JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE

Natural Sci., 2008, Vol. 53, N . 5, pp. 31-40


CAUCHY-NEUMANN PROBLEM FOR SCHRODINGER
EQUATION
REGULARITY OF WEAK SOLUTION
Nguyen Manh Hung and Nguyen Thi Kim Son

Hanoi National University of Education

Abstract. The main goal of this paper is to obtain the regularity of weak

solution of Cauchy-Newmann problem for classical Schr

odinger equation in
infinite cylinders with the bases containing conical points.
Keywords: The Newmann problem, Schrodinger equation, weak solution,
smoothness, regularity.
1.

Introduction

The Schr
odinger equation received a great deal of attention from mathematicians, in particular because of its applications to quantum mechanics and optics.
Indeed, some simplified models lead to certain Schr
odinger equation, see [1,5] for
example.
In this paper we consider the Cauchy-Newmann problem for classical Schr
odinger equation in infinite nonsmooth domains. The Cauchy-Dirichlet problem for general Schr
odinger systems in domains containing conical points has been investigated
in [3,4,5]. The Cauchy-Newmann problems have been dealt with for the class heat
equations (see [10]) and for general second order parabolic equations in [2] in domains with edges. This problem in domains with conical points has been investigated for general hyperbolic system in [7]. Here in our paper, that problem for class
Schr
odinger equations will be dealt with in infinite cylinders Q = (0, +)
where is a domain containing conical points. Our main purpose is to study the
regularity of the weak solution of the problem.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce some notations
and functional spaces that we use throughout the text. We also introduce the formulation of the problem and recall some results of the unique existence and smoothness
with the time variable of the weak solution of the problem. Our main result is stated
in Section 3 with Theorem 3.1. The proof of this theorem is given in Section 4 with
some auxiliary lemmas and propositions.
31

Nguyen Manh Hung and Nguyen Thi Kim Son

2.

Preliminaries

Let be a bounded domain in Rn , n > 2; and denote the closure and

the boundary of in Rn . We suppose that = \{0} is a infinitely differentiable
x

surface everywhere except the origin and coincides with the cone K = {x :
|x|
G} in a neighborhood of the origin 0, where G is a smooth domain on the unit
sphere S n1 in Rn . We begin by introducing some notations and functional spaces
which are used fluently in the rest.
Denote Q = (0, +), S = (0, +), x = (x1 , ..., xn ) , xj =
p
/xj , uxj = xj u, utk = k u/tk , r = |x| = x21 + ... + x2n . For each multi-index
= (1 , ..., n )(i N, i = 1, ..., n), set || = 1 + + n , = x = x11 xnn .
In this paper we will use usual functional spaces: C (), L2 (), H m (), where
m, l, k N (see [4,5] for the precise definitions).
Denoted by Hl () the space of all measurable complex functions u(x, t) that satisfy

kukHl () =

XZ

2(+||l)

||6l

 12
| u| dx < +.

H m,l (et , Q ) ( > 0) the space of all measurable complex functions u(x, t) that
have generalized derivatives up to order m with respect to x and up to order l with
respect to t with the norm
Z h X
i
 12
X
2 2t
2
kukH m,l(et ,Q ) =
dxdt < +.
| u| +
|utj | e
Q

j6l

||6m

Hl,k (et , Q )- the space of all measurable complex functions u(x, t) with the norm
kukH l,k (et ,Q ) =

l
hZ X
Q

2(+||l)

| u| +

k
X
j=1

||=0


i 12
|utj |2 e2t dxdt < +.

Hl (et , Q )-the weighted space with the norm

kukHl (et ,Q ) =

 X Z

2(+||+jl)

||+j6lQ

2 2t

| utj | e

 12
dxdt < +.

Let X be a Banach space. Denoted by L (0, ; X) the space of all measurable

functions u : (0, ) X, t 7 u(t) with the norm

kukL (0,;X) = ess sup ku(t)kX < +.

0<t<+

32

Cauchy-Neumann problem for Schr

odinger equation regularity of weak solution

In cylinder Q we consider the following problem

iu ut = f in Q ,

(2.1)

u(x, 0) = 0 on ,
n
u X u
=
cos(xk , ) = 0 on S ,

x
k
k=1

(2.2)
(2.3)

where is the unit exterior normal to S .

The function u(x, t) is called weak solution in space H 1,0 (et , Q ) of the
problem (2.1)(2.3) if u(x, t) H 1,0 (et , Q ), satisfying for each T (0, +)

n Z
X

k=1Q

Z
Z
u

(x, t)
(x, t)dxdt + u(x, t)t (x, t)dxdt = f (x, t)(x, t)dxdt (2.4)
xk
xk
Q

for all test functions (x, t) H 1,1 (et , Q ), (x, t) = 0 for t [T, +).
By applying theorems 3.1, 3.2 and 4.1 in [6] for the problem (2.1) (2.3), we
have the following lemmas.

Lemma 2.1. (The solvability of the problem) Let f, f

L (0, , L2 ()). Then

for every > 0, the Cauchy-Newmann problem (2.1)(2.3) has exactly one weak
solution u(x, t) in H 1,0 (et , Q ), that satisfies
t

kuk2H 1,0 (et ,Q ) 6 C(kf k2L (0,,L2 ()) + kft k2L (0,,L2 ()) ),

where the constant C does not depend on u, f .

Lemma 2.2. (The regularity with respect to time variable) Let h be a nonnegative

integer. Suppose that ftk L (0, , L2 ()) for all k 6 h + 1, f (x, 0) = 0 and if
h > 2 then ftk (x, 0) = 0 for all k 6 h1, for all x . Then the weak solution u(x, t)
of the problem (2.1) (2.3) has generalized derivatives with respect to time variable
up to order h, which belongs to H 1,0 (et , Q ), with > 0 arbitrary, moreover
kuts k2H 1,0 (et ,Q )

6C

h+1
X

kftk k2L (0,,L2 ()) , s = 0, 1, ..., h,

k=0

where C is a constant independent of u, f .

By the same arguments as in [4,5] and using the lemmas 2.1, 2.2, we can prove
the following lemma.
33

Nguyen Manh Hung and Nguyen Thi Kim Son

Lemma 2.3. Assume that u(x, t) is a weak solution of the problem (2.1) (2.3)

in the space H 1,0 (et , Q ) and f, ft , ftt L (0, , L2()), f (x, 0) = 0. Then for
almost all t (0, +) the equation
Z
n Z
X


u
dx = i
ut + f dx
xk xk
k=1

holds for all functions = (x) H 1 ().

3.

Formulation of the main result

Let = (1 , ..., n1) be a local coordinate system on S n1 and r = |x|. Then

the Laplace operator can write in the form:

u(r, ) =

1
r n1

1
n1
(r
)u(r, ) + 2 u(r, ),
r
r
r

where is Laplace-Beltrami operator on S n1 .

Now we consider the Newmann problem for the following equation

v + [(i)2 + i(2 n)]v = 0, G.

(3.1)

Because is a strong elliptic operator that satisfies strictly Garding inequality

and self-adjoint, then for every t (0, +) the spectrum of this problem is discrete
and has an enumerable set of eigenvalues.
We give here the main result of this paper.

Theorem 3.1. Let l be a nonnegative integer. Assume that u(x, t) be a weak solution

in the space H 1,0 (et , Q ) of the problem (2.1) (2.3) and ftk L (0, , H0l ())
if k 6 3 and ftk (x, 0) = 0 if k 6 l + 1. Assume further that the strip
1

n
n
6 Im 6 l + 2
2
2

does not contain any eigenvalue of the Newmann problem for equation (3.1) for all
t [0, +). Then u H0l+2 (et , Q ) and the following estimate holds
kuk2H l+2(et ,Q )
0

6C

l+3
X
k=0

where C is the constant independent of u, f .

34

kftk k2L (0,,H l ()) ,

0

Cauchy-Neumann problem for Schr

odinger equation regularity of weak solution
4.

Proof of Theorem 3.1

Lemma 4.1. Let u(x, t) be a weak solution in H

(et , Q ) of the problem (2.1)

(2.3) such that u(x, t) = 0 when |x| > R =constant. Moreover, we assume that
f, ft , ftt L (0, , L2 (K)), f (x, 0) = 0. Then for almost all t [0, +), we have
(i) if n > 3 then u H12 (K),
2
(K), where > 0 is arbitrary.
(ii) if n = 2 then u H1+
1,0

Proof. Because f, ft , ftt L (0, , L2(K)), f (x, 0) = 0, from Lemma 2.2 we have
ut H 1,0 (et , Q ). Following Lemma 2.3, u(x, t) is a solution of the Newmann
problem for the elliptic equation
u = F,
where F = i(ut + f ) L2 (K) for almost t (0, +).
Denote k = {x : 2k 6 |x| 6 2k+1 }, k = 1, 2, ... Let k0 be large enough
such that 2k0 +2 < R. From the theory of the regular of solution of the boundary
value problem for elliptic systems in smooth domains and near the piece smooth
boundary of domain (see [9]), we have u H 2 (k0 ) for almost t (0, +) and the
following inequality holds
Z
Z
Z
h
i

2
2
2
| u(x, t)| dx 6 C
|F (x, t)| dx +
|u(x, t)| dx , || 6 2,
k 0

k0 1 k0 k0 +1

k0 1 k0 k0 +1

where C is a positive constant. By choosing k1 > k0 and setting x = (2k0 /2k1 )x0 ,
one has
 k0 4
Z
Z h
i
2
0
2

0
2
0
0
2
dx0 .
+
|u(x
,
t)|
| u(x , t)| dx 6 C
|F (x , t)|
2k 1
k 0

k0 1 k0 k0 +1

Return to the variable x, we get

2k 0
2k 1

2||Z

| u(x, t)| dx 6 C

k 1

a) Case 1: n > 3. Then

 k0 4
Z h
i
2
2
2
+ |u(x, t)| dx.
|F (x, t)|
2k 1

k1 1 k1 k1 +1

r 2 |u|2dx 6 C

It follows from (4.1) that

Z
r 2(||1) | u|2dx 6 C
k1

(4.1)

r n |u|2 dx < +.

(4.2)

k1 1 k1 k1 +1

h
i
|F (x, t)|2 r 2 + r 2 |u|2 dx,
35

Nguyen Manh Hung and Nguyen Thi Kim Son

where C is a constant independent of u, f, k1. Taking sum with respect to k1 > k0 ,

one has
i
X Z
X Z h
2(||1) 2
r
| u| dx 6 C
|F (x, t)|2 r 2 + r 2 |u|2 dx.
k1 >k0

This implies

k1 >k0

k1

2(||1)

| u| dx 6 C

k>k0

k1

[|F (x, t)|2 r 2 + r 2 |u|2 ]dx.

k

k>k0

Because out of a neighborhood of conical point K is a smooth domain, so we have

Z
Z
2(||1) 2
(4.3)
r
| u| dx 6 C [|F (x, t)|2+r 2 |u|2]dx
K

for all || 6 2, almost all t (0, +). From (4.2), (4.3) and F L2 (K) we receive
u H12 (K) for almost all t (0, +).
2: n = 2. Since u H 1,0 (et , QR ) so for almost all
+) one
R b)0 Case
R t (0,
2
2

2
has r | u| dx < , || = 1. This implies r | u| dx 6 R | u| dx < +,
K

where > 0 is arbitrary.

n
For all > 0 we have > 0 = 1 , so it follows from Lemma 7.1.1, page 268
2
in [8] that
Z
XZ
XZ
2(/21)
2
2
r
|u| dx 6 C
r | u| dx 6 C
| u|2 dx < +.
(4.4)
||=1 K

||=1 K

From the inequality (4.1), for all || 6 2 one gets

2(||1+

k 1

)
2 | u|2dx 6 C

i
h
|F (x, t)|2 r 2+ + r 2+ |u|2 dx,

(4.5)

k1 1 k1 k1 +1

where C is a constant independent of u, f, k1 .

By using analogous arguments used in the proof of part a, from (4.4), (4.5)
we have
Z
Z h
i
X
2(1+ 2 +||2) 2
r
| u| dx 6 C
|F (x, t)|2+
| u|2 dx < +
K

||=1

2
for all || 6 2, almost all t (0, +). That is u H1+
(K). The lemma is
2
proved.

36

Cauchy-Neumann problem for Schr

odinger equation regularity of weak solution

Proposition 4.1. Let f

L (0, , L2(K)), k 6 3, and f (x, 0) = ft (x, 0) = 0

for x K . Assume that u(x, t) is a weak solution in H 1,0 (et , Q ) of the problem
(2.1) (2.3) such that u 0 when |x| > R = constant. In addition, suppose that the
strip
n
n
1 6 Im 6 2
2
2
does not contain any point of the spectrum of Newmann problem for the system (3.1)
for all t [0, +). Then u H02 (et , Q ).
tk

Proof. We need to prove

X Z

||+k62

r 2(||+k2) | utk |2 e2t dxdt < +.

(4.6)

It follows from Lemma 2.2 that

|ut2 |2 e2t dxdt < +. Hence, in order to

prove (4.6), we just need to prove that both u and ut are in the space H02,0 (et , Q ).
Indeed, if n > 3 then by applying Lemma 4.1 and Lemma 2.2 we have u H12 (K),
n
n
F = i(ut +f ) L2 (K) for almost t (0, +). Since in the strip 1 6 Im 6 2
2
2
there is no spectral point of Newmann problem for (3.1) for all t [0, +), then
following Theorem 3.2 page 37 in [11], one gets u H02 (K) and satisfies
h
i
kuk2H 2 (K) 6 C kF k2L2 (K) + kuk2H 2(K) ,
0

for almost t (0, +), where C is a positive constant.

Using the arguments as used in the proof of Lemma 4.1, we have
Z
h
i
2
2
2
kukH 2 (K) 6 C kut kL2 (K) + kf kL2 (K) + r n |u|2dx
0

for almost t (0, +), where C = constant > 0.

Multiplying this inequality with e2t , then integrating with respect to t from 0 to
+, we obtain

kuk2H 2,0 (et ,K )

0

6C

2
hX
k=0

kftk k2L (0,,L2 (K))

i
r n |u|2dx < +.

Then u is a function in the space H02,0 (et , Q ).

2
And if n = 2 then following Lemma 4.1 we have u H1+
(K) for almost t (0, +).
n
Because the straight line Im = 1 does not contain any point from the spectrum
2
of Newmann problem for (3.1) for all t (0, +) then for each t (0, +) there
37

Nguyen Manh Hung and Nguyen Thi Kim Son

n
n
6 Im 6 1 does not contain
2
2
any spectral point of Newmann problem for (3.1). In another way, we also have
2
F H10 (K). This implies
h from Theorem 3.2
i of [11] that u H1 (K) satisfying the
equality kuk2H 2 (K) 6 C kF k2H 0 (K) + kuk2H 2 . Repeating the proof for the case n > 3
exists (t) > 0 such that the strip 1 (t)

1+

we achieve u H02,0 (et , K ), too.

Now differentiating (2.1) with respect to t, we have v = i(vt + ft ), where
v = ut H 1,0 (et , Q ). Repeating arguments used for function u we receive
v H02,0 (et , K ) or ut H02,0 (et , K ).
So (4.6) is proved. This completes the proof of this proposition.

Proposition 4.2. Let f

L (0, , H0l (K)), k 6 3, and ftk (x, 0) = 0 for k 6

l +1, x K . Assume that u(x, t) is a weak solution in H 1,0 (et , Q ) of the problem
(2.1) (2.3) such that u 0 when |x| > R = constant. In addition, suppose that the
strip
n
n
1 6 Im 6 l + 2
2
2
does not contain any point of the spectrum of Newmann problem for system (3.1)
for all t [0, +). Then u H0l+2 (et , Q ), satisfies
tk

kuk2H l+2(et ,Q )
0

6C

l+3
X

kftk k2L (0,,H l (K)) ,

0

(4.7)

k=0

where C is a constant independent of u, f.

Proof. We use induction by l. For l = 0 then we had Proposition 4.1. Assume that
this theorem holds up to l 1, we need to prove that the theorem holds for l. That
is we have to prove the following inequality
kuts k2H l+2s (et ,Q ) 6 C
0

l+3
X

kftk k2L (0,,H l (K))

0

(4.8)

k=0

for s = l, l 1, .., 0, where C=constant>0.

Since ftk L (0, , H0l (K)) for k 6 3, so ftk L (0, , L2 (K)) for k 6 l+3.
In another way, ftk (x, 0) = 0 for k 6 l + 1. Then from Lemma 2.2 we have utl+1
H 1,0 (et , Q ), uts H 1,0 (et , Q ) for s 6 l. Hence, by using similar arguments
used in the proof of Proposition 4.1 we get utl H02 (et , Q ). So (4.8) holds for
s = l.
Assume that (4.8) holds for s = l, l1, ..., j+1. Put v = utj H0lj+1(et , Q )
(by inductive hypothesis) and differentiate (2.1) j -times with respect to t, we have
v = i(vt + ftj ). Following assumptions of induction of s one has vt H0lj+1(et ,
Q ), ftj H0lj (et , Q ). Hence Fj = i(vt + ftj ) H0lj (et , Q ). In another
38

Cauchy-Neumann problem for Schr

odinger equation regularity of weak solution
lj1,0 t
lj1 t
way since H0lj (et , Q ) H1
(e , Q ), so Fj H1
(e , Q ) for almost
t (0, +).
n
n
Since in the strip l + 1 j 6 Im 6 l + 2 j there is no spectral
2
2
point of Newmann problem for (3.1) for all t [0, +), then following Theorem
l+1j
l+1j,0 t
3.2 page 37 in [11], one gets v H1
(K). This implies v H1
(e , Q ).
lj,0 t
Note that Fj H0 (e , Q ) then applying Theorem 7.3.2 in [8] one gets v
H0l+2j,0(et , Q ) satisfying

kvk2H l+2j,0 (et ,Q

0

6C

kftk k2H l (et ,Q ) ,

0

k=0

where C =constant > 0.

In another way, it is easy to see that

kutj k2H l+2j (et ,Q

3
X

6 kutj+1 k2H l+2j1 (et ,Q

0

+ kutj k2H l+2j,0 (et ,Q ) .

0

Hence from the inductive assumptions we receive

ku

tj

k2H l+2j (et ,Q )

6C

3
X

kftk k2H l (et ,Q ) ,

0

k=0

where C is a positive constant. It means that (4.8) is proved. Let s = 0 in (4.8) the
proposition is proved.

Proof of Theorem 3.1

Proof. Denote U0 be a neighborhood of conical point with a sufficiently small diameter so that the intersection of and U0 coincides with the cone K. Take a function
o
u0 = 0 u, where 0 C (U0 ) and 0 1 in a neighborhood of the origin. The
function u0 satisfies
iu0 (u0 )t = 0 f + Lu,
where Lu = (i0 (0 )t )u + igrap 0 grap u is a linear differential operator order
1. Coefficients of this operator depend on the choice of the function 0 and equal to
0 outside U0 . Denote u1 = 1 u = (1 0 )u. It is easy to see that u1 is equal to 0 in
a neighborhood of conical point. This follows that we can apply the theorem on the
smoothness of a solution of elliptic problem in a smooth domain to this function to
conclude that u1 = 1 u H0l+2 (K) for almost t [0, +). By applying Lemma 2.2
we receive u1 H0l+2 (et , Q ) and

ku1 k2H l+2 (et ,Q )

0

6C

l+3
X

kftk k2H l (et ,Q ) , C = const > 0.

0

(4.9)

k=0

39

Nguyen Manh Hung and Nguyen Thi Kim Son

Let us prove Theorem 3.1 by induction by l.

When l = 0 then the function u0 , fb = 0 f + Lu satisfy the hypotheses of
Proposition 4.1. So u0 H02 (et , Q ). It follows that u = u0 +u1 is in H02 (et , Q ).
Assume that the theorem holds up to l 1. Then we have u H0l+1 (et , Q ).
By using analogous arguments used in the proof of Proposition 4.2, with note
that fbtj H0lj (et , Q ) (from the hypothesis of induction), we can prove that
u0 H0l+2 (et , Q ). So u H0l+2(et , Q ). The inequality in Theorem 3.1 can
derive from inequality (4.7) (for u0 ) and inequality (4.9). This completes the proof
of Theorem 3.1.

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