=> Our denition of a function says that it is a rule mapping a number to another unique number.So we cannot have a function which gives two dierent outputs for the same argument.so f(x)=root(x) isnt a valid function until you put a domain x>=0, as x=1,2..., y=+/-1 , +/- 1.4... etc. (2). Linear functions:=>Functions of the formf(x) = ax+b are linear, and they are represented graphically by straight lines. The number a represents thegradient of the line, and the number b represents the y-axis intercept. (3) . Polynomial Functions: .=> A polynomial is a function of the formf(x) = anxn +an1xn1 +...+a2x2 +a1x+a0 .The degree of a polynomial is the highest power of x in its expression. Constant (non-zero)polynomials, linear polynomials, quadratics, cubics and quartics are polynomials of degree 0,1, 2 , 3 and 4 respectively. The function f(x) = 0 is also a polynomial, but we say that itsdegree is undened. .=> A polynomial of degree n can have up to (n1) turning points in it's graph. Eg. a quadratic having U shape has one turn. .=> The number a is a root of the polynomial function f(x) if f(a) = 0, and this occurs when(xa) is a factor of f(x).If a is a root of f(x), and if (xa)^m is a factor of f(x) but (xa)^(m+1) is not a factor, then we say that the root has multiplicity m. At a root of odd multiplicity the graph of the function crosses the x-axis, whereas at a root of even multiplicity the graph touches the x-axis. (4.)Exponential and Logarithmic Functions:.=>Exponential:A function of the form f(x) = a^x (where a > 0) is called an exponential function.The function f(x)=1^x is just the constant function f(x) = 1.The function f(x) = a^x for a > 1 has a graph which is close to the x-axis for negative x and increases rapidly for positive x.The function f(x) = a^x for 0 <a< 1 has a graph which is close to the x-axis for positive x and increases rapidly for decreasing negative x.For any value of a, the graph always passes through the point (0,1). The graph of f(x) =(1/a)^x = a^(x) is a reection, in the vertical axis, of the graph of f(x) = a^x.A particularly important exponental function is f(x)=e^x, where e = 2.718.... This is often called the exponential function..=>Logarithmic: A function of the form f(x) = log(base a) x, (where a > 0 and a =/=1) is called a logarithm function.The function f(x) = log(base a) x for a > 1 has a graph which is close to the negative f(x)-axis for x < 1 and increases slowly for positive x.The function f(x) = log(base a) x for 0<a<1 has a graph which is close to the positive f(x)-axis for x < 1 and decreases slowly for positive x.For any value of a, the graph always passes through the point (1,0). The graph of f(x) =log (base 1/a) x, is a reection, in the horizontal axis, of the graph of f(x) = loga x.A particularly important logarithm function is f(x) = loge x, where e = 2.718.... This is often called the natural logarithm function, and written f(x) = ln x.=>The exponential function f(x) = e^x is the inverse of the logarithm function f(x) = lnx. (5). Composite Functions: f(g(x) => In general gf(x) is not equal to fg(x). => The domain of a composed function is either the same as the domain of the rst function, or else lies inside it.The range of a composed function is either the same as the range of the second function, or else lies inside it.. (6).Maxima Minima: => We can locate the position of stationary points by looking for points where dy/dx= 0.As we have seen, it is possible that some such points will not be turning points.At a turning point dy/dx= 0.Not all points where dy/dx= 0 are turning points, i.e. not all stationary points are turning points. =>We can calculate d2y/dx2 at each point we nd. =>If d2y/dx2 is positive then the stationary point is a minimum turning point. =>If d2y/dx2 is negative, then the point is a maximum turning point. =>If d2y/dx2= 0 it is possible that we have a maximum, or a minimum, or indeed other sorts of behaviour.So if d2y/dx2= 0 this second derivative test does not give us useful information and we must seek an alternative method like AM-GM. (7). AM-GM theory: Arithmetic mean is always greater than or equal to geometric mean. => (a+b)/2 >= root(a*b) (8 ). Pascal's Triangle: Pascals triangle 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 6 4 1 1 5 10 10 5 1 (9). Binomial expansion: => (a+b)^n = nC0*a^0*b^n + nC1*a^1*b^(n-1) + nC2*a^2*b^(n-2) + .... nCn*a^n*b^0.(10) Number of functions:Set A has m elements Set B has n elements. (1) If m>n One to One function =0 ; If n>m One to One function = P(n,m) ; (2) Number of functions = n^m ; Number of relations = 2^(m*n) ; (3) No of Many to One functions = =Number of functions - Number of One to One =n^m -P(n,m) ( (4)If n>m Number of Onto functions =0 ; If m>n Number of Onto functions= sigma ( r = 1 to n) (- 1)^(n-r) *C(n,r)*r^m;.