Thermal & Hydro Lab Expmnts

Thermal and Hydro Lab Manual
1
Experiment Number: 1 Date:
DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF IMPACT OF A JET STRIKING A FLAT VANE
AIM: To determine the coefficient of impact on the flat vane
APPARATUS
1. Impact of jet test rig
2. eights
!. "top #atch
PROCEDURE
1. $ix a vertical flat vane.
2. "tart the suppl% and adjust the flo# in such a manner that the jet of #ater through the
no&&le impinge on the vane displacing it from its position.
!. The force due to impact of vane #ill be acting on the vane in up#ard direction. Note do#n
the reading on the scale.
'. (lace a removable #eight to bring bac) the vane to e*uilibrium position and note do#n the
reading on the scale.
+. ,easure the discharge b% measuring the #ater level rise -h. in the collecting tan) for a
particular time -t..
/. 0epeat the procedure for different discharges.

FORMULAE

1. Discharge1 Q= Ah/t
2. 2elocit%1 V 3 Q/a
!. 4ounter #eight1 W= mg
'. Theoretical force1 F
th
= aV
2
+. 5ctual force1 F
act
=
/. 4oefficient of impact1 k = F
act
/ F
th
#here1 A 3 5rea of collecting tan) 3 6.2+ m
2
a 3 5rea of jet 3 -6.61.
2

d3 diameter of jet 3 1cm 3 6.61 m
h 3 rise of #ater level in the collecting tan) 3 6.1 m
m3 mass of removable load in )g
2
7 3 densit% of #ater 3 1666 )g8 m
!
Fig. 1.1 Impact o !"t t"#t $ig
3
TA%LE.1.1 D"t"$mi&atio& o co"ici"&t o impact o a !"t #t$i'i&g a (at )a&"
"
.
N
o
.
T
i
m
e

f
o
r
1
6
c
m

r
i
s
e

o
f
#
a
t
e
r

t

-
s
.
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
Q
-
m
!
8
s
.
2
e
l
o
c
i
t
%
V
-
m
8
s
.
T
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l

f
o
r
c
e
F
t
h
-
N
.
4
o
u
n
t
e
r

#
e
i
g
h
t

W
-
N
.
x
1
-
c
m
.
x
2
-
c
m
.
d
x
-
c
m
.
5
c
t
u
a
l

f
o
r
c
e
F
a
c
t
-
N
.
4
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

o
f
i
m
p
a
c
t
k
-
N
o

u
n
i
t
.
1
2
!
'
PRECAUTIONS
1. Note do#n the readings #ithout parallax error.
2. The discharge should be changed graduall% so as not to imbalance the vane suddenl%.
RESULT
The coefficient of impact on flat vane is determined as1 k 3 999. -no units.
VIVA *UESTIONS:
1. Define the terms -a. Impact of jets and -b. :et propulsion.
2. hat is the force exerted and #or) done b% a jet on a series of vanes;
!. hat is the efficienc% of a series of vanes;
4
'. Dra# the velocit% triangle for a jet stri)ing a moving curved vane.
+. hat is the velocit% and relative velocit% of the jet;
REMARKS:
5
Sig&at+$" o t," Fac+(t- I&c,a$g"
DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENC. OF A RECIPROCATING PUMP
AIM: To find the efficienc% and dra# the performance curves of a reciprocating pump
APPARATUS
1. 0eciprocating pump set up
2. "ump
!. "top#atch
'. Tachometer
T/EOR.
5 reciprocating pump essentiall% consists of a piston or plunger #hich moves to and fro in a
closed fitting c%linder. 5t%pical double acting c%linder is connected to suction and deliver%
pipes1 each of #hich is provided #ith a non return valve. The piston is connected to a cran) b%
means of connecting rod. During the suction stro)e1 the cran) rotates from 6 to 1<6 degrees and
a partial vacuum is created in the c%linder1 #hich enables the atmospheric pressure acting on
the li*uid surface to force the li*uid up to the suction and fill the c%linder b% opening the
suction valve. During the deliver% stro)e the cran) rotates 1<6
=
to !/6
=
and the piston forces
the #ater to go out of the c%linder through the deliver% valve. The operating characteristic
curves of a reciprocating pump are obtained b% plotting the discharge1 po#er input1 and
overall efficienc% against the head developed b% the pump #hen it is operating at constant
speed.
Fig. 0.1 R"cip$ocati&g p+mp
6
PROCEDURE
1. The pump is filled #ith sufficient amount of #ater and the pump is primed if necessar%.
2. The deliver% valve is )ept open and the pump is started and is run at a particular speed. The
speed of the pump is measured #ith the help of a tachometer.
!.The actual discharge Q is measured b% noting the time ta)en for a rise in 16cm height of
#ater in the measuring tan).
'. The input po#er is calculated b% noting the time ta)en for + revolutions of the energ%
meter disc.
+. "uction and deliver% pressures are noted from the pressure gauges.
/. (osition of deliver% valve is slightl% altered for different deliver% pressures and ta)e ! or '
sets of readings of suction pressure1 deliver% pressure and discharge are found.
>. 4haracteristic curves are plotted according to the values obtained.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The deliver% valve should be completel% closed before starting and stopping of the pump
2. Don?t start the pump #hen there is no #ater in sump tan)
TA%LE.0.1 D"t"$mi&atio& o "ici"&c- o a $"cip$ocati&g p+mp
".No
.
(ressure
gauge
reading
-)g8cm
2
.
2acuu
m
gauge
readin
g
-mm
of @g.
Total
head
-m of
#ater.
Time
ta)en
for
16cm
rise of
#ater
-s.
Discharge
-m
!
8s.
Time
ta)en for
+ rev of
energ%
meter
disc -s.
Input
po#er
-).
Autput
po#er
-).
Efficienc%

B
1
2
!
7
MODEL CALCULATIONS
1. 5ctual discharge1 Q
act
3 A x h / t -m
!
8s.

#here1 A 3 5rea of the collecting tan) 3 6.2+ m
2
h 3 16 cm rise of #ater level in the collecting tan)
t 3 Time ta)en for 16 cm rise of #ater level in collecting tan)

2. Total head1 H= (P
s
/>/6 + P
d
/1.6!!) x 16.!! m of #ater

#here1 P
d
3 (ressure gauge reading in )g 8cm
2
P
s
3 "uction pressure gauge reading in mm of @g
!. Input po#er1 P
i
= (!/66 x N x 6.< x 6.C) / (E x T) -).
#here1 N 3 Number of revolutions of energ% meter disc
E 3 Energ% meter constant3 166 rev 8 )hr
T 3 time ta)en for DN? revolutions
efficienc% motor is <6B
belt transmission efficienc% is C6B
'. Autput po#er1 P
o
3 x g x Q x H / 1666 -).
#here1 3 Densit% of #ater 3 1666 )g 8 mE
g 3 5cceleration due to gravit% 3 C.< m 8 s
2
H 3 Total head of #ater -m.
Q 3 Discharge -m
!
8s.
+. Efficienc%1 =( P
o
/ P
i
) x 166 B
8
GRAP/S:
1. @ead vs Discharge
2. @ead vs Efficienc%
!. @ead vs (o#er
RESULT
The performance characteristics of the reciprocating pump are studied and the efficienc% is
calculated as 99999 B
VIVA *UESTIONS
1. hat is the function of air vessel in a reciprocating pump;
2. hat are suction and deliver% heads;
!. hat is difference bet#een gauge and vacuum pressure;
'. Is a reciprocating pump used for high head or high discharge;
+. 4onvert 6.+ )g8cm
2
into meter of #ater.
9
REMARKS:
10
Experiment Number: ! Date:
DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENC. OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
AIM: To find the efficienc% and dra# the performance curves of a centrifugal pump
APPARATUS
1. 4entrifugal test rig
2. "top #atch
!. 4ollecting tan)
'. (ie&ometer
+. Energ% meter
/. (ressure gauge
>. 2acuum gauge
T/EOR.
5 machine1 #hich converts the mechanical energ% to the h%draulic energ% b% means of
centrifugal force1 is )no#n as centrifugal pump.
The centrifugal pump #or)s on the principle of forced vortex flo#. hen certain mass of
fluid is rotated b% means of an external force1 #hich results in rise of pressure of the fluid at its
centre of rotation. hen the radius of impeller is more1 the rise in head is more and the
discharge is also high . The rise in pressure head can be used to rise the fluid to a high level.
11
Fig.1.1 C"&t$i+ga( p+mp
PROCEDURE
1. The sump is filled #ith sufficient amount of #ater )eeping the deliver% valve full% closed1
the pump is started.
2. (riming is done for the pump before starting
!. Then the valve is slo#l% opened and the actual discharge is found b% noting the time ta)en
for 16 cm raise of #ater level.
'. The time ta)en for + revolutions of the energ% meter disc is noted and b% using this time the
input po#er can be )no#n
+. The suction and deliver% pressure are noted b% means of pressure gauges
/. The procedure is repeated for different set of readings
PRECAUTIONS
1. The deliver% valve should be completel% closed before starting and stopping of the pump
2. (riming should done for the pump before staring
TA%LE : 1.1 D"t"$mi&atio& o "ici"&c- o c"&t$i+ga( p+mp
".No (ressure
gauge
reading
-)g8cm
2
.
2acuum
gauge
reading
-mm of
@g.
Total
head
-m of
#ater.
Time
ta)en
for
16cm
rise
of
#ater
-s.
Discharge
-m
!
8s.
Time
ta)en
for +
rev of
energ%
meter
disc
-s.
Input
po#er
-).
Autput
po#er
-).
Efficienc%

B
1
2
12
!
MODEL CALCULATIONS
1. 5ctual discharge1 Q
act
3 A x h / t -m
!
8s.

#here1 A 3 5rea of the collecting tan) 3 6.'C m
2
h 3 16 cm rise of #ater level in the collecting tan)
t 3 Time ta)en for 16 cm rise of #ater level in collecting tan)
2. Total head1 H3 (P
s
/>/6 + P
d
/1.6!!) x 16.!! m of #ater

#here1 P
d
3 (ressure gauge reading in )g 8 cm
2
P
s
3 "uction pressure gauge reading in mm of @g
!. Input po#er1 P
i
3 -!/66 x N x 6.<. / (E x T) -).
#here1 N 3 Number of revolutions of energ% meter disc
E 3 Energ% meter constant3 166 rev 8 ) hr
T 3 time ta)en for DN? revolutions
6.< is motor efficienc%
'. Autput po#er1 P
o
3 x g x Q x H / 1666 -).

#here1 3 Densit% of #ater 3 1666 )g 8 mE
g 3 5cceleration due to gravit% 3 C.< m8s
2
H 3 Total head of #ater -m.
Q 3 Discharge -m
!
8 s.
+. Efficienc%1 = ( P
o
/ P
i
) x 166 B

13
GRAP/S:
1. Discharge vs @ead
2. Discharge vs Efficienc%
!. Discharge vs (o#er
RESULT
The performance characteristics of the centrifugal pump are studied and the efficienc% is
calculated as 99999 B
VIVA *UESTIONS
1. hat is a pump;
2. hat is difference bet#een centrifugal and reciprocating pump;
!. hich t%pes of pumps are used for high heads;
'. hich t%pes of pumps are used for high discharge;
+. h% the pumps are connected in parallel or series;
14
REMARKS:
15
Experiment Number: ' Date:
DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISC/ARGE OF ORIFICEMETER
AIM: To calculate the coefficient of discharge of orifice meter
APPARATUS
1. Arifice meter Test 0ig
2. "top #atch
!. ,easuring Tan)
'. "uppl% tan) provided #ith circular orifice
+. Differential FGtube manometer
/. 4ollecting tan) #ith pie&ometer and control valve
T/EOR.
Arifice meter is a device used for measuring the rate of flo# of a fluid through a pipe. It
consists of a flat circular plate #hich has a circular sharp edged hole called orifice1 #hich is
concentric #ith the pipe. The apparatus is provided #ith a #ater tan) and a collecting tan).
ater in main tan) can be driven b% means of a motor through orifice meter and collected in the
collecting tan). The discharge through orifice meter under ideal condition i.e. theoretical flo#
rate is given b%
Q
th
=
2
0
2
1
w 0 1
a a
gh 2 a a
#here a
1
3 4ross sectional area of the inlet pipe
a
6
3 4ross sectional area of the orifice
g 3 5cceleration due to gravit%
h
#
3 Net pressure head of #ater
but actual discharge #ill be less than theoretical discharge H is given b%
Q
act
= C
d
x Q
th
#here 4
d
is coefficient of discharge of orifice meter and its value is al#a%s less than 1. "o C
d
can be calculated as per the follo#ing formula
C
d
=
th
act
Q
Q
16
Fig. 2.1 O$iic" m"t"$
PROCEDURE
1. The main tan) is filled in #ith #ater and the motor connected to orifice meter tubes is
s#itched AN
2. $irst the valve of orifice meter corresponding to throat diameter '6 mm is slightl% opened
so that flo# through the orifice meter tube ta)es place.
!. The pressure difference in the FG tube manometer is noted do#n.
'. Time for +cm rise of #ater in the FG tube manometer is noted do#n
+. The value is further opened in order to attain different flo# rates and the above procedure
is repeated for five times and totall% six readings are tabulated
/. The above procedure can be repeated for the remaining t#o orifice meters of throat
diameters 26mm and 2+ mm respectivel%.
17
PRECAUTIONS
1. hile adjusting the mercur% in FGtube manometer limbs1 care should be ta)en to avoid
expelling of mercur%
2. hile performing the experiment on the orifice meter1 the t#o measuring valves
-remaining valves. corresponding to t#o Arifice meters should be closed.
!. Time ta)en for + cm rise in #ater level in the collecting tan) should be noted carefull%.
TA%LE: 2.1 D"t"$mi&atio& o co"ici"&t o 3i#c,a$g" o o$iic" m"t"$
".No
Time
ta)en for
16cm
rise of
#ater
-s.
,anometer readings
,anometer
head
h
#
-m.
5ctual
discharge
-m
!
8s.
Theoretical
discharge
-m
!
8s.
4oefficient
of
discharge
C
d
h
1
-cm.
h
2
-cm.
1
2
!
MODEL CALCULATIONS
1. Q
t,
3
2
0
2
1
w 0 1
a a
gh 2 a a
#here a

3 4ross sectional area of the pipe
a
6
3 4ross sectional area of the orifice
g 3 5cceleration due to gravit%
h
#
3 Net pressure head of #ater

1
]
1
1
"
!
m
m !
"
h h
h
m
3 Net pressure head of mercur% mano meter
18
"
m
3 "pecific gravit% of mercur% 3 1!./
"
#
3 "pecific gravit% of #ater 3 1
# 3 diameter of inlet of pipe 3 '6mm
d 3 diameter of orifice 3 26mm
2$ Q
act
= A x h /t
#here1 A 3 5rea of the collecting tan) 3 6.2+ m
2
h 3 0ise of #ater in collecting tan) 3 16 cm
t 3 time ta)en for 16cm rise of #ater in collecting tan) -in s.
!. C
d
3
th
act
Q
Q
#here C
d
3 4oefficient of discharge of orifice meter
GRAP/
Q
act
vs Q
th
Ta)e Q
act
on % Iaxis
RESULT
The co efficient of discharge through orifice meter is determined as
C
d
3999 -from experiment.
3........... -from graph.
VIVA *UESTIONS:
1. Define an Arifice.
2. Define venaGcontracta.
!. rite do#n the Jernoulli?s e*uation for real fluids.
'. hat is difference bet#een orifice and mouth piece;
+. hat are the differences bet#een venture and orifice meter;

19
REMARKS:
Sig&at+$" o t," Fac+(t- I& c,a$g"
20
Experiment Number: + Date:
DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISC/ARGE OF VENTURIMETER
AIM: To calculate the coefficient of discharge of 2enturimeter.
APPARATUS
1. 2enturimeter Test 0ig
2. "top atch
!. Differential FGtube manometer
'. ,eter scale
+. 4ollecting tan) #ith pie&ometer and control valve
T/EOR.
5 2enturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of a flo# of a fluid flo#ing through a
pipe. It consists of three parts
1. 5 short converging part 2. Throat !. Diverging part
It is based on the principle of Jernoulli?s e*uation.
The discharge through 2enturimeter under ideal condition i.e. theoretical flo# rate is given b%
Q
t,
3
2
2
2
1
2 1
2
a a
gh a a
!
#here a
1
3 4ross sectional area of the inlet
d
1
3 diameter of inlet 3 2+mm
a
2
3 4ross sectional area at the throat
d
1
3 diameter of throat 3 1+mm
g3 5cceleration due to gravit%
h
#
3 Net pressure head

of #ater
1
]
1
1
"
!
m
m !
"
h h
h
m
3 Net pressure head of mercur% manometer
"
m
"
#
Q
act
3 A x h 8 t
but actual discharge #ill be less than theoretical discharge H is given b%
Q
act
= C
d
x Q
th
#here C
d
is coefficient of discharge of 2enturimeter and its value is al#a%s less than 1.
"o C
d
can be calculated as from the follo#ing formula
21
C
d
3
th
act
Q
Q
Fig. 4.1 V"&t+$im"t"$
PROCEDURE
1. The main tan) is filled #ith #ater and the motor connected to 2enturimeter tubes is
s#itched AN
2. $irst the valve of 2enturimeter corresponding to throat diameter '6mm is slightl%
opened so that flo# through the 2enturimeter ta)es place.
!. The pressure difference in the FItube manometer is noted do#n.
'. Time for + cm rise of #ater level is noted do#n
+. The valve is further opened in order to attain different flo# rates and the above
procedure is repeated for five times and totall% six readings are tabulated.
/. The above procedure can be repeated for the remaining t#o 2enturimeters of throat
diameters 26mm and 2+ mm respectivel%.
PRECAUTIONS
1. hile adjusting the mercur% limbs in FG tube manometer care should be ta)en to
avoid an% expelling out of mercur%.
2. hile performing the experiment on the venturimeter the t#o remaining valves
corresponding to venturimeter should be closed.
!. Time ta)en for +cm rise in #ater level in the collecting tan) should be noted carefull%.
22
TA%LE: 4.1 D"t"$mi&atio& o co"ici"&t o 3i#c,a$g" o V"&t+$im"t"$
".No
Time
ta)en for
16cm rise
of #ater
-s.
,anometer readings
,anometer
head
h
m
-m.
5ctual
discharge
-m
!
8s.
Theoretical
discharge
-m
!
8s.
4oefficient
of discharge
C
d
h
1
-cm.
h
2
-cm.
1
2
!
MODEL CALCULATIONS
1. Q
t,
3
2
2
2
1
2 1
2
a a
gh a a
!
#here1 a
1
3 4ross sectional area of the inlet
d
1
3 diameter of inlet 3 2+mm
a
2
3 4ross sectional area at the throat
d
2
3 diameter of throat 3 1+mm
g3 5cceleration due to gravit%
h
#
3 Net pressure head

of #ater
1
]
1
1
"
!
m
m !
"
h h
h
m
3 Net pressure head of mercur% manometer
"
m
"
#
2. Q
act
= A x h / t
#here1 A 3 5rea of the collecting tan) 3 6. 2+ m
2
h 3 0ise of #ater in collecting tan) in m
t 3 time ta)en for 16cm rise of #ater in collecting tan) -in seconds.
!. C
d
3
th
act
Q
Q
#here 4
d
3 4oefficient of discharge of 2enturimeter
23
GRAP/
Q
act
vs Q
th
Ta)e Q
act
on %Iaxis
RESULT
The co efficient of discharge through venturi meter is determined as
C
d
3999 -from experiment.
3........... -from graph.
VIVA *UESTIONS:
1. hat is the #or)ing principle of 2enturimeter
2. hat are the different parts of 2enturimeter;
!. hat are the convergent and divergent angles of 2enturimeter;
'. 4oefficient of discharge is high for 2enturimeter or orifice meter;
+. "tate Jernoulli?s theorem.
24
REMARKS:
Sig&at+$" o t," ac+(t-
25
Experiment Number: / Date:
DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENC. OF PELTON 5/EEL TUR%INE
AIM: To find the overall efficienc% and dra# the performance characteristic curves of (elton
heel Turbine.
APPARATUS
1. (elton #heel test rig
2. Tachometer
!. eights
T/EOR.
The (elton #heel or (elton turbine is a tangential flo# impulse turbine. The #ater stri)es the
buc)et along the tangent of runner. The energ% available at the runner is onl% )inetic energ%.
The pressure at the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmospheric. This turbine is used for high
heads.
The #ater flo#s from the reservoir and flo#s through the penstoc) at the outlet of
#hich a no&&le is fittedK the no&&le increases the )inetic energ% of #ater flo#ing through the
penstoc). 5t the outlet of the no&&le1 the #ater comes out in the form of a jet and stri)es the
buc)ets of the runner. The main parts of the (elton #heel are
1. No&&le and flo# regulating arrangement
2. 0unner and buc)ets
3. 4asing and bra)ing jet
Fig. 6.1 P"(to& 7,""( t+$8i&"
26
PROCEDURE
1. The sump is filled #ith sufficient amount of #ater and the pump is primed if necessar%.
2. The turbine is )ept in the unloaded position1 gate valve and coc)s of the manometer are
)ept constant
!. The pump is started and the gate valve is slo#l% opened. The amount of #ater stri)ing the
#heel is adjusted b% )eeping the spear in 18'
th
open conditions
'. The speed of the turbine is measured and the manometer reading is noted. The head on the
turbine is measured
+. The turbine is graduall% loaded from lo#er to higher #eights and the speed1 manometer
reading and the load applied are noted in each case.
/. The above procedure is repeated for L1 !8'
th
and full% open conditions.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The gate valve and coc)s of the manometer must be closed at the initial stage
2. ater used must be free from dust
!. ,anometer readings are ta)en #ithout parallax error
'. 4oc)s of the manometer must be opened gentl%
TA%LE: 6.1 D"t"$mi&atio& o "ici"&c- o P"(to& 5,""( T+$8i&"
".No (ressure
gauge
reading
,anometer
readings
"peed "pring
balance
readings
Input
po#er
Autput
po#er
Efficienc%
P
1
-)g8cm
2
.
h
h
2
h N
rpm
T
1

)g
T
2
)g
P
i
-).
P
o
-).

-B.
cm cm m
1
2
!
27
MODEL CALCULATIONS
1. Input Power 3 ater po#er 3
1666
WQH
in )
#here1 W 3 C<16 N8m
!
,
_
/6666
> . !+ h
Q
in m
!
8s

h 3 ,anometer reading in mm of @g
H =
( ) !! . 16
6!! . 1
6!! . 1
1
,
_
+ P
in meters of #ater
P
1
3 (ressure gauge reading in )g8cm
2
2. Output Power 3 Jra)e po#er 3
kW
NT
/6666
2
#here1 N 3 "peed of bra)e drum d%namometer in rpm
T = (T
%T
2
) x C.<1 x 6.1/2 Nm
!. Efficienc%1 3
166
i&'(t
o(t'(t
B
GRAP/S
1."peed vs Discharge
2."peed vs (o#er
!. "peed vs Efficienc%
RESULT
The performance characteristic curves of (elton heel Turbine are obtained.
28
VIVA *UESTIONS:
1. hat is a turbine;
2. hat is the po#er available at the (elton #heel;
!. hat t%pe of turbine a (elton #heel is;
'. hat is maximum angle of deflection for the (elton #heel buc)et;
+. hat is shape of (elton #heel buc)et;
REMARKS:
29
Experiment Number: > Date:
FRANCIS TUR%INE
AIM: To dra# the performance characteristic curves of $rancis turbine.
APPARATUS
$rancis turbine test rig1 tachometer1 #eights
T/EOR.:
0adial flo# turbines are those turbines in #hich the #ater flo#s in the radial direction. The
#ater ma% flo# radiall% from out#ards to in#ards or viceG versa. If the #ater flo#s from
out#ards to in#ards through the runner1 the turbine is )no#n as in#ard flo# reaction
turbine.
0eaction turbine means that the #ater at the inlet of the turbine possesses )inetic
energ% as #ell as pressure energ%. 5s the #ater flo#s through the runner1 a part of pressure
energ% goes on changing into )inetic energ%.
The in#ard flo# reaction turbine having radial discharge at outlet is )no#n as $rancis
turbine. In the modern $rancis turbine1 the #ater enters the turbine in the radial direction at
the outlet and leaves in the axial direction at the inlet of the runner. The main parts of the
turbine are
1. 4asing
2. 0unner
!. Muide mechanism
'. Draft tube
30
Fig. 9.1 F$a&ci# t+$8i&"
31
PROCEDURE
1. The sump is filled #ith sufficient amount of #ater and the pump is primed if
necessar%
2. The turbine is )ept in the unloaded position. The gate valve and the manometer coc)s
are )ept closed
!. The pump is started and the gate valve is slo#l% opened. The amount of #ater entering
the casing is adjusted b% turning the #heel connected to the guide valves
'. The speed of the turbine is measured and the manometer readings are noted. The head on
the turbine is measured
+. The turbine is graduall% loaded from lo#er to higher #eights and the speed1 manometer
readings1 load applied are noted for each step of loading
6. The above procedure is repeated for L 1!8'
th
1 full% open conditions of the gate valve
PRECAUTIONS
1.Jefore the experiment is started1 it must be chec)ed that the gate valve and the coc)s of the
manometer are closed
2.The #ater used must be free from dust
!.The coc)s of the manometer must be opened gentl%
TA%LE: 9.1 D"t"$mi&atio& o "ici"&c- o $a&ci# t+$8i&"
".No Mate
opening
(ressure
gauge
reading
,anometer
readings
"peed "pring
balance
readings
Input
po#er
Autput
po#er
Efficienc%
P
1
-)g8cm
2
.
h
1
h
2
h N
rpm
T
1

)g
T
2
)g
P
i
-).
P
o
-).

-B.
cm cm m
1
2
!
32
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
1. Input power 3 ater po#er 3 in )
#here1 W 3 C<16 N8m
!
Q 3 in m
!
8s
<'.+ 3 2enturimeter constant
h 3 ,anometer reading in mm of @g
H 3 x-16.!!. in meters of #ater
P
1
3 (ressure gauge reading in Ng8cm
2
2. Autput (o#er 3 Jra)e po#er 3
)!
NT
/6666
2
#here1 N 3 "peed of bra)e drum d%namometer in rpm
T = (T
%T
2
) x*$+x,$-2 Nm
!. Efficienc%1 3
166
i&'(t
o(t'(t
B
Fnit speed1 N
u
3
Fnit discharge Q
u
3
Fnit po#er P
u
3
P 3 Jra)e (o#er
33
GRAP/S
1.Fnit speed vs Fnit Discharge
2.Fnit speed vs Fnit (o#er
!. Fnit "peed vs Efficienc%
RESULT
The performance characteristic curves of $rancis Turbine are obtained.
VIVA *UESTIONS:
1. hat t%pe of energ% is used to run the $rancis turbine;
2. hat is the use of casing in $rancis turbine;
!. hat is use of a draft tube;
'. hat is difference bet#een (elton #heel and $rancis turbine;
34
REMARKS:
35
Experiment Number: < Date:
STUD. OF VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF
FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
AIM
To find the timing of inlet valve and exhaust valve opening and closing for the given '
stro)e c%cle engine and represent the result through a valve timing diagram.
APPRATUS : E*UIPMENT
' G "tro)e diesel engine model
Tape
4hal)
T/EOR.
It is the graphical representation of exact movements of the t#o valves i.e. Inlet valve
and exhaust valve as #ell as firing of the fuel. It is generall% expressed in terms of angular
position of cran) shaft.
The #or)ing of 'Gstro)e diesel engine consists of four stro)es of the piston or t#o
complete rotations of the cran) shaft. The stro)es are
"uction stro)e
4ompression stro)e
(o#er or Expansion stro)e
Exhaust stro)e
S+ctio& #t$o'"
In this stro)e inlet valve opens before the piston reaches top dead centre on the
beginning of suction stro)e. Inlet valve opens and closes after the suction is completed.
Comp$"##io& #t$o'"
During this stro)e the piston moves from bottom dead centre to top dead centre. Joth
inlet and outlet valve remain closed.
36
Po7"$ #t$o'"
5t the end of compression stro)e the diesel oil is injected into engine c%linder #ith the
help of fuel valve. The diesel is injected in the form of fine spra% #hich gets ignited due to
high temperature of the compressed air. The fuel valve closes after the piston moves from
TD4. The burnt gases at high temperature and pressure pushes the piston do#n #ords and
some of heat energ% is converted into mechanical #or).
E;,a+#t #t$o'"
During this stro)e the piston moves from JD4 to TD4 and at the end of this stro)e
the exhaust valve closes.
PROCEDURE
The circumference of the bra)e drum is measured b% means of the tape. The fl%#heel
is slo#l% rotated in the direction of rotation #ith the help of the decompression lever until the
piston reaches the top most position. ,ar) TD4 -top dead centre. on the fl%#heel. 5 pointer
is made to coincide #ith the mar). The cover of the c%linder head is removed to observe the
opening and a closing of the valves from the movement of the roc)er arm. The fl%#heel is
slo#l% rotated in the direction of rotation and the points1 at #hich the opening and closing of
both the valves ta)e place1 are mar)ed on the fl%#heel. 5 point corresponding to the event of
opening of valve of the injection pump -from the spill of the fuel. is also mar)ed.
5 point directl% belo# TD4 representing the JD4 -bottom dead centre. is mar)ed on
the fl%#heel. The circumferential distances of the various mar)s are no# measureed from the
TD4. The% are converted into angles in degrees #.r.t. the TD4 H JD4.
Fig. <.1 Va()" Timi&g Diag$am o Fo+$ St$o'" Di"#"( E&gi&"
I2A 3 Inlet valve opens I24 3 Inlet valve closes
E2A 3 Exhaust valve opens E24 3 Exhaust valve closes
37
$2A3 $uel valve opens $243 $uel valve closes
Ta8(" <.1 M"a#+$"m"&t o )a()" timi&g
". No. Event 0eference point Jefore85fter Timing
-degrees.
1 I2A
2
I24
! E2A
'
E24
+
$2A
/
$24
RESULT
Thus the valve timing diagram of 'Gstro)e diesel engine is dra#n.
VIVA=*UESTIONS
1. @o# are the valves operated in a diesel engine;
2. hat is the average value of compression ratio in a diesel engine;
!. hat is the purpose of decompression lever;
'. hich is more volatile in nature Diesel or (etrol;
+. hat is the purpose of fl%#heel;
/. @o# is mixing of air and fuel done in diesel engines;
>. @o# is fuel flo# controlled in case of diesel engines;
<. hat is the use of a governer;
C. Does scavenging process exist in diesel engines;
16. Do #e use spar) plug in diesel engine;
38
39
REMARKS:
Sig&at+$" o t," Fac+(t-=I&=c,a$g"
40
Experiment Number: C Date:
STUD. OF PORT TIMING DIAGRAM OF
T5O STROKE PETROL ENGINE
AIM
To find out the timing of inlet1 transfer and exhaust port opening and closing for the
given 2G"tro)e petrol engine and represent the result through port timing diagram
APPRATUS : E*UIPMENT
2 G "tro)e petrol engine model
Tape
4hal)
T/EOR.
5 t#o stro)e engine performs onl% 2G stro)es to complete one #or)ing c%cle. In this
the suction1 compression1 expansion and exhaust ta)e place during 2Gstro)es of the piston. 5
t#o stro)e engine has ports -holes. instead of valves.
Fi$#t #t$o'"
5t the beginning of first stro)e the piston is at the bottom dead center. Joth the
transverse port and the exhaust port are opened. The fresh air fuel mixture flo#s into the
engine c%linder from the cran) case. hen the piston starts to move up1 first it covers the
transverse port and thereafter exhaust post. The fuel is compressed as the piston moves
up#ards in this stage. 5t the same time1 inlet post opens and fresh air fuel mixture enters into
the cran) case.
S"co&3 #t$o'"
In this stro)e1 just before the piston reaches top dead center1 the air fuel mixture is
ignited #ith the help of a spar) plug. It suddenl% increases the pressure and temperature of
products of combustion. Due to increase in pressure the piston is pushed do#n#ard #ith a
great force.
PROCEDURE
1. Identif% the inlet and exhaust ports.
2. Throughout the experiment the rotation of the fl%#heel has to be in one direction
either cloc)#ise or anti cloc)#ise.
!. ,ar) the reference point for top dead center -TD4. and Jottom dead center -JD4. on
the fl%#heel. 0otate the fl%#heel until piston reaches the TD4 and coincide #ith the
exhaust port top edge. ,a)e a mar) on the fl% #heel #ith respect to fixed point -sa%
41
TD41..0otate the fl% #heel and #hen the piston moves to#ards JD4 and coincides
#ith the same exhaust port edge1 ma)e a mar)ing on the fl%#heel #ith respect to the
fixed point
-sa% TD42.. ,easure the arc length from TD4 1 to TD42 along the direction of
rotation. Ta)e half of this arc length and mar) a line from TD4 1 along the direction
of rotation1 indicate the line as TD4. Ta)e half of the circumference of the fl% #heel
and mar) a line on the fl% #heel1 indicate the line as JD4.
'. The opening and closing of the inlet port1 exhaust port and transfer port are mar)ed on
the fl% #heel. hen the piston just opens the inlet port completel%1 mar) a point on
the fl% #heel #.r.t. to the fixed point indicating as I(A
+. hen the piston just closes the inlet port completel%1 mar) a point on the fl% #heel
#.r.t. to the fixed point indicating as I(4. "imilarl% opening and closing of the exhaust
port and transfer port are mar)ed on the fl% #heel.
/. The port opening mar)s are measured from the nearest dead center and are converted
into angle units and are tabulated
Fig. >.1 Po$t timi&g 3iag$am o 0 #t$o'" p"t$o( "&gi&"
42
Ta8(" >.1 M"a#+$"m"&t o po$t timi&g
". No. Event TD48JD4 Jefore85fter Timing in
degrees
1
T(A
2
T(4
!
E(A
'
E(4
+
I(A
/
I(4
RESULT
Thus the port timing diagram of 2Gstro)e petrol engine is dra#n.
VIVA *UESTIONS
1. hat is meant b% scavenging process;
2. hat are the three ports that are present in t#o stro)e engines;
!. @o# is lubrication provided in t#o stro)e engines;
'. h% are t#o stro)e engines not in much use;
+. hat is meant b% s#irl;
/. @o# man% revolutions of the cran)shaft completes one full c%cle in t#o stro)e engines;
>. Tell an% three differences bet#een t#o stro)e and four stro)e engines;
<. Do #e use t#o stro)e diesel engines;
C. hat are the problems #ith t#o stro)e engines;
16. hat is 2t oil;
43
REMARKS:
44
RETARDATION TEST ON A FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
AIM
To conduct retardation test on 'Gstro)e single c%linder diesel engine coupled #ith rope
bra)e d%namometer.
APPARATUS : E*UIPMENT
'Gstro)e vertical single c%linder #ater cooled diesel engine coupled #ith rope bra)e
d%namometer1 tachometer.
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
,a)e: Nirlos)er
Jore: <6mm
"tro)e: 166mm
"peed: 1+66rpm
(o#er: +@(
4ompression ratio: 1/.+:1
PROCEDURE
This test involves the method of retarding the engine b% cutting the fuel suppl%. The engine is
made to run at no load and rated speed follo#ing all usual precautions. hen the engine is
running under stead% operation conditions the suppl% of fuel is cutGoff and simultaneousl% the
time of fall in speed b% 26B1 '6B1 /6B1 <6B of rated speed is recorded and the test is
repeated once again #ith +6B load on the engine. The values are tabulated in the table.
Ta8(" 1?.1 M"a#+$"m"&t o tim" at &o (oa3
". No. "peed -rpm. Time -s. Drop in speed -rpm.
Ta8(" 1?.0 M"a#+$"m"&t o tim" at 4?@ (oa3
45
". No. "peed -rpm. Time -s. Drop in speed -rpm.
5 graph #ith time for the falling speed -xGaxis. and speed -%Gaxis. at no load as #ell
as +6B load condition is dra#n as sho#n. The time re*uired to fall through the same range in
both no load and load conditions are found. Oet t
2
and t
!
be the time of fall at no load and load
conditions respectivel%. The frictional tor*ue and hence po#er are calculated as sho#n belo#.
FORMULAE
,aximum load conditions J(32PNT8/61666 )
T3J(/6166682.N
W/3J(/616668 -2PNC.<1.
W= J(/616668 -2PN/C.<1. )g
here J(3+@(3!.>2 )
N31+66rpm
/36.1Cm
$ull load tor*ue T3J(/6166682PN )NGm
@alf load tor*ue 3T82 )NGm
$rictional tor*ue T
f
3t
!
8 -t
2
Gt
!
. T82 )NGm
$rictional (o#er -$(. 3 2PNT
f
8/61666 )
46
MODEL CALCULATIONS
47
FROM GRAP/
t
2
3 time for the fall of 166rpm at no load3
t
!
3 time for the fall of 166rpm at full load3
,echanical efficienc%3 J(1668 -$(QJ(. 3
RESULT
@ence retardation test is conducted on 'Gstro)e single c%linder diesel engine coupled
#ith rope bra)e d%namometer and its mechanical efficienc% is determined.
VIVA *UESTIONS
1. Define the term mechanical efficienc%
2. hat is indicated po#er;
!. hat is frictional po#er;
'. hat is meant b% illiam?s line;
+. hat is tor*ue;
/. Name an% ten parts of the engine;
>. Define viscosit%;
<. hat is the instrument used for speed measurement;
C. hat is injection pump;
16. @o# is diesel spra%ed into the no&&le of c%linder;
REMARKS:
48
PERFORMANCE TEST ON MULTI C.LINDER
2 STROKE PETROL ENGINE AMORSE TESTB
AIM
To conduct performance test on the ' stro)e multi c%linder petrol engine and dra# the
performance curves.
APPARATUS
"top#atch1 Tachometer
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
T%pe: 'G c%linder 'Gstro)e petrol engine -#ater cooled. spar) ignition.
,a)e: @industan ,otors I I"R.
0ated po#er output: >+ @( at +666 rpm
Jore H "tro)e: <'mm x <2mm
4ompression ratio: <.+:1
4lutch: Diaphragm t%pe
Engine oil: "5E 26 8'6 -'.+l capacit%.
Ooading: @%draulic d%namometer
"tarting: 5uto start
T/EOR.
(erformance test is conducted to chec) the performance claimed b% engine
manufacturer. Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success #ith #hich it is
doing the assigned job i.e.1 conversion of the chemical energ% contained in the fuel into the
useful mechanical #or). Jra)e thermal efficienc% is important performance parameter. It is
the ratio of energ% in bra)e po#er to the supplied fuel energ%. The po#er available at the
output shaft end is called bra)e po#er.
,orse Test is used for multiGc%linder engines to measure input #ithout the use of
indicator diagram. It consists of running the engine #ith full load at rated rpm1 #hich gives
the bra)e po#er #hen all the c%linders are #or)ing. If the engine consists of four c%linders
then the J( of the engine should be measured four times1 cutting off po#er to spar) plug of
each c%linder turn b% turn. J% this a particular c%linder at each turn is made inoperative. If
one c%linder is inoperative then the po#er developed b% that c%linder is lost and the speed of
engine #ill fall as the load on the engine remains the same.
49
The engine speed can be restored to its original value b% reducing the load on the
engine b% )eeping the throttle position same. This is necessar% to maintain $( constant
because1 it is assumed that the $( is independent of load and depends onl% on the speed of
engine.
The observed difference in bra)e po#er bet#een all the c%linders #or)ing and #ith
one c%linder cut out is the indicated po#er of the cut out c%linder. "ummation of indicated
po#er of all the c%linders #ould give the total indicated po#er of the engine.
PROCEDURE
1. 4hec) level of petrol in the petrol tan).
2. 5llo# the cooling #ater to flo# through the d%namometer.
!. 5llo# petrol to flo# and start the engine.
'. Neep the loading in minimum position.
+. The engine is set to the re*uired speed b% operating speed regulator.
/. 5ppl% load to the engine b% operating loading hand #heel in antiGcloc)#ise
direction in steps.
>. 5djust the throttle to an% desired speed.
<. 4utG off the ignition to the spar) plug of the first c%linder.
C. No# the speed of the engine decreases1 attain the normal speed b% adjusting the
load #ithout adjusting the throttle valve.
16. No# note do#n all the readings speed1 load1 temperature1 fuel flo#1 #ater flo#1 air
flo#.
11. 0epeat the procedure -/. through -16. for different loads b% cutting I off the other
c%linders1 one at a time.
12. Tabulate the readings.
Note: Temperature (oints
T
1
3 5ir inlet temperature
T
2
3 Engine cooling #ater inlet temperature
T
!
3 Engine cooling #ater outlet temperature
T
'
3 Exhaust gas temperature
FORMULAE
50
1) Jra)e (o#er -J(. 3
N 3 "peed of engine in rpm
W 3 Ooad in )g
) 3 26661 D%namometer constant.
2. Total $uel 4onsumption -T$4. 3 m
f
x !/66 )g8hr
m
f
3 the mass of fuel consumed per second
m
f
)g8s
Densit% of petrol 3 6.>+ g8cc
t3 time ta)en in seconds for consumption of 16 cc of petrol
!.. Jra)e specific fuel consumption -J"$4.
g8)Ghr
'.. ,echanical efficienc%
+.. Indicated thermal efficienc%
4alorific value of petrol -42. 3 ''1666):8)g
/.. Jra)e thermal efficienc%

>.. 5ir fuel 0atio
58f 3mass of air8mass of fuel
51
Ta8(" 11.1 M"a#+$"m"&t o I&3icat"3 po7"$
4%linder condition Engine speed N
-rpm.
Ooad
-)g.
Jra)e po#er
-).
Indicated
po#er
-).
5ll c%linders are firing -J(.3 I( 3
$irst 4%linder is cutGoff
-J(.
1
3 -I( .
1
3
"econd c%linder is cutGoff
-J(.
2
3 -I( .
2
3
Third c%linder is cutGoff
-J(.
!
3 -I( .
!
3
$ourth c%linder is cutIoff
-J(.
'
3 -I( .
'
3
-I(.
1
3 -J(. I -J(.
1
-I(.
2
3 -J(. I -J(.
2
-I(.
!
3 -J(. I -J(.
!
-I(.
'
3 -J(. I -J(.
'
I( 3 I(
1
Q I(
2
Q I(
!
Q I(
'
$( 3 I(G J(
Note: 1. In Table 11.11 J( and I( are in D)? onl%
2. $or ever% load calculate I( from table 11.2 and fill table 11.!
i.e. if experiment is conducted for + loads1 there should be + tables.
@eat loss through exhaust gases 3 -m
a
Qm
f
. C'
a
-
T
'
GT
1
.
m
a
3 mass flo# rate of air )g8s
m
f
3 mass flo# rate of fuel )g8s
C'
a
3 specific heat of air 3 1.66+ ):8)gGN
52
T
'
3 exhaust gas temperature -N.
T
1
3 inlet air temperature -N.
Ta8(" 11.0 M"a#+$"m"&t o t"mp"$at+$"
53
".
No.
Engine
speed N
-rpm.
Ooad
-)g.
Time for
16cc of fuel
consumption
-s.
5ir
consumption
in mm of
#ater read
on
manometer
4ooling
#ater
flo#
rate in
-l8s.
Temperature points
-
4.
T
1
T
2
T
!
T
'
Fnaccountable losses 3 @eat input G -@eat e*uivalent of J(Q @eat loss through cooling
#aterQ @eat loss through exhaust gases.
Ta8(" 10.1 /"at 8a(a&c" #,""t
4redit ):8min B Debit ):8min B
1.@eat
Input
166 2.@eat e*uivalent of J.(
!.@eat loss through
cooling #ater
'.@eat loss through exhaust
gases
+.Fnaccountable losses 166
@eat loss through cooling #ater 3 m
#
C'
#
(T
#2
0 T
#1
)
m
#
3 mass flo# rate of cooling #ater )g8s
C'
#
3 specific heat of #ater 3 '.1< ):8)gGN
T
#2
3#ater outlet temperature
T
#1
3#ater inlet temperature
54
MODEL CALCULATIONS
55
GRAP/S
1. J( 2s
,ech
2. J( 2s
ITh
!. J( 2s
JTh

RESULT
The performance test and ,orse test on 'Gstro)e multi c%linder petrol engine is
conducted and the performance curves are dra#n.
VIVA *UESTIONS
1. Is ,orse test conducted for single c%linder engine;
2. hat are the different methods of finding out the frictional po#er of an engine;
!. Name the parts of ' stro)e petrol engine;
'. hat is J"$4;
+. hat is the difference bet#een rich mixture and lean mixture;
/. hat are the functions of a carburetor;
>. During cold starting problems1 ho# do %ou start an engine;
<. hat is the formula for calculating Jrea) (o#er;
C. hat is indicated po#er;
16. hat are the units of po#er;
56
REMARKS:
57
PERFORMANCE TEST ON 2=STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
AIM
To conduct the performance test on 'Gstro)e single c%linder diesel engine coupled #ith
rope bra)e d%namometer and to find out
Jra)e po#er -J(.
Indicated po#er -I(.
Jra)e thermal efficienc%
Indicated thermal efficienc%
,echanical efficienc%
SPECIFICATIONS
It is a 'Gstro)e vertical single c%linder #ater cooled diesel engine coupled #ith rope
bra)e d%namometer.
,a)e: Nirlos)er
Jore: <6mm
"tro)e: 116mm
"peed: 1+66rpm
4ompression ratio: 1/.+:1
(o#er: +@(
APPARATUS
"top#atch1 Tachometer
PROCEDURE
4alculate the rated load from specifications.
"tud% the engine and )no# the starting procedure using decompression lever.
4hec) the fuel level in the fuel tan) and open the fuel )nob.
4hec) lubrication oil level in the cran)case
Ensure cooling #ater suppl% to engine before starting the engine.
Ensure cooling #ater suppl% to bra)e drum before loading the engine.
Engine should be started on no load condition.
Ooad should be added or removed graduall% b% adjusting the speed of the engine to its
rated value b% scre#ing in or out of the governor nut.
Engine should be stopped onl% at no load condition
During starting the engine the handle used on the cran) shaft to start the engine1
should be removed immediatel% once the engine is started
Decompression lever should not be used to stop the engine.
Do not over load the engine be%ond ten percent more than the full load capacit%
58
Ta8(" 10.1 M"a#+$"m"&t o Sp""3
". No. -W
1
GW
2
.
-)g.
"peed -N.
-rpm.
Time
-s.
Ta8(" 10.0 M"a#+$"m"&t o I&3icat"3 Po7"$ AIPB
". No. J(
-).
$uel
consumption
-)g8s.
$rictional
losses
-).
I(
-).
Input-m
f
xCV.
-).
JTth

ITh

,ech
59
MODEL CALCULATIONS

T=F/
T= (W
%W
2
) *$+ /=
mf
=
Input energ%3 m
f
CV=
I(3 J(Q$(3
=

=
GRAP/S
J( 2s
,ech
J( 2s
ITh
J( 2s
JTh

RESULT
Thus the performance test on 'Gstro)e single c%linder diesel engine coupled #ith rope
bra)e d%namometer is conducted and the follo#ing are found.
1. Jra)e po#er3
2. Indicated po#er
!. ,echanical efficienc%
'. Indicated thermal efficienc%3
+. Jra)e thermal efficienc%3
60
VIVA *UESTIONS
1. hat is the function of a d%namometer;
2. hat is the function of clutch;
!. @o# are I4 engines classified;
'. hat is the difference bet#een an I4 engine and E4 engine;
+. hat is the valve timing diagram;
/. hat is function of a fl% #heel;
>. hat are the functions of carburetor;
<. hat is meant b% volatilit%;
C. hat is meant b% calorific value;
16. hat are the units of calorific value;
REMARKS:
Experiment Number: 1! Date:
61
/EAT %ALANCE TEST ON FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
AIM
To conduct performance test on 'Istro)e single c%linder diesel engine and dra# a heat
balance sheet on ) basis.
SPECIFICATIONS
Engine T%pe : 'Gstro)e single c%linder diesel engine
,a)e : Nirlos)er
,aximum (o#er-P . : +@(
0ated "peed -N. : 1+66 rpm
Jore -#. : <6mm
"tro)e -1. : 116mm
"tarting : J% hand cran)
Ooading : 0ope t%pe d%namometer
4ooling : ater cooling
DESCRIPTION
The Test 0ig consists of $ourGstro)e diesel engine -#ater cooled. to be tested for
performance and coupled to 0ope t%pe d%namometer. The arrangement is made for the
follo#ing measurements of the setGup.
1. The 0ate of $uel 4onsumption is measured b% using 2olumetric (ipette.
2. 5ir $lo# is measured b% ,anometer1 connected to 5ir Jox.
!. The different loading is achieved b% loading 0ope t%pe d%namometer.
'. The engine speed is measured b% electronic digital counter.
+. Temperature at air inlet and engine exhaust gas are measured b%
electronic digital temperature indicator #ith thermocouple.
OPERATION
1. 4hec) the diesel in the tan).
2. 5llo# diesel and start the engine b% using @and cran).
!. Neep the loading s#itches in off positions initiall%.
'. 5ppl% the load to the 0ope t%pe d%namometer #ith the help of spring
balances.
+. 5llo# some time so that the speed stabili&es.
/. No# ta)e tachometer reading1 temperature1 and petrol flo# rate and air
consumption.
>. 0epeat procedure -'. H -+. for different loads.
<. Tabulate the readings as sho#n in the enclosed sheet.
C. 5fter the experiment is over1 )eep the petrol control valve closed.
Ta8(" 11.1 /"at 8a(a&c" #,""t
Input B Autput B
62
-).
-).
@eat supplied to the
engine
166 @eat e*uivalent to bra)e po#er
@eat e*uivalent to friction
po#er
@eat carried a#a% b% cooling
#ater
@eat carried a#a% b% exhaust
gas
Fnaccounted heat loss
Total 166 Total
Ta8(" 11.0 M"a#+$"m"&t o t"mp"$at+$"#
". No. "peed
-rpm.
Ooad
-)g.
ater
manometer
reading
-mm.
$uel
4onsumption
Temperature
-
S
4.
5tm.
temp
-
S
4.
4alorimeter
flo#
rate-l8min.
2ol
-cc.
Time
-s.
T
1
T
2
T
!
T
'
T
+
63
Note: temperature points
T
1
3 air inlet temperature T
' 3
#ater inlet to calorimeter
T
2 3
engine head #ater inlet temperature T
+
3#ater outlet from calorimeter
T
! 3
engine head #ater outlet temperature T
/
3 exhaust gas inlet to calorimeter
".
No.
Ooad
-)g.
J(
-).
T$4
-)g8hr
.
"$4
-)g8)
hr.
ma
-)g8min
.
mf
-)g8min.
58$
-air
fuel
0atio .
@eat
Input
-).
Jra)e
Thermal
Efficienc%
2 JTh
,ech.
Efficienc%
2 ,ech
T
>
3 exhaust gas outlet to calorimeter
Ta8(" 11.1 M"a#+$"m"&t o +"( co&#+mptio&
LIST OF FORMULAE
Input:
1. @eat input 3 m
f
CV )
m
f
3 mass of fuel consumption )g8s
CV 3 4alorific value '2666 ):8)g
Autput:
a. Jra)e po#er
J.( =
1666 /6
2
T N
)
b. @eat lost b% cooling #ater 3 m
#
C
P #
(T
! %
T
2
. ) through engine head.
m
#
3 mass flo# rate of #ater )g8s
C
P#
3 "pecific heat of #ater 3 '.2 ):8)gGN
T
!
3 cooling #ater outlet temperature -N.
64
T
2
3 cooling #ater inlet temperature -N.
c. @eat lost b% calorimeter #ater 3 m
!
C
P !
(T
' %
T
!
) )
T
'
3 cooling #ater outlet temperature -N.
T
!
3 calorimeter inlet temperature -N.
d. @eat lost b% exhaust gases3 (m
f
+ m
a
) C'
a
(T
/
0 T
1
) )
m
f
3 mass of fuel consumption
m
a
3 mass of air used
C
Pa
3 "pecific heat of air
T
/
3 temperature of outlet exhaust gas
T
1
3 temperature of air at inlet
e. 0adiation and unaccounted heat loss 3 input G -a Q b Q c Q d.
,ass flo# rate of air
m
a
= 3
a
V
a
V
a
= C
d
A
a h g 2
C
d
3 coefficient of orifice 3 6./
A 3 5rea of orifice1 d 3 1+ mm
h
a
=

a
! !
h
a
3 densit% of air
V
a
3 volume flo# rate.
65
MODEL CALCULATIONS
66
GRAP/S
1. T$4 2s J(
2. 2
JTh
2s J(
!. 2
,ech
2s J(
'. "$4 2s J(
RESULT
@eat balance sheet for 'G stro)e diesel engine is dra#n at Tth load.
VIVA *UESTIONS
1. hat is a heat balance sheet;
2. hat are the units of brea) specific fuel consumption;
!. hat is thermal efficienc%;
'. hat is meant b% s#ept volume;
+. hat is clearance volume;
/. hat is the formula for volumetric efficienc%;
>. @o# does volume of c%linder affect the performance of engine;
<. hat is the calorific value of petrol;
C. hat is the calorific value of diesel;
16. hat is meant b% unaccounted heat loss;
REMARKS:
67
Sig&at+$" o t," ac+(t-=I&=c,a$g"
Experiment Number: 1' Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON T5O STROKE PETROL ENGINE
AIM
To perform a load test on the given engine and to dra# the performance characteristic
curves.
APPARATUS RE*UIRED
2Gstro)e petrol engine test rig
"topG#atch
Tachometer
SPECIFICATIONS OF T/E ENGINE
Engine ,a)e: Jajaj
0ated (o#er: ')
0ated "peed: !666 rpm
2olume: 166cc
4ooling ,edium: 5ir cooled
Ooading t%pe: 0ope bra)e d%namometer
F+"( p$op"$ti"#:
$uel: (etrol
"pecific gravit% of fuel 3 6.>< g8cc
4alorific value 3 ''1666 ):8)g
T/EOR.
5 load test on an engine provides information regarding the performance
characteristics of the engine. Engine performance varies #ith both loads on the engine as #ell
as the engine speed. @o#ever stationar% engines operate at a constant speed. The
performance characteristics of such engines are obtained b% var%ing the load on the engine.
ECPERIMENTAL SETUP
The compact and single engine test rig consisting of a t#o stro)e1 single c%linder1 air
cooled1 and variable speed petrol engine coupled to a balanced bra)e drum b% the flange
coupling. The engine is )ic)Gstart t%pe. 5 bra)e drum is mounted on a shaft #ith bearing
bloc)s. 4ontinuous #ater suppl% arrangement is provided to the bra)e drum for cooling.
68
0ope bra)ing arrangements #ith spring balances are provided for loading the engine. "cre#s
rods are provided for eas% loading. The #hole arrangement is mounted on a sturd% iron
channel base plate. The control panel houses a #ater manometer1 a multiGpoint digital
temperature indicator and a digital rpm meter. 5 burette #ith a threeG#a% coc) is used for the
fuel flo# measurement. The fuel line is connected #ith a three #a% coc) for the experimental
needs such as
-i. To suppl% fuel from the fuel tan) to the engine.
-ii. To fill fuel in the burette from the fuel tan).
-iii. To suppl% fuel from the burette to the engine.
STARTING T/E ENGINE
1. Apen the fuel suppl%
2. "#itch on the ignition )e% and )ic) the starting pedal.
!. Throttle the engine to the rated speed and allo# it to #arm up
STOPPING T/E ENGINE
"#itch off the ignition )e%.
PROCEDURE
1. "tart the engine at no load and allo# idling for some time till the engine #arm up.
2. Note do#n the time ta)en for 16cc of fuel consumption using stop#atch and fuel
measuring burette.
!. Apen the fuel line to fill burette and suppl% fuel to run the engine from the fuel tan) again.
'. Ooad the engine graduall% to the desired value.
+. 5llo# the engine to run at this load for some time in order to reach stead% state condition
and note do#n the time ta)en for 16 cc of fuel consumption.
/. 0epeat the experiment b% appl%ing additional loads to the desired values.
>. 0elease the load graduall% and stop the engine.
<. Tabulate the readings as sho#n and calculate the result.
Ta8(" 12.1 M"a#+$"m"&t o #p""3
".No. Drum bra)e
speed - rpm.
"pring
balance
reading
-)g.
$uel pipe
reading
-s.
5ir flo#
reading in
mm of
#ater
69
Determination of maximum load -"%W.
FORMULAE
1. J( = )
here T= ("%W) / *$+ NGm
i$ T 3 Tor*ue
ii$ " 3 spring balance reading
iii$ W3 Ooading #eight
i4$ / 3 Jra)e drum radius
2. "pecific fuel consumption 3 )g8)Ghr
!. $rom the graph dra#n bet#een bra)e po#er and total fuel consumption1
The frictional po#er is found b% the extrapolation method
$rictional horse po#er 3 )
4. Indicated po#er 3 Jra)e po#er Q $rictional po#er )
5. U
,ech
3

166
6.
Ta8(" 12.0 R"#+(ta&t ta8+(atio&
70
".
No
.
Jra)e
drum
speed
-rpm.
$uel
consume
d
m
f
-)g8hr.
5ir
consumptio
n
-)g8s.
Engine
output
-J(.
-).
"pecific
fuel
consumptio
n
-"$4.
-)g8)Ghr.
$uel
-m
f
C
V.
5ir
fuel
ratio
2
,ech
-B.
2
JTh
-B.
MODEL CALCULATIONS
71
PRECAUTIONS
1. The engine should be chec)ed for no load condition.
2. The level of fuel in the fuel tan) should be chec)ed.
!. The cooling #ater inlet for bra)e drum should be opened #hen loading.
GRAP/S
J( 2s T$4
J( 2s "$4
J( 2s ,echanical efficienc%
J( 2s Jra)e Thermal efficienc%
RESULT
Ooad test on the given engine is performed and performance characteristic curves are
dra#n.
VIVA *UESTIONS
1. hat is meant b% cran) case ventilation;
2. hat is the purpose of piston rings;
72
!. hat is the material used for piston and c%linder;
'. hat is reboring of an engine;
+. hat are the t%pes of cooling s%stems used in I4 engines;
/. hat is nitriding of a cran) shaft;
>. hat is the purpose of carburetor;
<. hat is meant b% idling of an engine;
C. hat is meant b% cold starting;
16. hat is turbulence;
REMARKS:
Sig&at+$" o t," ac+(t-=I&=c,a$g"

Thermal & Hydro Lab Expmnts

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thermal & Hydro Lab Expmnts

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thermal and Hydro Lab Manual

You might also like

Thermal &amp; Hydro Lab Expmnts

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thermal &amp; Hydro Lab Expmnts

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thermal and Hydro Lab Manual

You might also like

Thermal & Hydro Lab Expmnts

Thermal & Hydro Lab Expmnts