk d omru yuwd

bm0ES i f h twW b m0ta-umif ; tcsuf
trsm;tjym;ukdvnf; vkdtyfayonf?
e,f c sJ pepf o nf qd k & S , f v pf
pepftwGuf Ekdiif Ha&;qkdif&m wiful; vdt
k yf
csuf r sm;uk d v nf ; zef w D ; aeayonf ?
t&if;&Sipf epf. ydyuQtm;vkH;ukd tqkH;pGef
txd jzpfay:wdk;yGm;apavonf? xkwfvkyf
a&; vltzJGtpnf; vuQ%maqmifr+ESifh
yk*~vduykdifqkdif&,lr+ omeft-um; yd
yuQonf tajccHydyuQ jzpfonf? T
tajccHay:wGif t&if;&Sifpepf ydyuQreS for#
onf onf ; oef j yif ; xef v mayonf ?
ta&;t}uD;qkH; ydyuQrsm;um; tvkyfESifh
t&if ; t-um; yd y uQ / rS D c k d a e&aom
wkdi f;jynfrsm;&Sd tzdE Sdyfc Hjynfolrsm;ESi fh
e,fc sJEkdi fi Hrsm;t-um; ydyuQ/ e,fcsJ
EkdifiH}uD;rsm;t-um; ydyuQwkdyifjzpfonf?
TydyuQrsm;ukd cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm_yD; e,fcsJ
pepf o nf ypP n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm; vl r +
awmfvSefa&;. tudumv jzpfonf
( AD=tdkif=vDeif e,fcsJhpepf t&if;&Sifpepf.
tjrifhqHk;tqifh ESm 10 ) [k vDeifu
ody`Henf;uspGm azmfxkwfcJhayonf?
Ekdi fi Ha wmf
vuf0g;}uD;tkyft &if;&Si fpepf
yxrurBmppfumv (1914 =
18 ) wGif EkdifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;
&Sifpepf. yxrv+dif;vkH; ay:aygufcJhonf?
Tonfa &Sm if wcif ,m,Dt csif;t&m
r[kwfay? ordkif;t& yuwdbm0us_ydD;
ra&Smifrv$Jom ay:ayguf&rnfh jzpfpOf.
tpdwftykdif;omv#ijf zpfI ppfuykdrv
kd sijf ref
apjcif;om jzpfayonf? 1917 ckEpS af vmuf
wGif e,fcsJpepfESifhywfoufI Tacwf
umvonf twkdif;twm }uD;rm;aom
vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJGrsm; ay:aygufvmonfh
acwfumvr# omru vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
t&if;&Sifpepfu EkdifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf
t&if;&Sifpepf tjzpfokd wkd;wufjzpfay:
vmaom acwfumv jzpfonf ( AD =
tdki f=vDeif vufa &G ;pOfusrf; twG J 2/
tydkif;1/ ESm 231? ) [k vDeifu wkd;csJ
&Sif;jycJhayonf? urBmppfrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;
usyf wnf ; r+ u yf r sm;onf v nf ; aumif; /

ppfa&;qefr+ESifh EkdifiHa&;tkHuGr+rsm;onf
vnf;aumif; vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif
pepfukd EkdifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif
pepftjzpfokd ajymif;vJap&mwGif vsifjref
apcJhayonf?
1929 = 33 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;
aom urBmhpD;yGm;a&; usyfwnf;r+uyfonf
EkdifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepf
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;&mwGif ta&;}uD;aom tpdwf
tykdif;w&yfjzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;r+
uyf'%f rcH&atmif enf;emtajrmuf
tjrm;jzifh tpdk;&u t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;tm;
tumtuG , f a y;avonf ? t&if ; &S i f
pD ; yG m ;a&;ud k csKyf u k d i f ay;cJ h o nf ?
pD;yGm;a&;wGif pDrHudef;rsm; jzifh vkyfukdif
apcJhonf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifrsm;
onf jynf o l r sm;. uk e f u sp&d w f j zif h
csrf;omuG,f0vmayonf? EkdifiHawmfu
vrf;rsm;azmufay;onfhenf;jzifh vuf0g;
}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifrsm;. o,f,lykdaqmif
a&;wGi f uk efu s&rnfh p&dw fpursm;udk
avsmhenf;apcJhonf? v#yfppf"mwftm;ay;
krH sm; aqmufay;jcif;jzifh olwkd uek u
f s&rnfh
aiGukd oufomapcJhonf? EkdifiHawmfu
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzJGrsm;xHrS a&mif;rxGuf
onfh ukefypPnf;rsm;udk 0,f,lI *dka'gifrsm;
xJwGif okda vSm ifxm;cJhonf? okd wnf;
r[kwf tvG,fwulyif zsufqD;ypfcJhonf?
xkdokdaomukefypPnf;rsm;ukd EkdifiHjcm;wGif
aps;csIa&mif ; Ek d i f & ef vuf 0 g;}uD ; tk y f
t&if;&Sifrsm;tm; acs;aiGrsm;ESifh trawmf
a-u;rsm; ay;cJhonf? Tvkyfenf;udk EkdifiH
jcm;wGif aps;csIa&mif;jcif; (dumping )
[k ac:avonf?
zuf q pf * smr%D w G i f bm
t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHawmf. yl;aygif;r+
onf txGwftxdyfokd a&mufcJhonf?
t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;onf rdrdwkd. vkyfcif;
rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfukd,fpm; aqmif&GufEkdif
ayonf? EdkifiHawmf tzJGtpnf;rsm;wGif
t&if ;&S i f } uD ;rsm;. uk d, f p m;vS ,f r sm;
yg0if_yD; pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;cJGrsm;ukd tkyfcsKyf
avonf ? ol w d k u vuf 0 g;}uD ; tk y f
tzJ G rsm;xH w G i f atmf ' grS m ,l o nf ?
aps;E+ef;rsm;owfrSwfonf? ukef-urf;rsm;

jynfolhtm%m
cJGa0ay;onf? EdkifiHawmfonf wqifhwkd;I
t&if;A[kdwGif pkpnf;a&; twGuf tokH;
awmfc Ho nf h ud &d ,m jzpfv mayonf ?
v$ w f a wmf w G i f Oya'rsm;yI tpk p yf
uk r ` % D i ,f tm;vk H ; uk d zsuf o d r f ; _yD ;
vuf0g;}uD;tkyt
f zJGrsm;xJwiG f yl;aygif;yg0if
aponf? zufq pfEdki fiHawmfu ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm;. ckcHr+udk t-urff;zufESdyfuGyf_yD;
tvkkyform;or*~rsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;
ukd zsufodrf;ypfcJhonf? TwGif EdkifiHawmf
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepfonf if;.
vk,ufzsufqD;onfh vuQ%mukd tjynfh
t0 azmfjycJhayonf?
'kwd,urBmppfonf vuf0g;}uD;
tkyf t&if;&SifpepfrS EdkifiHawmf vuf0g;}uD;
tkyf t&if;&Sifpepftjzpfodk ul;ajymif;&m
wGif ykrd v
dk sijf refapcJhonf? xdktcsed frSpwifI
EdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepf
onf e,fcsJEdkifiH}uD;rsm; wGif jzpfxGef;cJh_yD;
zHG zd;_yD;t&if;&Si fEkdifi H rSefor#wGi f rwl
onf h t wd k i f ; twmt& tjrpf w G , f c J h
ayonf?
rnfonfeh ,fcsJ Ekid if w
H iG rf qkd Edik if H
awmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepfonf
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;cJGtm;vkH;ukd ajymif;vJ
ypfjcif; r[kwfay? if;ESifh ab;csif;,SOfI
vuf 0 g;}uD ; tk y f r [k w f a om tv,f
tvwfESifhti,fpm; vkyfcif;udkifcif;rsm;
onf quf v uf w nf & S d a eayonf ?
tenf;ESit
fh rsm;qko
d vkd rdaeESihaf us;vuf
"e&Sifaygufprsm;ESifh t&if;&Sifpepfrwkid rf u
D
aoG ; pk y f r + o mef tuG i f ; tusef r sm;
onfvnf; qufvufusef&Sdaeayonf?
'kwd,urBmppftwGif; jzpfay:
wdk;yGm;cJhaom EdkifiHawmfESifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
tzJGrsm;. yl;aygi;f r+onf ppf_yD;onfah emuf
vnf; tqkH;rowfEdkifkHomru EdkifiHawmf
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf taqmufttkHtopf.
tajccHt*Fg&yf jzpfvmayonf? pD;yGm;a&;
ukd ppfa&;qefaponfh taqmufttko
H nf
_id r f ; csrf ; aomumv&S d Ed k i f i H a wmf
,E W&m;wGif r&Sdrjzpfonfh tpdwftykdif;
jzpfvmayonf? urBmppfESpfck. tusKd;
quf taejzifh e,fcsJEdkifiHrsm;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;
tcsuftcsm ae&mrsm;ukd ppfa&;vuf0g;

}uD;tkyf tzJGrsm;u csKyfukdifxm;ayonf?

Edk i fi Ha wmft m%mudk ydkrk dxd
a&mufpGm tokH;csEdkif&eftwGuf bm
t&if;&Si f}uD ;rsm;onf rdrdwk d uk d,fwk di f
0ef}uD;rsm;/ ta&;}uD;aomXme acgi;f aqmif
rsm;/ oHtrwfrsm;/ t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;tjzpfjzifh
yg0ifxrf;aqmifc Jh-uonf? Edki fi Ha wmf
,E W & m;ES i f h vuf 0 g;}uD ; tk y f t zJ G rsm;
csdwfqufvkyfr+rSm tvGefeD;uyfvSojzifh
olwdkt-um; e,fedrdwfpnf;a-umif; cJGjcm;
zkdyif rvG,fulawmhonfh tajcokd qdkuf
a&mufcJhayonf? EdkifiHawmfonf vuf0g;
}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;. ta&;udpPukd
pDrcH efcG&J onfh aumfrwDtjzpfokd ajymif;vJ
cJhayonf?
EdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;
&Si fpepfa tmufwGi f ydi fqkdi fr+omef
topf jzpfay:vmayonf? jynfolrsm;.
OpP m "euk d vk , uf a &;ES i f h Ed k i f i H a wmf
taqmufttkH&Sd ta&;}uD;aomXmersm;
ukd csKyfukdifEkdifcGifh &&Sda&;twGuf vuf0g;
}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;t-um; wkdufyJG
rsm;ay:vmjcif; jzpfayonf? EdkifiHa wmf
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepfu trsm;
qkdif&m &efykHaiG tvJGokH;pm;vkyfr+ukd
w&m;0if jzpfapcJhayonf?
EdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;
&Sifpepfokd ul;ajymif;&mwGif EdkifiHawmfykdif
omef o nf wpk H w &maom twk d i f ;
twmt& wkd;rsm;vmayonf? oD;jcm;
tm;jzifhqkd&vsif tvkdtavsmuf vnf
ywfr+/ v#yfppf"mwftift m;/ tEkjrL
tift m;wdk ESi f h ywfoufa om acwf rD
twwfynm vsifjrefpGm wkd;wufvmr+
uvnf; EdkifiHawmfykdifvkyfcif;rsm; wkd;rsm;
vmr+ukd wGef;aqmfay;avonf? pcgpwGif
t&if;jrKyfESHr+ txl;}uD;rm;pGmvkdtyfaom
pufr+vkyfief;cJG topfrsm;ukd xlaxmif
&mwGi f vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Si frsm;u
EdkifiHawmftay: 0efxkyf0efykd; v$Jay;vkduf
ayonf? Tvkyfcif;rsm;ukd aqmufvkyf&m
wGifvnf;aumif;/ pufud&d,m wyfqif&m
wGifvnf;aumif; olwkdu uefxkdufwm
rsm; tcef;rS yg0if-uonf? Tenf;jzifh
t&JpGefvkyf&efrvkdawmhbJ tjrwfrsm;rsm;

&zkd tmrcHcsuf &&SdcJhayonf? EdkifiHawmfykdif

wkd;vmonfh tjcm;ta-umif; w&yfum;
ppfvufeufxw
k fvkyo
f nfh puft
Hk opfrsm;
ESifh if;ESifhqufpyfaeonfh pufr+vkyfief;cJG
rsm;ukd xlaxmifjcif; jzpfayonf? TpufkH
rsm; wnfaqmuf_yD;aemuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;tm; iSm;&rf;vkyfukdifapcJh
ayonf?
Edki fi HawmfESi fhyk*~vdu zufpyf
omeftrsKd;rsKd;vnf; ay:aygufcJhonf?
tDwvDESifh taemuf*smr%DwGif pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfi ef ;cJGt rsKd;rsKd;&Sd ukr`%D tajrmuf
tjrm;wGif Edik fiaH wmfu tpk&,
S ,
f m trsm;
tjym; ykdifqkdifcJhayonf?
Ed k i f i H a wmf vuf 0 g;}uD ; tk y f
t&if;&Sifpepf. t*FgvuQ%mw&yfum;
tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tvky&f Sifrsm;t-um;&Sd
ydyuQrsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfu wufwuf
uGuG yg0ifpGufzufjcif; jzpfonf? raus
reyf j zpf a eaom tvk y f o rm;rsm;uk d
t-urf ; zuf _ yD ; ES d r f e if ; jcif ; jzpf o nf ?
tvkyform;rsm;u oydwaf rSmuf_yD; ta&;
qk d vmonf h t cgwG i f vuf 0 g;}uD ; tk y f
t&if;&Si frsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm ;udk tum
tuG,fay;&eftwGuf tpkd;&u 0ifa&muf
pGufzufI zdtm;ay;avonf? EdkifiaH wmf.
w&m;Oya'rsm;ESifh trdef'D*&Drsm; Oyrm
tar&duwGifowfrSwfxm;aom wmhzf
[mwavOya' ( Taft - Hartley Act )
qk d y gu
tvk y f o rm;or*~ r sm;u
oyd w f a rS m uf & ef E S i f h tjcm;v+ y f & S m ;
r+rsm;vkyf&ef tvGe fc ufc Ja pcJha yonf?
xdkjyif aexkdifr+p&dwf }uD;jrifhaecsdefwGif
vkycf rsm;ukdcx
J m;onfh tpdk;&. ay:vpD
onf vkyfom;jynfolrsm;ukd ykdrdkaoG;pkyf
Ekdif&ef vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifrsm;tm;
taxmuftul yay;cJhayonf?
ppf_yD;acwfwGif t*Fg&yfwckum;
Ed k i f i H a wmf vuf 0 g;}uD ; tk y f t zJ G rsm;.
EkdifiHwumhe,fy,ftwGif; aqmif&Gufcsuf
rsm; jzpfayonf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif
rsm;u Ekdiif Hjcm;odk ukefpnfrsm;wifydk &mwGif
EdkifiHawmfu aiGaxmufyHh&onf? yk*~vdu
wifydk &mwGiv
f nf; acs;aiGrsm;ukd EdkifiHawmf
u wm0ef,lI ay;acs&onf? yk*~vdu
57

jynfolhtm%m
aumfydka&;&Si;f rsm;u t&JpeG fIrvkyf&aJ om
pufr+vkyfi ef;cJGrsm;ESifh wkdif;jynfrsm;okd
t&if;wifykdr+ukd EdkifiHawmfuyif wm0ef,l
aqmif&Gufay;& ayonf?
t&if;&Sif yl;aygif;a&; ay:vpD
(policy of capitalist integration) um;
Ek di fi Hwumhe,fy,fwGi f t&Si f ;vif;qk H;
azmf j yaom Ed ki f i Ha wmf vuf 0 g;}uD ; tk y f
t&if;&Sifpepf. wdrf;!Gwfr+rsm; jzpfay
onf? Tay:vpDt& twkid ;f twm tvGef
}uD;rm;aom EkdifiHwumh vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
tzJGrsm;jzpfonfh Oa&my ausmufrD;aoG;ESihf
oHr%dtkyfpk (European Coal and Steel
Community) / Oa&mytEkjrLtiftm;tzJG
(European Atomic Energy Association) / taemuf*smr%D/ jyifopf/ tDwvD/

b,fvf*sD,H/ a[mfvefESifhvlZif;bwfwdk
pwifyg0ifaom Oa&mypD;yGm;a&;tkyfpk
( European Economic Community)
okdr[kwf bkHaps; (Common Market)

ESihf _Adwed af cgif;aqmifaom tjcm;taemuf

Oa&myEkdifiHtcsKd yg0ifaom Oa&my
vGwfvyfpGm a&mif;0,fa&;tzJG (European Free Trade Association) wd k
ay:vmayonf?
t&if;&Sifyl;aygif;a&; (capitalist integration) onf yk * ~ v d u
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf Ekdi fi Hwumhumw,fvf
rsm; . jzpfdk;jzpfpOfESifh jcm;em;ayonf?
if ; onf t pk d ; &rsm;t-um; oabmwl
nDcsuf. tusKd;qufjzpfayonf? tpkd;&
rsm;u tiftm;t}uD;rm;qkH; vuf0g;}uD;
tkyftzJGrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh &nf&G,f
csuf rsm;udk tm;ay;axmuf c H a yonf ?
taemufOa&my&Sd bmt&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;
. pD;yGm;a&;ESifhEkdifiHa&; &nfrSef;wGufqr+
rsm;onf yl;aygif;a&; ay:vpDwGif xif
[yfj yvsuf &S do nf? wdki f; jynft oD ;oD;
.aps;uG u f r sm;uk d bk H a ps; tjzpf
yl ; aygif ; vk d u f j cif ; ES i f h taumuf c G e f
twm;tqD;rsm;ukd zsufod rf;vkdufjcif;
ok d r[k w f avsmh e nf ; oG m ;apjcif ; jzif h
twkdi;f twm}uD;rm;aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
tzJGrsm;onf rdrdwkd.}uD;pkd;r+ e,fedrdwfukd
wkd;csJ-uonf? aps;uGufrsm;ESi fh t&if;
58

jrKyfESH&m e,fy,fukd us,fjyefvmaponf?

vuf0g;}uD;tkyfaoG;pkyfr+ a'oukd wkd;csJ
vk d u f _ yD ; tvk k y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;.
awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk yl;aygif;wGef;vSef-u
ayonf? bkaH ps; qko
d nfrmS x&yfpfrsm;
jzifh_yD;aom Oa&my jzpfayonf? t}uD;
rm;qkH; vuf0g;}uD;tkyft zJG rsm;t-um;
aps;uG u f c J G a 0onf h rsuf a rS m uf u mv
omef jzpfayonf?
Ekdifi Hwumh Edki fiHa wmfvuf0g;
}uD;tkyft zJG rsm;onf qdk&S,fvpf Edki fi H
rsm;ukd OD;wnfqefusif&ef &nf&G,fxm;
aom _cdrf;ajcmufwkdufckdufa&; tkyfpkrsm;.
pD;yGm;a&;tajccH jzpfayonf? tvkyform;
vl wef; pm;ES i f h 'D rdk ua&pD v+ yf& Sm ;r+u kd
ES dr fe if ;&ef ES i f h udk vk de D0 g'opfa y:vpDu kd
taumiftxnfazmf&ef zJGwnfxm;aom
e,fcsJr[mrdwftzJG jzpfayonf? t&if;&Sif
yl;aygif;a&; ukd aoG;xdk;vH+aqmfolum;
tar&duefe,fcsJorm; jzpfayonf? olu
taemufEikd firH sm;&Sd azmufjyefa&; tiftm;
pkrSefor#ukd pkpnf;cdkifrmap&ef &nf&G,f
ayonf? yl;aygif;xm;aom Oa&myudk
if;.usL;ausmfa&;ay:vpDt& wif;wif;
usyu
f syf qkyu
f idk x
f m; ayonf? Tenf;jzifh
t&if;&SifavmuwGif if;.acgif;aqmifr+
tqifhae&mukd xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef &nf&G,f
ayonf?
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&SifpepfrS
EdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepf
tjzpfokd jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+onf wqifhjrifh
aom vlr+pD;yGm;a&;pepfw&yf jzpfay:vm
ap&eftwGuf _yD;jynfhpkHaom kyfydkif;qkdif&m
ta-umif;tcsufrsm;udk zefwD;vkdufjcif;
jzpfayonf?
vDeifu Tokd a&;cJhonf? Edik fiH

awmf vuf 0 g;}uD ; tk y f t&if ; &S i f p epf

[lonf qdk&S,fvpfpepftwGuf _yD;jynfh
pkHaom kyfydkif;qkdif&mjyifqifr+ jzpfonf?
qd k & S , f v pf p epf . t0if w H c g;ayguf
jzpfonf? orkdi f;avSum;wGi f avSum;
xpf w ck j zpf I if ; avS u m;xpf E S i f h
qdk&S,fvpfpepf[kac:aom avSum;xpf
t-um;wGi f -um;avSum;xpfr sm; r&Sd
awmhay? (ADtdkif=vDeif vufa&G;pOfusrf;

twGJ 2/ tydkif;1/ ESm 158)

3 ? e,fcsJpepfopf. tajccHtkwfjrpf
2 ck?
(u) urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;
( globalisation )

e,fc sJpepfopf. tudumv

TumvwGit
f ar&du/ *smr%D/
_Ad w d e f / *syef / jyif o pf p aom e,f c sJ
Ekdifi Hrsm;wGif xkwfvkyfa &;pkpnf;r+onf
ruHpzl; }uD;rm;cJhonf?
Oyrm 1976 ckESpfwGif t}uD;qkH;
tar&duef aumfykda&;&Sif; 500 wGif tvkyf
orm; 17 oef;eD;yg; &SdcJhonf? tar&du&Sd
tvkyform;OD;a&.20 &mckdifE+ef; ausmfr#
jzpf a yonf ? Taumf y k d a &;&S i f ; rsm;u
ukefypPnf; 66 &mckdifE+ef;udk a&mif;cscJhonf?
1916 ckESpu
f t&if;&Siu
f rBmwGif
jynfaxmifpk
oHr%daumfykda&;&Sif;
( United States Steel Corporation)

[kac:aom tar&duefukr`%D wckr#om

&Sd_yD; if;.tpkpyft&if;onf a':vm 1
bDvsHausmfr#om &Sdonf? 1976 ckESpfwGif
um; bDvsHEiS fhcsD_yD; t&if;jrKyfEHaS om ukr`%D
aygif;rSm 350 cef jzpfvmayonf?
1975 ckwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyv
f Gef
armfawmfum;x&yffpf *sife&,f armfawmf
aumfydka&;&Sif; ( General Motors Corporation ) wGif t&if;a':vm 22 bDvsH
ausmfr#&Sd_yD; tvkyform; 8 odef;eD;yg;r#
&Sdonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh tjcm;
EkdifiHrsm;&Sd a&eHpufr+vkyfief;ukd vuf0g;}uD;
tkyfxm;aom e,l;*smpDpwif;'wfa&eH
vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJGwGif tvkyform; 7
odef;ausmf &Sdayonf? armfawmfum; pufr+
vkyif ef;wGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG 3 cku T
vkyfief;cJG&Sd xkwfvkyfa&; 90 &mckdi fE+ef;
ausmfukd csKyfukdifxm;onf? ukr`%D}uD; 4
cku ava-umif;oGm ;vma&;wGi f 65/
oHr%dpufr+vkyfief; xkwv
f kyaf &;wGif 47
ukd csKyfudkifxm;ayonf?
tjcm;e,fcsJEkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf;
Tenf ; ES i f E S i f y if jzpf o nf ? *smref
jynf a xmifp k o rR w Ek d i fi H wG i f vky f c if ;
pkpkaygif;. 13 u xkwfvkyfa&;. 50
cefESihf wkidf f;jynf&dv
S yk t
f m;. 40 ukd pkpnf;

jynfolhtm%m
csKyfukdifxm;onf? _AdwdefwGif vuf0g;}uD;
tkyf tzJG 50 u t&m&mukd }uD;pkd;xm;
onf? _Adwdo# oHr%daumfyakd &;&Sif; (British Steel Corporation) u wkdif;jynf.
oHr%dxkwfvyk fa&; 90 ausmu
f kd csKyfuikd f
xm;ayonf? jyifopfwGif ukr`%D}uD; 2 ck
uoHr%dxkwfvkyfa &; 34 udk pkpnf;
csKyfukdifxm;onf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG 4
cku armfawmfum;xkwfvkyfa&; wckvkH;ukd
ykdifqkdif_yD; tjcm;tzJG 4 cku a&eHtxGuf
ypPnf; xkwfvkyfa&;wckvkH;ukd csKyfukdifxm;
ayonf? *syefwGif oH owWKukr`%D}uD; 4
cku oHpdr;f tm;vk;H ESihf oHr%d 34 ausmu
f dk
xkwfvkyf_yD;/ ukr`%D 8 cku oHr[kwfaom
owWKvkyfief;wGif vkyfukdifcJhonf?
Twkid f;jynfrsm;&Sd tao;pm;ESifh
tvwfpm;vkyfcif;rsm;onf vuf0g;}uD;
tkyftzJGrsm;tay:wGif wkdufkdufrSDcdkae&
onf? olwdkonf vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJGrsm;
xHrS atmf'grsm;&_yD; vkyfief;vkyfukdif-u
onf? acs;aiGrsm;/ ukef-urf;rsm;ESifh twwf
ynmrsm;udkvnf; &&SdcJh-uonf? vufawG
tm;jzifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzJG rsm;.
aemuf_rD;qJGrsm; jzpfvmayonf?
txuf wGi fq kd c Jh a om e,f c sJ
Edki fiHrsm;wGif Edki fiHa wmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf
t&if ;&S i f tpd w ft ykd i f; onf pkp k a ygif ;
xkwfvkyfa&;. 20 rS 30 cef&Sdayonf?
xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh t&if;pkpnf;r+
onf tvGef}uD;rm;aom twdik f; twmokd
a&muf&Sdaeonfh tajctaewGif vkyfom;
jynfolrsm;ukd aoG;pkyf&eftwGuf tjcm;
omefrsm;vnf; ay:vmayonf? T
onfum; trsKd;om;aygif;pkH ukr`%Drsm;
(multinational companies) rsm; jzpfay
onf? Tukr`%Drsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmft-um;
tvG e f e D ; uyf a omqufo G , f r + r sm;&S d _ yD ;
tjyeftvSefrSDckdae-uonf? jynfwGif;ESifh
Ek d i f i H w umh t wk d i f ; twmt& aoG ; pk y f
jc,fvS,f&mwGi f Edki fi Ha wmft pkd;&onf
Tukr`%Drsm;. tokH;awmfcHud&d,mrsm;
jzpf a yonf ? Tuk r`% Dw ck c sif; yif v#if
pD;yGm ;a&;tift m;wGi f }uD;rm;vSonf?
Oyrmqkd&v#if tar&du&Sd tift m;}uD;
trftifpw
D ckjzpfaom *sief &,farmfawmf

aumf y d k a &;&S i f; . xk w f vk y f a &;onf

a[mfvef/ b,fvf*sD,HESifh qGpfZmvefwdk.
pkpkaygif; pufr+vkyfief; xkwfvkyfa&;xuf
omvGefayonf? tcsKyfqkd&aomf T
ukr`%Drsm;onf e,fcsJpepf. wGef;tm;
rsm; jzpfa yonf ? if ; tm;wk d; csJ onf h
t"du omefw &yf jzpfonf? udkvd keD
pepfopf. a'gufwkdifrsm;jzpf_yD; Tukr`%D
rsm; usufpm;&m wkdif;jynfrsm;. tcsKyf
tjcmtm%mykdifqkdifr+ESifh vGwfvyfa&;ukd
tE W&m,fyaeayonf?
bmt&if;.pkpnf;r+ESifh A[kd
csKyf uk di fr +a &csd ef onf tvGe fj rifh rm;_yD ;
bmt&if;tkyk fprk sm;u e,fcsJ Ekid firH sm;udk
pkd;rkd;xm;ayonf? tar&duwGi f a&mhcf
zJvm;/ armf*if/ *sL;yGef/ rJvGef/ zkd'f/ csDum*dk/
wuf q yfpf/ umvDz kd;eD ;,m;ES i fh tjcm;
tk y f p k r sm;uvnf ; aumif ; / _Ad w d e f w G i f
a&mhofcsKdif;/ bJ&if;/ q,fjrL&,f tkyfpkrsm;
uvnf;aumif;/ *smr%DwiG f uky/f qD;rif;/
rifeufpfrif;/ okdifqif/ *gvif ponfhtkyfpk
rsm;uvnf;aumif;/ tDwvDwGif zD;,uf/
t,fvfzm= kdrD,dk/ rGefw,f'Dqif/ atmfvD
A,fwDponfh tkyfpkrsm;uvnf;aumif;/
jyif o pf w G i f td r f a xmif p k } uD ; rsm;u
vnf;aumif; toD;oD ;csKyfudki fxm;ay
onf?
e,fcsJpepf. pD;yGm;a&; t*Fg&yf
wckjzpfaom t&if;wifykdr+onf wqifhwdk;
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;cJhonf? t}uD;rm;qkH; t&if;
wif y k d onf h Ek d i f i H r sm;um; tar&d u ef
jynf a xmif p k / *syef / zuf ' &,f * smref
orRwEkdifiH/ _Adwdef/ jyifopfwdk jzpfayonf?
,if;EkdifiHrsm;teuf tar&duef jynfaxmif
pkonf tiftm;vGefEkdifiH jzpfojzifh 'kwd,
urBmppf}uD;_yD;onfhaemuf if;.wkdufkduf
t&if ; jr K yf E S H r + o nf zH G zd ; _yD ; t&if ; &S i f
EkdifiH}uD;rsm; tygt0if urBmt&yf&yfokd
ysH ESH _y;D t&if;jrKyfEo
SH nfh t&Sed o
f nf vsijf ref
vSa yonf? 1946 ckESpfwGi f 72 bDvsH
a':vm&Sd&mrS 1950 ckwGif 11 2 bDvsH
a':vm jzpfvmonf? 1964 ckESpfwGif 44
3 bDvsHokd a&muf&Sd_yD; 1977 ckwGi f
bDvsHa':vm 60 ausmf jzpfcJhayonf?
'kwd,urBm ppf_yD;onfha emuf

urBmwGif tiftm;tcsKd;tpm; t&if;cHrS

ajymif;vJvmonfwiG f e,fcsJEkdifirH sm;onf
ukdvedk Dpepfa[mif;tpm; ukv
d dek D pepfopfukd
usifhokH;vmayonf? t}uD;rm;qkH; ukdvdkeD
pepfopf usifhokH;onfhEkdifiHrSm tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk jzpfayonf? 1973 = 1975
cktwGif; tar&du u ,cifuv
kd kdeD/ udv
k kdeD
wykdif;ESifh rSDcdkae&aomwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif
jrKyfESHaom tpkd;&ESifh yk*~vdut&if;onf
if;a'orsm;wGif jrKyfESHaom t&if;pkpkaygif;
. 36 cef &Sdayonf?
1970 ckESpftv,fumvonf
e,fcsJpepf tqifhopfwckokdpwif ul;
ajymif;aeonfhumv jzpfayonf? 1950 =
70 ckES pf umvwG i f ay:aygufvmonfh
owif;enf;ynm awmfvSefa&;onf ul;
ajymif;r+ukd vsifjrefapavonf?
pD;yGm ;a&;urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;
( Economic Globalization)
urBmhtoGifaqmifa&; ( Globalization ) ES i f h owif ; enf ; ynm
awmfvSefa&; ( Information Technological Revolution) onf tar&duef

OD;aqmifaom e,fcsJpepfopf. tajccH

tkwfjrpf 2 ck jzpfayonf?
TwGife,fcsJpepfa[mif; yduJG
oGm;_yD; vlr+pD;yGm;a&;pepfopf ay:vmjcif;
r[kwf? pD;yGm;a&;urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;ESifh
wwd,t}udrf twwfynm awmfvSefa&;
jzpfaom owif;enf;ynmawmfvSefa&;
tajccH a y:wG i f e,f c sJ pepf o pf o nf
rsufarSmufacwf t&if;&Sifpepf. tqifh
opft jzpfjzifh t&Sde ft [kef vsifjrefpGm
jzpf a y:wd k ; yG m ;vmjcif ; jzpf a yonf ?
e,fcsJpepf. tESpfom&ESifh tajccH t*Fg&yf
rsm; rajymif;vJonfomru qufvufI
bufaygif;pkHrS jrifhrm;pGm wkd;wufjzpfxGef;
vmjcif; jzpfayonf? tckid t
f rmtajctae
ajymif;vJvmonfESifhtr# jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+
w&m;ESifh avsmfnDpGm enf;emomefrsm;
ajymif;vJvmjcif; jzpfayonf?
vGefcJhonfhq,fpkESpf (1990 =
2000) wGif pD;yGm;a&; urBmhtoGifaqmif
a&; v+dif;vkH;wckonf wm;qD;Ir&onfh
t&Sdeft[kefjzifh wurBmvkH;ukd v$rf;cHoGm;
59

jynfolhtm%m
onf? urBmhtoGifaqmifa&; onf
rsuf a rS m uf u rB m h p D; yG m ;a&;wG i f t"d u
t*Fg&yf jzpfvmayonf?
urBmhtoGifaqmifa&; OD;
wnfcsufonf tem*wf urBmhpD;yGm;a&;/
EkdifiaH &;/ ,Ofaus;r+ponfwdk jzpfay:wdk;yGm;
&mwGif euf+dif;pGm-oZmoufayvdrfhrnf?
rmhufpf0g' tjrift &qdka omf
t&if ;&S i f p epf onf pwif a y:aygufv m
uwnf;u xkwfvkyfa&;udk EdkifiHwumh
xk w f v k y f a &;tjzpf o d k vnf ; aumif ; /
aps;uG u f u d k Ed k i f i H w umh a ps;uG u f
tjzpfodk vnf;aumif; ajymif;vJap&ef wGe;f
aqmfay;avonf?
rmhufpfu uGefjrLepfygwDa-u
nmpmwrf; wGif Todk wifjycJhonf?
acwfrD pufr+vkyfi ef;onf
urBmhaps;uGufudk xlaxmifcJhav_yD? ,if;
twGuf tar&duudk &SmazGawG&Sdr+u
vrf;cif;ay;cJhonf? Taps;uGufu ukef
oG,fa&;udkvnf;aumif;/ a&a-umif;oGm;
vma&;ud k v nf ; aumif ; / uk e f ; a-umif ;
qufoG,fa&;udkvnf;aumif; }uD;rm;pGm
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;apcJhonf? Tjzpfay: wdk;yGm;
r+uwzef pufr+vkyfief;wdk;csJr+udk jyefvnf
-oZmoufcJhonf? pufr+vkyfief;/ ukefoG,f
a&;vkyfi ef;/ a&a-umif;oGm ;vma&;ESi fh
rD;&xm;rsm;udk wdk;csJvmonfESi fhtr#
t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;onf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;
vmonf? if;.t&if; wdk;rsm;vmonf?
tv,f a cwf q D u qif ; ouf v maom
vl w ef ;pm; rS e f o r#ud k aemuf w ef ; od k
wGef;ydk cJhavonf? (rmhufpf=tdef*,f
vufa&G;pOfusrf; twGJ (1 ) ESm 35 )
acwfrDpufr+vkyfief;ESifh urBmh
aps;uGufudk xlaxmif_yD;aemuf t&if;&Sif
vl w ef ; pm;onf Ed k i f i H a &;tm%mud k
odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhayonf?
xkwfvkyfa&;udk tqufrjywf
awmfvSefa&;qefatmifvkyfjcif;/ vltzGJ
tpnf; ta-umif;tcsuf rSefor#udk r&yf
rem; r_id r f r ouf jzpf a pjcif ; / xm0&
tm;jzifh raocsmra&&mr+ESifh v+Haqmfr+wdk
um; ,cifacwfumvrsm;ESifh t&if;&Sif
acwf umvudk rwl jcm;em; xl ;jcm;ap
60

avonf?
if;. txGufypPnf;rsm;twGuf
tqufrjywf aps;uGuw
f ;dk csJ&ef vdktyfr+u
t&if ;&S i f v l w ef ; pm;tm; urB m h a jrjyif
w0Srf;vHk;odk tajy;tv$m; a&muf&aSd pav
onf? ae&mwumwdkif;wGif todkufcsap
onf? ae&mwumwdkif;wGi f tajccsap
onf? ae&mwumwdkif;wGif tquf
toG,frsm;udk jzef-uufaponf?
urBmhaps;uGufudk toHk;csjcif;
tm;jzifh t&if;&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;onf Edik if w
H idk ;f
&Sd xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh pm;oHk;a&;udk urBmh
vuQ % m aqmif a pavonf ?
trsdK;om;pufr+vkyfief;ta[mif; rSefor#
zsufqD;jcif; cHcJh&onf? ( 0g ) aepOfESifhtr#
zsufqD;jcif; cHae&onf? pufr+vkyfief;
topfrsm;. z,fxkwfjcif;udk cH-u&onf?
,if;pufr+vkyfief;rsm;um; jynfwGif;&Sd
uke f-urf ;rsm;udk tacsmudki fa wmh onf
r[kwf? a0;vHaoma'orsm;rS ukef-urf;
rsm;udk toHk;csjcif; jzpfonf? ,if;pufr+
vk y f i ef ; rsm;. txG u f y pP n f ; rsm;ud k
jynfw Gi f ;rS m omru urBm ha e&mwum
wdkif;wGif pm;oHk;-uonf? jynfwGif;xGuf
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r[kwf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS txGufypPnf;rsm;jzifh
vdktyfr+topfudk jznfhwif;-uawmhonf?
a'oa[mif;ESihf trsKd ;om;oD;jcm; uif;uGm
r+/ rdrb
d mom vHkavmufaer+qo
kd nfh tpm;
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oG,fvm-uonf? urBmESifht0Srf; trsdK;
om;rsm; tjyeft vSef rSDc dkvm-uonf?
kyf0wKt&omru todynmxkwfvkyf
a&; t&vnf; Tenf;ESifESif jzpfvmonf?
trsdK;om;wckjcif;. todynmzefwD;r+
rsm;onf bHkypPnf; jzpfvmayonf?
trsdK;om;t& wzufowfusr+ESifh usOf;
ajrmif;r+rsm;um; -umav-umav tajc
taeESifh udkufnDjcif; rjzpfawmh? trsdK;om;
qdkif&mESifh a'oqdkif&m pmaytajrmuf
trsm;twG i f ; rS urB m h p mayw&yf o nf
ay:xGef; vmayonf?
xkw f v ky f a &;ud &d , mtm;vHk ;
vsifjrefpGm wdk;wufaumif;rGefapjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ qufoG,fa&;enf;emrsm;

tifwdkuftm;wdkuf vG,fulacsmarm vm
apjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; t&if;&Sifvlwef;
pm;onf trsdK;om;tm;vHk; tdkif;pdkif;qHk;
trsd K;om;rsm;ud kyifr usef ,Ofa us;r+
e,f y ,f t wG i f ; qG J o G i f ; cJ h a yonf ?
(rmhufpf = tdef*,f vufa&G;pOfusrf; twGJ
(1 ) ESm37 = 38)
t&if;&Si fpepfa y:aygufvm_yD;
onfhaemuf pD;yGm;a&;urBmhtoGifaqmif
a&; ( economic globalization ) tyg
t0if urBmt
h oGiaf qmifa&; wckv;Hk ( globalization ) rnfodkrnfyHk
ay:ayguf
vmonfudk ,ckacwf tac:ta0:toHk;
tE+ef;ESifh r[kwfapumrl rmhufpfonf
tvGef&Si f;vif; euf+dif;pGm oHk;oyfcJh_yD;
jzpfayonf?
vDeifu t&if;&Sifpepf. tjrifh
qH;k tqif/h e,fcsJ pepfukd bufaygif;pHrk S cGjJ crf;
pdwfjzm_yD; rmhufpf.oHk;oyfcsufudk jzpfay:
wdk;yGm;cJhayonf? trsdK;om;jy\emwGif
wnf&Sdaeaom ordkif;qdkif&m wdrf;!$wfr+
rsm;udk Todk&Sif;jycJhonf?
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aeaom t&if;
&Sif pepfwGif trsdK;om;qdkif&m jy\emY
ordik f;qdik &f m wdr;f !wfrE+ pS cf k &So
d nf? yxr
wdrf;!wfr+um; trsdK;om;qdkif&m b0ESifh
trsd K ;om;v+ y f & S m ;r+ r sm; Ed k ; -um;xuG
vmjcif ; jzpf o nf ? trsd K ;om; zd E S d y f r +
rSefor#udk qefusifwdkufzsuf_yD; trsdK;om;
EdkifiHawmfrsm;udk xlaxmifjcif; jzpfonf?
'kwd,wdrf;!wfr+um; omef
trsdK;rsdK;jzifh EdkifiHwumh tjyeftvSef quf
oG,fr+ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vm_yD; wdk;wuf
rsm;jym;vmjcif;/ trsdK;om;t& uefowf
csKyfaESmifr+rsm; yduGJoGm;jcif;/ t&if; EdkifiH
wumh twdkif;twmt& wnDw!Gwf
wnf; pkpnf;vmjcif;/ a,bk,stm;jzifh
pD;yGm;a&;b0/ Edkifi Ha &;/ ody`Hynm tp
&SdonfwdkwGifvnf; EdkifiHwumh twdkif;
twmt& wnD w !G w f w nf ; pk p nf ;
vmjcif; jzpfayonf? ( vDeif pkaygif;usrf;
twGJ (20 ) ESm 27 )
Tordki f;qd ki f& m wdrf; !wf r+
ESpfc kpvHk;onf t&if;&Si fpepf. yuwd
bm0w&m;rsm;udk udk,fpm;y_yD; azmfjyae

jynfolhtm%m
ayonf? yxrwdrf;!wfr+onf a,bk,s
oabmt&vnf ; aumif ; / wd k i f ; jynf
wckjcif;wGifvnf;aumif; t&if;&Sifpepf
jzpfa y:wdk;yGm ;r+ tapmydki f;tqifhrsm;Y
v$rf;rdk;onfhtcef;rS yg0ifayonf? 'kwd,
wdrf;!wfr+um; t&if;&Sifpepf &ifhrSnfh
vmaomtqifh ( 0g ) e,fcsJpepf tqifh
wGif ay:vGifxif&Sm;pGm azmfjyayonf?
od k jzpf I pD ; yG m ;a&;urB m h
toGifaqmifr+ (economic globalization ) onf v nf ; aumif ; / urB m h t oG i f
aqmifr+ ( globalization ) wckvHk;onf
vnf;aumif; t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;
r+wGif 'kwd,ordkif;qdkif&m wdrf;!wfr+
omefrsm; jzpfayonf?
vufawGt&-unfhv#if pD;yGm;
a&; urBmhtoGifaqmifa&; qdkonfrSm
jzpf p Of w ck j zpf _ yD ; Tjzpf p Of r S w qif h
aps;uGuEf Sifh xkwfvyk fa&;wGif wkid f;jynfrsm;
t-um; tjyeftvSef rSDcdkr+rSm waewjcm;
wkd;rsm;vmayonf? wkdif;jynfwjynf.
abmifukdausmfI tvkyf/ t&if;/ ukefpnf/
0ef a qmif r + / twwf y nmES i f h owif ;
jzef csda &; vnfy wfr+ ukd wGe f;aqmfa y;
avonf? xkwfvkyf&mwGi fvkdtyfa om
tpd wf t yk di f; toD; oD ;ES i f h uk ef -urf ;
ypPnf;rsm;tm; tusKd;oufa&mufr+&Sd_yD;
taumif;qkH; tok H;csEkdi f&ef taxmuf
tulyayonf? urBmhtxGufE+ef; wkd;yGm;
a&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttkH xdef;!d
a&;ud k }uD ; rm;pG m -oZmouf a pojzif h
pD ; yG m ;a&; urB m h t oG i f a qmif a &;onf
wk d i f ; jynf r sm;t-um; pD ; yG m ;a&;t&
ydkrdk}uD;rm;pGm tjyeftvSeftrSDo[Jyr+ukd
jzpfay:apavonf?
pD;yGm;a&; urBmhtoGifaqmif
a&; onf xkwf vkyf a &;enf;emESi fh
wk d ; wuf r + e nf ; emrsm; jzpf a y:wd k ; yG m ;
ajymif;vJr+rS ra&Smifrv$Jom ay:vmonfh
tusKd;quf jzpfayonf? pD;yGm;a&; urBmh
toGifaqmifa&; vsifjrefpGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;
&mwGif tcdkiftrmta-umif;tcsufrsm;
&S d a yonf ? ppf a t;_yD ; qk H ; oG m ;onf h
aemufydkif;wGif pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;
vmr+ u aps;uG u f w k d ; csJ vmaponf ?

txGufE+ef; jrifhwufvmaponf? EkdifiH

wumh tvkyfc JGa 0r+ukd taxmuft ul
jzpfa p_yD; ukef-urf;ypPnf;rsm;/ txGuf
ypPnf;rsm;ESifh t&if;rsm;ukd vsifjrefpGmESifh
twdkif;twm}uD;rm;pGm vnfywfvmap
onf? wcsd ef wnf ;wGi f acwfrD t wwf
ynmenf;emrsm;tm; &Sm azGa wG &S dc suf
rsm;u tvkyfcJGa0r+ukd jrifhwifay;_yD;
xkwv
f yk fa&;tpdwt
f ykid ;f rsm; vnfywfru
+ dk
acsmarmajyjypfapayonf? Ekdifi Hwumh
vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJGrsm;jzpfaom trsKd;
om;vGefukr`%Drsm; (Transnational
Companies) ESifh EkdifiHwumh pD;yGm;a&;
tzJG tpnf;rsm;u vkyif ef;buftoD;oD;ukd
csKyfukdifxm;ayonf?
ESpfbufc|ef"m;ozG,fjzpfaom
pD;yGm;a&;urBmhtoGifaqmifa&; onf
urBm hpD;yGm;a&;wGi f aumif;usKd;qkd;usdK;
ESpfb ufpvkH;udk aqmif-uOf;vmonf?
wzufwGif vGefcJhonfhESpftcsKdtwGi f;
urB m hp D ;yGm ;a&;onf wnfw nf_ id r f_ idr f
wkd;wufcJhonf? oGif;ukef okdr[kwf ykdukef
tcGet
f aumuftwm;tqD;rsm;ESifh tjcm;
twm;tqD;rsm;
avsmhenf;oGm;jcif;
a-umifh urBmhukefoG,fa&;onf }uD;rm;pGm
wkd;wufvmonf? EkdifiHwumh wkdufkduf
t&if ; jr K yf E S H r + w k d ; rsm;vmjcif ; a-umif h
wkdif;jynftoD;oD;wGif xkwfvkyfa&; jrifh
wufvmaponf? pD;yGm;a&; urBmhtoGif
aqmifa&; v+dif;vkH;ESifhtwl acwfrDtwwf
ynm txl;ojzifh owif;enf;ynm
vsifjrefpGmysHESHvmonf?
tjcm;wzufwGifum; e,fc sJ
pepfopf wnf&Sdaeonfh tajctaewGif
t&if;/ twwfynmESifh aps;uGufponf
wk d wG i f tompD ; &xm;aom zH G zd ; _yD ;
Ekdiif Hrsm;onf vuf0g;}uD;tkyt
f jrwfrsm;ukd
&&SdoGm;_yD;/ zHGzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;um; rajym
yavmuf a omtjrwf tenf ; tusOf ;
ukdom &&Sdavonf? zGHzd;qJEkdifiH tcsKdrSm
zGH zd;_yD;Edki fi Hrsm;xuf rsm;pGm aemufus
usef& pfa eayonf? ykdrdk q dk;0g;onfum;
zGHzd;_yD;EkdifiHtcsKdonf urBmhtoGifaqmif
r+udk tokH;csum tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;. tcsKyf
tjcmtm%mykdi fq kdi fr+udk csKd;azmuf-u

onf? ,Ofaus;r+ESifh tpOftvm tarG

tESpfrsm;ukd xdyg;-uonf? tjcm;EkdifiH
rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vltzJGtpnf; wnf_idrf
r+udk zsufqD;ae-uayonf?
rsufa rSm uftajctae (ouU
&mZf 2000) wGif urBmay:&Sd aumfydk
a&;&Sif;}uD; 500 u urBmhtxGufypPnf;
pk pka ygif ;wef zdk ; 33 ESi fh urB m huk ef
oG,fa&;. 75 ukd csKyfukdifxm;onf?
r-umrDtcsdefwGif aumfykda&;&Sif;
}uD; 12 cku urBmhpm;eyf&duQm xkwfvkyf
a&;vkyfief;wckvkH;ukd csKyfudik fEdik fvrd fhrnf[k
wGufq-uayonf?
urBmt
h oGiaf qmifa&; avxk
onf rsuf a rS m uf u k e f o G , f a &;avmu
buftoD;oD;wGif ysHESHvsuf&Sdonf? b%f/
ava-umif;oGm;vma&; aumfydka&;&Sif;/
aiGacs;iSm;a&; aumfykda&;&Sif;/ pawmh
aps;uGufESifh vufvDrdom;pk qdkif}uD;rsm;
onf jzpfEkdi fonfhenf;jzifh urBmhtoGi f
aqmifa&;ukd azmfaqmifae-uonf? Oyrm
tar&duefwGif a':vmoef;aygif; 70000
xufrenf;aom wefzkd;&Sdonfh aumfykda&;
&Si;f rsm;. yl;aygif;r+onf vpOf&aSd eayonf?
1999 ckESpf ZlvkdifvrS 2000 ckESpf {_yDv
twGif; w}udrfv#if a':vmoef;aygif;
10000 txufwefzkd;&Sdonfh aumfydka&;
&Si;f rsm;. yl;aygif;r+onf vpOf&aSd eayonf?
tifwmeuf uvnf; T
jzpf pOf vsifj ref a tmif wG ef ;aqmfa y;ae
avonf? pD;yGm;a&; urBmhtoGiaf qmifa&;
wGif wu,fhwGef;tm;w&yfum; tifwm
euft ojym ay:vmjcif; jzpfayonf?
urBmhtojymaps;uGufwGi f ,cktcsdefY
aepOfzvS,fonfh tojymwefzkd; onf
tar&d u ef a ':vm bD vsH 1000 xuf
ausmfvGefayonf?
tifwmeuf pD;yGm;a&; ( Internet Economy ) twGif;wGif aiGudkifol/
b%f/ aumfydka&;&Sif;/ yk*~vduvkyfcif;&SifESifh
ukeo
f nfrsm; rnforl qdk uGuf ( mouse)
ukd ESdyfvkdufkHESifh urBmhwae&mrS tjcm;
wae&mokdk aiGtxyfvdkuf tykHvkduf
ajymif;a&$a&muf&Sdvmayonf? tcsuf
tvuf [ l o r# tif w meuf r S w qif h
61

jynfolhtm%m
tvG,fwul vnfywfa&muf&Sdvmojzifh
,aetcsdefwGif urBmay:wGif rnfonfh
ae&mwGif aeolyifjzpfap todynmukd
tvG,fwul&&Sd zvS,fEdik fayonf? TwGif
jzpfay:vmonfh tusKd;oufa&mufr+um;
yxr tar&duwGif/ onfhaemuf tjcm;
urBmt&yf&yfwiG f pD;yGm;a&;ESihf txGuEf e+ ;f
wkd;wufr+ aygufuJGvmjcif; jzpfayonf?
tifwmeuf tokH;yr+onf
v$ r f ; rk d ; vmonf h tcsif ; t&m jzpf v m
onfESifhtr# xkwfvkyaf &;wGif tpOftvm
tpdwftykdif;rsm;jzpfaom t&if; ESihf
u|rf;usio
f nfhvkyftm; onf pD;yGm;a&;
tiftm;ukd tqkH;tjzwfay;onfh tpdwf
tykdi f;rsm;r[kwfawmhb J pD;yGm ;a&;wGi f
ik yf v#Kd ;aeonf h tift m;onf owif ;
tcsuftvufudk csKyfukdiftokH;yEkdifonfh
pGrf;&nfESifh ykdIykdI qufpyfvmayonf?
ppf_yD;acwftrsm;ykdi;f umvwGif
tar&duef. twwfynmukd tokH;vnf;
y/ rd r d . zef w D ; wD x G i f r + r sm;ES i f h v nf ;
aygif ;pyfE d k i f o jzif h taemufO a&myES i f h
*syefonf wjznf;jznf;tar&duudk rSDvm
ayonf ? 1970 ck E S pf w G i f tar&d u .
wOD;csif;0ifaiGonf tjcm;t"du zGHzd;_yD;
EkdifiH}uD;rsm;rSmxuf 31 jrifh&mrS 1991
ckESpfwGi f uGmjcm;csufrSm 10 r#om
&Scd ahJ yonf? tifwmeufacwftwGi;f 1999
ckESpfwGi fum; uGm jcm;csufonf 22
ausmfr# jzpfvmjyefayonf? tifwmeuf
ay:vmjcif;a-umifh b%fvkyfief;/ ynma&;/
!dE+dif;a&;/ vufvDa&mif;0,fa&;ponfh
0efaqmifvkyfief;trsKd;rsKd; vkyfaqmif&ef
rsm;pGm vG,fuloGm;ayonf?
18 &mpkESpf tv,fydkif;wGi f
ay:aygucf haJ om yxrpufra+ wmfveS fa&;u
_Adwdeftm; t"dupufr+vkyfief;Ekdi fiH}uD;
tjzpfo kd a&muf&Sd a pcJh_yD; 19 &mpkES pf
aemufydik ;f 20 &mpkEpS t
f pykid ;f wGif ay:ayguf
onfh 'kwd,pufr+awmfvSefa&;u tar
&dutm; t"dupufr+vyk if ef;Ekid if }H uD;tjzpf
_Adwdefae&mwGif tpm;xkd;cJhonf? wpdwf
wykdif;ta-umif;um; tar&duu wDxGif
zefwD;r+topfrsm;ukd ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm azmf
aqmifEikd jf cif;a-umifh jzpfayonf? tar&du
62

onf vuf&Sd t csdef wGi f tifwmeufudk

v$rf;rkd;xm;qJ jzpfonf? uGefysLwmESi fh
wOD;csif;qufoG,fr+wGif w0ufausmfESifh
tifwmeufukefo,
G fa&;wGif av;ykHoH;k ykHukd
qkyfukdifxm;ayonf?
tif w meuf u wD x G i f
zefwD;r+E+ef;ukd vsifjrefap_yD; ukefusp&dwf
ukd avsmhenf;aponfhtjyif urBmhukeo
f ,
G f
a&;ukd wkd;yGm;apavonf? tifwmeuf
ukeo
f G,af &; ukd tokH;yjcif;a-umifh 1998
ckESpfwGif urBmhtwkdif;twmt& ukefus
p&dwfukd 17 bDvsHa':vmr# ac|wmEdkifcJh_yD;
2002 ckESpfwGif 1 25 x&DvD,Ha':vm
ac|wmEdkifvdrfhrnf[k wGufq-uayonf?
TwGif tar&duefukr`%Drsm;u tusKd;
tjrwf w0ufukd &&Sdvdrfhrnf[k cefrSef;-u
avonf?
tcsd e f wpk H w &m jzwf oef ; _yD ;
onfh a emuf tif wmeufp D;yGm ;a&;wG i f
tar&duu yxrqkH;ESifhtrsm;qkH; tusKd;
tjrwf & &S d a eonf h taetxm;onf
ajymif; vJo Gm ;vdr fh rnf [k wGu fc suf -u
onf? ta-umif;um; aemif 5 ESpft-um
wGif Oa&mywGif tifwmeuf wOD;csif;
qufoG,fr+ tdrfaxmifOD;a&onf 3 q
ausmf wdk;vm_yD; tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGif
tifwmeuftokH;yolO;D a&onf vmrnfh 2
ESpfwGif tenf;qkH;ESpfqausmf wkd;vmrnf
[k udwifcefrSef;ae-uI jzpfayonf?
abm*aA' ynm&S i f t csKd u
urBmt
h oGiaf qmifa&; onf udpaP umif;
jzpfo nf? igwkd ykdc srf ;omvmvdrf hrnf/
aysmf&$ifzG,f&mae&ufrsm;udk uHa wG-u
&vd r f hr nf / urB m ES i f h t 0S r f ; vnf ywf _ yD ;
csrf ; ajrom,monf h b 0ud k cH p m;-u&
vdrfhrnfpojzifh xifrSwf-uonf? tjcm;
ynm&Si f t rsm;tjym;url oH o,&Sd -u
onf ? urB m ht oGi fa qmifa &; onf
wu,fwef; udpPaumif;jzpfonfqdkygu
tb,fha-umifh EkdifiHwumh pD;yGm;a&;onf
r-umc% uarmufurjzpfae&ygoenf;
[k ar;cGef;xkwf-uonf?
bma&; vkyfief;&Sif}uD;wOD;
jzpf o l a*smh a qma&mh p f ( George
Soros) u ol.pmtkyf urBmht&if;&Sif

pepf. uyfq kdufr+ ( The Crisis of

Global Capitalism ) wG i f urB m h
bma&;pepfonf vkH;0ydusrnfh tae
txm;wGif&Sda-umif; EkdifiHwumh twdkif;
twmt& yl ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f a &;ES i f h
yjyifa &;rsm;uomv#if if; udkwm;qD;
Ekdifrnfjzpfa-umif; owday;xm;ayonf?
olu tm&Sbma&;uyfqkdufr+udk &nf
!ef; ajymqkdcJhonf?
1997 ck/ Zlvkid fvwGif bma&;
uyfqkdufr+onf xkdif; wGif pcJhonf?
onfha emuf rav;&Sm ;/ tif'kdeD;&Sm ;/
zdvpfyikd /f awmifu&kd D;,m;ponfEh dik if rH sm;okd
vsifjrefpGm ysHESHoGm;onf? tuJjzwfol
wcsKdu Todk jzpf&jcif;onf TEkdifiHrsm;u
t&if;&Sifpepf. ykHyef;rusaom okdr[kwf
r&ifhrSnfhaomomefay:wGif trSDo[J
yaejcif;a-umifhjzpfonf[k apm'uwuf
-uonf? ,cifu tm&SpHjy ( Asia
model ) rsm;[k if;wkd ukd cs;D ajrmufac:&mrS
,ckaomf rdwf&if;aqG&if; t&if;&Sifpepf
( crony capitalism) [k uifyGef;wyf-u
jyefonf? Tuyfqkdufr+ukd tm&SvuQ%m
aqmifonfh uyfqdkufr+oufouftjzpf
owfrSwfa jymqkdjcif;onf tjynhft 0
rSefuefjcif; r&Sda y? Tuyfq dkufr+onf
vufwiftar&duESifh ta&SOa&myokd jyef
oGm;cJhonf? taemufOa&myESifh tar&d
uef jynfaxmifpk. bma&;aps;uGuf
rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;rsm;udkyg xddcdkufcJhonf?
Tenf;jzifh 1997 ckESpfwGif EkdifiHwumh
bma&;uyfqkdufr+onf txGwftxdyf
okd a&muf&SdcJhonf?
1997 ck/ ZGefvESifh 1998 ck/
-o*kwfvt-um;wGif xdkif; bwfaiGrSm
42 / xkdif; pawmhaps;uGufwGif 59
toD;oD; usqif;cJhonf? jynfwGif;okH;aiG
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acs;olrsm;. aiGt0iftxGuf pm&if;
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-uonf? xkdif;/ ukd&D;,m;ESifh tif'kdeD;&Sm;wdk
u EkdifiHwumhaiGa-u;&efykHaiGtzJG ( IMF)
xH tultnDawmif;-uonf? okdaomf

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rom arsmaeonfudk awG&ayonf? ,cif
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rsm;um; a&Smifv$JI r&Ekdifay? v+yf&Sm;
ajymif;vJaeaom aiGa-u;zvS,fa&;E+ef;
rsm; ( fluctuating currency rates) onf
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a&;&Sif;rsm; yl;aygif;r+a-umifh vkyfom;rsm;
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tpnf;ta0;Y tpdk;&rsm;ESifh rywfouf

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onf h tpD & if c H p mwapmif w G i f Tok d
a&;cJhonf? aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;. urBmh
toGifaqmifa&; vkyf&yfonf tvkyf&Sdol
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tm; &GH&Smp&maumif;onfh vkyfcGiftajc
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ay;jcif; jzpfonf[k if;wdku ajym-uay
onf?
,Ofaus;r+ urBm htoGifaqmifa&;
( Cultural Globalisation )

tar&duef ,Ofaus;r+ = kyf&Sif/

*Dw/ kyfjrifoH-um; = onf urBmwGif
v$r f ; rd k ; aeayonf ? 1 997 ck E Sp f w Gi f
wurB m vk H ; Y jyocJ h a om tar&d u ef
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f #if ky&f iS u
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63

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rd&Sdonf? 2015 ckESpfwGif 71 rd txd
wkd;vm_yD; t}uD;qkH;rd}uD; 10 rdteuf 9
rd onf tm&S / vuf w if t ar&d u ES i f h
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todynm pD;yGm;a&; ( Knowledge
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64

ta-umif ; um; TumvtwG i f ; wG i f

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4?
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twmrSm ykdrdu
k s,jf yef eufid+ ;f vmayonf?
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15 ESpftwGif;wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
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a&mufpGufzufr+topf wufwufuGuG
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ay:vpD vrf;!efcsufrsm;udk *syef.
ywf 0 ef ; usif {&d , mrsm;yg tusKH ; 0if
apcJhonf? a'oqdkif&m 'Hk;ysHumuG,fa&;
pepf udk wdk;csJ _yD; xdkif0rfudyk g xnfhoiG f;
cJhonf? tar&du. urBmaoe*FAsL[m
65

jynfolhtm%m
topfonf wurBmvHk;wGif tusdK;ouf
a&mufr+oHk;&yf xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jzpfay:ap
avonf?
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axmif_yD; urBm wGi f rdKifpHk yHkpH
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rdKifpHkurBm jzpfay:r+udk wm;qD;&ef?
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tm%mydkifr+ udk csdK;azmuf_yD; Adkvfuspdk;rdk;
a&;0g'ud k taumif txnf a zmf & ef ?
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ap_yD; _idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+
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vmaponf?
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rd K if yonf h OD ; wnf c suf o nf tm;
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aqmif&Gufa&;onf ododomom wdk;rsm;
vmapumrl if;wdkt-um; ydyuQrsm;ESifh
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ayonf?
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rxGufay? tar&duurl ppfudkta-umif;
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ayonf? ppfa-umifh ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;
66

npfnrf;r+rsm; ay:xGufvmayonf? T
tajctaersm;u urBmudk Adkvfuspdk;rdk;
vdkonfh tar&du. &nfG,fc sufonf
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jynfolhtm%m
vmp&m&Sdayonf? tcsKyftjcmtm%m
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