CS554 RESEARCH PROJECT 2

MEMORY MANAGMENT AND VIRUAL MEMORY 1

Project 2 for CS554 Research Option
Memory Management and Virtual Memory
Author: Nagunuri Abhinav
Date: 03-08-2014
Course name:CS554BH1


CS554 RESEARCH PROJECT 2
MEMORY MANAGMENT AND VIRUAL MEMORY 2



ABSTRACT
Memory management is the process of controlling and guiding the computer memory, assigning
portions called blocks to various running programs to control overall system performance.
Memory management is present inside hardware in the operating system, and in programs and
applications. Virtual memory is a memory management technique that is implemented using
both hardware and software also. this maps memory address used by a program, called virtual
addresses into physical addresses in computer memory. The main storage as seen by a process
or collection of contiguous segments .

















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TIITLE CONTENTS PAGE NO

Introduction .................................................................................... 4
Full operating system identification..................................................... 5
Memory capacity ................................................................................... 8
Process Protection.................................................................................. 8
Memory Allocation................................................................................ 9
Memory Mapping.................................................................................. 11
Conclusion.............................................................................................. 13
References................................................................................................ 13














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Introduction :
An operating system OS is a collection of software that manages computer
hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system
is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs
usually require an operating system to function.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may
also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and
other resources. The data in this operating system is managed by memory management.
Memory management
Memory management is the process of controlling and guiding the computer
memory, assigning portions called blocks to various running programs to control overall system
performance. Memory management is present inside hardware in the operating system, and in
programs and applications
In hardware, memory management involves components that store data, such as RAM
,micro and macro chips , memory caches, and flash-based solid-state drives. In the OS, memory
management involves the allocation of specific memory blocks to individual programs as user
demands change. when the program requests a block of memory, a part of the memory manager
called the allocator assigns that block to the program. When a program no longer needs the data
in previously allocated memory blocks, those blocks become available for reassignment.
Virtual memory


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Virtual memory is a memory management technique that is implemented using both
hardware and software also. this maps memory address used by a program, called virtual
addresses into physical addresses in computer memory. The main storage as seen by a process
or collection of contiguous segments .The operating system manages virtual address spaces and
the assignment of real memory to virtual memory.Address translation hardware in the CPU, often
referred to as a Memory management unit automatically translates virtual addresses to physical
addresses.Software within the operating system may extend these advantages and capabilities to
provide a virtual address space that can exceed the capacity of real memory and thus reference
more memory than is physically present in the computer. The primary benefits of virtual memory
include freeing applications from having to manage the shared memory space, increased
security due to memory isolation, and being able to continously using more memory than might
be physically available, using the technique of paging.

Full Operating System Identification
Microsoft Windows 7 was an operating system produced by Microsoft for use on
personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, net books ,Notes , and other
media center computers. It was released to manufacturing on July 22,2009 and became a good
product available for retail worldwide on October 22, 2009, Microsoft co founders are Bill gates
and Paul Allen .Windows 7 is of 6.1 version which is highest than Windows vista that is 6.0
version Its a Windows Updated , Hybrid is of kernel type, Unlike Windows Vista, which
introduced many new features, Windows 7 was an upgrade designed to work with Vista-
compatible applications and hardware. Presentations given by Microsoft in 2008 focused on
multi touch support, an updated Windows shell with a new task bar home networking system


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called Home Group and performance improvements. Some standard applications that have been
included with releases.

The main features in Windows 7 are
SPEED
Even aside from incompatibilities and other issues that many people had with Vista, one
of the most straightforward was speed it just felt too sluggish compared to XP, even on pumped
up hardware. Windows 7 brings a more responsive and sprightly feel and Microsoft has spent a
lot of time and effort getting the Start Menu response just right.
COMPATIBILITY
The compatibility on Windows 7 will be far better than it was with Vista. Many programs
that individuals and companies used on Windows XP did not work immediately and required
several updates, but with Windows 7 almost all applications that work on Vista should still run.
LOWER HARD WARE REQIREMENT
Vista gained a reputation for making hardware look rather ordinary. Windows 7,
however, will run well on lower end hardware, making the transition from Window XP less
painful
SEARCH AND ORGANISATION
One of the best things about Windows 7 is the improved search tool, For example, typing
mouse will bring up the mouse option within the control panel or typing a word will display it
and split it up neatly into files, folders and applications.




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START MENU
The task bar looks like nothing has much has changed . but their was a dramatic look
Infact, thats not the case and its a lot more powerful. Microsoft is now making best use of its
aero technology.
AERO-SHAKE
Our new visual feature is called Aero Shake. If you have a more number of things to
open the Windows open but want to focus on just the one you can all you have to do is grab it by
the title bar and shake with the mouse. .
STACKING
Another great touch is Stacking. You simply drag a Window to the sides of your screen
and it will stick automatically to the side filling half the screen, making it quick and easy to view
documents side by side. Move to the top and it will
maximize to the whole screen.
GAMMA CURVE
The display properties now boast a useful gamma curve feature enabling you to calibrate
your display. Set aside 10 minutes to go through it carefully and you can really give your monitor
image a boost, which will pay dividends when youre sitting in front of a screen all day.

TOUCH


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The visual feature to come to Windows 7 is its touch capability. This will only be
available to those with a touch enabled PC, such as HPs Touch Smart range, but for those
suitably equipped it will provide a new way of interacting with their PC and with other.

Memory Capacity
Each process on 32-bit Microsoft Windows has its own virtual address space that enables
addressing up to 4 gigabytes of memory. Each process on 64-bit Windows has a virtual address
space of 8 terabytes. All threads of a process can access its virtual address space. However,
threads cannot access memory that belongs to another process, which protects a process from
being corrupted by another process.
The virtual address space and the memory management functions can be known by detail study
on Virtual Address Space,Memory Pools,Memory Performance Information,Virtual Memory
Functions,Heap Functions.
Process protection
Windows security model enables you to control access to process objects. When a user logs in,
the system collects a set of data that uniquely identifies the user during the authentication
process, and stores it in an access token. This access token describes the security protocol to of
all processes associated with the user. You can use a token to specify the current security context
for a process using the Create Process With TokenW function. You can specify a security
descriptor for a process when you call the Create Process, Create Process As User,
orCreateProcessWithLogonW function. If you specify NULL, the process gets a default security
descriptor. The ACLs in the default security descriptor for a process come from the primary or
impersonation token of the creator. If a computer system has multiple users and allows the


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concurrent execution of multiple processes, then access to data must be regulated. For that
purpose, mechanisms ensure that files, memory segments, CPU, and other resources can be
operated on by only those processes that have gained

proper authorization from the operating system.Some of the following specific access rights are
not allowed from a process to a protected process:
PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS PROCESS_CREATE_PROCE
PROCESS_CREATE_THREAD PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE
PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION PROCESS_SET_INFORMATION
PROCESS_SET_QUOTA PROCESS_VM_OPERATION PROCESS_VM_READ
PROCESS_VM_WRI
Memory Allocation
The following is a brief comparison of the various memory allocation methods:
CoTaskMemAlloc
GlobalAlloc
HeapAlloc
LocalAlloc
mallo
new
VirtualAlloc
Although the GlobalAlloc, LocalAlloc, and HeapAlloc functions ultimately allocate memory
from the same heap, each provides a different set of functionality. For example, HeapAlloc can
be instructed to raise an exception if memory could not be allocated, a capability not available


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with LocalAlloc. LocalAlloc supports allocation of handles which permit the underlying memory
to be moved by a reallocation without changing the handle value, a capability not available with
HeapAlloc.
Starting with 32-bit Windows, GlobalAlloc and LocalAlloc are implemented as wrapper
functions that call HeapAllocusing a handle to the process's default heap. Therefore, GlobalAlloc
and LocalAlloc have greater overhead thanHeapAlloc.
Because the different heap allocators provide distinctive functionality by using different
mechanisms, you must free memory with the correct function. For example, memory allocated
with HeapAlloc must be freed with HeapFree and notLocalFree or GlobalFree. Memory
allocated with GlobalAlloc or LocalAlloc must be queried, validated, and released
with the corresponding global or local function. The VirtualAllo However, its allocations use a
page granularity, so using VirtualAlloc can result in higher memory usag.The malloc function
has the disadvantage of being run-time dependent. The new operator has the disadvantage of
being compiler dependent and language dependent.User memory can be allocated according to
several schemes,virtual memory, memory-mapped les, heaps,
and thread-local storage.
Windows 7 provides a technique to check the memory allocation and de allocation for the
processes and killing and creating a new process in Task Manager. When an active process is in
memory and the system runs out of memory to allocate, does it deny the creation of a new
process or does it use a swap file.





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Segmentation
Memory segmentation is the division of a computer's primary memory into segments or
sections. In a computer system using segmentation, a reference to a memory location includes a
value that identifies a segment and an within that segment only. Segments or sections are also
used in object files of compiled programs when they are linked together into a program image
and when the image is loaded into memory.
Segments usually correspond to natural divisions of a program such as individual routines or data
tables so segmentation is generally more visible to the programmer than paging alone.

Swap file
Swap file is a space on a hard disk used as the virtual memory extension of a computer's real
memory (RAM). A swap file allows your computer's operating system to pretend that you have
more RAM than you actually what we do. The last recently used files in RAM can be "swapped
out" to your hard disk until they are needed later so that new files can be "swapped in" to RAM
In larger operating systems , the units that are moved are called pages and the swapping is called
paging One advantage of a swap file is that it can be organized as a single contiguous space so
that fewer I/O operations are required to read or write a complete file.
.

MEMORY MAPPING
A memory map is a structure of data that indicates how memory is laid out. Memory
maps can have a different meaning in different parts of the operating system.In the boot process,


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a memory map is passed on from the firmware in order to instruct an operating system kernel
about memory layout. It contains the information regarding the size of total memory, any
reserved regions and may also provide other details specific to the architecture.
Virtual memory allows the system to use hard disk space to store information normally stored in
RAM. Windows 7 and Windows Vista manages virtual memory by using a paging file. You
specify the minimum and maximum size of this file. If the size is different from the default in

Windows.Vista, applications may return errors.Dynamically monitor memory for a few minutes
to see the hard fault count increase quickly.A page table is the data structure used by the
Windows Virtual Memory Manager (VMM) to store the mapping between virtual addresses and
physical addresses in memory. The performance counter Free System Page Table Entries is the
number of page table entries not currently used by the system.
The primary benefit of memory mapping a file is increasing I/O performance, especially when
used on large files. Since Windows 95, Windows-based operating systems have used a special
file that acts as a sort of "scratch pad" to store modified pages that are still in use by some
process.
Page file space is reserved when the pages are initially committed, however the page file
locations are not chosen until the page is written to disk. So, in simplistic terms, the page file is
used by Windows to hold temporary data which is swapped in and out of physical memory in
order to provide a larger virtual memory set.





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Page file
The page file is one of those pieces of the operating system that administrators know t when hat
they need to have - but they can't always explain why they need it, or how to accurately size it.


Operating System
The memory management function keeps track of the status of each memory location,
either allocated
It determines how memory is allocated among competing processes, deciding who gets
memory, when they receive it, and how much they are allowed.
When memory is allocated it determines which memory locations will be assigned. It
tracks when memory is freed and updates the status.

Conclusion :
Research on Memory management and virtual memory have been studied and presented.

References
Operating Systems Design and Implementation by Andrew S. Tannenbaum, Albert S.
Woodhull, Alfred Woodhull

Simple Memory Allocation Algorithms (originally published on OSDEV Community)

Formal Description of Components in Operating Systems written by Asen Petkov Iliev



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http://galvin.info/history-of-operating-system-concepts-textbook/.

Berger, E.D.; Zorn, B.G.; McKinley, K.S. (2001). "composing high perfomence memory
allocation"

Jessen, Elke (2004). "Origin of the Virtual Memory Concept".










CS554BH1 OPERATING SYSTEM
MEMORY MANAGEMENT AND VIRTUAL MEMORY