TECHNICAL ENGLISH 1

Authors
Agnes Szabo MA
Monika Bai
2
U UN NI IT T 1 1
A AND AN
nail screw
nut wrench
srewdriver bolt
gears hammer
drill pliers
A
We use a before a consonant (a book,
a magazine).
AN
We use an before a vowel (an apple,
an English book)
3
S Su up pp pl ly y a a o or r a an n f fo or r e ea ac ch h j jo ob b
electrician ..welder mechanic .plumber .architect hairdresser
.artist lorry (truck) driver brick layer .photographer
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns are words that replace nouns. Like nouns, they also express gender (he,
she, it), number (I, we) and case (I , me, my). Personal pronouns in English have the
following forms:
Singular Plural
1 I 1 we
2 you 2 you
3 he/she/it 3 they
THE PRESENT FORMS OF THE VERB BE
The verb be in the present tense has the forms am, is and are depending on the
person it refers to.
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I am (Im) 1 we are (were)
2 you are (youre) 2 you are (youre)
3 he/she/it is (hes/shes/its) 3 they are (theyre)
The interrogative (question form) of the verb be in the present tense is formed by
inverting (changing) the word order of the subject and the verb:
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 am I ? 1 are we ?
2 are you ? 2 are you ?
3 is he/she/it ? 3 are they ?
The negative form of the verb be in the present is formed by adding the word not to the
present forms of be:
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I am not (the form *I amnt is
ungrammatical!)
1 we are not (arent)
2 you are not (arent) 2 you are not (arent)
3 he/she/it is not (isnt) 3 they are not (arent)
4
T Tr ra an ns sf fo or rm m t th he e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o t th he e i in nt te er rr ro og ga at ti iv ve e, , n ne eg ga at ti iv ve e o or r a af ff fi ir rm ma at ti iv ve e o or r f fi il ll l i in n t th he e
m mi is ss si in ng g w wo or rd ds s ( (a am m, , i is s, , a ar re e, , a a/ /a an n) )
1. He is an artist.
..?
.not.
2. She is not a mechanic.
..?
..
3. Is it an envelope?
..
.not.
4. ..she.photographer? No, she.. She..student.
5. Itnot ..screwdriver. Ita screw.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
The possessive adjectives are used only attributively, with a noun.
Personal
pronoun
Possessive
adjective
Personal
pronoun
Possessive
adjective
Singular Plural
I my we our
you your you your
he/she/it his/her/its they their
S Su up pp pl ly y t th he e m mi is ss si in ng g w wo or rd ds s ( (p po os ss se es ss si iv ve e a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve es s) ) o or r t th he e p pr re es se en nt t f fo or rm ms s o of f t th he e v ve er rb b b be e
t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s
1. .(he) name is Thomas. He..from London.
2. .(she) house is in London.
3(I) name is Ellen. I..from Brisbane.
4. Is(you) surname Jenkins? No, it. .(I) surname is Atkins.
5. Is..(she) office in the centre? Yes,
6. ..(we) surname is Wesley.
7. Is..(they) house in the centre? No, it. It.in a village.
8. Hello. .(I) name is Bill.
OPPOSITE ADJECTIVES
W Wr ri it te e t th he e a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve es s w wh hi ic ch h h ha av ve e t th he e o op pp po os si it te e m me ea an ni in ng g
5
expensive, small, curved, low, difficult, closed, narrow, short, new, thin, slow, shallow
big/large
easy
old
cheap
open
thick
wide
fast
long
high
straight
deep
W Wr ri it te e a a s se en nt te en nc ce e f fo or r e ea ac ch h i il ll lu us st tr ra at ti io on n g gi iv ve en n b be el lo ow w u us si in ng g a a w wo or rd d f fr ro om m t th he e a ab bo ov ve e t ta ab bl le e
Example:
It is big. It is small.
.. ..
.. ..
$ 2 $ 357
.. ..
6
5m 1m
.. ..
10m
1m
.. ..
3m 1m
.. ..
.. ..
E X E R C I S E S
W Wr ri it te e s se en nt te en nc ce es s b ba as se ed d o on n t th he e i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n g gi iv ve en n b be el lo ow w
Name: Bill
Surname: Thompson
From: Oxford
Job: a welder
Name: Liz
Surname: Baker
From: Bristol
Job: an architect
7
M Ma at tc ch h t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve es s w wi it th h t th he e n no ou un ns s i in n t th he e o op pp po os si it te e c co ol lu um mn n
difficult car
thick tool
fast road
deep book
expensive story
wide building
long box
old water
big problem
M Ma ak ke e q qu ue es st ti io on ns s a an nd d a an ns sw we er rs s b by y j jo oi in ni in ng g w wo or rd ds s f fr ro om m e ea ac ch h c co ol lu um mn n
Where
Who
How much
How old
is
are
a sports car?
the fax machine?
our boss?
Windsor?
her manager?
Mr. Wilkins.
He is young.
It is expensive.
At home.
In England.
M Ma ak ke e q qu ue es st ti io on ns s t to o t th he e g gi iv ve en n a an ns sw we er rs s
1. Where.?
She is from England.
2. How much.?
It is $1.
3. What.?
My surname is Jenkins.
4. What.job ?
He is a mechanic.
5. How mucha hamburger?
It is cheap.
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 1
GRAMMAR
2 2. .1 1 P Pu ut t a am m, , i is s, , a ar re e, , h hi is s o or r h he er r i in nt to o t th he e g ga ap ps s. .
1. Where __________ you from? I _________ from England.
2. She __________ twenty years old.
3. " What is ___________ name?" "Mary."
4. Mary and John ___________ from London.
5. I ________ an engineer.
6. I have a brother. _______ name is John.
7. _______ it Tuesday today? No, it _________ Monday.
8
8. Where _________ Peter? He is in ________ office.
9. "What is ________ job." "She _______ an architect."
10. "What is _________ name?" "Peter."
2 2. .2 2 C Ch ho oo os se e t th he e c co or rr re ec ct t s se en nt te en nc ce e. .
1. a) Where she from?
b) Where is she from?
2. a) His a welder.
b) He's a welder.
3. a) They're from England.
b) They from England.
4. a) I'm a mechanic.
b) I'm mechanic.
5. a) Their welders.
b) They' re welders.
6. a) She is an architect.
b) She is a architect.
7. a) He's name is Peter.
b) His name is Peter.
8. a) She isn't a mechanic.
b) She aren't a mechanic.
9. a) It is a book?
b) Is it a book?
10. a) A building is large.
b) A building are large.
2 2. .3 3 S Su up pp pl ly y t th he e m mi is ss si in ng g w wo or rd ds s ( (p po os ss se es ss si iv ve e a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve e o or r p pe er rs so on na al l p pr ro on no ou un n) )
1. Where is _______ ( I ) car? _______ is in the garage.
2. Mary is _______ (we) boss. _______ is an architect.
3. ________ (he) job is very dangerous.
4. How old is ________ (they) house? ________ is 100 years old.
5. What is ________ (you) address?
6. Is John at home? Yes, _______ is.
7. ________ (we) town is in the south of England.
8. "Where is ________ (you) sister?" "_________ is at work."
U UN NI IT T 2 2
THE POSSESSIVE CASE (SAXON GENITIVE)
NOUN + S
In English the possessive case can be expressed by the Saxon genitive. We form this by
adding s to the noun in the singular (Toms house, Mr. Browns office). It is usually used
for persons.
9
E X E R C I S E S
W Wr ri it te e t th he e n na am me es s o of f t th he e w we el ll l- -k kn no ow wn n p pe eo op pl le e/ /s sc ci ie en nt ti is st ts s u us si in ng g t th he e S Sa ax xo on n g ge en ni it ti iv ve e w wh ho os se e
n na am me es s a ar re e c co on nn ne ec ct te ed d t to o t th he e e ev ve en nt ts s o or r i in nv ve en nt ti io on ns s m me en nt ti io on ne ed d i in n t th he e t ta ab bl le e b be el lo ow w. .
Bell, Biro, Eiffel, Baird, Gagarin, Armstrong, Roentgen, Watt
Teslas asynchronous motor
steam engine
telephone
television picture
flight to space
ball point pen
stepping on the Moon
discovery of X-rays
tower in Paris
NUMERALS
There are two classes of numerals: cardinal and ordinal numbers. The cardinal numbers are:
0 nought, zero
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen
20 twenty
30 thirty
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
100 hundred
1000 - thousand
M Ma at tc ch h t th he e f fi ig gu ur re es s a an nd d t th he e w wo or rd ds s
twenty-six fifteen fifty-two twelve
thirty-two ninety-seven seventy-four eighteen
32 52 68 74
18 30 26 45
10
sixty-eight forty-four eight thirty
fifty twenty-eight sixty ninety
sixteen sixty-seven forty-five thirteen
eighty eighty-seven
M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s f fr ro om m t th he e s se eg gm me en nt ts s g gi iv ve en n i in n t th he e t ta ab bl le e
name Peter
surname Walker
age 35
job a lorry driver
country Australia
address 69 Oakwood Street, Melbourne
phone number 6492153078
1. ______________________________________ ?
2. ______________________________________ ?
3. ______________________________________ ?
4. ______________________________________ ?
5. ______________________________________ ?
6. ______________________________________ ?
7. ______________________________________ ?
M Ma ak ke e q qu ue es st ti io on ns s t to o t th he e a an ns sw we er rs s g gi iv ve en n b be el lo ow w
?
He is a mechanic.
?
He is 39.
?
53 Queens Road, Liverpool.
?
He is an engineer.
?
He is from Canada.
?
He is 25.
90
28
12 8 50 97
67
87 15 44 13
80
16 60
11
PLURAL OF NOUNS
P Pu ut t t th he es se e n no ou un ns s i in n t th he e p pl lu ur ra al l f fo or rm m. .
singular plural singular plural
bush pen
degree discovery
lorry box
day formula
match engine
criterion boss
problem story
DEMONSTRATIVES
This (these) is used to point out a person, or a thing near the speaker in time or space.
That (those) is used to point out a person or thing far from the speaker in time or space.
SINGULAR PLURAL
THIS THESE
THAT THOSE
1. Most nouns in the plural are formed by adding s to the
singular form.
book books
student students
2. If the noun ends in s, -sh, -ch, we add es.
bus buses
church churches
watch watches
3. If the noun ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to ies.
country- countries
party parties
4. Some nouns are irregular
foot feet
radius radii
phenomenon - phenomena
12
M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s w wi it th h t th hi is s/ /t th ha at t u us si in ng g o op pp po os si it te e a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve es s
Example: This book is open. That book is closed.
1. This water is deep.
2. That book is closed.
3. This problem is easy.
4. That road is narrow.
5. This car is fast.
6. That book is thin.
P Pu ut t t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o t th he e p pl lu ur ra al l. . E Ex xa am mp pl le e: : T Th hi is s i is s a a d di if ff fi ic cu ul lt t p pr ro ob bl le em m. . T Th he es se e a ar re e
d di if ff fi ic cu ul lt t p pr ro ob bl le em ms s. .
1. This is an expensive car. _________________________
2. This is an old screwdriver. _________________________
3. This is a high mountain. _________________________
4. This is a straight line. _________________________
5. This is a rich country. _________________________
6. This is a large box. _________________________
MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS
The four basic mathematical operations are: addition (its symbol is + plus), subtraction
(its symbol is - minus), division (its symbol is : divided by) and multiplication (its
symbol is x multiplied by or times).
Addition
When we add two quantities, for example, 12 and 30 we say: twelve and/plus thirty
is/are/equals forty-two.
Subtraction
When we subtract one quantity from another, for example, 3 from 12, we say: twelve minus
three is/equals nine.
Singular:
This is a difficult problem
Plural
These are
a
difficult problems
12 + 30 = 42
twelve and / plus thirty is / are / equals forty-two
13
Division
When we divide one quantity by another, for example, 12 by 3, we say: twelve divided by
three is/equals four.
Multiplication
When we multiply one quantity by another, for example, 12 by 4, we say: twelve multiplied
by/times four is/equals forty eight.
R Re ea ad d t th he es se e m ma at th he em ma at ti ic ca al l o op pe er ra at ti io on ns s: :
a) 8+10=18 b) 18: 6=3 c) 122=24 d) 6+4=10 e) 12-4=8 f)20:10=2
LINES AND SHAPES
cylinder, curved line, cube, circle, rectangle, triangle, straight line, square
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
12 - 3 = 9
twelve minus three is / equals nine
12 : 3 = 4
twelve divided by three is / equals four
12 x 4 = 48
twelve multiplied by / times three is / equals forty-
14
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 2
VOCABULARY
1 1. .1 1 F Fi in nd d t th he e o op pp po os si it te e a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve es s
easy
cheap
open
thick
wide
fast
1 1. .2 2 T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he es se e p ph hr ra as se es s a an nd d e ex xp pr re es ss si io on ns s i in nt to o S Se er rb bi ia an n/ /H Hu un ng ga ar ri ia an n
1. asinhroni motor (aszinkron motor)-
2. parna maina (gzgp)-
3. televizijska slika (televzis kp)-
4. otkrie rentgenskih zraka (a rntgensugr feltallsa)-
5. let u svemir (repls az rbe)-
1 1. .3 3 T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o E En ng gl li is sh h
1. Ova voda je duboka. (Ez a vz mly).
............................................................................................
2. Ove knjige su otvorene (Ezek a knyvek ki vannak nyitva.)
............................................................................................
3. Taj auto je brz (Az az aut gyors.)
............................................................................................
4. Ti putevi su iroki (Azok az utak szlesek.)
............................................................................................
1 1. .4 4 W Wr ri it te e t th he e n na am me e o of f t th he e o op pe er ra at ti io on n b be es si id de es s t th he e g gi iv ve en n s sy ym mb bo ol ls s
symbol Name of operation
x
-

+
1 1. .5 5 C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he e s se en nt te en nc ce es s b by y f fi il ll li in ng g o ou ut t t th he e m mi is ss si in ng g w wo or rd ds s
1.When we...........................(dodati/sszeadni) we use the symbol '+'.
2.When we...........................(mnoimo/szorozni) we use the symbol x.
3.When we(oduzimati/kivonni) we use the symbol -.
4.When we(deliti/osztani) we use the symbol '.
15
1 1. .6 6 W Wr ri it te e d do ow wn n w wi it th h n nu um mb be er rs s
twenty-six
ninety-eight-
thirty-seven-
thirteen-
twelve-
sixty-five-
two thousand four hundred and sixty seven
1 1. .7 7 W Wr ri it te e d do ow wn n t th he e m me ea an ni in ng gs s o of f t th he es se e w wo or rd ds s i in n S Se er rb bi ia an n/ /H Hu un ng ga ar ri ia an n
rectangle-
straight-
square-
circle-
cube-
GRAMMAR
2 2. .1 1 C Ch ho oo os se e t th he e c co or rr re ec ct t s se en nt te en nc ce e. .
1. a) There are two screwdriver on the table.
b) There are two screwdrivers on the table.
2. a) What is your sister's name?
b) What is your sisters name?
3. a) This car is not fast.
b) This car not fast.
4. a) They are a truck drivers.
b) They are truck drivers.
5. a) This are expensive machines.
b) These are expensive machines.
6. a) Those phenomenon are interesting.
b) Those phenomena are interesting.
7. a) That book is thin.
b) That book are thin.
8. a) He has two watches.
b) He has two watchs.
9. a) Tom house is very big.
b) Tom's house is very big.
2 2. .2 2 T Tu ur rn n t th he e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in n p pl lu ur ra al l i in nt to o t th he e s si in ng gu ul la ar r a an nd d v vi ic ce e v ve er rs sa a. .
1. These questions are difficult. __________________________ .
2. Those are their lorries. __________________________ .
3. This is their address. __________________________ .
4. That road is wide. __________________________ .
5. These lines are crooked. __________________________ .
6. This is a new discovery. __________________________ .
7. That is an expensive watch. __________________________ .
8. This is a very interesting story. __________________________ .
9. That country is very poor. __________________________ .
10. These formulae are complicated. __________________________ .
16
U UN NI IT T 3 3
CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS AND SEMICONDUCTORS
The movement of electrons is an electric current. We classify all materials into three
groups according to how readily they permit an electric current to flow. The three
groups are: conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
In the first category are substances which provide an easy path for an electric current.
All metals are conductors, however, some metals do not conduct well. Manganin, for
example, is a poor conductor. Copper is a good conductor, therefore, we use it for
cables. A non-metal which conducts well is carbon. Salt water is an example of a liquid
conductor.
A material which does not easily release electrons is an insulator. Rubber, nylon,
porcelain and air are all insulators. There are no perfect insulators. All insulators allow
some flow of electrons, however, this is usually very small.
Semiconductors are midway between conductors and insulators. Under certain
conditions they allow a current to flow easily but under others they behave as
insulators. Germanium and silicon are semiconductors. Mixtures of certain metallic
oxides also act as semiconductors. We call them thermistors. The resistance of
thermistors falls rapidly as the temperature rises.
VOCABULARY
according to
across
act
air
all
allow
battery
behave
between
body
call
carbon
certain
classify
condition
conduct
conductor
connect
copper
current
easy
end
however
into
liquid
midway
mixture
movement path
perfect
permit
poor
provide
rapidly
readily
release
resistance
rise
rubber
salt
semiconductor
small
some
substance
there are
17
example
fall
flow
for example
free
group
how
therefore
towards
under
use
usually
well
E X E R C I S E S
I I. . M Ma at tc ch h t th he e s sy yn no on ny ym ms s i in n t th he e t ta ab bl le e. .
flow permit
provide increase
allow movement
usually fast
rise enable
rapidly normally
ignore group
classify a certain
fall disregard
some decrease
I II I. . R Re ep pl la ac ce e t th he e u un nd de er rl li in ne ed d w wo or rd ds s w wi it th h a a s su ui it ta ab bl le e s sy yn no on ny ym m f fr ro om m t th he e t ta ab bl le e. .
1. The flow of free electrons is electric current.
2. Conductors are substances which provide an easy path for an electric current.
3. They allow the current to flow easily.
4. We usually ignore this because the flow is small.
5. The resistance of thermistors falls rapidly as the temperature rises.
6. We classify materials as conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
I II II I. . F Fi in nd d t th he e w wo or rd ds s i in n t th he e t te ex xt t t to o w wh hi ic ch h t th he es se e w wo or rd ds s a ar re e s sy yn no on ny ym ms s. .
1. matter, material
2. elastic material.
3. a binary compound of an element with oxygen..
I IV V. . M Ma ak ke e n no ou un n p ph hr ra as se es s b by y j jo oi in ni in ng g t th he e w wo or rd ds s i in n t th he e t tw wo o r ro ow ws s. .
A: salt, metallic, liquid, thermistor, electric
B: conductor, resistance, current, water, oxides
18
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
The affirmative of the Present Simple tense in English is formed with the infinitive of the
verb (without to) in all persons except the third person singular (he, she, it) where the verb
has an s (or sometimes an es) ending (he works, she asks, he teaches). Verbs ending in y
and preceded by a consonant change y into i and add es pronounced [iz]: try he/she/it
tries; cry he/she/it cries. But if y is preceded by a vowel, there is no change and only s
is added: play he/she/it plays; say he/she/it says.
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I work 1 we work
2 you work 2 you work
3
he/she/it works
3 they work
The interrogative (question) form of the Present Simple tense is formed by the auxiliary
verbs do or does plus the infinitive of the verb (without to).
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 Do I work? 1 Do we work?
2 Do you work? 2 Do you work?
3 Does he/she/it work? (Note that there
is no s ending!!)
3 Do they work?
The negative of the Present Simple is formed by adding the word not to the auxiliary verb
(do/does).
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I do not work (or: I dont work) 1 we do not (dont) work
2 you do not (dont) work 2 you do not (dont) work
3 he/she/it does not (doesnt) work
(Note that there is no s ending!!)
3
they do not (dont) work
USE:
1. We use the Present Simple tense to express general truths
Water boils at 100 Centigrade.
2. We use the Present Simple tense to express habits and repeated actions.
He smokes a lot. He works in a bank.
U Us se e t th he e P Pr re es se en nt t S Si im mp pl le e f fo or rm ms s o of f t th he e v ve er rb bs s i in n t th he e s se en nt te en nc ce es s b be el lo ow w. .
1. A conductor..(permit) the flow of free electrons.
2. All insulators.(permit) some flow of electrons.
3. Germanium sometimes (act) as an insulator and sometimes as a
conductor.
4. ..we (call) the flow of free electrons an electric current? Yes,
we
19
5. all materials (provide) a path for an electric current? No,
they.
6. A material which ..not..(release) electrons is an insulator.
7. .all insulators.(allow) some flow of electrons?
8. This material.(behave) as a conductor.
9. .the materials..(act) as semiconductors? No, they..
10. The resistance of thermistors.(fall) rapidly with their temperature.
U Us se e t th he e p pr re es se en nt t f fo or rm ms s o of f t th he e v ve er rb b b be e t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s. .
1. Electric current .a flow of electrons.
2. All metals ..conductors.
3. Some metals, for example, manganin, ..poor conductors.
4. ..copper a good conductor?
5. Carbon ..a metal. (negative form of be)
6. rubber an insulator? Yes, it..
7. .semiconductors between conductors and insulators? Yes, they.
8. Rubber, nylon, porcelain and air..insulators.
9. .germanium a conductor? No, it. It ..a semiconductor.
10. ..mixtures of certain metallic oxides semiconductors? Yes, they..
USE OF "A /AN" OR "THE"
We use 'a' or 'an' when we mention things for the first time.
We use 'the' when we mention things for the second time. (This is a book. The book is on
the table.)
We use the if the noun is determined or defined and if it is known to the speaker and to
the person spoken to (Give me the pen. The blackboard is wet).
F Fi il ll l t th he e b bl la an nk ks s w wi it th h a a/ / a an n o or r t th he e. .
1. My friends live in ______ house. _______ house is very old. But, they have _______
expensive car and _______ nice garden.
2. Close ________ window, please. It is cold in here.
3. It is a beautiful day. Let's sit in _______ garden.
4. He has _______ new job. He works in ________ car factory.
5. We go to _______ cinema every Friday.
6. I have _______ problem. Can you help me?
7. "Do you have _________ car?" "Yes, it is in ________ garage."
8. They have _________ apartment in ________ center.
9. How much is _______ cup of tea?
10. Go to ________ supermarket and buy me _______ chocolate.
20
PREPOSITIONS
in, on, between, behind, in front of
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 3
VOCABULARY
1 1. .1 1 W Wo or rd ds s e en nd di in ng g i in n o or r/ /- -e er r i in n E En ng gl li is sh h d de en no ot te e t th he e d do oe er r o of f t th he e a ac ct ti io on n ( (p pe er rs so on n, , t th hi in ng g, ,
d de ev vi ic ce e, , m ma ac ch hi in ne e, , e et tc c) ) a an nd d t th he ey y a ar re e a ad dd de ed d t to o v ve er rb bs s. . F Fo or r e ex xa am mp pl le e: : a a w wi in nd de er r c ca an n b be e a a
p pe er rs so on n o or r a a m ma ac ch hi in ne e t th ha at t i is s d do oi in ng g t th he e o op pe er ra at ti io on n o of f w wi in nd di in ng g. . W Wr ri it te e d do ow wn n t th he e v ve er rb b
f fo or rm ms s o of f t th he e g gi iv ve en n n no ou un ns s: :
1) conductor -
2) designer-
3) insulator -
4) opener -
5) teacher-
6) calculator-
7) reader-
8) manager-
1 1. .2 2 G Gi iv ve e t th he e m me ea an ni in ng g o of f t th he es se e w wo or rd ds s i in n S Se er rb bi ia an n/ /H Hu un ng ga ar ri ia an n
air-
allow-
between-
copper-
current-
easy-
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carbon-
condition-
conduct-
conductor-
fall-
flow-
provide-
rapidly-
1 1. .3 3 T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o S Se er rb bi ia an n o or r H Hu un ng ga ar ri ia an n
1.We classify all materials into three groups.
..
2. Mixtures of certain metallic oxides also act as semiconductors.
..
3. Under certain conditions they allow a current to flow easily but under others they behave
as insulators.
..
1 1. .4 4 C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he e t te ex xt t b by y f fi il ll li in ng g o ou ut t t th he e m mi is ss si in ng g w wo or rd ds s
The..(tok/ramls) of (slobodan / szabad)
electrons is (elektrina struja/elektromos ram).
They.............................................(dozvoljavaju/megengedni) the current to
.............................. (tei/ramlani,folyni) easily.
We usually.................................(zanemariti/figyelmen kvl hagyni) this because the flow
is ........................(mali/kicsi).
The................................(otpor/ellenlls) of thermistors falls .............................................
(brzo/gyorsan) as the temperature rises.
1 1. .5 5 W Wr ri it te e d do ow wn n t th he e n na am me es s o of f t th he es se e p pe eo op pl le e o or r t th hi in ng gs s u us si in ng g o or r/ /- -e er r s su uf ff fi ix xe es s
The person who designs things .
The person who teaches somebody .
The thing that opens something .
The person who manages a company .
1 1. .6 6 M Ma at tc ch h t th he e w wo or rd ds s w wi it th h o op pp po os si it te e m me ea an ni in ng g
conductor non-metal
metal slowly
small insulator
rapidly big
22
1 1. .7 7 F Fi in nd d t th he e S Se er rb bi ia an n/ /H Hu un ng ga ar ri ia an n e eq qu ui iv va al le en nt ts s o of f t th he e g gi iv ve en n E En ng gl li is sh h w wo or rd ds s
conduct ponaati se/viselkedni
fall voditi/vezetni
release opadati/esni
behave osloboditi/felszabadtani
GRAMMAR
2 2. .1 1 C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he e s se en nt te en nc ce e u us si in ng g o on ne e o of f t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g v ve er rb bs s i in n t th he e p pr re es se en nt t s si im mp pl le e t te en ns se e. .
freeze produce travel use consist melt blow turn into
1. Water ________________ at 0 degrees Centigrade.
2. Each machine ______________ of two or more parts.
3. We ___________ different engines in our everyday life.
4. Nuclear power plants _____________ a lot of energy.
5. Iron _____________ at 1535 degrees Centigrade.
6. Winds on Neptune _____________ at over 2000 kilometers per hour.
7. Sound ____________ in waves in all directions.
8. At its freezing point, water _____________ ice.
2 2. .2 2 U Us se e t th he e p pr re es se en nt t s si im mp pl le e t te en ns se e t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th he e s se en nt te en nc ce es s. .
1. An interpreter _______________ (translate) from one language into another.
2." ______ you _________ (know) his address?" "Yes, he __________ (live) in Oxford
Street.
3. "________ he often ________ (travel) abroad?" " Yes, he _________ (go) on a business
trip to New York every Friday.
4. They ___________ (have) a meeting every Monday morning.
5. She ___________ (pass) the bank on her way to the University every day.
6. He ______________ (not write) to me very often. He only __________ (send) me a
birthday card every year.
7. In Britain, children _____________ (start) school at the age of five.
8." ________ people __________ (drive) on the right in Britain?" " No, they __________
on the left."
9. ________ she often ________ (go) to the cinema?
10. Most people ________________ (not work) on Sundays.
2 2. .3 3 F Fi il ll l t th he e b bl la an nk ks s w wi it th h a a/ / a an n o or r t th he e. .
1. There is ______ public telephone next to _______ bank.
2. I usually buy _______ newspaper in the morning.
3. Do you have _______ camera? I want to take _______ photograph of ______ museum.
4. She acts in _______ film. ________ film is very popular in Britain.
5. _______ man and ______ woman always sit next to me on the train. ________ man is
British but I think ______ woman is American.
6. John works in _____ hotel. ______ hotel is far from his home so he always takes
_______ taxi to work.
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7. She always cleans ________ house on Saturdays.
8. It is dark in here. Can you turn on ______light?
9. Open the door! It's _______ postman.
10. You can take my car. It's in _________ garage.
11. Is there _______ park in this area?
U UN NI IT T 4 4
Norman Genitive = noun + of + noun
The genitive in English can be also expressed by the Norman or prepositional genitive
(the roof of the house, the leg of the table). It has an inverted word order (in comparison to
the Saxon Genitive) and it is formed with the preposition of. The Norman genitive is
usually used to express possession between things (inanimate objects).
E X E R C I S E S
U Us se e t th he e p pr re es se en nt t f fo or rm ms s o of f t th he e v ve er rb b b be e a an nd d t th he e N No or rm ma an n g ge en ni it ti iv ve e t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th he es se e
s se en nt te en nc ce es s. .
1. What electric current? It a.(flow/free electrons).
2. What..conductors? Theymaterials which permit the ..
(movement/electrons).
3. What.salt water an example of? It .an(example/a liquid
conductor).
4. Whata semiconductor? It.neither a good conductor nor a good
insulator. We can change thethe..(resistivity/conductor).
5. .the transformer a device? Yes, it, a device for changing
the..(magnitude/alternating voltages).
T Tr ra an ns sf fo or rm m t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g t th he e N No or rm ma an n g ge en ni it ti iv ve e. . E Ex xa am mp pl le e: : W We e m me ea as su ur re e l le en ng gt th h
i in n m me et te er rs s. . T Th he e u un ni it t o of f l le en ng gt th h i is s t th he e m me et te er r. .
We measure mass in kilograms.
..
We measure time in seconds.
..
We measure electric current in amperes.
..
We measure force in newtons.
..
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M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s b by y c co on nn ne ec ct ti in ng g w wo or rd ds s f fr ro om m e ea ac ch h c co ol lu um mn n u us si in ng g t th he e N No or rm ma an n g ge en ni it ti iv ve e. .
E Ex xa am mp pl le e: : T Th he e s sp pe ee ed d o of f t th he e c ca ar r i is s 1 12 20 0 k km m/ /h h. .
Speed water 120 km/h
Intensity electric motor 120 kW
Length thermistor 2 m
Movement bar 40 amperes
Resistance electrons electric current
Pressure car 2 bars
Power current higher at low temperatures
1. ________________________________________ .
2. ________________________________________ .
3. ________________________________________ .
4. ________________________________________ .
5. ________________________________________ .
6. ________________________________________ .
M Ma ak ke e q qu ue es st ti io on ns s t to o t th he e g gi iv ve en n a an ns sw we er rs s
Howwe.?
In meters per second.
Howwe.?
In ohms.
Howwearea ?
In square meters.
What.the unit of.?
The hertz.
What.the unit of.?
The kilogram.
What.the unit of.?
The cubic meter.
ADVERBS
Adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding ly. These words answer the question of
how (bad badly, quick quickly).
ADJECTIVES + LY
M Ma ak ke e a ad dv ve er rb bs s f fr ro om m t th he e a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve es s g gi iv ve en n b be el lo ow w a an nd d c co on nn ne ec ct t t th he em m w wi it th h t th he e v ve er rb bs s. .
careful slow quick horizontal precise rough
25
determine
work
position
sell..
calculate.
drive..
FEW / A FEW
Few a small number
A few some, a certain quantity
U Us se e f fe ew w o or r a a f fe ew w i in n t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s: :
1. He isn't very popular. He has ________ friends.
2. She is not well. She has _______ problems.
3. I don't know much German - only _______ words.
4. This town is not very interesting , so ________ tourists come here.
5. This machine is broken. We have to replace _________ parts.
6. It is cold outside. It is _________ degrees below zero.
7. This car is very expensive. ________ people can buy it.
8. _______ of my friends read a newspaper. They prefer to watch television.
9. Can you give me _________ examples?
10 His theory is very complicated, so ________ people understand it.
OBJECT PRONOUNS
Personal
pronoun
Object
pronoun
Personal
pronoun
Object
Pronoun
Singular Plural
I me we us
you you you you
he/she/it him/her/it they them
U Us se e t th he e c co or rr re ec ct t p pr ro on no ou un n t to o f fi il ll l t th he e g ga ap ps s. .
1. The window is open. Please, close ________ .
2. There are some letters for _________ (they) on the table.
3. This question is difficult. Can you help ________ ( I ) with it?
4. My sister always goes with _______ (we) to visit _________ (they).
5. She usually tells _________ ( he) the answer.
6. He always gives ________ (she) flowers for her birthday.
7. They usually call ___________ ( I ) in the evening.
26
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
The resistance of metals varies with their temperature. When they are hot, their temperature
increases. When they cool, their resistance falls. The resistance of some metals and alloys
steadily decreases as their temperature is lowered, then falls suddenly to a negligible value
at temperatures a few degrees above absolute zero. In other words, these materials have
almost no resistance to an electric current at very low temperatures. They become almost
perfect conductors. We call this phenomenon superconductivity. It occurs only with certain
materials, for example, lead, and only at very low temperatures.
The very low temperatures limit the practical applications of superconductivity. But we
can find some applications of superconductivity. If we induce current in a ring or
superconducting material it continues to circulate when we remove the magnetic field. In
theory we can use this in the memory cells of computer. Memory cells made of
superconducting materials can store information indefinitely. Because of the zero resistivity
of the cells, the computer can retrieve information very quickly.
A high percentage of the total losses in modern transformers is due to the resistance of the
windings. If we find a way to make transformers with windings cooled to the low
temperatures at which superconductivity occurs, the resistance of the windings would be
zero and the transformer almost ideal.
VOCABULARY
above
alloy
almost
application
become
call
cell
certain
circulate
continue
cool
decrease
degree
due to
electric current
fall
find
for example
hot
in other words
increase
indefinitely
induce
lead
limit
loss
low
lower (v)
magnetic field
negligible
occur
only
phenomenon
quickly
remove
resistance
retrieve
ring
steadily
store
suddenly
then
value
vary
way
when
winding
27
Comprehension check
F Fi il ll l t th he e b bl la an nk ks s w wi it th h t th he e w wo or rd ds s f fr ro om m t th he e t te ex xt t. .
1. When ___________ are hot, their temperature ___________ .
2. When we lower the ___________, the resistance of some metals ___________.
3. The resistance of some metals is negligible at ___________ temperatures.
4. ___________ has some practical applications.
5. In a superconducting material, ___________ circulates even when we remove
___________.
6. We can use superconductivity in the ___________ of computer.
7. The computer ___________ information very quickly because there is no
___________ in the cells.
8. Because of the resistance of the ___________ , there are great losses in modern
___________.
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 4
VOCABULARY
1 1. .1 1 F Fi in nd d t th he e S Se er rb bi ia an n/ /H Hu un ng ga ar ri ia an n m me ea an ni in ng gs s o of f t th he e w wo or rd ds s g gi iv ve en n i in n t th he e f fi ir rs st t c co ol lu um mn n
for example (po)javiti se megjelenni
hot gubitak vesztesg
in other words namotaj tekercs
increase (v) drugim reima msszval
lead (n) brzo gyorsan
loss na primer pldul
occur otpor ellenlls
quickly vrednost rtk
resistance olovo lom
use (v) poveati se nvekedni
value koristiti hasznlni
winding vru forr
1 1. .2 2 F Fi il ll l i in n t th he e m mi is ss si in ng g w wo or rd ds s t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th he e s se en nt te en nc ce es s
The ..............................(otpor/ellenlls) of some metals and
...(legure/tvzetek) steadily decreases as their temperature is
lowered
A high .. (procenat/szzalk) of the total
... (gubici/vesztesgek) in modern transformers is due to the
resistance of the . .(namotaji/tekercsek).
If we induce..(struja/ram) in a ring or superconducting material it
continues to circulate when we remove the(magnetno
polje/mgneses tr).
28
If we..(nai/tallni) a way to make transformers with windings cooled to
the(niske temperature/alacsony hmrskletek) at which
superconductivity occurs, the resistance of the windings would be zero and the transformer
almost ideal.
1 1. .3 3 T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o E En ng gl li is sh h
1. Brzina automobila je 120 km na sat. (Az aut sebessge 120 km rnknt.)

2. Kretanje elektrona je elektrina struja. (Az elektromos ram az elektronok mozgsa.)

3. Pritisak vode je 2 bara. (A vz nyomsa 2 br.)

4. Duina ipke je 3 m. (A rd hossza 3 mter.)

5. Snaga elektromotora je 120 kW. (A villanymotor teljestmnye 120 kW.)

1 1. .4 4 T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he es se e p ph hr ra as se es s i in nt to o S Se er rb bi ia an n/ /H Hu un ng ga ar ri ia an n
1. the resistance of metals-
2. negligible value-
3. steadily decreases-
4. induce current in a ring-
5. due to the resistance of the windings-
6. the low temperatures at which superconductivity occurs-
7. a few degrees above-
1 1. .5 5 M Ma at tc ch h t th he e g gi iv ve en n s se eg gm me en nt ts s t to o m ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s
The resistance of metals
the practical applications of
superconductivity.
The very low temperatures limit can store information indefinitely.
Memory cells made of superconducting
materials
the computer can retrieve information very
quickly.
Because of the zero resistivity of the cells, varies with their temperature
GRAMMAR
2 2. .1 1 C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s b by y u us si in ng g t th he e S Sa ax xo on n o or r N No or rm ma an n g ge en ni it ti iv ve e. .
1. Do you know ___________________ (the result / the football match)?
2. Mr. Brown is ___________________________ (the new manager / the company).
3.What colour are ____________________ (your sister / eyes)?
4. The date is on _________________ (the top / the page).
5. This is __________________ (my brother / book).
6. I don' know ___________________ (the owner / the restaurant).
7. What is _________________ (the name / this street)?
8. Who is that girl? It's _________________ (Mr. Brown / daughter).
9. He drives _________________ (his father / car).
10. The anemometer is a device that measures _________________ (the speed / the wind).
29
2 2. .2 2 M Ma ak ke e a ad dv ve er rb bs s f fr ro om m t th he e a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve es s g gi iv ve en n b be el lo ow w a an nd d t th he en n p pu ut t t th he em m i in n t th he e
a ap pp pr ro op pr ri ia at te e s se en nt te en nc ce e. .
regular bad careful slow precise quick quiet fluent
1. I don't like reading. I read very ______________.
2. Our holidays always seem so short. The time passes so ____________.
3. He isn't a good student. He always does so _________ in his exams.
4. She knows English well. She speaks it ___________ .
5. John doesn't take risks when he drives. He always drives very ____________.
6. The baby is sleeping. Please speak ___________.
7. He keeps fit by playing football _____________.
8. She has a meeting at ______________ 4 o'clock.
2 2. .3 3 T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g f fe ew w a an nd d a a f fe ew w. .
1. On ima malo prijatelja. (Neki kevs bartja van.)
______________________________ .
2. Nekoliko eksera je na stolu. (Nhny szg van az asztalon.)
______________________________ .
3. Malo ljudi razume ovu teoriju. (Kevs ember rti ezt a terit.)
______________________________ .
4. Nekoliko inenjera radi u ovoj fabrici. (Nhny mrnk dolgozik ebben a gyrban.)
______________________________ .
R E V I S I O N
C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he e t ta ab bl le e o on n t th he e u us se e o of f B Br ri it ti is sh h a an nd d A Am me er ri ic ca an n m mo on ne ey y b by y w wr ri it ti in ng g t th he e
a ap pp pr ro op pr ri ia at te e c co oi in n o or r b ba an nk kn no ot te e i in n t th he e s su ui it ta ab bl le e c co ol lu um mn n. . C Ch ho oo os se e f fr ro om m: :
a dime
a dollar bill
a fifty dollar bill
a fifty pence piece
a fifty pound note
a five dollar bill
a five pence piece
a five pound note
a hundred dollar bill
a nickel
a penny
a ten pound note
a twenty dollar bill
a twenty pence piece
a twenty pound note
a two pence piece
a two pound coin
a pound coin
a quarter (25 cents)
a ten dollar bill
a ten pence piece one pence (penny)
30
British money American money
COINS COINS
1 1
2 5
5 10
10 25
20
50 BANKNOTES
1
2 1
BANKNOTES 5
5 10
10 20
20 50
50 100
M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g t th he e p pr re es se en nt t s si im mp pl le e t te en ns se e b by y c co on nn ne ec ct ti in ng g t th he e w wo or rd ds s g gi iv ve en n b be el lo ow w. .
Example: An artist paints pictures.
artist driver welder plumber pharmacist mechanic truck medicine
pipe repair picture weld drive mend sell car metal paint
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
M Ma ak ke e S Sa ax xo on n o or r N No or rm ma an n g ge en ni it ti iv ve e f fo or rm ms s o of f t th he e g gi iv ve en n w wo or rd ds s. . D Do on n t t f fo or rg ge et t: : t th he e S Sa ax xo on n
g ge en ni it ti iv ve e i is s u us se ed d f fo or r p pe er rs so on ns s t th he e N No or rm ma an n g ge en ni it ti iv ve e f fo or r t th hi in ng gs s: : b br ro ot th he er r h ha at t; ; r ro oo of f
h ho ou us se e; ; l le en ng gt th h p pa ar rt t; ; m my y s si is st te er r s sc ch ho oo ol l s su ub bj je ec ct ts s; ; e en nd d y ye ea ar r; ; E Ei in ns st te ei in n t th he eo or ry y; ;
m mo ov ve em me en nt t e el le ec ct tr ro on ns s; ; T Te es sl la a - - m mo ot to or r. .
31
Saxon Genitive Norman Genitive
R Re ep pl la ac ce e t th he e p pr re ep po os si it ti io on na al l g ge en ni it ti iv ve e b by y t th he e S Sa ax xo on n g ge en ni it ti iv ve e i in n t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s: :
The name of the teacher
The length of the boat
The end of the trip
The rooms of the students
The foot of the mountain
The crew of the ship
A Ar rr ra an ng ge e t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g n no ou un ns s i in nt to o t th he e f fo ou ur r g gi iv ve en n c co ol lu um mn ns s: : s se er rv va an nt t, , c ca ar r, , r ri iv ve er r, , f fo oo ot t, ,
s sc ci ie en nc ce e, , d da au ug gh ht te er r, , p pr ro of fe es ss so or r, , J Jo oh hn n, , b br ra an nc ch h, , m ma ad da am m, , m ma at th he em ma at ti ic cs s, , e ea ar rt th h, , m ma an n, , s sh hi ip p, ,
s so on n, , a au un nt t, , p pa ar re en nt t, , e el le ec ct tr ri ic ci it ty y, , f fr ri ie en nd d. .
Masculine gender Feminine gender Neuter gender Common gender
P Pu ut t t th he e v ve er rb bs s i in n t th he e p pr re es se en nt t s si im mp pl le e t te en ns se e: :
Almost all cars currently ___________ (use) what is called a four-stroke combustion
cycle to convert gasoline into motion. The four strokes are:
The intake stroke.
The compression stroke.
The combustion stroke
The exhaust stroke.
32
Here's what happens as the engine __________ (go) through its cycle:
The piston_________ (start) at the top, the intake valve_________ (open), and the
piston ________ (move) down to let the engine take in a cylinder full of air and
gasoline. This _______ (be) the intake stroke. Only the tiniest drop of gasoline
________ ( need) to be mixed into the air for this to work.
Then the piston ________ (move) back up to compress this fuel/air mixture.
Compression _________ (make) the explosion more powerful.
When the piston _________ (reach) the top of its stroke, the spark plug _______ (emit)
a spark to ignite the gasoline. The gasoline charge in the cylinder ________(explode)
and _______ (drive) the piston down.
When the piston ________ (hit) the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve _______
(open) and the exhaust _______ (go) out the tail pipe.
C Ch ho oo os se e t th he e a an ns sw we er r ( (a a, , b b, , c c o or r d d) ) w wh hi ic ch h b be es st t f fi it ts s i in nt to o t th he e s se en nt te en nc ce e o or r e ex xp pl la ai in ns s t th he e w wo or rd d
g gi iv ve en n i in n b br ra ac ck ke et ts s. .
1. Substances which(provide) a path for an electric current are conductors.
a) conduct b) release c) enable d) behave
2. We .(classify) materials as conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
a) use b) group c) provide d) release
3. Semiconductors are.(midway) between conductors and insulators.
a) towards b) across c) halfway d) easily
4. We usually.(ignore) this because the flow is small.
a) provide b) allow c) behave d) disregard
33
5. Some semiconductors can..(behave) as insulators.
a) classify b) act c) release d) ignore
6. The resistance of thermistors..(falls) with temperature.
a) allows b) behaves c) decreases d) conducts
7. It falls(rapidly) with temperature.
a) fast b) wide c) easy d) usual
8. Some materials readily.(permit) an electric current to flow.
a) allow b) ignore c) behave d) classify
9. Certain materials..(release) electrons easily.
a) behave b) connect c) free d) ignore
10. There is a movement of free electrons(toward) the positive end.
a) for b) of c) in the direction of d) according to
11. Salt water..a liquid conductor.
a) are b) behave as c) act d) is
12. Some metals.well.
a) does not conduct b) behaves c) are d) do not conduct
13. A material whicheasily release electrons is an insulator.
a) is b) does not c) are d) do not
14. Theis electric current.
a) electrons movement b) electrons movement c) movement of electrons
a) electrons movement
15. falls rapidly with temperature
a) thermistor of resistance b) the resistance of thermistors c) the resistance between
thermistors d) the resistance of thermistor
16. .a good conductor?
a) is copper b) are copper c) does copper d) do copper
17. Rubber is an insulator. does not conduct electric current.
a) she b) they c) he d) it
34
18. are insulators.
a) he b) it c) they d) she
19. The thing which opens something is an
a) opens b) open c) opener d) opens
20. The person who manages a company is a.
a) manage b) managers c) managers d) manager
21. The tools which belong to the workers are..
a) the workers tool b) the workers tool c) the workers tools d) workers tools
22. The theory of relativity defined by Einstein is called
a) Einsteins theory b) Einsteins theory c) Einstein theorys d) Einsteins theory
23. Theare good.
a) knives b) knifes c) knives d) knifes
24. The ..are short.
a) dais b) days c) daies d) days
25. Western European are not poor.
a) countrys b) countries c) countrys d) countries
26. some men at the door.
a) there are b) are there c) there is d) is there
27. .a movement of free electrons in the conductor?
a) are there b) there are c) there is d) is there
28. One half and one half are two..
a) halfs b) halfs c) halves d) halves
29. One foot and one foot are two.
a) feet b) foots c) feets d) foots
30. Mr. Brown's son is here. ..is at the door.
a) hes b) he c) his d) hes
35
U UN NI IT T 5 5
MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE
There is no science without mathematics because mathematics is the language of science.
Mathematics expresses in a few symbols ideas, concepts, or laws that often require a
paragraph to state in words. In mathematics there is an economy of thought and logic.
Some basic knowledge of mathematics is necessary for the comprehension of many natural
phenomena. There are some sciences (physics, astronomy, or chemistry ) which demand a
good knowledge of mathematics, not just the bare essentials of arithmetic and elementary
algebra. Nowadays there is a tendency to require quite a bit of mathematical knowledge in
biology especially in its new branch biometrics.
There is even an elementary knowledge of mathematics required in social sciences.
Without them it is not possible to understand some of the developments in social sciences.
Mathematics occupies an important place in many different occupations today including
medicine, law, teaching, administration, etc.
VOCABULARY
a bit-
bare-
because-
branch-
comprehension-
concept-
demand-
development-
different-
economy-
especially-
essential-
even-
express-
important-
including-
just-
knowledge-
language-
law-
natural
necessary-
nowadays-
occupy-
often-
place-
possible-
quite-
require-
science-
social sciences-
state-
teaching-
tendency-
thought-
understand-
without-
word-
36
Comprehension check
C Co on nn ne ec ct t t th he e s sc ci ie en nc ce e o on n t th he e l le ef ft t w wi it th h i it ts s d de ef fi in ni it ti io on n o on n t th he e r ri ig gh ht t. .
science definition
1.chemistry a) the study of matter and energy
2.biology b) a branch of mathematics that deals with the operations of addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division
3.astronomy c) the study of basic characteristics of substances and the ways they
combine or react with other substances
4.algebra d) the study of illnesses and injuries
5.biometrics e) the study of numbers and their operations
6.medicine f) the study of the universe and objects which exist in space, such as the
sun, the moon, planets and stars
7.mathematics g) the study of the living organisms and processes in the nature
8.physics h) the statistical study of biological processes and events
9.arithmetic i) a branch of mathematics in which signs and letters represent numbers
THERE IS THERE ARE
When a noun representing an indefinite person or thing is the subject of the verb be we
normally use a there + be + noun construction (There is a man at the door). Note that
though there appears to be the subject, the real subject is the noun that follows the verb,
and if this noun is plural the verb must be plural too (There are two chairs in the room).
The verb be usually means exist/happen/take place (There is a movement of free
electrons towards the positive end./ There are no perfect insulators).
P Pu ut t t th he er re e i is s/ /a ar re e i in n t th he e a ap pp pr ro op pr ri ia at te e s sl lo ot t a an nd d s su up pp pl ly y t th he e c co or rr re ec ct t f fo or rm m o of f t th he e v ve er rb b i in n t th he e
p pr re es se en nt t s si im mp pl le e t te en ns se e. .
Parts of an engine
___________ a cylinder and a piston. The piston ________ (move) up and down inside the
cylinder. _____________ engines with one or more cylinders. Then,___________ a spark
plug. It _________ (supply) the spark that ___________ (ignite) the air/fuel mixture.
__________ two valves: intake and exhaust valve. They __________ (let in) the air and
fuel and__________ (let out) exhaust. ___________ also a combustion chamber where the
combustion and compression ___________ (take place). Finally, ___________ a crank
shaft. It _________ (turn) the up and down motion of the piston into circular motion.
There is a pen on the table.
There are pens on the table.
37
SOME ANY
When we use some we are not interested in the exact number. Example: I have ten fingers.
But: I have some friends. We usually use some in positive sentences and any in negative
and interrogative sentences ( I have some pens. Are there any photographs? There arent
any people here).
P Pu ut t s so om me e o or r a an ny y i in n t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s: :
1. ________ materials are good conductors.
2. Are there _________ questions?
3. __________ power plants use nuclear energy.
4. There aren't __________ messages for you.
5. We have _________ problems with this machine.
6. Are there _________ perfect conductors?
7. They don't have _______ money.
8. Is there ________ electricity in this house?
9. He has _________ work to do.
10. Do you speak ________ foreign languages?
11. I want to write _________ letters but I don't have ________ paper to write on.
12. ______ sciences require a good knowledge of mathematics.
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable
There is a car outside.
Car is a countable noun. A countable noun
can be singular ( car) or plural ( cars).
Countable nouns are things we can count.
So we can say "one car", "two cars" etc.
Uncountable
There is no electricity in this house.
Electricity is an uncountable noun. An
uncountable noun has only one form
(electricity). Uncountable nouns are things
we cannot count. So we cannot say "one
electricity", "two electricities" etc.
A Ar re e t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g n no ou un ns s c co ou un nt ta ab bl le e o or r u un nc co ou un nt ta ab bl le e? ? P Pu ut t C C o or r U U i in n t th he e b bo ox x. .
sand piston
water iron
element mathematics
steam cylinder
rain air
conductor machine
sugar day
light law
Some positive sentences
Any negative and interrogative sentences
38
T Tu ur rn n t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g n no ou un ns s i in nt to o t th he e p pl lu ur ra al l f fo or rm m. .
singular plural singular plural
money motor
country silver
phenomenon law
science energy
symbol knowledge
metal heat
radius box
material fuel
MUCH MANY
We use much to express quantity and many to express number.
I dont have much time.
I have many books on my table.
After much the noun is in the singular and after many the noun is in the plural form.
U Us se e m ma an ny y o or r m mu uc ch h i in n t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s: :
1. A machine consists of __________ parts.
2. We dont have _________ petrol in the car.
3. Science explains _________ natural phenomena.
4. ________ elements occur in nature.
5. I am in a hurry. I don't have ________ time.
6. An atom has __________ electrons.
7. I don't have ________ experience with this kind of work.
8. He has ________ photographs with his family.
9. Our flat is very small. We don't have __________ space.
10. Do you know ________ people?
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 5
VOCABULARY
1 1. .1 1 T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he es se e w wo or rd ds s i in nt to o E En ng gl li is sh h
razvoj (fejlds)-
izraziti (kifejezni)-
vaan (fontos)-
ukljuujui (belertve)-
znanje (tuds)-
zauzimati (elfoglalni)-
zahtevati (kvetelni)-
nauka (tudomny)-
misao (gondolat)-
shvatiti, razumeti (megrteni)-
MUCH QUANTITY SINGULAR NOUN
MANY NUMBER PLURAL NOUN
39
1 1. .2 2 T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he es se e e ex xp pr re es ss si io on ns s i in nt to o S Se er rb bi ia an n/ /H Hu un ng ga ar ri ia an n
1. the language of science-
2. knowledge of mathematics-
3. the bare essentials of arithmetic-
4. it is not possible to understand-
5. occupies an important place-
1 1. .3 3 F Fi il ll l i in n t th he e m mi is ss si in ng g w wo or rd ds s. . C Ch ho oo os se e f fr ro om m: : t th ho ou ug gh ht t, , l la aw ws s, , n ne ec ce es ss sa ar ry y, , k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e, ,
r re eq qu ui ir re e, , e ex xp pr re es ss se es s. .
Mathematics in a few symbols ideas, concepts, or.. that
often.. a paragraph to state in words. In mathematics there is an economy
of and logic. Some basic of mathematics
is. for the comprehension of many natural phenomena.
1 1. .4 4 C Co on nn ne ec ct t t th he e s se eg gm me en nt ts s g gi iv ve en n i in n t th he e t tw wo o c co ol lu um mn ns s t to o m ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s
There are some sciences
Nowadays there is a tendency to
There is even an elementary knowledge of
mathematics
Mathematics occupies an
a) required in social sciences.
b) important place in many different
occupations today.
c) which demand a good knowledge of
mathematics.
d) require quite a bit of mathematics
GRAMMAR
2 2. .1 1 M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s f fr ro om m t th he e g gi iv ve en n s se eg gm me en nt ts s. .
no petrol in this factory.
two valves on the table.
a lot of workers in my car.
a letter in an engine.
four strokes about computers.
only one piston in the combustion cycle.
There is / are
many books in the cylinder.
2 2. .2 2 P Pu ut t i in n a a / / a an n, , s so om me e o or r a an ny y. .
1. Do you have ________ letters for me?
2. He doesn't speak _______ foreign languages.
3. Heathrow is ________ international airport.
4. Do you know ______ good restaurants in this town?
5. Every morning, he buys ________ newspaper and ________ magazines.
6. I have ________ money in my bag.
7. He doesn't have _______ friends in London.
8. _______ birds fly south in winter.
40
9. Are there ______ messages for me?
10. I have ______ question to ask.
11. There isn't ________ oil in the tank.
12. They make ________ of these components from steel.
2 2. .3 3 W Wh hi ic ch h o of f t th he e u un nd de er rl li in ne ed d p pa ar rt ts s o of f t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i is s c co or rr re ec ct t? ?
1. I am in a hurry. I don't have much time / many time.
2. There are any dictionaries / some dictionaries in the next room.
3. I need more informations / information about this product.
4. It is very difficult to find a job / work at the moment.
5. Let's go out. I need a fresh air / some fresh air.
6. Copper / a copper is a useful metal.
7. Solar energy / a solar energy has much / many advantages.
8. Mathematics are / is the language of science.
9. The water in this river are / is very dirty.
10. A light / light comes from the sun.
U UN NI IT T 6 6
MATTER AND ENERGY
Matter has mass and occupies space. We can measure the volume of a given object and thus
determine the space that it occupies. However, the same specimen of matter may occupy
quite different volumes when changed from solid to a liquid and then to gas. The mass of a
specimen of matter remains constant through these changes, therefore, mass is a more
fundamental property than volume. Because of its mass, a specimen of matter has inertia. In
other words, it moves if an external force acts upon it. The force of gravity the attraction
of the earth for anything that possesses mass, has acts upon mass. Although mass is
constant, the pull of gravity, and hence the weight, varies from place to place on our planet
depending on how far the object is from the center of the earth.
Energy is anything that can change into work such as heat, or electricity. The complete
conversion of matter into energy would result in the production of 9 x 10
20
(nine times the
twentieth power of ten) or 25 million kilowatt hours of energy. Einsteins equation showing
this equivalence of mass and energy is E=mc
2
(mc squared), where E is the energy in ergs,
m is the mass in grams, and c is a constant equal to the velocity of light, 3 x 10
10
centimeters per second. Scientists today can achieve this conversion of mass into energy in
an atomic bomb which is a weapon in the hands of mankind more powerful than any
previous one. It is threatening to extinct the human race if we do not handle it properly but
it is also a new energy source that we can use for peaceful purposes. Some countries are in
favour of atomic energy. Others are against building atomic power plants because they
think nuclear waste is polluting the earth.
41
VOCABULARY
achieve-
act upon-
against-
although-
attraction-
build-
change (v)-
changed-
complete-
conversion-
country-
depending on-
determine-
different-
earth-
equation-
equivalence-
external-
extinct-
force-
force of gravity-
from place to place-
fundamental-
given-
handle-
heat-
hence-
how far-
however-
human race-
in favour of-
in other words-
mankind-
measure (v)-
object-
occupy-
peaceful-
pollute-
possess-
power plant-
powerful-
previous-
production-
properly-
property-
pull-
purpose-
quite-
remain-
result (v)-
source-
space-
specimen-
squared-
than-
the same-
therefore-
think-
threaten-
through-
thus-
vary-
velocity-
volume-
waste-
weapon-
weight-
work-
Comprehension check
F Fi il ll l t th he e b bl la an nk ks s w wi it th h t th he e w wo or rd ds s f fr ro om m t th he e t te ex xt t. .
1. We determine the space that an object occupies by measuring its ___________ .
2. The same specimen of matter may have ___________ volumes but its mass is
___________ .
3. ___________ is a tendency of matter to move if an ___________ acts upon it.
4. Gravity is the ___________ of the earth for anything that possesses ___________ .
42
5. The ___________ of an object varies depending on its distance from the ___________
6. E=mc
2
is an ___________ which shows the ___________ of mass and energy.
7. Scientists use the ___________ of mass into energy to make an ___________ .
8. Many are against nuclear energy because they think ___________ is polluting the earth,
while others use it as a new ___________.
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The affirmative of the present continuous tense in English is formed with the present forms
of the verb be( am/is/are) and an ing ending added to the verb. The interrogative
(question) form is formed by inverting the word order (auxiliary verb preceding the subject)
and the negative is formed by adding not to the present forms of be (am not; is not; are
not).
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I am working 1 we are working
2 you are working 2 you are working
3 he/she/it is working 3 they are working
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 Am I working? 1 Are we working?
2 Are you working? 2 Are you working?
3 is he/she/it working? 3 Are they working?
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I am not working (note that there is no
amnt !)
1 we are not (arent) working
2 you are not (arent) working 2 you are not (arent) working
3 he/she/it is not (isnt) working 3
they are not (arent) working
USE:
1. We use the present continuous tense when the action is happening now or around now.
He is writing a book.
NOTE: Final 'e' (not pronounced) is dropped before adding '-ing'.
write - writing; take - taking
M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g t th he e p pr re es se en nt t c co on nt ti in nu uo ou us s t te en ns se e a an nd d t th he en n t tu ur rn n t th he em m i in nt to o t th he e
i in nt te er rr ro og ga at ti iv ve e f fo or rm m: :
1. He / drive / to work
________________________ .
43
2. Nuclear waste / pollute /the earth
________________________ .
3. The scientists / make / experiments
________________________ .
4. He / sell / his computer
________________________ .
5. Some countries / build / nuclear power plants
________________________ .
6. The temperature / increase
________________________ .
7. I / download / a new programme
________________________ .
8. They / monitor / the damage to the ozone layer
________________________ .
9. We / install / a new software
________________________ .
C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he e s se en nt te en nc ce es s w wi it th h o on ne e o of f t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g v ve er rb bs s i in n t th he e c co or rr re ec ct t f fo or rm m. .
paint wait work repair make go look for learn try study rain do
1. You _______________ a lot of noise. Please, be quiet. I ______________ to
concentrate.
2. He _____________ the ceiling at the moment.
3. I ______________ hard because we have exams next week.
4. We are tired. We _______________ to bed now.
5. Don't forget the umbrella! It _______________ outside.
6. John is in the garage. He _______________ the car.
7. He wants to work in England, so he ________________ English.
8. Our firm _____________ young mechanical engineers.
9. "You _______________ hard today." "Yes, I have a lot to do."
10. "What _________ you ___________ here?" "I ___________________ for Peter."
MODAL VERBS (CAN, MAY)
Can and may are used with the infinitive of the verb (without to). Can usually denotes
possibility (This car can reach a speed of 170 km/h) or ability (I can lift a hundred kilos).
May denotes permission, possibility (You may leave now./ I may see him today.)
CAN possibility, ability
MAY permission, possibility
M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s w wi it th h c ca an n b by y c ch ho oo os si in ng g a a w wo or rd d f fr ro om m e ea ac ch h r ro ow w ( (A A, ,B B o or r C C) ). .
Example: Generators can produce electricity.
44
A
generators radiation steam
too much
sunlight
high-
voltage
an atomic
power
plant
fast
trains
B kill reach produce cause provide turn be
C turbines cancer
energy for
a whole
region
electricity
a speed
of 300
km/h
dangerous people
1. ..
2. ..
3. ..
4. ..
5. ..
6. ..
R Re ew wr ri it te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g t th he e m mo od da al l v ve er rb b ' 'm ma ay y' '. .
1. I permit you to use my pen.
2. It is possible that he knows the answer.
3. We permit you to sit here.
4. It is not possible that she works here.
5. They permit me to take the test again.
6. Perhaps he is in his office
7. I permit you to take the car
8. Perhaps she wants to be alone.
9. I permit you to go out tonight.
10. Perhaps I don't have enough money
THE IMPERATIVE
The Imperative is a verb used without a subject. The Imperative is most often used for the
second person singular and plural. The negative is formed by do not and the infinitive of
the verb (do not ask).
Singular Plural
ask !
dont ask!
ask !
dont ask!
C Co om mp pl le et te e t th hi is s t te ex xt t b by y c ch ho oo os si in ng g t th he e w wo or rd ds s f fr ro om m t th he e b bo ox x. .
close / do not fill /do not overfill /do not smoke / fill / make sure /replace / use
..the container to more than 80 percent of capacity. ..the motor
home is level when filling. the tank! ..the supply valve before
refilling gas tanks or fuel tanks! .or expose an open flame while near a fueling
area. Never.an open flame to test gas leaks! ..all protective covers and
caps after filling. Never.the tank with engine running!
45
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 6
VOCABULARY
1 1. .1 1 T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o S Se er rb bi ia an n/ /H Hu un ng ga ar ri ia an n
1. However, the same specimen of matter may occupy quite different volumes when
changed from solid to a liquid and then to gas.
................................................................................................................................................
2. Energy is anything that can change into work such as heat, or electricity.
................................................................................................................................................
3. Scientists today can achieve this conversion of mass into energy.
................................................................................................................................................
1 1. .2 2 F Fi in nd d t th he e s sy yn no on ny ym ms s
complete define
although essential
determine total
earth make dirty
pollute ground
powerful strong
fundamental but
T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o E En ng gl li is sh h
1. Materija ima masu i zauzima prostor. (Az anyagnak van tmege s teret foglal el.)
............................................................................................................................................
2. Na zemlji masa je konstantna, ali gravitacija se menja. (A fldn a tmeg lland, de a
gravitci vltozik).
............................................................................................................................................
3. Neke zemlje su protiv graenja atomskih centrala. (Nhny orszg ellenzi az
atomermvek ptst.)
............................................................................................................................................
46
GRAMMAR
2 2. .1 1 P Pu ut t t th he e v ve er rb b i in n b br ra ac ck ke et ts s i in n t th he e p pr re es se en nt t c co on nt ti in nu uo ou us s t te en ns se e. .
1. " _______ he ___________ (work) this week?" "No, he is on holiday."
2. " Why _______ you ____________ (run)?" "Because I ________________ (go) to a
meeting and I'm late."
3. We can go out now. It ___________________ (not rain) any more.
4. I __________________ (not do) any more work. I'm tired.
5. They __________________ (stay) at the Ritz hotel.
6. We ____________________ (look) for Peter. Do you know where he is?
7. " Mary is a student at the university." "Really? What ________ she ____________
(study)?"
8. He ________________ (read) the ads in the newspaper. He _________________ (try) to
find a job.
9. They _______________ (build) a new bridge across the river.
10. A: "What _______ you ___________ (do) these days?"
B: " I __________________ (paint) my flat."
A: "_______ you ____________ (do) it alone?"
B: "No, some friends ________________ (help) me."
11. Hurry up! Everyone ________________ (wait) for you.
2 2. .2 2 C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g t th he e i im mp pe er ra at ti iv ve e f fo or rm m. .
TEN THINGS YOU CAN DO TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT
not use turn off buy not throw plant not buy leave throw talk ride put
1. ___________ recycled paper.
2. ___________ old batteries away.
3. ___________ about the environment with other people.
4. ___________ your car at home; _________ your bike instead.
5. ___________ all your bottles in the special container.
6. ___________ sprays.
7. ___________ plastic bags.
8. ___________ your rubbish in the bins.
9. ___________ a tree whenever you can.
10. __________ the lights when you leave your home.
2 2. .3 3 C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g m ma ay y a an nd d o on ne e o of f t th he es se e v ve er rb bs s. .
be break buy invite rain know come wait
1. Take an umbrella. It _____________ later.
2. I don't want the children to play in this room They ______________ something.
3. "What time does the meeting start?" "I 'm not sure. Ask Ann, she ______________ ." 4.
The bus doesn't always come on time. We _______________ a few minutes.
5. She is not ill any more so she ____________ to the party.
6. I need a new car. I _____________ a Mercedes.
7. "Who is that man with Mary?" "I 'm not sure. It ____________ her brother.
8. Tom and Mary are her good friends. She ____________ them to her wedding.
47
2 2. .4 4 C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g c ca an n a an nd d o on ne e o of f t th he es se e v ve er rb bs s. . S So om me et ti im me es s y yo ou u n ne ee ed d t th he e
n ne eg ga at ti iv ve e f fo or rm m. .
see wait speak sleep visit drive understand find come
1. John ____________ four languages.
2. Please, don't talk so quickly. I ________________ you.
3. I ____________ you this summer but I ______________ next year.
4. "Are you in a hurry?" "No, I ______________ for you."
5. She ____________ but she doesn't have a car.
6. "Where is my pecil? I ____________ it anywhere."
7. We ____________ the beach from our window.
8. "It's midnight. Why aren't you in bed?" "I ______________ ."
U UN NI IT T 7 7
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
There are one hundred and five different elements we know of. Of these, at least ninety-two
occur in nature, some only in their compounds, and the rest are the products of man. Two
elements, oxygen and silicon, are surprisingly abundant. Thirteen elements constitute over
99.7 percent of all the material available to on earth. Many familiar elements, such as
copper, lead, tin, iodine, are not among them, whereas titanium, is the tenth most common
element and the seventh most common metal. Carbon, the important constituent of all
living plants and animals, amounts to less than 0.1 percent of the total. The first five
elements in order of abundance are: iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, and nickel.
The elements divide into two types: the metals, such as aluminum, iron and calcium; and
the non-metals, such as oxygen, silicon, chlorine. The classification is not a definite one,
however, as there are certain elements that show properties of both metals and non-metals.
Compounds are homogeneous substances. Their properties are quite different from those
of their constituent elements. The boiling point of water is 100C, whereas the boiling point
of oxygen is -183C and that of hydrogen is -253C. Similarly, sodium, a soft metal which
reacts violently with water, and chlorine, a greenish-yellow poisonous gas, are the
constituent elements in a white crystalline solid which has none of the properties of its
elementary substances (sodium and chlorine). It is the harmless substance, sodium chloride,
which we familiarly call table salt.
48
Figure 1
VOCABULARY
abundant-
among-
amount to-
animal-
at least-
available-
boiling point-
both-
carbon-
certain-
chlorine-
common-
compound-
constituent-
constitute-
copper-
definite-
different-
divide-
familiar-
greenish-
harmless-
important-
iodine-
iron-
lead-
living-
nature-
occur-
only-
order-
over-
percent-
plant-
poisonous-
product-
property-
quite-
react-
show-
silicon-
similarly-
sodium-
soft-
such as-
surprisingly-
the rest-
tin-
violently-
whereas-
white-
yellow-
49
Comprehension check
C Ch ho oo os se e t th he e c co or rr re ec ct t e en nd di in ng g: :
1. At least ninety-two elements
a) are the products of man
b) occur in nature
c) occur only as compounds
2. Oxygen and silicon
a) occur in large quantity
b) constitute 99.7 percent of the material on earth
c) occur in small quantity
3. Titanium is
a) more common than copper
b) not so common as copper
c) tenth most common metal
4. Carbon
a) is very common in nature
b) is among the five most abundant elements
c) occurs in all living plants and animals
5. The elements divide into
a) metals and compounds
b) metals and non-metals
c)compounds and non-metals
6. Silicon
a) is a non-metal
b) is a metal
c) can be both a metal and a non-metal
7. Compounds have
a) the same properties as their constituent elements
b) different properties from their constituent elements
c) properties of both metals and non-metals
8. Sodium
a) forms a compound with chlorine
b) is a poisonous gas
c) is a harmless substance which we call table salt
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
There are two ways of forming the comparative and superlative:
1.by adding the suffixes er, -est to the positive or
2. by adding more and most to the positive.
One syllable adjectives are compared with the suffixes (-er/-est). For example: old-older-
the oldest. Adjectives which have more than two syllables are compared using more/most:
important more important the most important.
50
SHORT ADJECTIVES LONG ADJECTIVES
comparative: -er more
superlative: the -est the most
There are some adjectives which have an irregular comparative and superlative forms. The
most commonly used ones are:
positive comparative superlative
good better the best
bad worse the worst
little less the least
many/much more the most
NOTE:
We do not use 'the' in the superlative before possessive adjectives.
My oldest brother works in London. RIGHT
My the oldest brother works in London. WRONG
P Pu ut t t th he es se e a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve es s i in nt to o t th he e c co om mp pa ar ra at ti iv ve e a an nd d s su up pe er rl la at ti iv ve e f fo or rm m: :
positive comparative superlative
abundant
soft
important
short
fast
powerful
small
interesting
serious
P Pu ut t t th he e a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve es s i in nt to o t th he e c co om mp pa ar ra at ti iv ve e f fo or rm m. .
1. Copper is a __________ (good) conductor than rubber.
2. Aluminium has ____________ (low) melting point than iron.
3. Water has _____________ (high) boiling point than alcohol.
4. In an earthquake, underwater tunnels are ___________ (safe) than buildings .
5. Light is ___________ (fast) than sound.
6. Japan's Seikan Tunnel is _____________ (long) than the Channel Tunnel.
7. An atomic bomb is ______________ (powerful) than other weapons.
P Pu ut t t th he e a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve e i in nt to o t th he e s su up pe er rl la at ti iv ve e f fo or rm m a an nd d t th he en n a an ns sw we er r t th he e q qu ue es st ti io on ns s t to o c ch he ec ck k
y yo ou ur r g ge en ne er ra al l k kn no ow wl le ed dg ge e. .
1. Which is _______________ (high) mountain in the world?
a) Mount Kilimanjaro
b) Mount Everest
c) Fujiyama
51
2. Which is _______________ (long) river in the world?
a) Mississippi
b) Amazon
c) Nile
3. Which planet is _______________ ( close) to the sun?
a) Venus
b) Mercury
c) Mars
4. What is _______________ (popular) sport in the world?
a) Basketball
b) Tennis
c) Soccer
5. What is ________________ (abundant) metallic element on earth?
a) aluminium
b) calcium
c) magnesium
6. Which of the following metals is ______________ (good) conductor of electricity?
a) copper
b) silver
c) nickel
7. What is _______________ (dangerous) profession in the world?
a) stuntman
b) astronaut
c) racing car driver
8. Which is ______________ (bright) planet?
a) Jupiter
b) Mercury
c) Venus
9. Which is ______________ (tall) building in the world?
a) Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur
b) Empire State Building in New York
c) Sears Tower in Chicago
10.Which is ______________ (long) bridge in the world?
a) Sydney Harbour Bridge
b) Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan
c) Golden Gate Bridge
READING ORDINAL AND DECIMAL NUMBERS, DATES AND
FRACTIONS
Ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers by adding st (the first), -nd (the
second), -rd (the third) or th (the fourth, the fifth). In most cases the ending of ordinal
numbers is th. The exceptions are only: the first, the second, the third. Ordinal numbers
are generally used with the definite article (the). There are also some changes in writing
and pronunciation (five the fifth; eight the eighth; nine- the ninth; twelve the twelfth;
twenty the twentieth, etc).
52
ORDINAL NUMBERS
THE + CARDINAL NUMBER + -TH
1
st
the first
2
nd
the second
3
rd
the third
4
th
the fourth
5
th
the fifth
6
th
the sixth
7
th
the seventh
8
th
the seventh
9
th
the ninth
10
th
the tenth
11
th
the eleventh
12
th
the twelfth
13
th
the thirteenth
14
th
the fourteenth
15
th
the fifteenth
16
th
the sixteenth
17
th
the seventeenth
18
th
the eighteenth
19
th
the nineteenth
20
th
the twentieth
21
st
the twenty-first
22
nd
the twenty-second
30
th
the thirtieth
40
th
the fortieth
50
th
the fiftieth
60
th
the sixtieth
70
th
the seventieth
80
th
the eightieth
90
th
the ninetieth
100
th
the hundredth
101
st
the hundred-and-first
200
th
the two hundredth
201
st
the two-hundred-and-first
1000
th
the thousandth
1 000 000
th
the millionth
A date is expressed in figures by ordinal numbers: 25 May the twenty-fifth of May or:
May 25
th
May the twenty-fifth.
In fractional numbers the numerator is a cardinal number and the denominator is an ordinal
number: one third, two fifths.
A decimal number such as 25. 43 is read like: twenty five point four three.
The zero in decimal and telephone numbers is pronounced [ou] not zero: 2.05 (two point ou
five).
PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Compare the examples:
Present simple
Something is true in general or happens
repeatedly.
Past now future
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
Present continuous
Something is happening at or around the
time of speaking.
Past now future
The water is boiling. Turn it off!
A Ar re e t th he e u un nd de er rl li in ne ed d v ve er rb bs s r ri ig gh ht t o or r w wr ro on ng g? ? C Co or rr re ec ct t t th he e v ve er rb bs s t th ha at t a ar re e w wr ro on ng g. .
1. Water freezes at 0 degrees Centigrade. __________________
2. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car. _________________
3. The earth is going round the sun. _________________
53
4. She is good at languages. She speaks four languages very well. _________________
5. Don't take that book back to the library. I read it. ________________
6. Every hour the planet Earth is travelling 66,620 miles around the sun. ____________
U Us se e t th he e p pr re es se en nt t s si im mp pl le e o or r p pr re es se en nt t c co on nt ti in nu uo ou us s t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s: :
1. Can you understand them? _______ they ____________ (speak) German?
2. Excuse me, ______ you _________ (speak) English?
3. My flashlight ____________ (not / work), so now I _____________(change) the
battery.
4. ________ you ___________ (watch) TV? No, you can turn it off.
5. _______ you ___________ (watch) TV every day?
6. He __________ (be) an engineer. He ______________ (work) in a factory.
7. You ______________ (work) hard today. Yes, I have a lot to do.
8. I ____________ (go) to the mechanic at least once a month because my car always
_____________ (break down).
9. He can't answer the phone. He ______________ (have) a bath.
10. Be quiet! I ______________ (watch) my favourite programme. I always __________
(watch) it in the evening.
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 7
VOCABULARY
1 1. .1 1 T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he es se e p ph hr ra as se es s i in nt to o E En ng gl li is sh h
1. at least ninety-two-
2. the tenth most common element-
3. constituent elements-
4. a greenish-yellow poisonous gas-
5. harmless substance-
6. available on earth-
7. occur in nature-
8. the boiling point of water-
1 1. .2 2 F Fi in nd d a a s sy yn no on ny ym m i in n t th he e b bo ox x b be el lo ow w f fo or r e ea ac ch h w wo or rd d u un nd de er rl li in ne ed d i in n t th he e t te ex xt t
There are one hundred and five different elements we know of. Of these, at least ninety-two
occur in nature, some only in their compounds, and the rest are the products of man. Two
elements, oxygen and silicon, are surprisingly abundant. Thirteen elements constitute over
99.7 percent of all the material. Many familiar elements, such as copper, lead, tin, iodine,
are not among them.
appear, various, in great quantity, just, like, make up, minimum, more than, others, well-
known
54
1 1. .3 3 F Fi il ll l i in n t th he e a ap pp pr ro op pr ri ia at te e f fo or rm ms s o of f t th he e w wo or rd ds s
priroda/termszet prirodan/termszetes
slian/hasonl sim slino/hasonlan
otrovan/mrgez otrov/mreg
proizvod/termk con proizvoditi/termelni,gyrtani
1 1. .4 4 F Fi in nd d t th he e w wo or rd ds s w wi it th h o op pp po os si it te e m me ea an ni in ng g
over, all, boiling, abundant, different, white, living
none, dead, under, same, black, freezing, rare,
1 1. .5 5 W Wr ri it te e d do ow wn n w wi it th h n nu um mb be er rs s
the third ..........................................
the thirtieth ..........................................
the ninth ..........................................
the twenty-second ..........................................
the eightieth ..........................................
the twelfth ..........................................
the fiftieth ..........................................
GRAMMAR
2 2. .1 1 P Pu ut t t th he e a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve e i in n t th he e a ap pp pr ro op pr ri ia at te e f fo or rm m. .
1. The sun is _____________ (big) object in our solar system. It is also our ___________
(close) star.
2. Hydrogen is ___________________ (abundant) element in the universe.
3. Mercury travels around the sun ____________ (fast) than any other planet.
4. Mars has some of ____________ (tall) volcanoes and some of ____________ (deep)
valleys in our solar system.
5. Travelling by train is_______________ (cheap) than travelling by plane.
6. Magnesium is ________________ (light) metal.
7. Watt's steam engine is _____________ (effective) than Newcomen's.
8. Diamond is ____________ (hard) substance occurring in nature.
9. Canada is _____________ (large) than the United States.
10. Copper is _____________ (good) conductor of heat.
55
2 2. .2 2 M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s c co om mp pa ar ri in ng g t th he es se e t tw wo o c ca ar rs s a an nd d u us si in ng g t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve es s: :
cheap powerful engine fast comfortable large good
Ferrari F550 Maranello Ford Taurus Wagon
Manufacturer Ferrari Manufacturer Ford
Price $ 295,000 Price $ 26,000
Horsepower 485 Horsepower 155
Top speed (km/h) 320 Top speed (km/h) 175
Height (mm) 1277 Height (mm) 1473
Length (mm) 4549 Length (mm) 5019
1. ______________________________________________.
2. ______________________________________________.
3. ______________________________________________.
4. ______________________________________________.
5. ______________________________________________.
2 2. .3 3 A Ar re e t th he e u un nd de er rl li in ne ed d v ve er rb bs s r ri ig gh ht t o or r w wr ro on ng g? ? C Co or rr re ec ct t t th he e v ve er rb bs s t th ha at t a ar re e w wr ro on ng g. .
1. Somebody waits for you in the office. _____________________
2. Gravity varies from place to place on our planet. _____________________
3. The United States are sharing a border with Canada. _____________________
4. Are you taking English lessons at the moment? _____________________
5. I don't understand you. What do you talk about? _____________________
6. This material is having almost no resistance. _____________________
7. Burning coal and natural gas releases energy. _____________________
8. He isn't usually working on weekends. _____________________
9. Water boils. Can you turn it off? _____________________
10. "What do you do?" "I'm a mechanic." _____________________
REVISION
M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g t th he e p pr re es se en nt t s si im mp pl le e n ne eg ga at ti iv ve e. . E Ex xa am mp pl le e: : T Th he ey y a ar re e p po oo or r. . T Th he ey y d do o
n no ot t h ha av ve e m mo on ne ey y. .
He is unemployed. .
They are selfish. . other people.
I am a vegetarian. . meat.
56
She is illiterate. . how to write.
F Fi il ll l i in n t th he e g ga ap ps s u us si in ng g t th he e p pr re es se en nt t s si im mp pl le e p po os si it ti iv ve e. . E Ex xa am mp pl le e: : H He e i is s a a m me ec ch ha an ni ic c. . H He e
m me en nd ds s c ca ar rs s. .
He is a pilot. . a plane.
She is a waitress. . food in a restaurant.
They are actors. . a theatre.
I am a doctor. . patients in a hospital.
We are students. . at this university.
F Fi il ll l o ou ut t t th he e m mi is ss si in ng g i in nf fo or rm ma at ti io on n a an nd d p pr ra ac ct ti ic ce e s sa ay yi in ng g t th he e d da at te es s
Astronomically
Spring begins .
Summer begins .
Autumn/fall begins .
Winter begins .
P Pr ra ac ct ti ic ce e s sa ay yi in ng g t th he es se e c co on ns st ta an nt t v va al lu ue es s i in n E En ng gl li is sh h
is .
The speed of light is .
The boiling point of water in degrees Fahrenheit is .
There are . days in a year.
1 inch is . millimeters.
g is . m/s
2
.
Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
R Re ea ad d t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s a an nd d t tr ry y t to o d de ef fi in ne e w wh hi ic ch h p pl la an ne et t t th he e d de ef fi in ni it ti io on n r re ef fe er rs s t to o. .
1. The third largest planet in the solar system. Diameter: 33 000 miles.
..
2. The most brilliant planet in the solar system poetically called Lucifer as the morning star
and Hesperus as the evening star. Diameter: 7600 miles
..
3. The outmost planet of the solar system ninth in distance from the sun. diameter: 7 600
miles.
..
4. The second largest planet in the solar system. It has three concentric rings around it.
Diameter: 72000 miles.
..
5. The largest planet in the solar system. Diameter: 87000 miles.
..
57
6. The smallest planet in the solar system closest to the sun. Diameter: 3000 miles.
..
7. A planet in the solar system notable for its red light. Diameter: 4230 miles.
..
S Su up pp pl ly y s su up pe er rl la at ti iv ve e a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve e f fo or rm ms s a an nd d o or rd di in na al l n nu um mb be er rs s t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s. .
The .planet in the solar system which isin distance from the
sun is Jupiter.
The.largest planet in the solar system which isin distance from
the sun is Saturn.
The ..largest planet in the solar system which isin distance from
the sun is Neptune.
The.largest planet in the solar system which is..in distance from
the sun is Uranus.
Pluto is..planet in the solar system which is.in distance
from the sun.
Earth is.largest planet in the solar system which isin distance from
the sun.
C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he e s se en nt te en nc ce es s b be el lo ow w u us si in ng g c co om mp pa ar ra at ti iv ve e o or r s su up pe er rl la at ti iv ve e a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve es s b ba as se ed d o on n
t th he e f fa ac ct ts s g gi iv ve en n i in n t th he e t ta ab bl le e. .
Continent Surface area in million km
2
Asia 44
Africa 30
Europe 10.5
Australia (with Oceania) 8
Asia iscontinent.
Africa is..than Asia butthan Europe.
Europe is..than Australia butthan Africa.
Australia iscontinent.
U Us se e t th he e p pr re es se en nt t c co on nt ti in nu uo ou us s o or r p pr re es se en nt t s si im mp pl le e t te en ns se e i in n t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s. .
1. Water ______________ (consist) of hydrogen and oxygen.
2. I ____________ (write) this exercise on my computer.
3 Mathematics ___________ (be) the language of science.
4. He usually __________ (work) at the Polytechnical Engineering College but this week
he _______________ (teach) some classes at the Open University.
5. The River Nile _________ (flow) into the Mediterranean.
6. My friend ______________ (study) electrical engineering at present.
7. Hydroelectric systems ______________ (use) the energy of water to create electricity.
8. On Venus, the temperature ________________ (rise) to 484 degrees Centigrade
9. Solar and wind energy _________________ (become) more and more popular these
days.
10. Venus _____________ (rotate) in the direction opposite that of all other planets.
58
U UN NI IT T 8 8
DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY
In 400 BC Democritus, a Greek philosopher, proposed the idea that matter consisted of tiny
particles. Science, however, was long unable to provide experimental evidence for these
tiny particles or atoms as they called them. In 1805, John Dalton proposed an atomic
theory. His atomic theory made five basic assumptions about the structure of matter: (1) all
matter consists of tiny, invisible particles called atoms; (2) all atoms of a given element are
exactly alike; (3) the atoms of different elements differ from each other in weight; (4)
atoms combine in definite whole number ratios to form chemical compounds; (5) chemical
changes do not create or destroy atoms.
This simple concept was adequate for about 100 years. By the beginning of the twentieth
century scientists, who had some research tools not available in Daltons time, discovered
experimental facts that the atomic concept of an atom as a tiny, solid particle could not
explain. Research in the field of atomic structure is very active, and accepted ideas change
very frequently to agree with new experimental information.
VOCABULARY
accepted-
agree-
alike-
assumption-
available-
BC-
compound-
consist-
create-
destroy-
differ-
evidence-
exactly-
explain-
field-
frequently-
invisible-
particle-
propose-
provide-
ratio-
research (n)-
research (v)-
tiny-
tool-
unable-
weight-
whole-
Comprehension check
A Ar re e t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s st ta at te em me en nt ts s t tr ru ue e o or r f fa al ls se e: :
1. Democritus was the first scientist who tried to explain the structure of matter.
2. Democritus provided experimental evidence for these tiny particles.
59
3. Dalton's atomic theory explains the structure of atoms.
4. Atomic theory includes five basic assumptions.
5. Atoms of a given element differ from each other in weight.
6. Atoms combine to make chemical compounds.
7. Chemical changes destroy but don't create atoms.
8. Scientists still use Dalton's atomic concept.
9. Scientists are still conducting research in the field of atomic structure.
10. Accepted ideas often don't agree with new experimental facts.
THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE
This tense is formed either
1) by adding a suffix (-ed) to the verb (if it is regular). For example: He helped me.
2) by using a different form of the verb (if the verb is irregular). For example: He came.
The negative and the interrogative are formed by using the auxiliary verb did and the
infinitive of the verb (did he help/ did he come/he did not help/he did not come).
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I worked 1 we worked
2 you worked 2 you worked
3 he/she/it worked 3 they worked
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 Did I work? 1 Did we work?
2 Did you work? 2 Did you work?
3 Did he/she/it work? 3 Did they work?
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I did not work 1 we did not work
2 you did not work 2 you did not work
3 he/she/it did not work 3 they did not work
USE:
1. We use the past simple tense to express actions that were finished at a definite past time.
The Second World War ended in 1945.
P Pu ut t t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o t th he e i in nt te er rr ro og ga at ti iv ve e a an nd d n ne eg ga at ti iv ve e f fo or rm m. .
1. Science provided experimental evidence for atoms.
________________________________________ .
________________________________________ .
2. John Dalton proposed an atomic theory.
_______________________________ .
_______________________________ .
60
3. In the twentieth century, scientists discovered new experimental facts.
________________________________________________________ .
________________________________________________________ .
4. The atomic concept of an atom explained the experimental facts.
___________________________________________________ .
___________________________________________________ .
5. The accepted ideas changed very frequently.
___________________________________ .
___________________________________ .
P Pu ut t t th he e v ve er rb bs s i in n b br ra ac ck ke et ts s i in nt to o t th he e p pa as st t s si im mp pl le e t te en ns se e. .
1. They _____________ (deliver) the equipment last week.
2. She ____________ (write) an interesting book about recycling.
3. _______ you _________ (read) the text about the atomic theory?
4. He _________ (work) in the car factory two years ago.
5. He _____________ (not / teach) me how to use the computer. I ____________ (learn)
it at school.
6. __________ they __________ (have) any technical problems with this computer?
7. He ___________ (find) a job in the power plant.
8. We _______________ (not / make) any telephone calls yesterday.
9. __________ you ____________ (hear) about his latest invention?
10. I ____________ (speak) with your boss last Friday.
THE PAST TENSE OF THE VERB "BE"
The verb be has irregular past forms.
Singular Plural
1 I was 1 we were
2 you were 2 you were
3 he/she/it was 3 they were
Note that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was / were.
The weather was nice yesterday.
Was the weather nice yesterday?
The weather wasn't nice yesterday.
U Us se e t th he e p pa as st t f fo or rm ms s o of f t th he e v ve er rb bs s i in n b br ra ac ck ke et ts s t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th he e t te ex xt t. .
CARS
Hundreds of years ago there ________ (be) no cars, so people ____________ (travel) by
coaches. The first coach without horses ___________ (have) a steam engine. In 1885 Carl
Benz _____________ (invent) the first car with a petrol-engine. It _________ (have) three
wheels and _________ (be) very slow. Some years later, Daimler __________ (build) the
first car with four wheels. It _________ (be) much safer than the Benz car. At that time cars
__________ (be) usually open, so they _________ (not / be) very comfortable. The first
cars _________ (be) very expensive. But then, in 1913, Ford __________ (begin) to build
the famous "Model T "cars. That ________ (be) the start of mass production.
61
NEGATIVE PREFIXES
The prefixes (in-/im-/un-/dis-/il-) are called negative prefixes because they give the
adjective a negative meaning. Their meaning is similar to not: Scientists were unable to
determine (unable=not able).
NEGATIVE PREFIXES
IN-
IM-
IL-
IR-
UN-
P Pu ut t t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g a ad dj je ec ct ti iv ve es s i in n t th he e a ap pp pr ro op pr ri ia at te e b bo ox x b be el lo ow w. .
practical, able, logical, regular, possible, safe, visible, reparable, accurate, even, legal,
expensive, pure, literate, retrievable
IN- IM- IL- IR- UN-
ARTICLES
In English we can use the definite article ('the'), the indefinite article ('a' or 'an') and the so-
called 'zero' article (when we do not use any articles in front of a noun).
USE OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE ('THE')
1. We use the definite article in English when we talk about things which are unique (one
of a kind). For example: the sun, the earth, the universe, the president of the USA, etc.
2. We also use the definite article before superlatives and ordinal numbers (the hardest, the
most difficult, the next, the first, the second, the fifth, etc.)
3. 'The' is also used before the names of seas, rivers, chains of mountains, etc. For
example: the Atlantic Ocean, the Danube, the Alps.
USE OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE ('A' OR 'AN')
1. We use 'a' when the next word is pronounced with a consonant (a desk, a room). We use
'an' when the next word is pronounced with a vowel (an apple, an hour).
2. We use the indefinite article before names of professions (an engineer, a teacher, a
student).
3. We also use the indefinite article in the meaning of 'one' or 'any' (Take a chair = take any
chair; I have a son =I have one son).
62
'ZERO' ARTICLE
1. We do not use any articles when we talk about things generally (Men like football.)
2. We also omit articles in English before material and abstract nouns (Steel is important
for industry./ Water is essential for life.).
P Pu ut t i in n a a / / a an n , , t th he e o or r z ze er ro o a ar rt ti ic cl le e. .
1. ________ Nile is _______ longest river in Africa.
2. France is _______ country in Europe.
3. _______ earth travels round ________ sun at a speed of 107,000 kilometres an hour.
4. Benz invented ______ first car with a petrol engine.
5. _______ people use _______ computers every day.
6. Democritus was _______ philosopher.
7. Mercury is _______ smallest planet in ______ solar system.
8. ________ Panama Canal joins _______ Atlantic and _______ Pacific Ocean.
9. ________ matter consists of _______ atoms.
10. _______ titanium is _______ seventh most common metal.
11. _______ women live longer than ______ men.
12. _______ River Thames flows through London.
13. _______ engine has ______ cylinder and _______ piston.
14. ______ salt water is _____ example of _____ liquid conductor.
15. ______ thermometer is ______ instrument for measuring ______ temperature.
16. ______ coal is ________ cheapest fuel.
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 8
VOCABULARY
1 1. .1 1 F Fi il ll l i in n t th he e m mi is ss si in ng g w wo or rd ds s- -p ph hr ra as se es s
In 400 BC Democritus, a.............................................(grki filozof/grg
filozfus), proposed the idea that matter consisted of
.(sitnih estica/apr rszecskk). Daltons theory
proposed that: (1) ..(materija/anyag) consists of tiny,
..(nevidljive estice/lthatatlan rszecskk) called atoms;
(2) ..(svi atomi/minden atom) of a given element are
..(potpuno isti /teljesen ugyanaz); (3) the atoms of
...(razliitih elemenata / klnbz elemek)
differ from each other in ...(teina/sly); (4)
....(hemijske promene / kmiai vltozsok) do not create or
.(unititi atome / tnkreteszik az atomokat).
1 1. .2 2 F Fi in nd d a a s sy yn no on ny ym m f fo or r e ea ac ch h w wo or rd d u un nd de er rl li in ne ed d b be el lo ow w. . C Ch ho oo os se e f fr ro om m t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g: : f fa ac ct t, ,
t th he e s sa am me e, , c co om me e u up p w wi it th h, , v ve er ry y s sm ma al ll l, , f fo or r q qu ui it te e s so om me e t ti im me e, , o of ft te en n. .
proposed an idea-
was long unable to-
63
experimental evidence-
change very frequently-
exactly alike-
a tiny particle-
1 1. .3 3 M Ma at tc ch h t th he e s sy yn no on ny ym ms s i in n t th he e t ta ab bl le e
evidence field
area suggest
exactly proof
propose give, offer
provide precisely
1 1. .4 4 G Gi iv ve e t th he e i in nf fi in ni it ti iv ve e, , p pa as st t a an nd d p pa as st t p pa ar rt ti ic ci ip pl le e f fo or rm ms s o of f t th he es se e v ve er rb bs s
infinitive past past participle
praviti/csinlni
meriti/mrni
voziti/vezetni
uzeti/elvenni
graditi/pteni
leteti/replni
1.5 Translate these sentences into English
a) Sva materija sastoji se od malih, nevidljivih estica. (Minden anyag kis, lthatatlan
rszecskkbl ll.)
.................................................................................................................................
b) Hemijske promene ne stvaraju i ne unitavaju atome. (A vegyi vltozsok nem
hoznak ltre s nem teszik tnkre az atomokat.)
.................................................................................................................................
c) Nauka, meutim, dugo nije mogla da da eskperimentalni dokaz. (A tudomny,
azonban, sokig nem tudott ksrleti bizonytkot adni.)
.................................................................................................................................
d) Svi atomi jednog elementa su isti. (Egy elem minden atoma egyforma.)
.................................................................................................................................
64
GRAMMAR
2 2. .1 1 U Us se e t th he e p pa as st t s si im mp pl le e t te en ns se e t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th hi is s p pa as ss sa ag ge e a an nd d l le ea ar rn n m mo or re e a ab bo ou ut t J Jo oh hn n
D Da al lt to on n. .
John Dalton __________ (be) a British chemist and physicist. When he was only 14 years
old, he ___________ (teach) with his brother at a school in Kendal and he __________
(stay) there for 12 years. Then he ___________ (become) a teacher of mathematics and
natural philosophy in a college in Manchester. He __________ (leave) this job in 1800 and
from 1817 till his death he _________ (be) the president of the Philosophical Society. His
scientific work _________ (begin) in 1787 and ___________ (continue) until the end of his
life. In 1793, he ___________ (publish) his first book. He ____________ (write) essays on
such topics as barometer, thermometer and climate. He _____________(experiment) with
chemical elements and ___________ (propose) many theories, including the atomic theory.
He __________ (die) in 1844 and more than 40,000 people __________ (come) to his
funeral.
2 2. .2 2 P Pu ut t t th he e v ve er rb bs s i in n t th he e p pa as st t s si im mp pl le e t te en ns se e. .
1. _________Columbus first __________ (sail) from Europe to America in 1492?
2. Dalton ___________ (be) a famous scientist, but I ____________ (not read) any of his
books when I was in school.
3. _________ Bell ___________ (invent) the telephone?
4. _________ you _________ (enjoy) the film? No, it ___________ (not be) very good.
5. Einstein _____________ (receive) the Nobel Prize for his work in physics.
6. They _____________ (give) me some useful information about that university.
7. __________ they _________ (offer) her a job? Yes, and she ____________ (accept) it.
8. He _______________ (study) electrical engineering.
9. They ___________________ (not help) him with his project. He __________ (do) it all
by himself.
10. __________ he ___________ (write) an article about robotics?
2 2. .3 3 P Pu ut t i in n t th he e o or r a a / / a an n w wh he er re e n ne ec ce es ss sa ar ry y. . I If f t th he e s se en nt te en nc ce e i is s a al lr re ea ad dy y c co or rr re ec ct t , , p pu ut t
' 'R RI IG GH HT T' '. .
1. Sun is star. ________________________
2. Life is full of surprises. ________________________
3. My brother is electrician. ________________________
4. Electricity is cheaper than gas. ________________________
5. He is looking for job. ________________________
6. Queen lives in Buckingham Palace. ________________________
7. Highest mountain in Africa is Kilimanjaro. ________________________
8. Crime is problem in most big cities. ________________________
9. Sodium reacts violently with water. ________________________
10. President is most powerful person in US. ________________________
11. River Seine flows through Paris. ________________________
12. Moon goes round earth every 27 days. ________________________
13. Our flat is on second floor. ________________________
14. Can you define energy? ________________________
15. Mediterranean is sea, but Pacific is ocean. ________________________
16. Uranium has largest atoms. ________________________
65
U UN NI IT T 9 9
NIKOLA TESLA
(born July 9/10, 1856, in Smiljan, Croatia--died Jan. 7, 1943, in New
York City), Serbian-American inventor and researcher who discovered the rotating
magnetic field, the basis of most alternating-current machinery. He emigrated to the United
States in 1884 and sold the patent rights to his system of alternating-current dynamos,
transformers, and motors to George Westinghouse the following year. In 1891 he invented
the Tesla coil, an induction coil widely used in radio technology.
Training for an engineering career, he attended the Technical University at Graz, Austria,
and the University of Prague. At Graz he first saw the Gramme dynamo, which operated as
a generator and, when reversed, became an electric motor, and he conceived a way to use
alternating current to advantage. Later, at Budapest, he visualized the principle of the
rotating magnetic field and developed plans for an induction motor that became his first
step toward the successful utilization of alternating current. In 1882 Tesla went to work in
Paris and, while on assignment to Strassburg in 1883, he constructed, in after-work hours,
his first induction motor. Tesla sailed for America in 1884, arriving in New York, with four
cents in his pocket. He first found employment with Thomas Edison, but the two inventors
were far apart in background and methods, and their
separation was inevitable.
In May 1885, George Westinghouse, head of the
Westinghouse Electric Company in Pittsburgh, bought the
patent rights to Tesla's polyphase system of alternating-
current dynamos, transformers, and motors. The
transaction precipitated a power struggle between
Edison's direct-current systems and the Tesla-
Westinghouse alternating-current approach, which
eventually won out.
Westinghouse used Tesla's system to light the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago in
1893. Later he signed the contract to install the first power machinery at Niagara Falls,
which bore Tesla's name. The project carried power to Buffalo by 1896.
66
Alternating Current Power Plant at World's Fair, Chicago, 1893.
Four of the twelve 1000 horse-power two-phase generators
In 1900, Tesla began construction on Long Island of a wireless world broadcasting tower,
with $150,000 capital from the American financier J. Pierpont Morgan. Tesla secured the
loan by assigning 51 percent of his patent rights of telephony and telegraphy to Morgan. He
expected to provide worldwide communication and to enable sending pictures, messages,
weather warnings, and stock reports. The project was abandoned because of Morgan's
withdrawal of support. It was Tesla's greatest defeat.
Tesla's work then shifted to turbines and other projects. Tesla was the recipient of the
Edison Medal in 1917, the highest honour of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.
After Tesla's death the custodian of alien property impounded his trunks, which held his
papers, his diplomas and other honours, his letters, and his laboratory notes. These were
eventually inherited by Tesla's nephew, Sava Kosanovich, and later housed in the Nikola
Tesla Museum in Belgrade.
VOCABULARY
abandon-
advantage-
alien property-
alternating current-
approach-
arrive-
assign (v)-
attend-
be far apart-
bear-bore-born-
inventor-
inevitable-
light (v)-
loan-
nephew-
power-
power struggle-
precipitate-
provide-
recipient-
67
begin-began-begun-
broadcast-
buy-bought-bought-
capital-
carry
coil
conceive-
custodian-
defeat (n)-
develop-
direct current-
discover-
emigrate-
employment-
enable-
eventually-
expect-
exposition-
find-found-found-
go-went-gone-
his first step forward-
impound-
in after work hours-
inherit-
patent right-
researcher-
reverse (v)-
rotating magnetic field-
sail (v)-
secure (v)-
see-saw-seen-
sell-sold-sold-
separation-
shift (v)-
sign a contract-
stock report-
successful-
support-
the following year-
tower-
training-
trunk-
utilization-
visualize-
warning-
while on assignment-
widely used-
win-won-won-
wireless-
withdrawal-
Comprehension check
A Ar re e t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s st ta at te em me en nt ts s t tr ru ue e o or r f fa al ls se e. .
1. Tesla attended first the University of Prague and then the University of Graz.
2. The Gramme dynamo was able to operate as a generator and as an electric motor.
3. Tesla invented an electric motor which operated on direct current.
4. He used the principle of the rotating magnetic field to develop an induction motor.
5. While he was in Paris, he constructed his first induction motor.
6. He was already very rich when he arrived in America.
7. In America, he first worked for Thomas Edison.
8. George Westinghouse bought the rights to Edison's direct current systems.
9. Tesla constructed and financed a wireless world broadcasting tower.
10. Tesla had more than 50 percent of the patent rights of telephony and telegraphy.
11. Today, Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade keeps all his papers, letters and notes.
68
M Ma at tc ch h t th he e s sy yn no on ny ym ms s i in n t th he e t ta ab bl le e. .
inventor use
conceive give up
eventually job
install discoverer
attend finally
abandon design, build
employment function
utilization think of
operate go to
construct set up
R Re ep pl la ac ce e t th he e u un nd de er rl li in ne ed d w wo or rd ds s w wi it th h a a s su ui it ta ab bl le e s sy yn no on ny ym m f fr ro om m t th he e t ta ab bl le e. .
1. Nikola Tesla constructed the first induction motor.
2. He found his first employment with Thomas Edison.
3. The induction motor was the first step towards the successful use of the alternating
current.
4. Gramme dynamo operated as a generator.
5. He attended the Technical University at Graz.
6. He conceived a way to use alternating current to advantage.
P Pu ut t t th he e v ve er rb bs s i in n t th he e p pa as st t s si im mp pl le e t te en ns se e. .
1. _______ Nikola Tesla ___________ (discover) the rotating magnetic field? Yes, he
_________ .
2. He __________ (sell) the patent rights to George Westinghouse.
3. _______ he _________ (see) the Gramme dynamo in Prague? No, he _________ . He
_________ it in Graz.
4. He _________ (find) a way to use alternating current in an induction motor.
5. _________ he ___________ (construct) his first induction motor in Budapest? No, he
just __________ (develop) plans for the motor but he ______________ (construct) it in
Strassburg.
6. He __________ (go) to America in 1884.
7. Edison and Tesla ___________ (differ) from each other in their background and
methods, so they soon _____________ (separate).
8. _________ George Westinghouse ___________ (buy) Edison's direct-current system?
No, he __________ . He ___________ Tesla's alternating current motors.
9. They __________ (use) Tesla's system to light the Exposition at Chicago.
10. In 1900 Tesla __________ (begin) building a wireless world broadcasting tower.
11. _________ he _________ (finish) this project? No, he ___________ (abandon) it.
12. In 1917, Tesla ___________ (receive) the Edison Medal.
WH-QUESTIONS
We form wh-questions with who, whom , whose, what, which, when, where, why and how
.
Wh-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb + ...?
69
Example
He repaired the car.
What did he repair?
A As sk k q qu ue es st ti io on ns s a ab bo ou ut t t th he e s st ta at te em me en nt ts s. .
1. Tesla discovered the rotating magnetic field.
What ____________________________?
2. He emigrated to the United States in 1884.
Where ____________________________?
When _____________________________?
3. Westinghouse bought Tesla's invention.
Whose ____________________________?
4. Tesla abandoned the project because of financial problems.
Why ______________________________?
5. Tesla received the Edison Medal in 1917.
What _____________________________?
When _____________________________?
6. Gramme dynamo operated as a generator.
How _____________________________?
7. Westinghouse bought Tesla's alternating-current systems.
Which ____________________________?
8. He constructed his first induction motor in Strassburg.
What _____________________________?
Where ____________________________?
M Ma ak ki in ng g q qu ue es st ti io on ns s f fo or r t th he e s su ub bj je ec ct t
Who / What + affirmative (or negative) verb + ... ?
NOTE
Note that the verb is always in the third person singular.
Example
a)They work in the factory. b)He broke the window.
Who works in the factory? Who broke the window?
M Ma ak ke e q qu ue es st ti io on ns s f fo or r t th he e s su ub bj je ec ct t. .
1. Tesla sailed for America in 1884.
__________________________?
2. Westinghouse used Tesla's system to light the World's Columbian Exposition.
______________________________________________________________?
3. The project carried power to Buffalo by 1896.
____________________________________?
4. The first cars were very expensive.
____________________________?
5. Dalton's atomic theory explains the structure of matter.
____________________________________________?
70
6. John Dalton proposed an atomic theory in 1805.
______________________________________?
7. Atoms combine to make chemical compounds.
_____________________________________?
8. Scientists are conducting research in the field of atomic structure.
____________________________________________________?
9. Modern research methods are available to scientists.
_________________________________?
10. Certain elements have properties of both metals and non-metals.
___________________________________________________?
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 9
VOCABULARY
1 1. .1 1 T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g w wo or rd ds s/ /p ph hr ra as se es s i in nt to o S Se er rb bi ia an n o or r H Hu un ng ga ar ri ia an n
inventor-
the following year-
develop-
successful-
coil-
arrive-
utilization-
employment-
discover-
attend-
advantage-
patent right-
1 1. .2 2 G Gi iv ve e t th he e s su ui it ta ab bl le e t tr ra an ns sl la at ti io on n e eq qu ui iv va al le en nt ts s o of f t th he es se e p ph hr ra as se es s i in n E En ng gl li is sh h
1.magnetno polje (mgneses tr)-
2. naizmenina struja (vltram)-
3. indukcioni motor (indukcis motor)-
4. jednosmerna struja (egyenram)-
5. potpisati ugovor (alrni a szerzdst)-
1 1. .3 3 G Gi iv ve e t th he e i in nf fi in ni it ti iv ve e a an nd d p pa as st t f fo or rm ms s o of f t th he e g gi iv ve en n v ve er rb bs s i in n E En ng gl li is sh h
infinitive past
prodati/eladni
otii/elmenni
nai/tallni
razviti/fejleszteni
kupiti/megvenni
videti/ltni
postati/valamiv vlni
71
1 1. .4 4 F Fi il ll l i in n t th he e m mi is ss si in ng g m me ea an ni in ng gs s a an nd d n no ou un n f fo or rm ms s o of f t th he e g gi iv ve en n v ve er rb bs s
Meaning in
Serbian/Hungarian
Noun form in
English
Meaning in
Serbian/Hungarian
utilize
induce
employ
approach
research
use
1 1. .5 5 F Fi il ll l i in n t th he e g ga ap ps s b by y u us si in ng g t th he e p pa as st t t te en ns se e o of f t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g v ve er rb bs s: : s se ee e, , s se el ll l, , e em mi ig gr ra at te e, ,
a at tt te en nd d, , g go o, , d di is sc co ov ve er r, ,
Teslathe rotating magnetic field, the basis of most
alternating-current machinery. He. to the United States in 1884
and. the patent rights to his system of alternating-current dynamos.
He the Technical University at Graz, Austria. At Graz he
first.the Gramme dynamo. In 1882 Tesla.. to
work in Paris.
GRAMMAR
2 2. .1 1 M Ma ak ke e W Wh h- -q qu ue es st ti io on ns s t to o t th he e u un nd de er rl li in ne ed d p pa ar rt ts s o of f s sp pe ee ec ch h. .
1. People travelled by coaches hundreds of years ago.
______________________________________ ?
________________________________________ ?
________________________________________ ?
2. The piston moves up and down in the cylinder.
________________________________________ ?
________________________________________ ?
________________________________________ ?
3. Daimler's car had four wheels.
________________________________________ ?
________________________________________ ?
4. Nuclear waste is polluting the earth.
________________________________________ ?
________________________________________ ?
5. Scientists achieve the conversion of mass into energy in an atomic bomb.
________________________________________ ?
________________________________________ ?
________________________________________ ?
6. The computer retrieves information very quickly because of the zero resistivity.
________________________________________ ?
________________________________________ ?
________________________________________ ?
72
M Ma ak ke e q qu ue es st ti io on ns s a ab bo ou ut t T Te es sl la a' 's s l li if fe e. . T Th he en n f fi in nd d t th he e a an ns sw we er rs s i in n t th he e t ta ab bl le e b be el lo ow w. .
QUESTION ANSWER
1. ( Who / be / Tesla)
_________________________________
2. ( When / he / emigrate / to United States)
_________________________________
3. ( Whom / he / sell / his patent rights)
_________________________________
4. (Which university / he / attend)
_________________________________
5. ( Where / he / go / in 1882)
_________________________________
6. ( What / he / construct / in Strassburg)
_________________________________
7. (Whom / he / meet / in New York)
_________________________________
8. (Whose system / Westinghouse / use / at the exposition in Chicago)
_________________________________
9. ( Who / finance / the construction of world broadcasting tower)
_________________________________
10. ( What / he / receive / in 1917)
_________________________________
a) Tesla's alternating current system
b) the induction motor
c) the Technical University at Graz
d) the Edison Medal
e) in 1884
f) to George Westinghouse
g) Pierpont Morgan
h) Thomas Edison
j) Serbian-American inventor and researcher
k) to Paris
73
U UN NI IT T 1 10 0
EDISONS EARLY LIFE
It is hard to believe that Edison had only a few months of formal education. But its true.
He showed an early interest in science and at a very young age he started experimenting.
He liked constructing things with his own hands.
His working life falls into three sections: his juvenile enterprises, his work as a telegraphist
and his life as an inventor.
As a boy he needed money for his experiments and persuaded his parents to find him a job.
Soon he began working on the train between Port Huron and Detroit. He was selling
newspapers on the train. Between trains he was reading at the Detroit Public Library and
printing his own newspaper. He was also doing experiments on the train. He had a
laboratory in one of the vans.
It was literally an accident which brought Edison nearer to his proper activity. One day, as
he was waiting for his train, he saw a child playing on the line as a van was coming. He
jumped and saved the child. The grateful father offered to teach Edison how to be a railway
telegraphist. At the age of sixteen he was attending a course for telegraphists and soon he
became one of the speediest in North America. In 1864 he got a job as a telegraphist. While
he was working over the border in Canada, he received signals every hour and had to send a
reply. This was to check whether the operator was awake. Edisons reply showed that he
was. But the people who sent the hourly signal began to wonder as the correct reply always
came, but sometimes an ordinary signal sent soon afterward failed to bring reply.
As Edison was doing experiments and was working in his lab at night, he sometimes fell
asleep in his office during the day, so he attached a wheel with a notched rim to the clock,
connected this with the telegraph line and so arranged it that every time the hour was
reached, the right number of dots was automatically sent along the line by the turning of the
wheel.
During his most inventive years, Edison conducted experiments at his Menlo Park, New
Jersey, laboratory (built 1876). He did not work alone. A team of talented workers assisted
him all hours of the day and night. These men had the skills to make Edison's ideas and
sketches into real devices of wood, wire, glass, and metal.
Menlo Park, New Jersey, ca. 1880. Photo: P.B.4182
74
VOCABULARY
accident-
afterward-
alone-
arrange-
at night-
attach-
awake-
begin-began-begun
believe-
between-
border-
bring-brought-brought-
child-
clock-
conduct-
connect-
device-
dot-
education-
enterprise-
fail-
fall asleep-
find-found-found
get-got-got-
glass-
grateful-
hand-
hard-
hourly-
jump-
juvenile-
line-
literally-
need-
notch-
ordinary-
own-
parents-
persuade-
proper-
public library-
railway-
reach-
read-read-read-
receive-
reply-
rim-
save-
sell-sold-sold-
send-sent-sent-
sketch-
skill-
soon-
speedy-
thing-
train-
true-
van-
wheel-
whether-
while-
wire-
wonder-
wood-
working life-
75
Comprehension check
C Co on nn ne ec ct t s se en nt te en nc ce e b be eg gi in nn ni in ng gs s w wi it th h s se en nt te en nc ce e e en nd di in ng gs s. .
A B
1. As a young boy he liked a) send signals automatically every hour
2. His first job was b) showed that he was awake
3. He was doing experiments c) he was studying to become a telegraphist
4. His first step towards his future career d) a team of talented workers assisted him
happened when
5. At the age of sixteen e) experimenting and constructing things
6. While he was working in Canada f) he was working in his lab at night
7. Hourly replies g) selling newspapers on the train
8. Sometimes he fell asleep because h) he received and sent signals every hour
9. He discovered a way to i) in a laboratory on the train
10.While he was working in New Jersey j) he saved a child playing on the line
THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
The Past Continuous tense is formed by the auxiliaries was or were and the present
participle (-ing) of the verb required. The interrogative is formed by inversion, that is
changing the word order of the subject and the auxiliary verb. In the negative we add 'not'
to the auxiliary verb.
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I was working 1 we were working
2 you were working 2 you were working
3 he/she/it was working 3 they were working
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 was I working? 1 were we working?
2 were you working? 2 were you working?
3 was he/she/it working? 3 were they working?
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I was not working 1 we were not working
2 you were not working 2 you were not working
3 he/she/it was not working 3 they were not working
76
USE:
1. We use the past continuous tense to express an action that happened in the past for a
longer period of time.
He was working all day.
W Wh ha at t w wa as s J Jo oh hn n d do oi in ng g a at t t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g t ti im me es s? ? W Wr ri it te e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g t th he e p pa as st t
c co on nt ti in nu uo ou us s t te en ns se e. .
1. At 7 o'clock in the morning, _______________________________ .(brush / his teeth)
2. At 7.30, __________________________________ . ( have / breakfast )
3. At 8 o'clock, _______________________________. ( drive/ to work)
4. At 9 o'clock, _______________________________ .( give / instructions to his workers )
5. At 11 o'clock, _______________________________ .(fix / one of the machines)
6. At 12 o'clock, _______________________________ .( test / a new engine )
7. In the afternoon, ______________________________. ( read / the newspapers )
8. Then, ______________________________________( watch / television ) , until he went
to bed at 11 o'clock in the evening.
Compare the past continuous and past simple tense:
Past continuous (in the middle of an action)
He was reading a book when the phone
rang. (=in the middle of reading a book, did
not finish reading it)
Past simple (completed action)
He read a book last night. (=he finished
reading it)
We often use the past simple and past continuous together to say that some action happened
in the middle of another.
He was reading a book when the phone rang.
U Us se e t th he e p pa as st t c co on nt ti in nu uo ou us s o or r p pa as st t s si im mp pl le e i in n t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s. .
1. While he _______________ (wait) for his train, he _______________ (save) a child
playing on the line.
2. Edison ____________ (receive) signals every hour while he __________________
(work) in Canada.
3. While he _________________ (experiment) in his lab, he sometimes ______________
(fall) asleep.
4. Tesla first _________________ (see) the Gramme dynamo while he ______________
(study) in Graz.
5. Tesla ________________ (meet) Edison while he _______________ (look) for a job.
6. While he _______________ (live) in Budapest, Tesla _______________ (develop) plans
for an induction motor.
7. He __________________ (construct) things with his hands when he ___________ (be)
just a boy.
8. While he _________________ (do) some research on the rotating magnetic field, he
__________________ (discover) a way to use the alternating current.
77
THE GERUND
The gerund is an ing form used as a noun with a verbal meaning. The gerund is formed by
adding ing to a verb and it is very common after verbs such as: like, love, hate, prefer,
start, begin, stop, finish, etc. (at a very young age he started experimenting. He liked
constructing things with his own hands.)
GERUND = VERB + -ING
C Co om mp pl le et te e e ea ac ch h s se en nt te en nc ce e w wi it th h o on ne e o of f t th he es se e v ve er rb bs s: :
study play make swim talk visit ski hold answer
1. Did you enjoy _______________ the British Museum?
2. They stopped _______________ tennis.
3. He tried to avoid ______________ the question.
4. I suggest ___________ a meeting next week.
5. He finished ___________ and sat down.
6. Stop _____________ such a noise!
7. I like __________ but I prefer ___________ .
8. He hates ___________ for an exam.
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 10
VOCABULARY
1 1. .1 1 T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he es se e w wo or rd ds s i in nt to o S Se er rb bi ia an n/ /H Hu un ng ga ar ri ia an n
a few-
begin-began-begun
believe-
between-
bring-brought-brought-
conduct-
connect-
device-
education-
fail-
offer-
ordinary persuade-
railway-
reach-
read-read-read-
receive-
reply-
science-
78
1 1. .2 2 M Ma at tc ch h t th he e a an nt to on ny ym ms s
hard stop
young farther
begin old
nearer hate
receive easy
like get
1 1. .3 3 T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o S Se er rb bi ia an n o or r H Hu un ng ga ar ri ia an n
1.He showed an early interest in science and at a very young age he started experimenting.

2. At the age of sixteen he was attending a course for telegraphists.

3. He received signals every hour and had to send a reply.

4. These men had the skills to make Edison's ideas and sketches into real devices of wood,
wire, glass, and metal.

1 1. .4 4 P Pu ut t t th he e v ve er rb bs s i in nt to o t th he e g gi iv ve en n t te en ns se e
Verb in
Serbian/Hungarian
Verb in English Past Simple Past Continuous
itati/olvasni He They
ekati/vrni They She
poslati/elkldeni Edison You
skoiti/ugrani They We
prodati/eladni We He
Verb in
Serbian/Hungarian
Verb in English Present Simple Present Continuous
itati/olvasni He They
ekati/vrni They She
poslati/elkldeni Edison You
skoiti/ugrani They We
prodati/eladni We He
GRAMMAR
2 2. .1 1 P Pu ut t t th he e v ve er rb bs s i in n b br ra ac ck ke et ts s i in nt to o t th he e p pa as st t c co on nt ti in nu uo ou us s t te en ns se e a an nd d t th he en n t tu ur rn n t th he e
s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o t th he e i in nt te er rr ro og ga at ti iv ve e f fo or rm m. .
1. Edison __________________ (construct) things with his hands at a very young age.
__________________________________________________________________?
79
2. He ___________________ (do) experiments on the train.
_____________________________________________?
3. A child __________________ (play) on the line.
______________________________________?
4. He __________________ (attend) a course for telegraphists at the age of sixteen.
________________________________________________________________?
5. He _________________ (sell) newspapers on the train.
___________________________________________?
2 2. .2 2 P Pu ut t t th he e v ve er rb bs s i in n b br ra ac ck ke et ts s i in nt to o t th he e p pa as st t c co on nt ti in nu uo ou us s t te en ns se e a an nd d t th he en n t tu ur rn n t th he e
s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o t th he e n ne eg ga at ti iv ve e f fo or rm m. .
1. He __________________(read) in the library between trains.
________________________________________________.
2. He __________________ (print) his own newspapers.
__________________________________________.
3. The device __________________ (send) signals automatically.
_________________________________________________.
4. Talented workers ____________________ (assist) him in his work.
_____________________________________________________.
2 2. .3 3 M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g t th he e p pa as st t c co on nt ti in nu uo ou us s t te en ns se e. .
They had lunch at the airport he (do) his exam
It started to rain they (shop)
She fell down while I (work) in the garage
I hurt my arm when we (drive) home from work
They met him they (wait) for their plane
The phone rang two times she (carry) several bags.
He made a few mistakes we (have) dinner
1. ____________________________________________________________ .
2. ____________________________________________________________ .
3. ____________________________________________________________ .
4. ____________________________________________________________ .
5. ____________________________________________________________ .
6. ____________________________________________________________ .
7. ____________________________________________________________ .
2 2. .4 4 P Pu ut t t th he e v ve er rb bs s i in nt to o t th he e c co or rr re ec ct t f fo or rm m, , p pa as st t c co on nt ti in nu uo ou us s o or r p pa as st t s si im mp pl le e. .
I. I ______________ (drive) home from work yesterday when suddenly a man
_____________ (step) in front of me. I ______________ (go) quite fast but luckily I
______________ (stop) in time and ____________ (not / hit) him.
II. A: "What _________________ (you / do) around 8 o'clock last night?
B: " I ____________________ (watch) a film on television. Why?
A: " Because I ________________ (try) to call you for half an hour but there
___________ (be) no answer.
80
B: " Well, you see, while I _________________ (watch) this film, the postman
_____________ (arrive) with a letter and I had to go out.
A:"I see. That is why you _____________ (not be) home.
2 2. .5 5 M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s f fr ro om m t th he es se e s se eg gm me en nt ts s b by y u us si in ng g g ge er ru un nd d. . P Pa ay y a at tt te en nt ti io on n t to o t th he e u us se e o of f
t te en ns se es s! !
He
They
enjoy
like
begin
hate
finish
stop
start
(go) to the theatre once a week
(paint) the house yesterday afternoon.
(take) guitar lessons last year.
(construct) things when he was a boy.
(work) every day.
(talk) to his friends in America every week.
(smoke) two years ago.
1. ______________________________________________________ .
2. ______________________________________________________ .
3. ______________________________________________________ .
4. ______________________________________________________ .
5. ______________________________________________________ .
6. ______________________________________________________ .
7. ______________________________________________________ .
REVISION
C Ch ho oo os se e t th he e r ri ig gh ht t v ve er rb b a an nd d m ma ak ke e q qu ue es st ti io on ns s i in n t th he e p pa as st t s si im mp pl le e t te en ns se e. .
One hundred years ago people
Example
Did people use dynamite a hundred years ago?
fly cars
make dynamite
sail to the radio
ride a plane
measure Coca-Cola
use the internet
listen telephone calls
keep a bicycle
surf by train
drive a photograph
drink food in the refrigerator
travel temperature
watch on a steamboat
eat a jet engine
build nuclear power plants
take frozen food
construct television
81
1. _______________________________________________________ .
2. _______________________________________________________ .
3. _______________________________________________________ .
4. _______________________________________________________ .
5. _______________________________________________________ .
6. _______________________________________________________ .
7. _______________________________________________________ .
8. _______________________________________________________ .
9. _______________________________________________________ .
10.______________________________________________________ .
11.______________________________________________________ .
12.______________________________________________________ .
13. _____________________________________________________ .
14.______________________________________________________ .
15.______________________________________________________ .
16.______________________________________________________ .
M Ma ak ke e s st ta at te em me en nt ts s a ab bo ou ut t w wh ha at t p pe eo op pl le e c co ou ul ld d a an nd d c co ou ul ld d n no ot t d do o o on ne e h hu un nd dr re ed d y ye ea ar rs s a ag go o. .
Example
One hundred years ago, people used dynamite.
1. _______________________________________________________ .
2. _______________________________________________________ .
3. _______________________________________________________ .
4. _______________________________________________________ .
5. _______________________________________________________ .
6. _______________________________________________________ .
7. _______________________________________________________ .
8. _______________________________________________________ .
9. _______________________________________________________ .
10.______________________________________________________ .
11.______________________________________________________ .
12.______________________________________________________ .
13. _____________________________________________________ .
14.______________________________________________________ .
15.______________________________________________________ .
16.______________________________________________________ .
M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s a ab bo ou ut t w wh ha at t T To om m d di id d y ye es st te er rd da ay y. .
6.30 get up
7 - 7.30 pack his suitcase
7.45 - 8.15 drive to the airport
8.30 - 10.00 fly to London
11.00 - 12.30 have a meeting
1.00 - 1.45 have lunch
2.15 - 4.00 visit the factory
4.30 - 5.15 write a report on the plane
82
7.30. - 9.00 listen to music
10.00 go to bed
N No ow w w wr ri it te e w wh ha at t T To om m w wa as s d do oi in ng g a at t t th he e t ti im me es s b be el lo ow w. .
1. 7.15 am _________________________ .
2. 8.00 am _________________________ .
3. 9.00 am _________________________.
4. 12.00 am _________________________ .
5. 1.15 pm _________________________ .
6. 3.00 pm __________________________ .
7. 5.00 pm __________________________ .
8. 8.00 pm __________________________ .
9. 11.00 pm _________________________ .
U Us se e t th he e p pa as st t c co on nt ti in nu uo ou us s o or r p pa as st t s si im mp pl le e i in n t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s. .
1. He _________________ (make) sandwiches when he ______________ (cut) his finger.
2. While I _________________ (walk) along the street, I ______________ (see) an
accident.
3. She __________________ (wash) the dishes when she _____________ (break) a glass.
4. I _______________ (meet) her while I _______________ (study) in London.
5. He ________________ (hang) up a picture when he _______________ (hit) his hand
with a hammer.
6. When I ________________ (speak) to John, he __________________ (look) for a job.
7. The doorbell ___________ (ring) while we _______________ (cook) dinner.
8. She ______________ (fall) asleep while she __________________ (watch) television.
9. They _________________ (wait) for me when I _______________ (arrive).
10. She ______________ (drop) the key while she ________________ (try) to open the
door.
11. I ________________ (sit) in the back of the car when we ___________ (crash).
12. While we ______________ (travel) through Italy, we ___________ (spend) a few days
in Venice.
M Ma ak ke e w wh h- -q qu ue es st ti io on ns s u us si in ng g t th he e p pr re es se en nt t s si im mp pl le e a an nd d p pa as st t s si im mp pl le e t te en ns se e. .
KNOWLEDGE QUIZ
1. Who __________________ (discover) the rotating magnetic field?
a) Edison
b) Dalton
c) Tesla
2. How many letters _______________________ ( the English alphabet / have) ?
a) 26
b) 27
c) 29
3. What ___________________ (Tesla / construct) in 1883?
a) Tesla coil
b) induction motor
c) wireless broadcasting tower
83
4. When ___________________ (the first man / travel) in space?
a) 1959
b) 1961
c) 1969
5. How fast ____________________ (the Concorde / fly) ?
a) 2,000 kilometres an hour
b) 2,500 kilometres an hour
c) 3,000 kilometres an hour
6. Who ______________ (build) the first car with four wheels?
a) Benz
b) Ford
c) Daimler
7. Where ____________________________ ( the Empire State Building / be)?
a) Chicago
b) New York
c) Washington
8. How often _________________ (we / see) the Halley's comet?
a) every 4 years
b) every 100 years
c) every 76 years
9. How much electricity in the world ___________________________ (nuclear power
plants / provide)?
a) 30 percent
b) 17 percent
c) 7 percent
10. How long _________________ (it / take) to build the Eiffel tower?
a) 12 months
b) 26 months
c) 5 years
C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he e q qu ue es st ti io on ns s u us si in ng g h ho ow w m mu uc ch h o or r h ho ow w m ma an ny y. .
1. _______________ people are there in the room?
2. _______________ wheels did Daimler's car have?
3. _______________ money did you spend on this project?
4. _______________ elements are there in nature?
5. _______________ petrol is there in the car?
6. _______________ energy does a nuclear power plant produce?
7. _______________ cylinders does an engine have?
8. _______________ space does this object occupy?
9. _______________ basic assumptions did Dalton's theory make?
10. _______________ oil comes from below the seas?
84
U UN NI IT T 1 11 1
HOW PAPER IS MADE
Most paper is made from wood from the forests of Scandinavia, North America and some
areas of Britain. These forests are carefully tended and for every tree that is felled for
papermaking, two or three more are planted. Tree bark is not used to make paper so it is
stripped from the logs. The bark is burned as boiler fuel. The stripped logs are fed through
huge chipping machines which cut the wood into small pieces about 2 centimetres long.
The wood chips are cooked in pressure cookers with chemicals, water and steam which turn
them into a kind of porridge called pulp. To remove all particles of dirt and any lumps or
pieces of tree bark, the pulp is thoroughly cleaned in water. The pulp is then bleached and
finally it is washed in water one more time to remove the bleaching agents. Before the pulp
is made into paper the fibres are beaten and fibrillated. The refined pulp is poured into an
enormous mixing vat to which hundreds of litres of water are added. Chemicals and dyes
are added to this mixture which give the paper its final colour, and general appearance.
VOCABULARY
add
area-
as-
beat-beat-beaten-
before-
bleach (v)-
bleaching agent-
boiler fuel-
burn (v)-
call (v)-
carefully-
chip (n)-
chipping machine-
cook (v)-
cut-cut-cut-
dirt-
dye (n)-
enormous-
feed-fed-fed-
fell (v)-
fibre-
fibrillate-
forest-
general appearance-
huge-
kind of-
log-
lump-
make-made-made-
mixing vat-
mixture-
one more time-
piece-
plant (v)-
porridge-
pour into-
pressure cooker-
refined pulp-
remove-
strip (v)-
tend-
thoroughly-
through-
tree bark-
turn (v)-
85
Comprehension check
F Fi il ll l t th he e b bl la an nk ks s w wi it th h t th he e w wo or rd ds s f fr ro om m t th he e t te ex xt t. .
1. People ____________ new trees to replace those that are ___________.
2. ____________ is stripped from the logs and burned as ______________.
3. ______________ cut the stripped logs into small pieces.
4. The wood chips are cooked with steam, water and ____________ in pressure ________.
5. All ___________ of dirt and _________ of tree bark are removed by ___________.
6. After the pulp is ____________ , it is ____________ again.
7. The fibres are first _________ and ____________ , and then ___________ an enormous
mixing vat.
8. __________ and _________ give the paper its final colour.
THE ART OF PAPER MAKING IN THE OLD DAYS
Reproduced from Denis Diderot's Encyclopedie
1767
Cotton and linen rags are being sorted according to quality.
Reproduced from Denis Diderot's Encyclopedie
1767
Sorted rags are being broken down by hand stamping the fibers.
86
Reproduced from Denis Diderot's Encyclopedie
1767
Stamping mechanisms are reducing the rags into usable fibers for papermaking.
Reproduced from Denis Diderot's Encyclopedie
1767
A paper mold is being dipped into pulped fiber and the excess water drained. Heavy
presses are removing the remaining water from the paper.
Reproduced from Denis Diderot's Encyclopedie
87
1767
Women and a male apprentice at work in the drying loft. The paper sheets are being placed
on ropes woven from cow or horse hair after pressing.
Reproduced from Denis Diderot's Encyclopedie
1767
Newly made paper is being burnished to remove unevenness and pressed for a final time.
VOCABULARY
according to-
apprentice-
break-broke-broken-
burnish-
by hand-
cotton-
dip (v)-
drain(v)-
dry-
excess-
fibre-
linen-
loft-
male-
mold-
place (v)-
press (n)-
pulp-
rag-
reduce-
remain-
remove-
rope-
sheet-
sort-
stamp
unevenness-
usable-
woven-
THE PASSIVE VOICE
The passive voice in English is used when:
a. the subject of the active sentence is unknown
b. the object of the active sentence is more important than the subject
The passive verb is formed by the verbal forms of be and the past participle.
The verb in the present simple passive has the form:
88
AM / IS /ARE + PAST PARTICIPLE
The verb in the present continuous passive has the following form:

AM / IS / ARE + BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE

ACTIVE WORD ORDER
People make paper from wood.
They are making paper from rags.
SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + ADVERBS,ETC.
OBJECT + VERB
(PASSIVE)
+ ADVERBS, ETC. + (BY SUBJECT)
Paper is made from wood.
Paper is being made from rags.
PASSIVE WORD ORDER
P Pu ut t t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o p pr re es se en nt t s si im mp pl le e p pa as ss si iv ve e. .
LOOK WHAT HAPPENS IN ONE YEAR!
1. Over 700 billion cups of tea _____________ (drink) every year.
2. 50.000 earthquakes _____________ (feel) somewhere in the world.
3. Over 600.000 bananas ______________ (eat) in Britain every year.
4. About 4.000 species of animals ____________ (lose) in tropical regions.
5. Over 100.000 mathematics articles ______________ (write) every year.
6. 18 million used cars ______________ (buy) .
7. 160 billion pieces of mail _______________ (send) in the United States.
8. 78 million acres of rainforests ______________ (destroy).
9. Over a million copies of Bible _______________ (sell) in Britain.
10. Over 800 films ___________ (make) in India.
11. 134 million animals _____________ (kill) for sport in the United States.
C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g t th he e p pr re es se en nt t s si im mp pl le e a ac ct ti iv ve e o or r p pa as ss si iv ve e. .
1. Simple machines _____________ (find) in all vehicles.
2. Computers ________________ (use) in our everyday life.
3. Einstein's equation _______________ (show) the equivalence of mass and energy.
4. Car parts __________________ (manufacture) in this factory.
5. Thirteen elements ______________ (constitute) over 99.7 percent of all the material on
earth.
6. Some parts of this motor ______________ (make) of steel.
89
7. In power plants, energy _______________ (convert) into work.
8. Chemical changes ________________ (not create) atoms.
9. All the matter in the universe _______________ (compose) of the atoms.
10.Chemical compounds __________________ (form) by combining atoms.
T Tu ur rn n t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o t th he e p pa as ss si iv ve e f fo or rm m. .
When we make paper, we use trees from the forests of Scandinavia, North America and
Britain. We first cut the trees but we always replace them with new ones. The huge
chipping machine cuts the wood into small pieces. We, then cook these pieces of wood in
pressure cookers. After that, we clean the pulp in water, we bleach it and wash it again. We
beat and fibrillate the fibres and then we add chemicals and dyes to give the paper its final
colour.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ .
T Tu ur rn n t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o t th he e a ac ct ti iv ve e f fo or rm m. .
1. Cotton and linen rags are being sorted according to quality.
_______________________________________________ .
2. The rags are being reduced into usable fibers by stamping mechanisms.
________________________________________________________.
3. A paper mold is being dipped into pulped fiber by workers.
_______________________________________________ .
4. The remaining water is being removed by heavy presses.
_____________________________________________ .
5. The paper sheets are being placed on ropes by women.
____________________________________________ .
6. New paper is being pressed for a final time.
___________________________________ .
P Pu ut t t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o t th he e p pa as ss si iv ve e f fo or rm m. .
1. Scientists are looking for alternative sources of energy.
___________________________________________ .
2. He is conducting experiments in his laboratory.
___________________________________________ .
3. Their company is investing money in this project.
___________________________________________ .
4. BBC is broadcasting these programmes all over the world.
___________________________________________ .
5. NASA is sending a team of scientists to explore the moon.
___________________________________________ .
6. Nuclear power plants are polluting the environment.
___________________________________________ .
90
7. Our top engineers are constructing a solar powered car.
___________________________________________ .
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 11
VOCABULARY
1 1. .1 1 T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he es se e e ex xp pr re es ss si io on ns s i in nt to o S Se er rb bi ia an n o or r H Hu un ng ga ar ri ia an n
1. made from wood
2. the forests of Scandinavia-
3. tree bark is stripped from logs-
4. burned as boiler fuel-
5. chipping machines-
6. remove all dirt-
7. thoroughly cleaned-
8. general appearance-
1 1. .2 2 M Ma ak ke e n no ou un n p ph hr ra as se es s b by y c co om mb bi in ni in ng g t th he e s su ui it ta ab bl le e w wo or rd ds s f fr ro om m t th he e t tw wo o c co ol lu um mn ns s
refined chips
wood mixing vat
stripped pulp
enormous bark
tree logs
1 1. .3 3 F Fi in nd d t th he e o op pp po os si it te e p pa ai ir rs s
A: remove, enormous, plant, bleach, long
B: colour, small, add, fell, short
1 1. .4 4 S Su up pp pl ly y t th he e m mi is ss si in ng g w wo or rd ds s
Cotton and linen rags are being sorted.(prema kvalitetu/minsg szerint).
Stamping mechanisms are reducing the rags into.(upotrebljiva vlakna/
hasznlhat rostok/szlak) for papermaking.
A paper mold is being dipped into pulped fiber and the..(viak vode/ a
flsleg/ bbblet vz) drained. Heavy presses are removing the..(ostatak
vode/ megmaradt vz) from the paper.
1.5 Translate these sentences into Serbian or Hungarian
1. Most paper is made from wood.
2. The forests in some countries are carefully tended.
3. Chemicals and dyes give the paper its final colour and general appearance.
91
4. The paper sheets are being placed on ropes.
GRAMMAR
2 2. .1 1 P Pu ut t t th he e v ve er rb bs s i in nt to o t th he e p pr re es se en nt t s si im mp pl le e a ac ct ti iv ve e / / p pa as ss si iv ve e. .
1. Jupiter ____________ (make) mostly of hydrogen and helium gases.
2. Seventy percent of the Earth's surface _____________ (cover) by water.
3. We ____________ (use) coal to heat water in thermal power plants.
4. A specimen of matter ___________ (have) inertia because of its mass.
5. Generators _______________ (drive) by steam or water turbines.
6. Electromotive force _____________ (measure) in volts.
7. The force of gravity ______________ (attract) anything that has mass.
8. French and English _____________ (speak) in Canada.
9. Dalton's theory __________________ (make) five assumptions about the structure of
matter.
10. Saturn _____________ (surround) by over 1000 rings made of ice and dust.
2 2. .2 2 P Pu ut t t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o t th he e p pa as ss si iv ve e f fo or rm m. .
1. We are doing a project on pollution.
________________________________
2. They are building a new hotel in our town.
________________________________
3. We classify all materials in three groups.
________________________________
4. We usually use copper to make cables.
________________________________
5. We are storing information in the memory cells of the computer.
________________________________
6. He is selling his car for 700 pounds.
________________________________
7. This company employs 200 people.
________________________________
8. She is redecorating her house at the moment.
________________________________
9. This factory manufactures computer hardware.
________________________________
10 They are discussing modern technologies at this symposium.
________________________________
92
U UN NI IT T 1 12 2
A BIT OF HISTORY
Paper, the name, as most people know, comes from the Latin papyrus, which in the hands
of the early Egyptians (its first known users) comprised the pith
of a grass-like plant which was sliced into layers. Then it was
beaten or pressed into sheets. The place of paper in history is
underlined by the fact that most of the works of the Greek and
Roman scholars were written upon it. In Egypt flattened stalks
of papyrus reeds were used as a writing surface.
But paper, as we know it today, had its origins in China.
Traditional Chinese records give the credit for its development, to one T'sai Lun (about 105
AD), who was even identified as the god of papermakers. Samples in the British Museum
indicate that the early Chinese paper was of a very high quality and comparable even with
that of hand made rag paper today. Paper, which was in general use in China nearly 2,000
years ago, was unknown further west until the capture of Chinese prisoners by Arabs in the
eighth century.
The earliest reference to England's first mill was in a book printed by Carton in about 1490
and, in fact, its products were used for an edition of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. (The
picture shows early paper making during this time).
By the end of the 18th century the shortage of raw materials was
great, because the growth of industry increased the demand for
papers of all kinds, both at home and for the growing export
trade. There was more correspondence, the educated classes
bought more books and more account books were required. In
the 18
th
century paper was being used for schoolbooks and
writing. The demand for rags for the manufacture of paper was
enormous. In 1800, 24 million pounds of rags were being used
annually and a good proportion of these were imported from the Continent. A number of
mills were built to satisfy the demand for paper. The quality of hand made paper was
usually high, but the output was low, so constant attempts were being made to replace the
old methods by machinery.
VOCABULARY
a bit-
account books-
annually-
bit-
capture-
come from-
comparable-
comprise-
know-knew-known-
layer-
nearly-
output-
pith-
press (v)-
prisoner-
proportion-
93
correspondence-
deify-
demand (n)-
development-
early-
edition-
educated-
even-
flatten-
further-
general use-
give credit-
god-
grass-like plant
grow-grew-grown-
growth-
hand made-
high quality-
in fact-
increase (v)-
indicate-
rag-
raw material-
records-
reed-
replace-
require -
sample-
satisfy-
scholar-
sheet-
shortage-
slice (v)-
stalk-
surface-
trade-
underlined-
unknown-
user-
west-
work (n)-
Comprehension check
A Ar re e t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s st ta at te em me en nt ts s t tr ru ue e o or r f fa al ls se e. .
1. The name, paper, is actually an Egyptian word.
2. Egyptians made paper by slicing a grass-like plant into layers.
3. Paper was first used in China.
4. Samples of the early Chinese paper are kept in the British Museum.
5. Chinese paper was of a higher quality than hand made rag paper today.
6. Paper was unknown west of China until the eight century.
7. Paper-making in England was first mentioned in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
8. The demand for paper increased because of the growing export trade.
9. In the 19th century, 24 million pounds of rags were used every year.
10. The attempts were made to replace the old methods by machinery in order to improve
the quality of paper.
THE PASSIVE VOICE
The passive voice in English is used when:
a. the subject of the active sentence is unknown
b. the object of the active sentence is more important than the subject
The passive verb is formed by the verbal forms of be and the past participle.
The verb in the past simple passive has the form:
94
WAS / WERE + PAST PARTICIPLE
The verb in the past continuous passive has the following form:
WAS / WERE + + PAST PARTICIPLE


ACTIVE WORD ORDER
People used paper 2,000 years ago.
They were using paper 2,000 years ago.
SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + ADVERBS,ETC.
OBJECT + VERB
(PASSIVE)
+ ADVERBS, ETC. + (BY SUBJECT)
Paper was used 2,000 years ago .
Paper was being used 2,000 years ago
PASSIVE WORD ORDER
EXERCISES
P Pu ut t t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o t th he e p pa as ss si iv ve e f fo or rm m. .
1. Egyptians used flattened stalks of papyrus reeds as a writing surface.
_____________________________________________
2. The Chinese invented paper.
_____________________________________________
3. They were building a number of mills.
_____________________________________________
4. The educated classes were buying more books.
_____________________________________________
5. People required more account books.
_____________________________________________
6. People were using paper for schoolbooks and writing.
_____________________________________________
7. They were importing a good proportion of rags from the continent.
_____________________________________________
8. The growth of industry increased the demand for papers of all kinds.
_____________________________________________
9. They printed Chaucer's Canterbury Tales on the paper made in England's first mill.
_____________________________________________
BEING
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10. They were making efforts to replace the old methods.
_____________________________________________
M Ma ak ke e p pa as ss si iv ve e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g t th he e p pa as ss si iv ve e f fo or rm ms s o of f t th he e v ve er rb bs s g gi iv ve en n i in n t th he e c ce en nt te er r
c co ol lu um mn n. .
The first paper mill in Spain open in 1150
The earliest mill in France build in Herault in 1189
The first paper in Italy produce
in the town of Fabriano in
1260
The first paper in Germany manufacture
in a factory in Nuremberg
in 1389
The first paper in the UK produce
in a mill in Hertfordshire in
1488
Russias first paper mill open in Moscow in 1690
The first paper mill in the
USA build in Pennsylvania in 1690
P Pu ut t t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o t th he e p pa as st t s si im mp pl le e a ac ct ti iv ve e o or r p pa as ss si iv ve e. .
THE STEAM ENGINE
The steam engine _______________ (open) the new industrial era. The first steam cylinder
______________ (construct) in 1690. A lot of improvements _____________ (do) until it
got its final look. The Englishman Newcomen _______________ (reconstruct) it and his
engine _____________ (use) as a pump during the 18th century. But the most important
changes ________________ (make) by James Watt. His engine _____________ (power)
ships, locomotives and various machines. At the beginning of the 20th century, the steam
engine ________________ (replace) by steam turbines and diesel engines.
MUST
The basic uses of the modal MUST are to express:
1. A necessity or strong obligation (You must do it now), when the speaker thinks it is
necessary to do something (I really must go to the meeting).
2. Probability (He must be home now =it is probable that he is at home.)
SHOULD
The basic uses of the modal SHOULD are to express:
1. A duty (I should do my homework = this is my duty)
2. Possibility (He should be home by now = it is possible that he is home)
U Us se e m mu us st t o or r s sh ho ou ul ld d t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s
1. He..(duty) stay here all day.
2. You.(obligation) type this letter now.
96
3. She.(probability) be at the university now.
4. They..(possibility) be at the station by now.
5. You..(obligation) visit us next weekend.
6. There is not much time. We.(necessity) hurry up.
7. She.(strong obligation) stay here.
M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g m mu us st t
1. Can I buy this later? No, you.it now.
2. Can he fix this next week? No, he.it now.
3. Can he buy a newspaper later? No, he.now.
4. Cant we clean our room in the morning? No, you.today.
5. Cant she try the dress another time? No, she.now.
R Re ew wr ri it te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g s sh ho ou ul ld d
1. I dont get up early. You.early.
2. We dont go to bed before midnight. We..to bed earlier.
3. He never helps with the housecleaning. He.with the cleaning.
4. He doesnt always use his common sense. He.his common
sense more often.
5. He never does any work in the garden. He.some work in the
garden.
J Jo oi in n t th he e s se eg gm me en nt ts s t to o m ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s
In Britain quiet because to the dentist
You must be because he it is excellent
She has a toothache you must drive he is sleeping.
We should help him read that book because needs it very much
You must so she must go on the left side of the road
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 12
VOCABULARY
1 1. .1 1 M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s b by y j jo oi in ni in ng g t th he e g gi iv ve en n s se eg gm me en nt ts s
Most of the works indicate that had its origins in China
Paper of the Greek and Roman
scholars
the Latin papyrus
Samples in the British
Museum
comes from were written on paper
The name paper as we know it today the early Chinese paper was
of very high quality
97
1 1. .2 2 U Us se e t th he e N No or rm ma an n G Ge en ni it ti iv ve e t to o j jo oi in n t th he e s su ui it ta ab bl le e w wo or rd ds s f fr ro om m e ea ac ch h r ro ow w
A: stalks, capture, shortage, manufacture, 24 million pounds
OF
B: prisoners, raw materials, papyrus, pounds of rags, paper
1 1. .3 3 F Fi il ll l i in n t th he e m mi is ss si in ng g w wo or rd ds s a an nd d e ex xp pr re es ss si io on ns s
The place of paper in history is underlined by the.(injenica/tny) that
..(veina/tbbsg) the works of the Greek and Roman scholars were written
upon it. .(najraniji / a legkorbbi) reference to Englands first mill was
in a book from 1490. By the end of the 18
th
(vek/szzad) there was more
(dopisivanje/levelezs) and the (obrazovani
ljudi/ tanult emberek) bought more books. A good ..(procenat/szzalk) of
the rags was imported from the Continent. A number of mills were built
to..(zadovoljiti potrebe / kielgteni a szksgleteket) for paper.
The output was low, so ..(stalni pokuaji / lland prblkozsok)
were being made to ...................................(zameniti/felvltani) the old methods by
machinery.
1 1. .4 4 F Fi in nd d t th he e w wo or rd ds s i in n e ea ac ch h c co ol lu um mn n w wh hi ic ch h g go o t to og ge et th he er r
annually cloth
rag machine
deify year
manufacture school
educated god
GRAMMAR
2 2. .1 1 C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g p pa as ss sa ag ge e u us si in ng g t th he e p pa as ss si iv ve e f fo or rm ms s o of f t th he e v ve er rb bs s g gi iv ve en n i in n
b br ra ac ck ke et ts s. .
Most early maps...(print) on strong, thick, paper handmade in France,
Germany, Switzerland, and, after 1610, England; the finest paper came from northern Italy.
The size of paper on which maps....(draw) (determine) by the
size of the printing press. Large maps...(make) by individually printing the
sheets and then gluing them together.
Paper .. first.(make) in Asia about two thousand years ago.
More than a thousand years passed before paper products..(introduce)
into Europe. There, paper...(produce) almost entirely from linen and
cotton rags pulped in water.
2 2. .2 2 M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in n t th he e p pa as st t s si im mp pl le e p pa as ss si iv ve e a an nd d c ch ho oo os se e t th he e a ap pp pr ro op pr ri ia at te e y ye ea ar r f fr ro om m
t th he e b bo ox x b be el lo ow w. .
Example The first subway / open/ in London
The first subway was opened in London in 1863.
98
1. The telephone / patent
2. The first satellite, Sputnik / launch
3. The Eiffel tower / complete
4. The Internet / establish
5. America / discover
6. Tesla's patent rights / sell /to Westinghouse
7. The first atomic bomb / detonate
8. The first Nobel Prizes / award
9. The first television picture / transmit
10. Mount Everest / finally climb
1825 1876 1492 1953 1945 1983 1863 1889 1901 1885 1957
2 2. .3 3 M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g m mu us st t
1. Cant we read these books later? No, younow.
2. Cant she take the exam next month? No, she..this month.
3. Can I call the manager tomorrow? No, youright away.
4. Can they pay for these books later? No, theyfor it today.
5. Cant you organize the meeting some time later? No, we..this week.
2 2. .4 4 R Re ew wr ri it te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g s sh ho ou ul ld d
1. I dont go to the dentist regularly. Ito checkups every year.
2. He eats very little. Hemore.
3. They never lend him any money. Theyhim some money.
4. She never works hard. Sheharder.
5. He doesnt listen to anybody. He .his parents.
U
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1
1
3
3
MAKING PULP FROM WASTE
The use of waste paper has increased greatly worldwide. It has now reached over 85 million
tons in the UK and recyclers have recently anticipated a further increase in the utilization of
recycled paper.
As forests in the UK account for only 10 per cent of the total land area compared with 25 to
80 percent elsewhere in Europe, waste paper has been the backbone of the UK paper
industry for many years. It has been an essential resource and at present represents 55% of
the fibre used by the UK paper industry.
99
Utilising waste paper has had great economic
and environmental benefits.
The recovery of waste paper begins with its
collection. It is then sorted by hand into some
10 different groups of paper, all suitable for
different tasks. It is much more efficient if
paper is separated at source and this in fact is
what the public is doing by depositing their
newspapers and magazines in special
supermarket skips. Office paper recycling has
become more common and employers have
installed special bins in offices so that the 'non-
recyclables', such as envelopes and fax papers,
can be separated from other valuable office
papers.
So far, paper recyclers have not been able to
create a perfect cycle. They have not succeeded
in finding a method which allows paper to be
made, used and then made again. To make
long-lasting paper they add new fibres to the
cycle to replace exhausted fibres (see diagram).
Unfortunately, paper recycling has never been
a panacea for the environment. It is, too an
industrial process, with environmental
implications which waste paper mills (like all
industry) have always wanted to minimize.
VOCABULARY
be able to-
account for-
allow-
anticipate-
area-
at source-
backbone-
begin-began-begun-
benefit-
bin-
collection-
compared with-
create-
deposit (v)
different-
efficient-
employer-
increase-
long-lasting
minimize-
panacea-
per cent-
public (n)-
pulp-
reach-
recently-
recovery-
recycler-
represent-
resource-
skip (n)-
so far-
sort (v)-
succeed-
100
envelope-
environment-
essential-
exhausted fibre-
find-found-found-
further-
greatly-
implication-
in fact-
such as-
suitable-
task-
unfortunately-
valuable-
want-
waste-
worldwide-
Comprehension check
C Ch ho oo os se e t th he e c co or rr re ec ct t e en nd di in ng g. .
1. Recyclers think that ,in the future, the use of paper will
a) increase
b) reach over 85 million tons
c) stay the same as now
2. The total land area covered by forests in the UK is
a) the same as elsewhere in Europe
b) larger than elsewhere in Europe
c) smaller than elsewhere in Europe
3. To make paper, UK industry uses mostly
a) forests as essential resources
b) imported fibres
c) waste paper
4. The use of waste paper has been
a) bad for the environment and the economy
b) good for the environment and the economy
c) good for the environment but bad for the industry
5. It is better to
a) first sort the paper and then collect it
b) first collect the paper and then sort it
c) first divide it into 10 groups
6. Envelopes and fax papers
a) are valuable office papers
b) are used for recycling
c) are not used for recycling
7. Paper recyclers use
a) only recycled paper to make long-lasting paper
b) both old and new fibres
c) special method to replace exhausted fibres
8. Paper recycling
a) has minimized pollution
b) is a good solution for many environmental problems
c) is not so good solution for environmental problems
101
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
The present perfect tense is formed by the auxiliaries have or has and the past participle
of the verb required. The interrogative is formed by inversion, that is changing the word
order of the subject and the auxiliary verb. In the negative we add 'not' to the auxiliary verb.
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I have worked 1 we have worked
2 you have worked 2 you have worked
3 he/she/it has worked 3 they have worked
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 have I worked? 1 have we worked?
2 have you worked? 2 have you worked?
3 has he/she/it worked? 3 have they worked?
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I have not worked 1 we have not worked
2 you have not worked 2 you have not worked
3 he/she/it has not worked 3 they have not worked
USE:
1. We use the present perfect tense to express an action that happened at an indefinite time
in the past (we do not know when or it is not important when). For example: I have lost my
bag.
2. We also use the present perfect tense if the action was finished in the past but has some
connection (often a result) in the present. For example: We must go on foot because my car
has broken down.
3. We often use the present perfect with adverbs such as: ever, never, yet, already, just,
lately, recently, and since.
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THE PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE


ACTIVE WORD ORDER
Employers have installed bins in offices.
SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + ADVERBS,ETC.
OBJECT + VERB
(PASSIVE)
+ ADVERBS, ETC. + (BY SUBJECT)
Bins have been installed in offices.
PASSIVE WORD ORDER
U Us se e t th he e p pr re es se en nt t p pe er rf fe ec ct t t te en ns se e t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s. .
1. I ____________ (be) to Italy four times but I ______________ (not be) to Rome.
2. He has some money. He ___________ (just / come) back from the bank.
3. I _____________ (write) four e-mails but I ___________ (not send) them yet.
4. __________ you ____________ (see) Tom today?
5. This year, his company ____________ (not make) a profit.
6. I _____________ (have) a few problems with the car.
7. __________ you ever ____________ (fly) in a plane?
8. We ________ already __________ (hear) the news.
9. We live in the same street but I ________ never ________ (speak) to them.
P Pu ut t t th he e v ve er rb bs s i in n b br ra ac ck ke et ts s i in n t th he e c co or rr re ec ct t f fo or rm m, , p pr re es se en nt t p pe er rf fe ec ct t o or r p pa as st t s si im mp pl le e. .
1. A new factory _________________ (just / open) in the town.
2. She _______________ (live) in London all her life.
3. She _______________ (live) in London two years ago but then she ____________
(move) to Paris.
4. I can't see anything. Somebody ______________(turn off) the light.
5. We _______________ (not find) a suitable person for the job yet.
6. Somebody ____________ (tighten) the screws. They are not loose any more.
7. I __________ (call) you last night but nobody ____________ (answer) the phone.
8. We _____________ (buy) a new computer two weeks ago but I ____________ (not
learn) how to use it yet.
9. I ______________ (put on) weight. These trousers don't fit me.
10. I _____________ (study) English at school but now I ___________ (forget) most of it.
P Pu ut t t th he e v ve er rb bs s i in n t th he e p pr re es se en nt t p pe er rf fe ec ct t p pa as ss si iv ve e. .
1. Planets __________________ (photograph) in recent decades.
2. Space stations _______________ (place) in orbit.
3. Fossil fuels ______________ (use) for a long time.
4. The power of water ________________ (utilize) for years.
103
5. Nine planets ________________ (discover) in our solar system.
6. The business _________________ (take over) by the new company.
7. The world ___________________ (change) a lot by information technology.
8. The new network _______________ (install) at last.
M Ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in n t th he e p pr re es se en nt t p pe er rf fe ec ct t p pa as ss si iv ve e f fr ro om m t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se eg gm me en nt ts s. .
1. several articles on this topic / publish / in the local newspaper / so far.
_______________________________________
2. the meeting / cancel / just
_______________________________________
3. a new kind of computer software / invent / recently
_______________________________________
4. the book / send / already / to you
_______________________________________
5. modern teaching technique / use / in our school / for several years
_______________________________________
6. the exam papers / not / mark / yet
_______________________________________
7. all the documents / destroy / in the fire
_______________________________________
8. this book / translate / in English
_______________________________________
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 13
VOCABULARY
1 1. .1 1 M Ma at tc ch h t th he e s sy yn no on ny ym ms s i in n t th he e t tw wo o c co ol lu um mn ns s
anticipate use
different come to
essential not long ago
reach basic
recently various
utilize wait for, look forward to
1 1. .2 2 W Wh ha at t d do o t th he e u un nd de er rl li in ne ed d w wo or rd ds s m me ea an n i in n t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s? ?
1) Waste paper has been the backbone of the UK paper industry for many years.
a) the least important thing
b) the main strength or support
c) the major problem
d) the total amount of production
2) Utilizing waste paper has had great economical and environmental benefits.
a) strengths b) support c) advantages d) results
104
3) They have not succeeded in finding the method of which allows paper to be made, used
and then made again.
a) managed/permits b) been successful/creates c) permitted/lets d) resulted/has
4) So far, paper recyclers have not been able to find a perfect cycle.
a) in the past/might b) far away/could not c) till now/could not d) up to the present
time/may
1 1. .3 3 C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g p pa as ss sa ag ge e b by y p pu ut tt ti in ng g t th he e a ap pp pr ro op pr ri ia at te e w wo or rd d ( (g gi iv ve en n i in n
b br ra ac ck ke et ts s) ) i in n t th he e g ga ap ps s ( (c co om mp pa ar re ed d w wi it th h, , h ha as s i in nc cr re ea as se ed d, , e el ls se ew wh he er re e, , a a f fu ur rt th he er r, , b be eg gi in ns s, ,
a ac cc co ou un nt t f fo or r, , r re ec co ov ve er ry y) )
The use of waste paper .. greatly worldwide. Recyclers have recently
anticipated ..increase in the utilization of recycled paper. Forests of the
UK .only 10 percent for the total land area25 or
80 percent in Europe. The .of waste paper
with its collection.
1 1. .4 4 J Jo oi in n t th he es se e s se eg gm me en nt ts s i in n t th he e t ta ab bl le e
add in old newspapers recycling paper
separate from a perfect method supermarket skips
deposit new fibres to
other valuable office
papers
find envelopes and fax
papers for exhausted fibres
1 1. .5 5 F Fi in nd d a a s sy yn no on ny ym m o or r e ex xp pl la an na at ti io on n f fo or r t th he es se e w wo or rd ds s b by y c ch ho oo os si in ng g o on ne e o of f t th he e f fo ou ur r g gi iv ve en n
a al lt te er rn na at ti iv ve e c ch ho oi ic ce es s ( (a a, , b b, , c c, , o or r d d) )
A panacea is a) a hope b) a resource c) a process d) a remedy or solution
Separate is opposite of a) join b) divide c) make d) basic
Increase means to a) put in b) reach c) get d) make larger or bigger
'To sort means to a) treat b) account for c) group or classify d) treat and make
Valuable means a) having a high value b) being strong c) making profit d) getting old
GRAMMAR
2 2. .1 1 A Ar re e t th he e u un nd de er rl li in ne ed d v ve er rb bs s r ri ig gh ht t o or r w wr ro on ng g? ? C Co or rr re ec ct t t th he e v ve er rb bs s t th ha at t a ar re e w wr ro on ng g. .
1. Dalton has proposed an atomic theory in 1805.
2. I have lost your address. I can't find it anywhere.
3. She hasn't come to the meeting yesterday.
4. Tesla has been a famous inventor who has constructed the first induction motor.
5. Look! Somebody has broken the window.
105
6. Where have you been yesterday morning?
7. He hasn't written to me since October.
8. The Chinese have used paper nearly 2000 years ago.
9. He has told me his address but I have forgotten it.
2 2. .2 2 T Tu ur rn n t th he e a ac ct ti iv ve e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o p pa as ss si iv ve e a an nd d p pa as ss si iv ve e i in nt to o a ac ct ti iv ve e. .
1. Somebody has fixed the light in the hall.
_________________________________
2. The company has rejected the workers' demands.
_________________________________
3. The wrong address has been given to us.
_________________________________
4. The contract hasn't been signed yet.
_________________________________
5. He has replaced the faulty spark plug.
_________________________________
6. They have put a new computer game on the market.
_________________________________
7. The project has been abandoned because of financial problems.
_________________________________
8. The students have just completed the course.
_________________________________
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1
1
4
4
LIVING IN THE SKIES
Imagine a building one third of the height of Mount Everest built by robots and containing
a whole city. Imagine you can walk out of your front door in a T-shirt and shorts on a cold
winter's day and take a lift down 500 floors to school. Imagine you can see the sea a mile
below you. Imagine you can never open a window.
If Japanese architects find enough money for their project, in the 21st century you will
be able to live in a building like that. Mr. Obayashi has designed a two-kilometre high
building, Aeropolis, which will stand right in the middle of Tokyo Bay. Over 300,000
people will live in it. It will be 500 floors high, and in special lifts it will take just 15
minutes to get from top to bottom. Restaurants, offices, flats, cinemas, schools, hospitals,
and post offices will all be just a few lift stops away. According to the architects Aeropolis
will be the first "city to touch the skies".
At the end of this century Tokyo will have a population of over 15 million people and there
is not enough land for so many people in Japan. Japanese architects are going to start doing
tests to find the best place to build Aeropolis. They hope people will like to live on the
500th floor. They are going to have "green floors" where children can play and office
workers can eat their lunch break sandwiches. If there is a fire, it will be put out by robots.
Architects hope they will get the money to build it.
106
VOCABULARY
according to-
architect-
at the end-
bay-
be able to-
below-
bottom-
building-
cinema-
contain-
design (v)-
eat-ate-eaten-
enough-
find-found-found-
fire-
flat-
floor-
front door-
get-got-got-
height-
high-
hope(v)-
hospital-
imagine-
lift stop-
live-
lunch break-
one third-
over-
population-
post office-
put out-
right in the middle of-
sea-
see-saw-seen-
shorts-
sky-
stand-stood-stood-
take-took-taken-
the best-
top-
touch-
T-shirt-
walk out-
whole-
winter-
Comprehension check
C Ch ho oo os se e t th he e a ap pp pr ro op pr ri ia at te e w wo or rd d t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th he e p pa as ss sa ag ge e. .
One day over 300,000 people _________ live in a building one ________ the height of
Mount Everest. Japanese architects have already __________ such a building. It will have
500 ________ and you will be able to go from __________________ in just 15 minutes.
This building will __________ a whole city, including ___________ , ___________ ,
schools etc. There will also be "green floors" where workers can eat their ___________
sandwiches. A possible fire will be _________ by robots. This ____________ high
building will be built ______________ Tokyo Bay.
THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
The future simple tense is formed by the auxiliaries 'shall' or 'will' and the infinitive of
the verb required. The interrogative is formed by inversion, that is changing the word order
107
of the subject and the auxiliary verb. The negative is formed by adding 'not' to the
auxiliary verb.
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I shall / will work 1 we shall / will work
2 you will work 2 you will work
3 he/she/it will work 3 they will work
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 shall / will I work? 1 shall / will we work?
2 will you work? 2 will you work?
3 will he/she/it work? 3 will they work?
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I shall / will not work 1 we shall / will not work
2 you will not work 2 you will not work
3 he/she/it will not work 3 they will not work
USE:
1. We use the future simple tense to express intention at the moment of decision. For
example: It is cold here. I shall turn on the heater.
2. We use the future simple tense to make predictions about the future.
For example: The lift will break down.
THE FUTURE SIMPLE PASSIVE


ACTIVE WORD ORDER

They will sell these cars in Germany
SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + ADVERBS,ETC.
OBJECT + VERB
(PASSIVE)
+ ADVERBS, ETC. + (BY SUBJECT)
These cars will be sold in Germany
PASSIVE WORD ORDER
THE 'GOING TO' FUTURE TENSE
The 'going to' future tense is formed by the auxiliaries 'am', 'is' or 'are' + 'going to' and
the infinitive of the verb required. The interrogative is formed by inversion, that is changing
108
the word order of the subject and the auxiliary verb. The negative is formed by adding 'not'
to the auxiliary verb.
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I am going to work 1 we are going to work
2 you are going to work 2 you are going to work
3 he/she/it is going to work 3 they are going to work
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 am I going to work? 1 are we going to work?
2 are you going to work? 2 are you going towork?
3 is he/she/it going to work? 3 are they going to work?
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I am not going to work 1 we are not going to work
2 you are not going to work 2 you are not going to work
3 he/she/it is not going to work 3 they are not going to work
USE:
1. We use the 'going to' future tense to express actions that have been planned or decided
earlier. For example: I am going to buy a house.
THE 'GOING TO' FUTURE PASSIVE


ACTIVE WORD ORDER

They are going to sell these cars in Germany
SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + ADVERBS,ETC.
OBJECT + VERB
(PASSIVE)
+ ADVERBS, ETC. + (BY SUBJECT)
These cars are going to be sold in Germany
PASSIVE WORD ORDER
P Pu ut t t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in n t th he e s sh ha al ll l / / w wi il ll l f fu ut tu ur re e. .
The readers of a magazine were asked to make predictions about the future. Here are some
of the results:
109
1. Robots _______________ (do) people's jobs.
2. Nobody _______________ (use) cash any more. People _____________ (use) credit
cards.
3. Trees _______________ (die) because of acid rain.
4. There ______________ (not be) any more illnesses.
5. People ______________ (live) in space.
6. Cars ________________ (use) water instead of gas.
7. People _______________ (not eat) animals any more.
8. Every home ____________ (have) a computer.
M Ma at tc ch h a a c co ou un nt tr ry y o or r a a c ci it ty y w wi it th h a an n a ac ct ti iv vi it ty y a an nd d t th he en n m ma ak ke e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g t th he e ' 'g go oi in ng g
t to o' ' f fu ut tu ur re e. .
Kenya visit the pyramids
China watch Flamenco dancing
Norway sunbathe on the Copacabana beach
Egypt drink whiskey
Rio swim in the Pacific Ocean
Italy take photographs of the lions
USA see the midnight sun
Scotland eat pasta
Spain walk along the Great Wall
Hawaii drive through the Grand Canyon
1. I __________________________________ in Kenya.
2. They _______________________________ in Egypt.
3. He ________________________________ in Scotland.
4. We ________________________________ in USA.
5. I __________________________________ in Hawaii.
6. We ________________________________ in Italy.
7. She ________________________________ in China.
8. They _______________________________ in Norway.
9. He _________________________________ in Spain.
10. We _______________________________ in Rio.
C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g a a f fu ut tu ur re e f fo or rm m( (' 'g go oi in ng g t to o' ' o or r s sh ha al ll l/ /w wi il ll l f fu ut tu ur re e) )
1. "Did you phone her?" "No. I forgot. I ___________ (phone) her now."
2. It is getting a bit dark. I ____________ (turn on) the light.
3. " We can't come tonight. We ________________ (watch) football on television." " Ok,
than I ____________ (come) and watch it with you.
4. "I have a headache." "Wait a minute. I _______________ (bring) you an aspirin."
5. We _________________ (see) a play tonight. Tom has already bought the tickets.
P Pu ut t t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o t th he e p pa as ss si iv ve e f fo or rm m. .
1. This factory will introduce new technologies in the production process.
__________________________________________________
2. They are going to finance the construction of Aeropolis.
__________________________________________________
3. Architects are going to do tests to find the best place for Aeropolis.
110
__________________________________________________
4. Workers will eat their lunch break sandwiches on "green floors".
__________________________________________________
5. Robots will build a two kilometre high building.
__________________________________________________
6. Foreign investors are going to give them money for their project.
__________________________________________________
7. The use of hydrogen instead of petrol will solve the problem of air pollution.
__________________________________________________
8. They will import these machines from Germany.
__________________________________________________
U Us se e s sh ha al ll l / / w wi il ll l f fu ut tu ur re e a ac ct ti iv ve e o or r p pa as ss si iv ve e t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th hi is s p pa as ss sa ag ge e. .
LIFE IN SPACE
According to the scientists working in NASA, people will be able to live in space in the
future. They ___________ (live) in a gigantic wheel more than 400 feet in diameter. The
wheel ___________ (spin) gently once a minute. The spin __________ (produce) a force of
gravity. The day-length ____________ (control). The sunlight ___________ (direct) into
the wheel by a number of mirrors. The farms ________________ (arrange) in terraces. The
population ___________ (fix) at about 10,000 people. About 44 square metres of
vegetables _____________ (need) for each person. The whole settlement ____________
(place) on the Moon's orbit around the Earth.
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 14
VOCABULARY
1 1. .1 1 T Tr ra an ns sl la at te e t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g p ph hr ra as se es s i in nt to o S Se er rb bi ia an n o or r H Hu un ng ga ar ri ia an n
1) The sea a mile below you
2) Right in the middle of the bay
3) According to the architects
4) Just a few miles away
5) Find enough money for their project
1 1. .2 2 F Fi in nd d t th he e c co or rr re es sp po on nd di in ng g s sy yn no on ny ym ms s i in n t th he e t ta ab bl le e
design under
below elevator
lift sufficient
start construct
enough begin
1 1. .3 3 M Ma ak ke e n no ou un ns s f fr ro om m t th he e w wo or rd ds s g gi iv ve en n b be el lo ow w
High .
Design .
111
Build .
Work .
Live .
1 1. .4 4 P Pu ut t t th he e s su ui it ta ab bl le e p pr re ep po os si it ti io on n t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th he es se e p ph hr ra as se es s
Walk.of the front door ; Stand right ..the middle of the bay; To get ..the
bottom the top ;
1 1. .5 5 W Wr ri it te e t th he e c co or rr re es sp po on nd di in ng g E En ng gl li is sh h w wo or rd ds s i in n t th he e t ta ab bl le e
sprat emelet
dovoljno elegend
dodirnuti megrinteni
ulazna vrata bejrati ajt
1 1. .6 6 J Jo oi in n t th he e w wo or rd ds s i in n t th he e t tw wo o c co ol lu um mn ns s
take a window
eat a lift
put out the money
get a sandwich
open a fire
1 1. .7 7 C Co or rr re ec ct t t th he e s sp pe el ll li in ng g m mi is st ta ak ke es s i in n t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s
1) Imegin thet you can never opene an windov.

2) Restorantes, ofices, flets, cinemmas, shools, hospitals, and post ofices wil bee just a few
lift stops avay.

3) They hope people wil like to liwe on the 500

th
floor.

4) Arhitects are going to start doeing tests to find the best place to bild Aeropolis.

GRAMMAR
2 2. .1 1 U Us se e s sh ha al ll l / / w wi il ll l f fu ut tu ur re e t to o c co om mp pl le et te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s. .
According to the scientists, we ________________ (use) flying cars in the next few
decades. The so called "Skycar" _______________(take off) and land vertically. It
_____________ (have) the mobility of a helicopter or airplane. Satellites _____________
(control) the navigation system. It ____________ (reach) the speeds of 644 kilometers per
hour and ______________ (cruise) at around 563 kilometers per hour. It _____________
(use) gasoline, diesel, alcohol, kerosene and propane as fuel. In case of an accident, the
vehicle _______________(release) a parachute The initial cost of a Skycar
____________(be) about $1 million but once the mass production begins, the price
_____________ (come down) to $60,000.
112
2 2. .2 2 C Co om mp pl le et te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g a a f fu ut tu ur re e f fo or rm m( (' 'g go oi in ng g t to o' ' o or r s sh ha al ll l/ /w wi il ll l f fu ut tu ur re e) )
1. "Why are you turning on the television?" "I _________________ (watch) the news."
2. "Is John home?" "Just a moment. I _____________ (get) him."
3. "I hear Mary has won some money. What ______ she_____________ (do) with it?"
"She ___________________ (buy) a new car."
4. "Have a nice holiday." "Thanks. We ________________ (send) you a postcard."
5. "Has he decided what to do when he leaves school?" "Yes. First he ______________
(have) a long holiday and then he ________________ (take) a computer programming
course.
2 2. .3 3 P Pu ut t t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o t th he e p pa as ss si iv ve e f fo or rm m. .
1. We are going to finish the report by Tuesday.
_______________________________________
2. The workers will check these cables tomorrow.
_______________________________________
3. They are going to test the invention this week.
_______________________________________
4. They will manufacture high quality equipment in their new factory.
_______________________________________
5. We will send you additional information by mail.
_______________________________________
6. They are going to reduce the number of workers by half.
_______________________________________
2 2. .3 3 P Pu ut t t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o t th he e a ac ct ti iv ve e f fo or rm m. .
1. A new paper mill is going to be built in our town.
_______________________________________
2. The new product will be advertised on TV.
_______________________________________
3. This book is going to be printed in England.
_______________________________________
4. The old methods are going to be replaced by the use of machines.
_______________________________________
5. Raw material will be sold to western countries.
_______________________________________
6. Their latest project will be presented at the next exposition.
_______________________________________
113
U UN NI IT T 1 13 3
THE CHANNEL TUNNEL
Albert Mathieu-Favier had put forward a serious plan for an undersea tunnel long before
the building actually started. Faviers idea was a tunnel under the Channel ventilated by
huge chimneys. The first real attempt was made almost 75 years later. A boring machine
had made a tunnel of 1.85 km when the works were stopped for fear of invasion. In 1981
Britain and France decided to build a link between the two countries. By 1985 contractors
had submitted 9 plans of which four were chosen for further studies. As road tunnels would
present enormous ventilation problems, it was decided to build a rail tunnel. The rock
beneath the Straits of Dover appeared ideal for tunnelling. The first tunnel had been made
in the 1880s in a layer of chalk and clay and was reopened a century later. It appeared to be
still dry and in good condition. Three properties make this mixture of chalk and clay an
excellent type of soil for boring a tunnel. Firstly it is more or less waterproof. Secondly, it
is soft and can be cut relatively easily. Thirdly, it is strong enough to avoid collapsing as it
is unlikely to crack and crumble. In fact, there are three tunnels. The northern one is for
trains from Britain to France and the southern one for trains in the opposite direction. These
two main tunnels have a diameter of 7.6 m. Between them is a smaller tunnel. This 4.8-
meter-diameter service tunnel acted as a pilot for the two main tunnels. As the tunnel was
being bored from both sides, it was essential to advance in the right direction. This was
achieved by using a computerized laser guidance system. The laser technology proved to be
successful when two miners cut through the last few inches of chalk in the service tunnel
and shook hands to establish the first land connection between Britain and Mainland
Europe on Saturday 1 December 1990. Five years after the tunnel had been officially
opened by the British and French heads of state it became fully operational.
VOCABULARY
achieve
act (V)
actually
advance (V)
almost
appear
attempt
avoid
beneath
bore
boring machine
both
chalk -
chimney -
choose-chose-chosen-
clay
collapse (V) -
further
guidance system
head of state
huge
land connection
link (N)
main tunnel
miner
mixture
more or less
northern
officially
opposite direction
property -
prove
put forward a plan
rail tunnel
114
contractor
crack (V)
crumble (V)
cut-cut-cut
dry
easily
enough
essential
establish
excellent
fear (N)
fully operational -
reopen
road tunnel
rock (N)
shake hands
soil
southern
still
submit
successful
under
undersea
unlikely
Comprehension check
C Ch ho oo os se e t th he e c co or rr re ec ct t e en nd di in ng g. .
1. The works on the first tunnel
a) started as soon as Favier submitted a plan
b) stopped after a tunnel of 1.85 km was made
c) stopped when the invasion started
2. By 1985,
a) a decision was made to link Britain and France with a tunnel
b) nine plans were chosen for further study
c) nine plans were put forward by constructors
3. A road tunnel
a) was built beneath the Straits of Dover
b) wasn't built because of ventilation problems
c) was made in a layer of chalk and clay
4. The mixture of chalk and clay
a) is strong and doesn't crack
b) more or less permits water to pass through
c) is strong and difficult to cut
5. The southern tunnel is
a) the same in size as the norhtern one
b) smaller than the northern one
c) used for trains from Britain to France
6. The smallest tunnel
a) has a diameter of 7.6 m
b) is inbetween the two main tunnels
c) is a road tunnel
7. On Saturday 1 December 1990
a) the tunnel became fully operational
b) the tunnel was officially opened
c) miners cut through the last few inches of chalk in the service tunnel
115
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
The past perfect tense is formed by the auxiliaries had and the past participle of the verb
required. The interrogative and negative are formed by inversion, that is changing the word
order of the subject and the auxiliary verb.
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I had worked 1 we had worked
2 you had worked 2 you had worked
3 he/she/it had worked 3 they had worked
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 had I worked? 1 had we worked?
2 had you worked? 2 had you worked?
3 had he/she/it worked? 3 had they worked?
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I had not worked 1 we had not worked
2 you had not worked 2 you had not worked
3 he/she/it had not worked 3 they had not worked
USE:
1. We use the past perfect tense to express an action that happened before another past
action. For example: I was hungry because I had not eaten all day.
2. We also use the past perfect tense in compound sentences with 'before' and 'after'. For
example: He had closed all the windows before he left the house./ He called me after he
had unpacked.
THE PAST PERFECT PASSIVE


ACTIVE WORD ORDER

They had opened a tunnel in Britain
SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + ADVERBS,ETC.
OBJECT + VERB
(PASSIVE)
+ ADVERBS, ETC. + (BY SUBJECT)
A tunnel had been opened in Britain.
PASSIVE WORD ORDER
116
U Us se e t th he e p pa as st t p pe er rf fe ec ct t t te en ns se e t to o f fi il ll l t th he e g ga ap ps s. .
1. When she arrived at the office, her boss wasn't there. He _____________ (go) home.
2. She didn't come to the theatre with us because she _____ already _______ (see) that
play.
3. I invited her to the party but she couldn't come. She ______________ (make) other
plans.
4. I offered him a cup of coffee but he refused. He _______ already ___________ (drink)
two cups at home.
5. Last year we went to London for the first time. We ______________ (not be) there
before.
6. They arrived late at the cinema last night. By the time they got there, the film
______________ (begin).
7. Tom finally found a job. He _______________ (be) unemployed for months.
8. I ________________________ (spend) all my money on clothes so I borrowed some
from a friend.
U Us se e t th he e p pa as st t p pe er rf fe ec ct t a an nd d p pa as st t s si im mp pl le e i in n t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s. .
1. After the children ________________ (go) to bed, we _____________ (watch)
television.
2. Before he ____________ (enter) the country the customs officer ___________ (check)
his luggage.
3. After I _________________ (have) lunch, I ______________ (go) to work.
4. He _____________ (read) the whole contract, before he ______________ (sign) it.
5. Leonardo da Vinci _____________ (design) the flying machine 400 years before the first
one __________ (fly).
6. He _____________ (go) home after he _____________ (give) his workers the necessary
instructions.
7. We were driving along the road when we _____________ (see) a car which
______________ (break) down, so we ______________ (stop) to help them.
8. We _____________ (arrive) at work in the morning and ______________ (find out) that
somebody _____________ (break into) the office during the night.
9. He ________________ (not give) me the book because he ______________ (forget) it at
home.
10. She _________________ (learn) a lot about Canada before she actually ____________
(go) there.
P Pu ut t t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s i in nt to o t th he e p pa as ss si iv ve e f fo or rm m. .
1. Albert Mathieu-Favier had put forward a serious plan for an undersea tunnel.
_______________________________________________
2. A boring machine had made a tunnel of 1.85 km.
_______________________________________________
3. Contractors had submitted 9 plans.
_______________________________________________
4. They had chosen four plans for further studies.
_______________________________________________
5. They had cut this mixture of chalk and clay relatively easy.
_______________________________________________
117
6. They had built three tunnels.
_______________________________________________
7. They had used laser technology to guide them in the right direction.
_______________________________________________
8. They had established the first land connection between Britain and Mainland Europe.
_______________________________________________
9. British and French heads of state had officially opened the tunnel.
_______________________________________________
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 15
VOCABULARY
1 1. .1 1 J Jo oi in n t th he e s sy yn no on ny ym ms s
essential establish connection opposite main bore
basic make link not the same major drill
1 1. .2 2 F Fi il ll l i in n t th he e m mi is ss si in ng g f fo or rm ms s
official - ..(zvanino/hivatalosan)
small tunnel ..................................................(manji tunel/kisebb alagt)
computer sytem ..................................................(kompjuterizovani sistem/
kompjterizlt rendszer)
open - .................................................(ponovo otvoren/
jra megnyitni)
north tunnel- .................................................(severni/szaki)
like - .................................................(verovatno/valsznleg)
1 1. .3 3 F Fi il ll l i in n t th he e m mi is ss si in ng g w wo or rd ds s
The rocks(ispod/alatt) the Straits of Dover.(inile
su se/ gy tntek) ideal for tunnelling. The 1880s tunnel was made in a
(sloj / rteg) of chalk and ..(glina / agyag). When it was
reopened a (vek / szzad) later it appeared to be still
..(suv / szraz) and in good condition. Three properties make this
(meavina / keverk) of chalk and clay an excellent type of soil for
boring a tunnel. Firstly it is(manje vie / tbb kevsb)
waterproof. Secondly, it is ..(mekana / puha) and can be cut relatively
..(lako / knnyen). Thirdly, it is(dovoljno jaka / elgg
ers) to .(izbei / elkerlni) collapsing as it is unlikely to crack and
crumble. (u stvari / valjban), there are three tunnels.
1 1. .4 4 F Fi il ll l i in n t th he e t ta ab bl le e w wi it th h t th he e s su ui it ta ab bl le e
connection from the two main tunnel
mixture between chalk and clay
a pilot for Britain to France
trains of Britain and Mainland
118
GRAMMAR
2 2. .1 1 U Us se e t th he e p pa as st t p pe er rf fe ec ct t t te en ns se e t to o f fi il ll l t th he e g ga ap ps s. .
1. They didn't laugh at my joke. They ________________ (hear) it before.
2. She was very nervous before the competition. She ______________ (not compete)
before.
3. He couldn't pay the bill. Somebody _________________ (steal) his wallet.
4. It wasn't his first game of football. He ______________ (play) many times before.
5. She couldn't get into her house. She _______________ (lose) her key.
6. The car was very dirty. I _____________ (not wash) it for weeks.
2 2. .2 2 J Jo oi in n t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s w wi it th h a af ft te er r o or r b be ef fo or re e. .
1. The meeting started. He came later.
______________________________________
2. You told me about that film. I went to see it.
______________________________________
3. She studied English. Then she went to England.
______________________________________
4. He graduated. He started looking for a job.
______________________________________
5. She came home from school. She called her friends.
______________________________________
6. I arrived at the station. The train already left.
______________________________________
7. She bought a car. She passed her driving test.
______________________________________
8. He tried to repair the car himself. He called a mechanic.
______________________________________
2 2. .3 3 T Tu ur rn n t th he e v ve er rb bs s t th ha at t a ar re e i in n t th he e p pa as st t p pe er rf fe ec ct t t te en ns se e i in nt to o t th he e p pa as st t p pe er rf fe ec ct t p pa as ss si iv ve e. .
1. People had used candles before electricity was found.
__________________________________________ .
2. He had repaired the TV set before he went to work.
_________________________________________ .
3. The students had switched off all the computers before they left the classroom.
_______________________________________________________________ .
4. After they had checked every piece of information, they published the article.
__________________________________________________ .
5. As soon as they had analysed all the facts, a new theory was postulated.
_________________________________________________________ .
6. They had written down everything before the end of the class.
_________________________________________________ .
7. After the students had finished the test, the teacher started correcting mistakes.
______________________________________________________________ .
119
REVISION
C Co or rr re ec ct t t th he e f fo ol ll lo ow wi in ng g s se en nt te en nc ce es s. .
1. Light is travelling more quickly than sound.
2. How much students work on this project.
3. Why you want to learn English?
4. They haven't never been to London.
5. We have seen her two years ago in New York.
6. He finished paint the house.
7. She didn't talk to him recently.
8. My brother drives careful.
9. Which is the most high mountain in the world?
10. Before we went to the cinema, we had dinner.
11.Edison became one of the speedyest telegraphists.
12. The demand for these computers are enormous.
13. This exercise is most difficult in the book.
14. Are they many students in your class?
15. I don't have some money.
16. They are going have a test next week.
17. These car is very expensive.
18. Electrons's movement is electric current.
19. The resistence of some alloys fall at low temperature.
C Ch ho oo os se e t th he e c co or rr re ec ct t s so ol lu ut ti io on n. .
1. How many people ........................... in this factory?
a) does work b) is working c) do work d) work
2. I enjoy ..................... to the exposition.
a) to go b) going c) go
3. .............. Philippines are in ................ Pacific Ocean.
a) the , - b) - , the c) the , the d) - , -
4. Nobody .......................... me the truth.
a) didn't tell b) tell c) didn't told d) told
5. They went home after they .................... the film.
a) saw b) had seen c) have seen d) did see
6. I ..................... in my room when the phone rang.
a) was studying b) studied c)studying d) were studying
7. We .................... from him lately.
a) didn't hear b) hadn't heard c) haven't heard d) wasn't hearing
8. When ....................... your patent?
a) you sold b) did you sell c) sold you d) did you sold
9. Physics .................... at this school.
a) is taught b) taught c) are taught d) teaches
10. I haven't seen him ................. three years.
a) since b) for c) from d) before
11. I need .................... about this university.
a) few information b) few informations c) a few informations d) a few information
120
12. .................... haven't been analysed yet.
a) this phenomenon b) this phenomena c) these phenomena d) these phenomenon
R Re ew wr ri it te e t th he es se e s se en nt te en nc ce es s u us si in ng g m mu us st t o or r s sh ho ou ul ld d
1. It is your duty to study hard.
.
2. It is necessary for you to come and visit us.
.
3. It is probable that he is at work now.
.
4. It is her duty to slow down at the stop light.
.
5. It is our obligation to work hard.
.
6. We invite you to come to our party.
.
7. It is his duty to drive slow.
.
8. It is necessary for us to run home.
.
9. It is possible that he is at London airport now.
.
10. It is your obligation to wear a suit at the party.
.
M Ma ak ke e w wh h- -q qu ue es st ti io on ns s f fo or r t th he e u un nd de er rl li in ne ed d p pa ar rt ts s o of f s sp pe ee ec ch h. .
1. Some substances provide an easy path for an electric current.
________________________________________________.
________________________________________________.
2. Their company is going to build a new paper mill.
________________________________________________.
________________________________________________.
3. Paper was in general use in China nearly 2,000 years ago.
________________________________________________.
________________________________________________.
4. Edison was doing experiments on the train.
________________________________________________.
________________________________________________.
5. The resistance of some metals steadily decreases when their temperature is lowered.
________________________________________________.
________________________________________________.
6. Flying cars will cruise at around 563 kilometers per hour.
________________________________________________.
________________________________________________.
7. Contractors submitted nine plans for an undersea tunnel by 1985.
________________________________________________.
________________________________________________.
121
8. Conductors release electrons easily.
________________________________________________.
________________________________________________.
P Pu ut t t th he e v ve er rb bs s i in n t th he e p pa as ss si iv ve e f fo or rm m. . U Us se e t th he e t te en ns se e g gi iv ve en n i in n b br ra ac ck ke et ts s. .
1. A good knowledge of mathematics ________________________ at our school. (require
- present simple)
2. Research ________________________ in the field of atomic structure. (do - present
continuous)
3. The first car with a petrol-engine ________________________ in 1885. ( invent - past
simple)
4. Direct-current systems ________________________ before Tesla discovered a way to
utilize alternating-current. ( use - past perfect)
5. The latest inventions ________________________ at the exposition in Chicago. (present
- simple future)
6. While the tunnel ________________________ , it was essential to advance in the right
direction. ( bore - past continuous)
7. The first land connection between Britain and Mainland ________________________ in
1990. ( establish - past simple)
8. Special bins ________________________ in offices for depositing waste paper. (instal -
present perfect)
9. In the past, constant attempts ________________________ to replace the old methods
by machinery. ( make - past continuous)
10. The project ________________________ because of financial problems. (abandon -
'going-to' future)
11. A plan _______ just ________________ for the new engine. (develop - present perfect)
12. Conversion of mass into energy ________________________ in an atomic bomb.
(achieve - present simple)
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KEY TO EXERCISES
Unit I
2.1 1) are /am 2) is 3) her 4) are 5) am 6) his 7) is / is 8) is / his 9) her / is 10) his
2.2 1) b 2) b 3) a 4) a 5) b 6) a 7) b 8) a 9) b 10) a
2.3 1) my / it 2) our / she 3) his 4) their / it 5) your 6) he 7) our 8) your / she
Unit II
1.1 easy difficult, hard; cheap expensive; open closed, shut; thick thin; wide
narrow; fast - slow
1.2 1) asynchronous motor 2) steam engine 3) television picture 4) discovery of X-rays
5) flight to space
1.3 1) This water is deep. 2) These books are open. 3) That car is fast. 4) Those roads
are wide.
1.4 x multiplication; - subtraction; division; + addition
1.5 1) add 2) multiply 3) subtract 4) divide
1.6 26; 98; 13; 12; 65; 2467
1.7 rectangle- pravougaonik/ngyszg, tglalap ; straight- pravo/egyenes ; square-
kvadrat/ ngyzet ; circle- krug /kr ; cube- kocka/ kocka
2.1 1) b 2) a 3) a 4) b 5) b 6) b 7) a 8) a 9) b
2.2 1) This question is difficult. 2) That is their lorry. 3) These are their addresses. 4)
Those roads are wide. 5) This line is crooked. 6) These are new discoveries. 7) Those are
expensive watches. 8) These are very interesting stories. 9) Those countries are very poor.
10) This formula is complicated.
Unit III
1.1 1) conduct 2) design 3) insulate 4) open 5) teach 6) calculate 7) read 8) manage
1.2 air- vazduh/leveg ; allow-dozvoliti/megengedni ; between-izmeu/kztt ; carbon-
ugljenik/szn ; condition-uslov/felttel ; conduct-voditi/vezetni ; conductor-
provodnik/vezet ; copper-bakar/rz ; current-struja/ram ; easy-lak/knny ; fall-
pasti, opadati/esni,cskkeni ; flow-tei/folyni ; provide-omoguiti, obezbediti / lehetv
tenni ; rapidly-brzo/gyorsan
1.3 1) Materijale klasifikujemo u tri grupe. / Az anyagokat hrom csoportba soroljuk. 2)
Meavine nekih metalnih oksida se takoe ponaaju kao poluprovodnici. / Bizonyos
fmokszidok keverkei is flvezetknt viselkednek.
3) Pod odreenim uslovima oni dozvoljavaju da struja lako tee, ali pod drugim oni se
ponaaju kao izolatori. / Bizonyos felttelek mellett megengedik, hogy az ram knnyen
follyon, mskor pedig szigetelknt viselkednek.
1.4 flow / free / electric current / allow, permit / flow / ignore / little / resistance / rapidly,
quickly, fast
1.5 designer / teacher / opener / manager
1.6 conductor insulator; metal non-metal; small big; rapidly - quickly
1.7 conduct voditi/vezetni; fall - opadati/esni; release - osloboditi/felszabadtani;
behave - ponaati se/viselkedni
2.1 1) freezes 2) consists 3) use 4) produce 5) melts 6) blow 7) travels 8) turns into
2.2 1) translates 2) do / know / lives 3) does / travel / goes 4) have 5) passes 6) doesn't
write / sends 7) start 8) do / drive / drive 9) does / go 10) don't work
2.3 1) a / the 2) a 3) a / a / the 4) a / the 5) a / a / the / the 6) a / the / a 7) the 8) the 9)
the 10) the 11) a
123
Unit IV
1.1 for example - na primer/ pldul; hot vru/ forr; in other words - drugim reima/
msszval; increase (v) - poveati se/ nvekedni; lead (n) olovo/ lom; loss gubitak/
vesztesg; occur - (po)javiti se/ megjelenni; quickly brzo/ gyorsan; resistance otpor/
ellenlls; use (v) koristiti/ hasznlni; value vrednost/ rtk; winding namotaj/
tekercs
1.2 resistance / alloys / percentage / losses / windings / current / magnetic field / find / low
temperatures
1.3 1) The speed of the automobile is 120 km per hour. 2) The movement of electrons is
electric current. 3) The pressure of water is 2 bars. 4) The length of the bar is 3 meters. 5)
The power of the electric motor is 120 KW.
1.4 1) otpor metala / a fmek ellenllsa 2) zanemarljiva vrednost /elhanyagolhat rtk
3) stalno/postepeno opada / llandan/fokozatosan cskken 4) indukovati struju u prstenu
/ ramot induklni a gyrben 5) zbog otpora namotaja / a tekercsek ellenllsa miatt 6)
niske temperature na kojima se javlja superprovodnost / az alacsony hmrskletek
amelyeken a supravezets/vezetkpessg megjelenik 7) nekoliko stepeni iznad / nhny
fokkal felette
1.5 1) The resistance of metals varies with their temperature. 2)The very low
temperatures limit the practical applications of superconductivity. 3)Memory cells made
of superconducting materials can store information indefinitely. 4) Because of the zero
resistivity of the cells, the computer can retrieve information very quickly.
2.1 1) the result of the football match 2) the new manager of the company 3) your sister's
eyes 4) the top of the page 5) my brother's book 6) the owner of the restaurant 7) the
name of this street 8) Mr Brown's daughter 9) his father's car 10) the speed of the wind
2.2 1) slowly 2) quickly 3) badly 4) fluently 5) carefully 6) quietly 7) regularly 8)
precisely
2.3 1) He has few friends. 2) A few nails are on the table. 3) Few people understand this
theory. 4) A few engineers work in this factory.
Unit V
1.1 razvoj (fejlds)- development ; izraziti (kifejezni)- express ; vaan (fontos)-
important ; ukljuujui (belertve)- including ; znanje (tuds)- knowledge ; zauzimati
(elfoglalni)- occupy ; zahtevati (kvetelni)- demand, require ; nauka (tudomny)- science
; misao (gondolat)- thought ; shvatiti,razumeti (megrteni)- understand
1.2 1) jezik nauke /a tudomny nyelve 2) znanje matematike / matematikai tuds 3)
osnovi aritmetike /az aritmetika alapjai 4) nije mogue razumeti /nem lehet megrteni 5)
zauzima vano mesto /fontos helyet foglal el
1.3 expresses laws require thought knowledge - necessary
1.4 1) There are some sciences which demand a good knowledge of mathematics. 2)
Nowadays there is a tendency to require quite a bit of mathematical knowledge. 3)
Mathematics occupies an important place in many different occupations today. 4) There
is even an elementary knowledge of mathematics required in social sciences.
2.1 1) There is no petrol in my car. 2) There are two valves in an engine. 3) There are a
lot of workers in this factory. 4) There is a letter on the table. 5) There are four strokes in
the combustion cycle. 6) There is only one piston in the cylinder. 7) There are many books
about computers.
2.2 1) any 2) any 3) an 4) any 5) a / some 6) some 7) any 8) some 9) any 10) a 11)
any 12) some
2.3 1) much time 2) some dictionaries 3) information 4) job 5) some fresh air 6) copper
7) solar energy / many 8) is 9) is 10) light
Unit VI
124
1.1 1) Meutim, isti uzorci materije mogu da zauzmu razliite zapremine kada se promene
iz vrstog u teno (stanje) a onda u gas.
Az anyag ugyanazon pldnyai azonban klnbz trfogatot foglalhatnak el amikor
szilrd (halmazllapotbl) folykonny vlnak majd azutn gzz.
2) Energija je sve to moe da se promeni u rad kao to je toplota ili struja.
Az energia minden amit munkv alakulhat t, mint pldul a h vagy az ram.
3) Naunici danas mogu da postignu ovu konverziju mase u energiju.
A tudsok ma meg tudjk csinlni az anyagnak ezt az energiv alaktst.
1.2 complete total; although but; determine define; earth ground; pollute - make
dirty; powerful strong; fundamental - essential
1.3 1) Matter has mass and occupies space. 2) Mass is constant on earth but gravitation
varies. 3) Some countries are against building nuclear power plants.
2.1 1) is / working 2) are / running /am going 3) is not raining 4) am not doing 5) are
staying 6) are looking 7) is / studying 8) is reading / is trying 9) are building 10) A: are /
doing B: am painting A: are / doing B: are helping 11) is waiting
2.2 1) buy 2) don't throw 3) talk 4) leave / ride 5) put 6) don't buy 7) don't use 8) throw
9) plant 10) turn off
2.3 1) may rain 2) may break 3) may know 4) may wait 5) may come 6) may buy
7) may be 8) may invite
2.4 1) can speak 2) can't understand 3) can't visit / can come 4) can wait 5) can drive
6) can't find 7) can see 8) can't sleep
Unit VII
1.1 1) barem 92 /legalbb 92 2) deseti najei element/a tizedik leggyakoribb elem 3)
sastavni elementi/alkot elemek 4) zelenkasto-uti otrovni gas/zldes-srga mrgez gz
5) bezopasna supstanca/rtalmatlan anyag 6) koji se moe nai na svetu/megtallhat a
fldn 7) javiti se u prirodi/megjelenik a termszetben 8) taka kljuanja vode/a vz
forrspontja
1.2 different various; at least minimum; occur appear; only just; rest others;
abundant - in great quantity; constitute - make up; over - more than; familiar - well-
known; such as - like
1.3
priroda/termszet nature prirodan/termszetes natural
slian/hasonl similar slino/hasonlan similarly
otrovan/mrgez poisonous otrov/mreg poison
proizvod/termk product proizvoditi/termelni,gy
rtani
produce
1.4 over under; all none; boiling freezing; abundant rare; different same; white
black; living - dead
1.5 3
rd
, 30
th
, 9
th
, 22
nd
, 80
th
, 12
th
, 50
th
2.1 1) the biggest / closest 2) the most abundant 3) faster 4) the tallest / the deepest 5)
cheaper 6) the lightest 7) more effective 8) the hardest 9) larger 10) the best
2.2 1) A Ford is cheaper than a Ferrari. 2) A Ferrari has a more powerful engine than a
Ford. 3) A Ferrari is faster than a Ford. 4) A Ford is more comfortable than a Ferrari. 5) A
Ford is larger than a Ferrari. 6) A Ferrari / Ford is better than a Ferrari / Ford.
2.3 1) is waiting 2) right 3) share 4) right 5) are you talking 6) has 7) right 8) doesn't
usually work 9) is boiling 10) right
Unit VIII
125
1.1 Greek philosopher / tiny particles / matter / invisible particles / all atoms / exactly alike
/ different elements / weight / chemical changes / destroy atoms
1.2 proposed come up with; long - for quite some time; evidence fact; frequently
often; alike the same; tiny very small
1.3 evidence proof; area field; exactly precisely; propose suggest; provide give,
offer
1.4 praviti/csinlni make, made, made; meriti/mrni measure, measured, measured;
voziti/vezetni drive, drove, driven; uzeti/elvenni take, took, taken; graditi/pteni
build, built, built; leteti/replni fly, flew, flown
1.5 a) All matter consists of tiny, invisible particles. b) Chemical changes do not create
and do not destroy atoms. c) Science, however, was long unable to provide experimental
evidence. d) All atoms of an element are alike
2.1 was; taught; stayed; became; left; was; began; continued; published; wrote;
experimented; proposed; died; came
2.2 1) did / sail 2) was / didn't read 3) did / invent 4) did / enjoy / was not 5) received 6)
gave 7) did / offer / accepted 8) studied 9) didn't help / did 10) did / write
2.3 1) the sun is a star. 2) right 3) my brother is an electrician. 4) right 5) he is looking
for a job. 6) the Queen lives in Buckingham Palace. 7) the highest mountain in Africa is
Kilimanjaro. 8) crime is a problem in most big cities. 9) right 10) the President is the most
powerful person in the United States. 11) the River Seine flows through Paris. 12) the moon
goes round the earth every 27 days. 13) Our flat is on the second floor. 14) right 15) the
Mediterranean is a sea, but the Pacific is an ocean. 16) Uranium has the largest atoms.
Unit IX
1.1 inventor- pronalaza / feltall ; the following year- naredne godine / a kvetkez
vben ; develop- razvijati / fejleszteni ; successful- uspean / sikeres;
coil- kalem / tekercs ; arrive- stii / megrkezni ; utilization- korienje / hasznlat;
employment- posao / munka / lls ; discover- otkriti / felfedezni ; attend- pohaati /
jrni valahov ; advantage- prednost / elny ; patent right- patentno pravo / szabadalmi
jog
1.2 1) magnetic field 2) alternating current 3) induction motor 4) direct current 5) sign a
contract
1.3
infinitive past
prodati/eladni sell sold
otii/elmenni leave left
nai/tallni find found
razviti/fejleszteni develop developed
kupiti/megvenni buy bought
videti/ltni see saw
Postati/valamiv vlni become became
1.4
Meaning in
Serbian/Hungarian
Noun form in
English
Meaning in
Serbian/Hungarian
utilize koristiti/hasznlni utilization korienje/hasznlat
induce indukovati/induklni induction indukcija/indukci
employ zaposliti/munkt adni employment zaposlenost/lls
126
approach prii/megkzelteni approach prilaz/megkzelts
research istraiti/kutatni research istraivanje/kutats
use koristiti/hasznlni use korienje/hasznlat
1.5 discovered ; emigrated ; sold ; attended ; saw ; went
2.1 1) a) Who travelled by coaches hundreds of years ago? b) How did people travel
hundreds of years ago? c) When did people travel by coaches? 2) a) What moves up and
down in the cylinder? b) How does the piston move in the cylinder? c) Where does the
piston move up and down? 3) a) Whose car had four wheels? b) What did Daimler's car
have? 4) a) What is polluting the earth? b) What is nuclear waste polluting? 5) a) Who
achieves the conversion of mass into energy in an atomic bomb? b) What do scientists
achieve in an atomic bomb? c) Where do scientists achieve the conversion of mass into
energy? 6) a) What retrieves information very quickly because of the zero resistivity? b)
What does the computer retrieve very quickly because of the zero resistivity? c) Why does
the computer retrieve information very quickly?
2.2 1) Q: Who was Tesla? A: Serbian-American inventor and researcher 2) Q: When did
he emigrate to the United States? A: in 1884 3) Q: Whom did he sell his patent rights? A:
to George Westinghouse 4) Q: Which university did he attend? A: the Technical
University at Graz 5) Q: Where did he go in 1882? A: to Paris 6) Q: What did he
construct in Strassburg? A: the induction motor 7) Q: Whom did he meet in New York?
A: Thomas Edison 8) Q: Whose system did Westinghouse use at the exposition in
Chicago? A: Tesla's alternating current system 9) Q: Who financed the construction of
world broadcasting tower? A: Pierpont Morgan 10) Q: What did he receive in 1917? A:
the Edison Medal
Unit X
1.1 a few- nekoliko / nhny ; begin-began-begun poeti / elkezdeni ; believe-
verovati / hinni ; between- izmeu / kztt ; bring-brought-brought- doneti / hozni ;
conduct- voditi / vezetni ; connect- spojiti / sszekapcsolni ; device- ureaj /
szerkezet,kszlk ; education- obrazovanje / oktats ; fail- ne uspeti / nem sikerl;
offer- ponuditi,ponuda / felajnlani, ajnlat ; ordinary- obian / kznsges ; persuade-
ubediti / meggyzni,rvenni ; railway- eljeznica / vast ; reach- doi do,stii / elrni ;
read-read-read- itati / olvasni ; receive- dobiti,primiti / kapni ; reply- odgovoriti /
felelni, vlaszolni ; science- nauka / tudomny
1.2 Hard easy ; young old ; begin stop ; nearer farther ; receive take ; like - hate
1.3 1) Pokazao je rano interesovanje za nauku i u ranoj mladosti je poeo da
eksperimentie.
Korai rdekldst mutatott a tudomny irnt s nagyon korn elkezdett ksrletezni.
2) U esnaestoj godini pohaao je kurs za telegrafistu.
Tizenhat ves korban egy tvr kurzusra jrt.
3) Primao je signale svakog sata i morao je slati odgovor.
Minden rban kapott jelzseket s vlaszt kellett hogy kldjn.
4) Ovi ljudi su umeli (imali vetinu) da pretvore Edisonove ideje i skice u stvarne ureaje
od drveta, ice, stakla i metala.
Ezeknek az embereknek megvolt az a kpessgk, hogy Edison tleteit s vzlatait valdi
fa, drt, veg vagy fm szerkezettekk alaktsk.
1.4
Verb in
Serbian/Hungarian
Verb in English Past Simple Past Continuous
itati/olvasni read He read They were reading
ekati/vrni wait They waited She was waiting
127
poslati/elkldeni send Edison sent You were sending
skoiti/ugrani jump They jumped We were jumping
prodati/eladni sell We sold He was selling
Verb in
Serbian/Hungarian
Verb in English Present Simple Present Continuous
itati/olvasni read He reads They are reading
ekati/vrni wait They wait She is waiting
poslati/elkldeni send Edison sends You are sending
skoiti/ugrani jump They jump We are jumping
prodati/eladni sell We sell He is selling
2.1 1) a) was constructing b) Was Edison constructing things with his hands at a very
young age? 2) a) was doing b) Was he doing experiments on the train? 3) a) was playing
b) Was a child playing on the line? 4) a) was attending b) Was he attending a course for
telegraphists at the age of sixteen? 5) a) was selling b) Was he selling newspapers on the
train?
2.2 1) a) was reading b) He was not reading in the library between trains. 2) a) was
printing b) He was not printing his own newspapers. 3) a) was sending b) The device was
not sending signals automatically. 4) a) were assisting b) Talented workers were not
assisting him in his work.
2.3 1) They had lunch at the airport while they were waiting for their plane. 2) It started
to rain while we were driving home from work. 3) She fell down while she was carrying
several bags. 4) I hurt my arm when / while I was working in the garage. 5) They met
him while they were shopping. 6) The phone rang twice while we were having dinner. 7)
He made a few mistakes when / while he was doing his exam.
2.4 I) was driving; stepped; was going; stopped; did not hit
II) A: were you doing B: was watching A: was trying / was B: was watching /
arrived A: were not
2.5 1) They enjoy going to the theatre once a week. 2) He likes talking to his friends in
America every week. 3) They began taking guitar lessons last year. 4) He hates working
every day. 5) They finished painting the house yesterday afternoon. 6) He stopped
smoking two years ago. 7) He started constructing things when he was a boy.
Unit XI
1.1 1) napraviti od drveta; fbl kszteni/csinlni 2) ume Skandinavije; Skandinvia
erdei 3) kora drveta se skida sa stabla; a fa krgt leszedik a fatrzsrl 4) sagoreva se kao
gorivo za kotao; elgetik mint kazn-zemanyagot 5) maine za seenje; favggpek 6)
odstraniti svu prljavtinu; eltvoltani minden piszkot 7) detaljno oien; alaposan
megtiszttott 8) opti izgled; ltalnos kinzs
1.2 refined pulp; wood chips; stripped logs; enormous mixing vat; tree bark
1.3 remove add; enormous-small; plant-fell; bleach-colour; long-short
1.4 according to; usable fibres; excess water; remaining water
1.5 1) Veina papira se pravi od drveta. /A papr tbbsge fbl kszl. 2) ume u nekim
zemljama se paljivo uvaju. /Egyes orszgokban az erdket fltve rzik. 3) Hemikalije i
farbe daju papiru konaanu boju i opti izgled. /A vegyszerek s a festkek adjk meg a
papr vgs szint s ltalnos kinzst. 4) Listovi papira se stavljaju na konopce. /A
paprlapokat ktelekre helyezik.
2.1 1) is made 2) is covered 3) use 4) has 5) are driven 6) is measured 7) attracts 8) are
spoken 9) makes 10) is surrounded
128
2.2 1) A project on pollution is being done. 2) A new hotel is being built in our town. 3)
All materials are classified in three groups. 4) Copper is usually used to make cables. 5)
Information is being stored in the memory cells of the computer. 6) His car is being sold
for 700 pounds. 7) 200 people are employed in this company. 8) Her house is being
redecorated at the moment. 9) Computer hardware is manufactured in this factory. 10)
Modern technologies are being discussed at this symposium.
Unit XII
1.1 1) Most of the works of the Greek and Roman scholars were written on paper.
2) The name paper comes from the Latin papyrus. 3) Samples in the British Museum
indicate that the early Chinese paper was of very high quality. 4) Paper as we know it
today had its origins in China.
1.2 Stalks of papyrus, capture of prisoners, shortage of new materials, manufacture of
paper.
1.3 fact, most of, the earliest, century, correspondence, educated people,
proportion/percentage, satisfy the demand/meet the needs, constant attempts, replace
1.4 annually year; rag cloth; deify god; manufacture machine; educated - school
2.1 were printed; were drawn; was determined; were made; was first made; were
introduced; was produced
2.2 1) The telephone was patented in 1876. 2) The first satellite, Sputnik was launched in
1957. 3) Eiffel tower was completed in 1889. 4) Internet was established in 1983. 5)
America was discovered in 1492. 6) Tesla's patent rights were sold to Westinghouse in
1885. 7) The first atomic bomb was detonated in 1945. 8) The first Nobel Prizes were
awarded in 1901. 9) The first television picture was transmitted in 1825. 10) Mount
Everest was finally climbed in 1953.
2.3 1) must read them 2) must take it 3) must call him 4) must pay for them 5) must
organize it
2.4 1) should go 2) should eat 3) should lend 4) should work 5) should listen
Unit XIII
1.1 anticipate wait for, look forward to ; different - various ; essential - basic ; reach -
come to ; recently not long ago ; utilize- use
1.2 1) b ; 2) c ; 3) a ; 4) c
1.3 has increased ; a further ; account for ; compared with ; elsewhere ; recovery ; begins
1.4 a) Deposit old newspapers in supermarket skips. b) Find a perfect method for
recycling paper. c) Add new fibres to exhaused fibres. d) Separate envelopes and fax
papers from other valuable office papers.
1.5 1 d ; 2 a ; 3 d ; 4 c ; 5 a
2.1 1) proposed 2) right 3) didn't come 4) was / constructed 5) right 6) where were
you 7) right 8) used 9) told / right
2.2 1) The light in the hall has been fixed. 2) The workers' demands have been rejected
(by the company) 3) They have given us the wrong address. 4) They haven't signed the
contract yet. 5) The faulty spark plug has been replaced. 6) A new computer game has
been put on the market. 7) They have abandoned the project because of financial
problems. 8) The course has just been completed.
Unit XIV
1.1 1) more jedna milja ispod tebe/a tenger egy mrfrdnyire alattad 2) ba u sredini zaliva
/ ppen az bl kzepn 3) prema arhitektama / az ptszek szerint 4) samo nekoliko
milja daleko / csak nhny mrfrdnyire 5) nai dovoljno para za svoj projekat / tallni
elegend pnzt a projetumukhoz
1.2 Design construct ; below under ; lift elevator ; start begin ; enough - sufficient
129
1.3 High - height ; design- design/designer ; build - building ; work-work /working /worker
; live life/living
1.4 out, in, from, to
1.5
sprat emelet floor
dovoljno elegend enough
dodirnuti megrinteni touch
ulazna vrata bejrati ajt front door
1.6 take a lift ; eat a sandwich ; put out a fire ; get the money ; open a window
1.7 1) Imagine that you can never open a window. 2) Restaurants, offices, flats, cinemas,
schools, hospitals, and post offices will be just a few lift stops away. 3) They hope people
will like to live on the 500
th
floor. 4) Architects are going to start doing tests to find the
best place to build Aeropolis.
2.1 shall or will use; will take off; will have; will control; will reach; will cruise; will
use; will release; will be; will come down
2.2 1) am going to watch 2) will get 3) is she going to do / is going to buy 4) will send
5) is going to have / is going to take
2.3 1) The report is going to be finished by Tuesday. 2) These cables will be checked
tomorrow. 3) The invention is going to be tested this week. 4) High quality equipment
will be manufactured in their factory. 5) Additional information will be sent to you by
mail. 6) The number of workers is going to reduced by half.
2.3 1) They are going to build a new paper mill in our town. 2) They will advertize the
new product on TV. 3) They are going to print this book in England. 4) The use of
machines is going to replace the old methods. 5) They will sell raw material to western
countries. 6) They will present their latest project at the next exposition.
Unit XV
1.1 essential basic ; establish make ; connection link ; opposite not the same ; main
major ; bore - drill
1.2 official - officially ; small tunnel- smaller tunnel ; computer sytem computerized system ;
open -reopen ; north tunnel-northern ; like -likely ;
1.3
ispod / alatt - under; inile su se / gy tntek - appeared; sloj / rteg - layer; glina / agyag
-clay; vek / szzad -century; suv / szraz -dry; meavina / keverk - mixture; manje vie /
tbb kevsb more less; mekana / puha -soft; lako / knnyen -easily; dovoljno jaka /
elgg ers strong enough; izbei / elkerlni - avoid; u stvari / valjban in fact
1.4 connection between Britain and Mainland. ; mixture of chalk and clay. ; trains from
Britain to France. ; a pilot for the two main tunnel.
2.1 1) had heard 2) hadn't competed 3) had stolen 4) hadn't played 5) had lost 6) hadn't
washed
2.2 1) He came after the meeting had started. (or The meeting had started before he came)
2) After you had told me about that film, I went to see it. ( or You had told me about that
film before I went to see it.) 3) Before she went to England, she had studied English. ( or
She went to England after she had studied English) 4) After he had graduated, he started
looking for a job. ( or He had graduated before he started looking for a job.) 5) She called
her friends after she had come home from school. ( or She had come home from school
before she called her friends.) 6) The train had already left before I arrived at the station. (
or I arrived at the station after the train had left) 7) She had passed her driving test before
she bought a car. ( or She bought a car after she had passed her driving test) 8) Before he
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called the mechanic he had tried to repair the car himself. ( or After he had tried to repair
the car himself, he called a mechanic.)
2.3 1) Candles had been used before electricity was found. 2) The TV set had been
repaired before he went to work. 3) All the computers had been switched off before the
sudents left the classroom. 4) After every piece of information had been checked, they
published the article. 5) As soon as all the facts had been analysed, a new theory was
postulated. 6) Everything had been written down before the end of the class. 7) After the
test had been finished, the teacher started correcting mistakes.
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Irregular verbs
1 be was/were been
2 bear bore borne/born
3 beat beat beaten/beat
4 become became become
5 begin began begun
6 bend bent bent
7 bet bet/betted bet/betted
8 bind bound bound
9 bite bit bitten/bit
10 bleed bled bled
11 blow blew blown
12 break broke broken
13 bring brought brought
14 build built built
15 burn burned/burnt burned/burnt
16 burst burst burst
17 buy bought bought
18 catch caught caught
19 choose chose chosen
20 come came come
21 cost cost cost
22 cut cut cut
23 deal dealt dealt
24 dig dug dug
25 do did done
26 draw drew drawn
27 dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt
28 drink drank drunk
29 drive drove driven
30 eat ate eaten
31 fall fell fallen
32 feed fed fed
33 feel felt felt
34 fight fought fought
35 find found found
36 fly flew flown
37 forbid forbid/forbade (B) forbidden
38 forget forgot forgotten/forgot (A)
39 forgive forgave forgiven
40 freeze froze frozen
41 get got got/gotten (A)
42 give gave given
43 go gone went
44 grow grew grown
45 hang hung hung/hanged
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46 have had had
47 hear heard heard
48 hide hid hidden/hid
49 hit hit hit
50 hold held held
51 hurt hurt hurt
52 keep kept kept
53 know knew known
54 lay (put down) laid laid
55 learn learned/learnt (B) learned/learnt (B)
56 leave left left
57 lend lent lent
58 let let let
59 lie (rest/recline) lay lain
60 light lit/lighted lit/lighted
61 lose lost lost
62 make made made
63 mean meant meant
64 meet met met
65 pay paid paid
66 put put put
67 quit quit quit
68 read read read
69 ride rode ridden
70 ring rang rung
71 rise rose risen
72 say said said
73 see saw seen
74 sell sold sold
75 send send sent
76 shine shone shone
77 shoot shot shot
78 show showed shown
79 shrink shrank shrunk
80 shut shut shut
81 sing sang sung
82 sink sank sunk
83 sit sat sat
84 sleep slept slept
85 smell smelled/smelt (B) smelled/smelt (B)
86 speak spoke spoken
87 spend spent spent
88 spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt
89 spread spread spread
90 stand stood stood
91 steal stole stolen
92 stick stuck stuck
93 sting stung stung
94 strike struck struck/stricken
95 swim swam/swum (A) swum
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96 swing swung swung
97 take took taken
98 teach taught taught
99 tear tore torn
100 tell told told
101 think thought thought
102 throw threw thrown
103 understand understood understood
104 wake woke/waked woken/waken
105 wear wore worn
106 win won won
107 write wrote written
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Table of Contents
UNIT 1 _________________________________________________________________ 2
A AND AN__________________________________________________________________ 2
PERSONAL PRONOUNS _____________________________________________________ 3
THE PRESENT FORMS OF THE VERB BE ___________________________________ 3
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES __________________________________________________ 4
OPPOSITE ADJECTIVES ____________________________________________________ 4
E X E R C I S E S_________________________________________________________ 6
test yourself - unit 1_________________________________________________________________ 7
UNIT 2 _________________________________________________________________ 8
THE POSSESSIVE CASE (SAXON GENITIVE)__________________________________ 8
E X E R C I S E S_________________________________________________________ 9
NUMERALS ________________________________________________________________ 9
PLURAL OF NOUNS________________________________________________________ 11
DEMONSTRATIVES________________________________________________________ 11
MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS____________________________________________ 12
LINES AND SHAPES _______________________________________________________ 13
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 2________________________________________________________ 14
UNIT 3 ________________________________________________________________ 16
CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS AND SEMICONDUCTORS _____________________________ 16
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 16
E X E R C I S E S _______________________________________________________ 17
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE __________________________________________________ 18
USE OF "A /AN" OR "THE" ________________________________________________ 19
PREPOSITIONS____________________________________________________________ 20
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 3________________________________________________________ 20
UNIT 4 ________________________________________________________________ 23
E X E R C I S E S _______________________________________________________ 23
ADVERBS _________________________________________________________________ 24
FEW / A FEW______________________________________________________________ 25
OBJECT PRONOUNS_______________________________________________________ 25
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY __________________________________________________________ 26
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 26
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 27
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 4________________________________________________________ 27
R E V I S I O N__________________________________________________________ 29
UNIT 5 ________________________________________________________________ 35
MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE ___________________________________________________ 35
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 35
135
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 36
THERE IS THERE ARE ___________________________________________________ 36
SOME ANY ______________________________________________________________ 37
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS__________________________________ 37
MUCH MANY ____________________________________________________________ 38
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 5________________________________________________________ 38
UNIT 6 ________________________________________________________________ 40
MATTER AND ENERGY __________________________________________________________ 40
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 41
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 41
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE________________________________________ 42
MODAL VERBS (CAN, MAY) ________________________________________________ 43
THE IMPERATIVE_________________________________________________________ 44
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 6________________________________________________________ 45
UNIT 7 ________________________________________________________________ 47
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS ___________________________________________________ 47
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 48
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 49
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES ____________________________________________ 49
READING ORDINAL AND DECIMAL NUMBERS, DATES AND FRACTIONS _____ 51
PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS_____________________________ 52
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 7________________________________________________________ 53
REVISION_________________________________________________________________ 55
UNIT 8 ________________________________________________________________ 58
DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY_____________________________________________________ 58
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 58
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 58
THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE _________________________________________________ 59
THE PAST TENSE OF THE VERB "BE" ______________________________________ 60
NEGATIVE PREFIXES _____________________________________________________ 61
ARTICLES ________________________________________________________________ 61
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 8________________________________________________________ 62
UNIT 9 ________________________________________________________________ 65
NIKOLA TESLA _________________________________________________________________ 65
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 66
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 67
WH-QUESTIONS___________________________________________________________ 68
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 9________________________________________________________ 70
UNIT 10 _______________________________________________________________ 73
eDISONS EARLY LIFE ___________________________________________________________ 73
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 74
136
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 75
THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE____________________________________________ 75
THE GERUND _____________________________________________________________ 77
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 10_______________________________________________________ 77
REVISION_________________________________________________________________ 80
UNIT 11 _______________________________________________________________ 84
HOW PAPER IS MADE____________________________________________________________ 84
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 84
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 85
THE ART OF PAPER MAKING IN THE OLD DAYS _________________________________ 85
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 87
THE PASSIVE VOICE ______________________________________________________ 87
test yourself - unit 11_______________________________________________________________ 90
UNIT 12 _______________________________________________________________ 92
A BIT OF HISTORY ____________________________________________________________ 92
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 92
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 93
THE PASSIVE VOICE ______________________________________________________ 93
EXERCISES _______________________________________________________________ 94
MUST_____________________________________________________________________ 95
SHOULD __________________________________________________________________ 95
test yourself - unit 12_______________________________________________________________ 96
UNIT 13 _______________________________________________________________ 98
MAKING PULP FROM WASTE_____________________________________________________ 98
Comprehension check_______________________________________________________ 100
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE___________________________________________ 101
THE PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE_________________________________________ 102
test yoURSELF - UNIT 13 _________________________________________________________ 103
UNIT 14 ______________________________________________________________ 105
LIVING IN THE SKIES___________________________________________________________ 105
VOCABULARY ___________________________________________________________ 106
Comprehension check_______________________________________________________ 106
THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE _____________________________________________ 106
THE FUTURE SIMPLE PASSIVE ___________________________________________ 107
THE 'GOING TO' FUTURE TENSE _________________________________________ 107
THE 'GOING TO' FUTURE PASSIVE________________________________________ 108
test yourself - unit 14______________________________________________________________ 110
UNIT 13 ______________________________________________________________ 113
THE CHANNEL TUNNEL ________________________________________________________ 113
VOCABULARY ___________________________________________________________ 113
Comprehension check_______________________________________________________ 114
137
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE_______________________________________________ 115
THE PAST PERFECT PASSIVE _____________________________________________ 115
test yourself - unit 15______________________________________________________________ 117
REVISION________________________________________________________________ 119
KEY TO EXERCISES ______________________________________________________ 122
Irregular verbs ____________________________________________________________ 131