Measure ...

Dont Estimate
Turn state estimation into state measurement. Create improved
system models using accurate real-time system measurements.
Improve System Stability
Use synchrophasor measurements to provide early warning of
potential system instability. Monitor damping of interarea modes,
and take corrective actions when necessary.
Enable System Operators
View phasor measurements for valuable insight into the present
state of the system. Operators see the information they need to
keep the system running.
Making Electric Power Safer, More Reliable, and More Economical

A New View of the Power System

SEL Synchrophasors
Use practical and economical
SEL Synchrophasors to
optimize your power system.
Features and Benefits
Pullman
Chicago
Philadelphia
Tampa
S
a
n
A
n
to
n
io
Monterrey
San Antonio, TX
60.0 Hz
Chicago, IL
60.015 Hz
Monterrey, Mexico
59.996 Hz 59.996 Hz
Pullman, WA Philadelphia, PA
Tampa, FL
60.003 Hz
60.007 Hz
SEL Synchrophasors provide real-time information on system swings,
load shifts, and voltage stability.
2
SEL Synchrophasors provide previously unavailable information to help you manage and improve your power system. Advances in technology
allow SEL to provide extremely accurate synchronized phasor measurements from across the power system to enable more informed decisions
and improve system reliability.
How Do Synchrophasors Work?
Enabling Technology
Widespread availability of a standardized
time reference provides the foundation for
synchrophasor technology. Because the
electrical system is constantly moving,
a phasor measurement means nothing
without comparing it to another phasor
measurement taken at the same exact
moment in time. With the introduction
of very accurate satellite clocks,
synchrophasor measurements can be
taken over a large geographic area using
multiple devices, such as several
SEL-421 and SEL-451 Protection,
Automation, and Control Systems.
Reference Wave
A standard reference wave that is the
same at every location gives the ability
to compare phasor measurements from
anywhere in the world. The standard wave
is defined by a cosine wave of precise
system nominal frequency, with a peak
at the top of each second. Voltage and
current angles are then compared to the
reference wave inside the relay to produce
synchronized phasor measurements.
Snapshot of the Power System
Synchrophasors provide operators a
snapshot of the power systema near-
real-time view of exactly what the power
system is doing at any point. Phasor
measurements taken from different points
of the power system at the same exact
instant allow an operator to visualize the
exact angular difference between different
locations.
80
40
0
40
80
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
Vb (t)
Va (t)
Vref (t)
Time (seconds)
60
SEL relays receive a time signal from an SEL-2407

, SEL-2404, SEL-2401, or other highly accurate

Satellite-Synchronized Clocks.
In order to make measurements concerning the phase angle of a voltage or current, you
must compare it to a reference. That reference is now defined everywhere synchrophasors
are enabled.
Synchrophasors show operators exactly what is happening everywhere on the power system.
SEL-2407 SEL-2407
B A
IRIG-B IRIG-B
Antenna Antenna
Satellite
SEL-
421
SEL-
421
3
Increase system loading while maintaining adequate stability
margins.
Improve operator response to system contingencies, such
as overload conditions, transmission outages, or generator
shutdown.
Advance system knowledge with correlated event reporting and
real-time system visualization.
Promote system-wide data exchange with a standardized
synchrophasor data format.
Validate planning studies to improve system load balance and
station optimization.
Use time-synchronized event reports together with phasor
measurements to speed up and improve event analysis. ACSELERATOR

Analytic Assistant SEL-5601 Software provides microsecond time-
stamping and time-synchronized display of event reports from up to
three separate relays.
Traditional power system models are created based on measurements
of voltages and power flows at different points on the system. The
system state is then estimated based on a scan of these values and
an iterative calculation. The state estimation includes an inherent
error caused by measurement inaccuracies, time delays between
measurements, and model simplifications.
Synchronized phasor measurements eliminate error and change state
estimation into state measurement. The time required for an iterative
calculation is eliminated, and system state values can be directly
displayed to system operators and engineers.
Provide improved information to system operators. Advanced synchro-
phasor-based tools provide a real-time view of system conditions. Use
system trends, alarm points, and preprogrammed responses to help
operators prevent a cascading system collapse and maximize system
stability. Awareness of system trends provides operators with
an understanding of future values based on measured data.
Upgrade System Models Benefits
Enrich Event Analysis
Phase angle measurement between critical locations on a power system
provides operators with an early warning of potential system collapse.
Microsecond timing speeds event analysis and increases engineering
comprehension. Use multiple events on the same time-correlated scale to
compare cause-and-effect relationships.
Improve Situational Awareness

2
V
1
V
2
V
1
V
2
P
12
Q
12
= h (V,)
State
= h (V,) + error
State
Measurements Measurements
1 Second 10 Minutes
System operators benefit both from the amount of new data and the
accuracy of these data.
Synchrophasor measurements turn state estimation into state measurement.
4
With phasor measurement technology in devices that are already connected to instrument transformers and communications systems,
synchrophasor functions can be easily added to the power system. There is no loss of system reliability, costs are reduced, and applications
are readily added throughout the power system. Reducing connections and the number of devices greatly reduces or eliminates incremental
installation and maintenance costs. Present and future control applications using synchrophasor technology are easily added and modified when
synchrophasor measurements are incorporated into the same devices that protect and control the power system.
One SEL-2407

Satellite-Synchronized Clock provides time inputs to every

SEL Synchrophasor-equipped device in a station. The SEL-2407 includes six
programmable IRIG-B outputs capable of providing 100 ns accurate time signals
to multiple devices. The SEL-2401 Satellite-Synchronized Clock provides one IRIG-B
output with the same 100 ns accuracy.
SEL Products With Built-In Synchrophasor Measurement Technology
Satellite-Synchronized Clocks
Annex E of the IEEE C37.118 standard describes GPS in this
manner: Overall GPS is the only satellite system with sufficient
availability and accuracy for phasor system synchronization.
Both the SEL-2407 and the SEL-2401 provide
100 nanosecond accuracy.
SEL-311L Line Current Differential System
Protect lines with easy-to-use
current differential relays.
Improve electrical service quality
with a complete metering and
control system.
SEL-734 Revenue Metering System
Implement subtransmission or
backup distance protection at
a very low price.
SEL-311A Phase and Ground Distance Relay
Apply step-distance protection
using four-shot reclosing and
synchronism-check elements.
SEL-311B Distance Relay With Recloser
Provide complete three-pole
distance protection, monitoring,
and control of transmission lines.
SEL-311C Advanced Distance Relay With Recloser
Combine the control and
protection of many substation
devices powerfully and flexibly
into one economical system.
SEL-451 Protection, Automation, and Control System
80
40
0
40
80
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
Vb (t)
Va (t)
Vref (t)
Time (seconds)
With IEEE
Synchrophasor
Data Format
Protect transmission lines
with high-speed distance and
directional functions.
SEL-421 Protection, Automation, and Control System
80
40
0
40
80
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
Vb (t)
Va (t)
Vref (t)
Time (seconds)
With IEEE
Synchrophasor
Data Format
Quickly integrate bay control
for breakers and disconnect
switches with full automation
and protection in one device.
SEL-451-4 Bay Control, Automation, and Protection System
80
40
0
40
80
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
Vb (t)
Va (t)
Vref (t)
Time (seconds)
With IEEE
Synchrophasor
Data Format
5
The operation of the protection algorithms has no effect on
the successful communication of phasor measurement data.
Each synchrophasor solution will be as
unique as the power system it is managing.
SEL Synchrophasor systems can be
easily customized to meet power system
requirements and existing infrastructure.
Many SEL relays already include
synchrophasor functionality. A complete
synchrophasor viewing and analysis
system is created economically by adding
the necessary components to those
that are already installed. Use the most
convenient communications system to
get synchrophasor data to the phasor
data concentrator (PDC)the SEL-3306
Synchrophasor Processor or SEL-5077
SYNCHROWAVE

Server Software. Use SEL-5078

SYNCHROWAVE Console Software or other
synchrophasor software to view and
archive synchrophasor data for power
system analysis.
Test Cases
The purpose of testing SEL-421 performance as a protection device
and a phasor measurement unit (PMU) was to answer the following
questions:
1. Does the use of the synchrophasor functionality in the relay
adversely affect the protection capabilities of the relay?
2. When synchrophasors are enabled in a relay and a fault occurs,
does the operation of the protection algorithms interfere with
the processing and communication of synchronized phasor
measurement quantities?
Both SEL and customer tests have proven that synchrophasors and
protection can and should coexist inside an SEL-421.
Synchrophasors in a Relay
0
5
10
15
20
25
A
G
1
0
A
B
1
0
B
C
G
1
0
A
B
C
1
0
A
G
5
0
A
B
5
0
B
C
G
5
0
A
B
C
5
0
A
G
8
0
A
B
8
0
B
C
G
8
0
A
B
C
8
0
A
G
9
0
A
B
9
0
B
C
G
9
0
A
B
C
9
0
Trip times WITHOUT Synchrophasors Trip times WITH Synchrophasors
Fault Type and Distance
T
i
m
e

(
m
s
)
Engineers perform simulated system tests with a Real Time
Digital Simulator (RTDS

).
There is no statistical difference in protection speed for the SEL-421 with or
without synchrophasors operating.
SEL Synchrophasor Systems
SEL-734
SEL-
451
SEL-
421
SEL-2407
Tiered PDC or Other Device
SEL-3306
Ethernet
Communications
Link
Ring
Network
Visualization
Software
Complete synchrophasor system.
Local bus side phase A voltage synchrophasor Synchrophasor data check
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Time in Seconds
6
The SEL-5077 SYNCHROWAVE Server Software
provides phasor data concentration from up
to eight PMUs. SYNCHROWAVE Server accepts
inputs in both IEEE C37.118 and SEL Fast
Message format. Outputs are in IEEE C37.118
format. The software runs on a standard PC
using a Windows

operating system.
Choose the number of channels, the data
frequency, and the length of storage to fit
your needs.
SYNCHROWAVE software incorporates IEEE
trigger bits to capture events based on
preprogrammed alarms. Use SYNCHROWAVE
software to monitor trigger bits and activate
event recording for specific events. Trigger
bits can be programmed internally to
respond to any value measured inside the
relay, such as undervoltage, frequency rate
of change, power swing, unbalance, or any
other analog or digital value. Continuous
archiving is selectable using file size or time-
based file length.
SEL-5078 SYNCHROWAVE Console Software
gives you a versatile tool to view your
synchrophasor data. Dockable windows
and multiple displays give operators and
engineers the flexibility to create customized
visualizations to optimize their ability to
monitor the power system.
SYNCHROWAVEWide-Area Visualization Software
Archiving
SYNCHROWAVE Server
Flexible archiving accommodates
varying data storage requirements.
Windows

PC-compatible PDC functionality.

SEL-5078 SYNCHROWAVE

Console Software
displays and archives power system
operating conditions.
7
The SEL-3306 Synchrophasor Processor is a
hardened substation computer specifically
designed to process synchronized phasor
measurements in real time. The SEL-3306
has two primary functions. The first is to
collect and correlate synchrophasor data
from multiple PMUs. The second is to then
compress and transmit synchrophasor data
either to a data historian for post-analysis or
to visualization software for real-time viewing
of a power system.
Use the SEL-3306 as a central collection
device supporting up to 40 PMUs. Use the
SEL-3306 both locally at the substation and
centrally to collect and communicate phasor
measurement data.
Use local HMIs for comparisons of localized
data and system commissioning. View
localized synchrophasor data for scheduled
generator startup and shutdown.
The SEL-3306 provides a wide range of
communications protocols to both collect
and output synchrophasor data. Collect
phasor measurement data from both SEL
phasor measurement and control units and
other PMUs that support IEEE standards 1344
and C37.118. Output streaming data in C37.118
and BPA data formats.
Protocol conversion provides flexibility
and adaptability when connecting new
and existing synchrophasor systems. By
supporting first-generation synchrophasor
protocols along with the new IEEE standard,
the SEL-3306 is the center of a synchro-
phasor system.
SEL-3306 Synchrophasor Processor
Versatility
SEL-3306 applied in both large and small systems.
SEL-
421
SEL-3306
SEL-
451
SEL-
421
SEL-734 SEL-311A SEL-311L
IEEE C37.118 PMU
SEL-
451-4
SEL-734 SEL-311C
IEEE C37.118 PMU
SEL-3306 SEL-3306
SEL-3306
SEL-421 and SEL-451 Protection, Automation,
and Control Systems
TVE (total vector error) 1%
Frequency Range 5 Hz of nominal (50 or 60 Hz)
Voltage Range 30150 V
Current Range (0.12) I
nom
(I
nom
= 1 A or 5 A)
Output Format IEEE C37.118, SEL Fast Messages
SEL-311A, B, C, and L Relays
Angle 1.0
Frequency Range 4565 Hz
Output Format SEL Fast Messages
SEL-2407 Satellite-Synchronized Clock
1 PPS 100 ns average, 500 ns peak
Demodulated IRIG-B 100 ns average, 500 ns peak
Modulated IRIG-B 1 s peak
Holdover Stability 0.08 ppm for 20 minutes
(from 40 to +80C)
SEL-2401 Satellite-Synchronized Clock
Demodulated IRIG-B 100 ns average, 500 ns peak
Holdover Stability 0.08 ppm for 20 minutes
(from 40 to +80C)
SEL-734 Revenue Metering System
TVE (total vector error) 1%
Frequency Range Nominal
Voltage Range Nominal
Current Range Nominal
Output Format SEL Fast Messages
The SEL-734 does not comply with the IEEE standard for
synchrophasor accuracy.
Learn from industry experts while participating in
SEL Universitys Synchrophasor Measurement and
Application (SYS 309) hands-on course. Use SEL
Synchrophasor measurement to economically solve
real-world problems in operations, planning, and
protection. Course participants will learn how to:
Apply synchrophasor and precise-time measurement theories and
discover their importance to the electric power system.
Apply synchrophasor technologies to assist with event analysis,
troubleshooting, system performance, and system-level checks.
Apply synchrophasor technology to measure voltage and angle
stability.
Explore the IEEE C37.118 standard, communications requirements,
and compliance methods.
Measure dynamic system performance during steady-state and
fault conditions in an open- and closed-looped system using a
Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS

).
Configure synchrophasor components, including PMUs, clocks,
communications equipment, data processing devices, and
display tools.
Retrieve and analyze device data for monitoring purposes,
including early warning data, diagnostics, and data logs.
SEL University conducts courses in various locations throughout
the world. Visit www.selinc.com/seluniversity for additional course
information and to download a course catalog.
SEL Synchrophasors
SEL UniversitySYS 309
General Specifications
SEL-3306 Synchrophasor Processor
Protocols Supported IEEE C37.118, IEEE 1344-1995,
SEL Fast Messages
Number of PMUs 40
Output Type BPA StreamReader, IEEE C37.118
Number of Outputs 6
SEL-5077 synchroWAVe Server Software
Protocols Supported IEEE C37.118, SEL Fast Messages
Number of PMUs 8
Output Type IEEE C37.118
Number of Outputs 8
Operating System Windows 2000, Windows XP,
Windows Server 2003
Pullman, Washington USA
Tel: +1.509.332.1890 Fax: +1.509.332.7990 www.selinc.com info@selinc.com
2005, 2006, 2008 by Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. PF00120 20080512