Promotion of Plastic Design For Steel and Composite Cross Sections

:%\
Science
Research
Development
European
Commission
technical steel research
'-'
Properties and in-service performance
Promotion of plastic
design for steel
and composite
cross-sections: new
required conditions in
Eurocodes 3 and 4,
practical tools for
designers
Report
EUR 18366 en STEEL RESEARCH
:%\
Science
Research
Development
European
Commission
technical steel research
'-'
Promotion of plastic
design for steel
and composite
cross-sections: new
required conditions in
Eurocodes 3 and 4,
practical tools for
designers
Report
EUR 18366 en STEEL RESEARCH
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Edith CRESSON, Member of the Commission
responsible for research, innovation, education, training and youth
DG XII/C.2 RTD actions: Industrial and materials technologies
Materials and steel
*V; . Contact: Mr H. J.-L. Martin
*'* Address: European Commission, rue de la Loi 200 (MO 75 1/10),
I:: B-1049 Brussels Tel. (32-2) 29-53453; fax (32-2) 29-65987
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Edith CRESSON, Member of the Commission
responsible for research, innovation, education, training and youth
DG XII/C.2 RTD actions: Industrial and materials technologies
Materials and steel
*V; . Contact: Mr H. J.-L. Martin
*'* Address: European Commission, rue de la Loi 200 (MO 75 1/10),
I:: B-1049 Brussels Tel. (32-2) 29-53453; fax (32-2) 29-65987
European Commission
%
Promotion of plastic design for steel and
composite cross-sections: new required conditions
in Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools for designers
J. B. Schleich, P. Chantrain
ProfilARBED-Recherches
66, rue de Luxembourg
L-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette
B. Chabrolin, Y. Galea, A. Bureau
CTICM
Domaine de St Paul
BP1
F-78470 Sant-Rmy-ls-Chevreuse
J. Anza, E Espiga
Ensidesa and Labein
Cuesta de Olabeaga, 1 6
E-4801 3 Bilbao
Contract No 7210-SA/520/321/935
1 July 1993 to 30 June 1995
Final report
Directorate-General
Science, Research and Development
1998 EUR 18366 en
European Commission
%
composite cross-sections: new required conditions
in Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools for designers
J. B. Schleich, P. Chantrain
ProfilARBED-Recherches
66, rue de Luxembourg
L-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette
B. Chabrolin, Y. Galea, A. Bureau
CTICM
Domaine de St Paul
BP1
F-78470 Sant-Rmy-ls-Chevreuse
J. Anza, E Espiga
Ensidesa and Labein
Cuesta de Olabeaga, 1 6
E-4801 3 Bilbao
Contract No 7210-SA/520/321/935
1 July 1993 to 30 June 1995
Final report
Directorate-General
Science, Research and Development
1998 EUR 18366 en
LEGAL NOTICE
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission
is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.
It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1 998
ISBN 92-828-4894-9
European Communities, 1998
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
Printed in Luxembourg
Printed on white chlorine-free paper
LEGAL NOTICE
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission
is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.
It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1 998
ISBN 92-828-4894-9
European Communities, 1998
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
Printed in Luxembourg
Printed on white chlorine-free paper
PRELIMINARIES
This Guide for plastic analysis has been elaborated in the scope of the ECSC research project
entitled:
"Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in
Eurocode 3 and 4, practical tools for designers (rotation capacities of profiles, ...)"
That international research project has been carried out
by the following partners:
ProfilARBED, Luxembourg: Mr. Philippe Chantrain,
CTT.CM, France: MM. Bruno Chabrolin, Yvan Galea, Alain Bureau,
ENSIDESA and LABEEN, Spain: MM. Juan Anza, Fernando Espiga,
and with the following subcontractor:
RWTH - Aachen, Germany: Prof. Gerhard Sedlacek, Dr. Markus Feldmann.
Duration of the project: 2 years (from 01.07.1993 to 30.06.1995).
This Guide for plastic analysis is the separate Annex 13 or Part II of the final report Part I of the
aforementionned ECSC research project (Ref. 16).
Acknowledgements are addressed to the Commission of the European Community and to all
members of the C.E.C. F6 Executive Committee "Steel Structures".
Many thanks are also due to all, who by any means may have contributed in this research and in the
elaboration of this guide for plastic analysis, especially MM. Klsak Maciej, Linh Cao Hoang,
Conan Yves and Mauer Thierry.
PRELIMINARIES
This Guide for plastic analysis has been elaborated in the scope of the ECSC research project
entitled:
"Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in
Eurocode 3 and 4, practical tools for designers (rotation capacities of profiles, ...)"
That international research project has been carried out
by the following partners:
ProfilARBED, Luxembourg: Mr. Philippe Chantrain,
CTT.CM, France: MM. Bruno Chabrolin, Yvan Galea, Alain Bureau,
ENSIDESA and LABEEN, Spain: MM. Juan Anza, Fernando Espiga,
and with the following subcontractor:
RWTH - Aachen, Germany: Prof. Gerhard Sedlacek, Dr. Markus Feldmann.
Duration of the project: 2 years (from 01.07.1993 to 30.06.1995).
This Guide for plastic analysis is the separate Annex 13 or Part II of the final report Part I of the
aforementionned ECSC research project (Ref. 16).
Acknowledgements are addressed to the Commission of the European Community and to all
members of the C.E.C. F6 Executive Committee "Steel Structures".
Many thanks are also due to all, who by any means may have contributed in this research and in the
elaboration of this guide for plastic analysis, especially MM. Klsak Maciej, Linh Cao Hoang,
Conan Yves and Mauer Thierry.
Acknowledgements
This research project nP3263 which has been sponsored by C.E.C., the Commission of the European
Community, has been performed from 01.07.1993 to 30.06.1995 by the working group composed of :
- Profil ARBED (coordinator) (C.E.C. Agreement 7210-SA/520)
CTICM (partner) (C.E.C. Agreement 7210-SA/321)
- ENSIDESA-LABEIN (partner) (C.E.C. Agreement 7210-SA/935)
We want to acknowledge first all the financial support from the Commission of the European
Community, as well as the moral support given during this research by all the members of the C.E.C.
Executive Commitee F6 "Steel Structures".
Many thanks are also due to all, who by any means may have contributed in this research :
ProfilARBED-Recherches RPS Department (Luxemburg):
MM. Chantrain Ph., Conan Y. and Mauer Th.,
MM. Klosak M. and Linn Cao Hoang (as trainees),
CTICM (France) :
MM. Chabrolin B., Galea Y. and Bureau .,
M. Mazuy F. (as trainee),
- ENSIDESA and LABEIN (Spain) :
MM. Anza J. and Espiga F.,
- RWTH- LfS (Germany) :
M. Feldmann M.,
EPFL - ICOM (Switzerland) :
M. Couchman G.
Acknowledgements
This research project nP3263 which has been sponsored by C.E.C., the Commission of the European
Community, has been performed from 01.07.1993 to 30.06.1995 by the working group composed of :
- Profil ARBED (coordinator) (C.E.C. Agreement 7210-SA/520)
CTICM (partner) (C.E.C. Agreement 7210-SA/321)
- ENSIDESA-LABEIN (partner) (C.E.C. Agreement 7210-SA/935)
We want to acknowledge first all the financial support from the Commission of the European
Community, as well as the moral support given during this research by all the members of the C.E.C.
Executive Commitee F6 "Steel Structures".
Many thanks are also due to all, who by any means may have contributed in this research :
ProfilARBED-Recherches RPS Department (Luxemburg):
MM. Chantrain Ph., Conan Y. and Mauer Th.,
MM. Klosak M. and Linn Cao Hoang (as trainees),
CTICM (France) :
MM. Chabrolin B., Galea Y. and Bureau .,
M. Mazuy F. (as trainee),
- ENSIDESA and LABEIN (Spain) :
MM. Anza J. and Espiga F.,
- RWTH- LfS (Germany) :
M. Feldmann M.,
EPFL - ICOM (Switzerland) :
M. Couchman G.
Table of Contents 5
List of Symbols 7
List of Figures 11
List of Annexes 13
References 15
1. Introduction 17
1.1. Obj ectives of the research proj ect 17
1.2. Ways and means 17
1.3. Final report 18
2. Bibliography 19
3. Generalities 19
3.1. Ductility of plastic hinges: concept 19
3.2. Influence of lateral restraint 22
3.3. Guide for plastic analysis 25
3.4. Safety evaluation for rotation capacities based on plastic hinge stability
considerations 26
4. Available rotation capacity 33
4. 1 . Generalities about available rotation capacity 33
4.2. Test results 34
4.3. Calculation models of available rotation capacity 34
4.4. Numerical simulations of available rotation capacity 49
5. Required rotation capacity 67
5.1. Introduction 67
5.2. Influence of second order effects 67
5.3. Influence of load level (design loads or collapse) 67
5.4. Influences of loading path 68
5.5. Continuous steel beams 70
5.6. Frames 72
5.7. Evaluation of required rotation capacity for composite beams 76
6. Review of Eurocode 3 rules 79
7. Conclusions 80
Annexes 83
Table of Contents 5
List of Symbols 7
List of Figures 11
List of Annexes 13
References 15
1. Introduction 17
1.1. Obj ectives of the research proj ect 17
1.2. Ways and means 17
1.3. Final report 18
2. Bibliography 19
3. Generalities 19
3.1. Ductility of plastic hinges: concept 19
3.3. Guide for plastic analysis 25
3.4. Safety evaluation for rotation capacities based on plastic hinge stability
considerations 26
4. Available rotation capacity 33
4. 1 . Generalities about available rotation capacity 33
4.2. Test results 34
4.3. Calculation models of available rotation capacity 34
4.4. Numerical simulations of available rotation capacity 49
5. Required rotation capacity 67
5.2. Influence of second order effects 67
5.3. Influence of load level (design loads or collapse) 67
5.4. Influences of loading path 68
5.5. Continuous steel beams 70
5.6. Frames 72
5.7. Evaluation of required rotation capacity for composite beams 76
6. Review of Eurocode 3 rules 79
7. Conclusions 80
Annexes 83
Annex 2 91
Annex 3 101
Annex 4 121
Annex 5 147
Annex 6 195
Annex 7 207
Annex 8 215
Annex 9 219
Annex 10 229
Annex ll 265
Annex 12 313
Annex 13 379
Annex 14 381
Annex 15 395
Annex 16 407
Annex 2 91
Annex 3 101
Annex 4 121
Annex 5 147
Annex 6 195
Annex 7 207
Annex 8 215
Annex 9 219
Annex 10 229
Annex ll 265
Annex 12 313
Annex 13 379
Annex 14 381
Annex 15 395
Annex 16 407
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Latin symbols
A Atotal area of gross cross-section
A5.65 percentage elongation after fracture on gauge length L0 = 5,65 JA (where Aq is
the original cross-section area)
Ay shear area of cross-section
Ayy shear area of cross-section about y-y axis
A^ shear area of cross-section about z-z axis
AWeb ttea. of the web of Hor I cross-section (= A - 2btf)
ASD allowable stress design
b flange width of H or I cross-section
CL concentrated load
d web depth of H or I cross-section
DL distributed load
E modulus of elasticity or Young Modulus
EGA elastic global analysis
F concentrated load
Fi concentrated load (for which the 1st plastic hinge occurs)
Fu ultimate concentrated load
fu ultimate tensile strength
fy yield strength
fy A yield strength of the flange
fy w yield strength of the web
h overall depth of the cross-section
iz radius of gyration of cross-section about z-z axis
I moment of inertia of cross-section
ly moment of inertia of cross-section about y-y axis
Iz moment of inertia of cross-section about z-z axis
kr factor in formula
ku factor in formula
L system length
Lgq equivalent length of member
Lj distance between two adjacent lateral bracing
L0 gauge length of specimen for tensile coupon test
LTB lateral-torsional buckling
M bending moment
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Latin symbols
A Atotal area of gross cross-section
A5.65 percentage elongation after fracture on gauge length L0 = 5,65 JA (where Aq is
the original cross-section area)
Ay shear area of cross-section
Ayy shear area of cross-section about y-y axis
A^ shear area of cross-section about z-z axis
AWeb ttea. of the web of Hor I cross-section (= A - 2btf)
ASD allowable stress design
b flange width of H or I cross-section
CL concentrated load
d web depth of H or I cross-section
DL distributed load
E modulus of elasticity or Young Modulus
EGA elastic global analysis
F concentrated load
Fi concentrated load (for which the 1st plastic hinge occurs)
Fu ultimate concentrated load
fu ultimate tensile strength
fy yield strength
fy A yield strength of the flange
fy w yield strength of the web
h overall depth of the cross-section
iz radius of gyration of cross-section about z-z axis
I moment of inertia of cross-section
ly moment of inertia of cross-section about y-y axis
Iz moment of inertia of cross-section about z-z axis
kr factor in formula
ku factor in formula
L system length
Lgq equivalent length of member
Lj distance between two adjacent lateral bracing
L0 gauge length of specimen for tensile coupon test
LTB lateral-torsional buckling
M bending moment
Mpi z plastic moment capacity of cross-section about z-z axis (= Wpj z fy)
Mjd design bending moment applied to the member
normal force; axial load
Nfl specific term in formula
Npi design plastic resistance of the gross cross-section (= A fy)
Nsd design value of tensile force or compressive force applied to the member
point load
Pc specific term in formula
Ppl plastic point load for which plastic hinge appears in 3 point bending beam
Pu specific term in formula
PGA rigid-plastic or elastic-plastic global analysis
q distributed load
q distributed load for which the 1 st plastic hinge occurs
qu ultimate distributed load
R rotation capacity of plastic hinge
Rav available rotation capacity of plastic hinge
Rreq required rotation capacity of plastic hinge
180
rad radian ( = unit for rotations; 1 radian = degrees = 57,3 degrees)
tf flange thickness of or I cross-section

tw web thickness of or I cross-section
ULS ultimate limit state
Vcr total vertical load for elastic instability in a sway mode
Vp] design shear plastic resistance of cross-section (= Ay.fy/3)
Vga design shear force applied to the member
Wei elastic section modulus
We external work done by the load
Wj internal work absorbed by the structure
Wpi plastic section modulus
Wpi y plastic section modulus about y-y axis
Wpi z plastic section modulus about z-z axis
y major axis of H or I cross-section
minor axis of or I cross-section
Mpi z plastic moment capacity of cross-section about z-z axis (= Wpj z fy)
Mjd design bending moment applied to the member
normal force; axial load
Nfl specific term in formula
Npi design plastic resistance of the gross cross-section (= A fy)
Nsd design value of tensile force or compressive force applied to the member
point load
Pc specific term in formula
Ppl plastic point load for which plastic hinge appears in 3 point bending beam
Pu specific term in formula
PGA rigid-plastic or elastic-plastic global analysis
q distributed load
q distributed load for which the 1 st plastic hinge occurs
qu ultimate distributed load
R rotation capacity of plastic hinge
Rav available rotation capacity of plastic hinge
Rreq required rotation capacity of plastic hinge
180
rad radian ( = unit for rotations; 1 radian = degrees = 57,3 degrees)
tf flange thickness of or I cross-section

tw web thickness of or I cross-section
ULS ultimate limit state
Vcr total vertical load for elastic instability in a sway mode
Vp] design shear plastic resistance of cross-section (= Ay.fy/3)
Vga design shear force applied to the member
Wei elastic section modulus
We external work done by the load
Wj internal work absorbed by the structure
Wpi plastic section modulus
Wpi y plastic section modulus about y-y axis
Wpi z plastic section modulus about z-z axis
y major axis of H or I cross-section
minor axis of or I cross-section
2. Greek symbols
length factor (showing the position of point load)
Ym partial safety factor
YmO partial safety factor for bending moment resistance of cross-section
Ymr partial safety factor for available rotation capacity Rav
7 partial safety factor for available inelastic rotation <pav
deflection of a beam
plastic deflection of a beam
elastic deflection of a beam
virtual displacement
coefficient = j (with fy in N/mm^)
u ultimate strain corresponding to fu
ey yield strain corresponding to fy
length factor (of adjacent span in continuous beam)
inelastic rotation of plastic hinge
<pav characteristic value of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge
<pav.d design value of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge
9b> 9c rotation in perfect hinges obtained from an elastic analysis
9remaining remaining inelastic rotation in plastic hinges with elastic return
<Preq required inelastic rotation of plastic hinge
9req.d required inelastic rotation of plastic hinge at design loads
<Preq.u required inelastic rotation of plastic hinge at ultimate loads (related to structural collapse :
mechanism, instability,...)
<prot maximal rotation of plastic hinge obtained by the intersection between decreasing part of
experimental (-) curves from 3-point bending tests and the plastic moment level Mpi of
the profile
load factor
- critical load factor for elastic instability in a sway frame
" critical load factor for elastic instability in a sway frame with hinges
X\jl reduced slendemess of member according to lateral-torsional buckling
Arax, Xy maximal load factor (related to structural collapse : mechanism, instability,...)
collapse load factor for first order plastic global analysis
^ collapse load factor for second order plastic global analysis
factor in formula (=F/(qL))
bending moments ratio for a member (or parts of it) between lateral bracings
ratio between distributed load on adjacent spans
2. Greek symbols
length factor (showing the position of point load)
Ym partial safety factor
YmO partial safety factor for bending moment resistance of cross-section
Ymr partial safety factor for available rotation capacity Rav
7 partial safety factor for available inelastic rotation <pav
deflection of a beam
plastic deflection of a beam
elastic deflection of a beam
virtual displacement
coefficient = j (with fy in N/mm^)
u ultimate strain corresponding to fu
ey yield strain corresponding to fy
length factor (of adjacent span in continuous beam)
inelastic rotation of plastic hinge
<pav characteristic value of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge
<pav.d design value of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge
9b> 9c rotation in perfect hinges obtained from an elastic analysis
9remaining remaining inelastic rotation in plastic hinges with elastic return
<Preq required inelastic rotation of plastic hinge
9req.d required inelastic rotation of plastic hinge at design loads
<Preq.u required inelastic rotation of plastic hinge at ultimate loads (related to structural collapse :
mechanism, instability,...)
<prot maximal rotation of plastic hinge obtained by the intersection between decreasing part of
experimental (-) curves from 3-point bending tests and the plastic moment level Mpi of
the profile
load factor
- critical load factor for elastic instability in a sway frame
" critical load factor for elastic instability in a sway frame with hinges
X\jl reduced slendemess of member according to lateral-torsional buckling
Arax, Xy maximal load factor (related to structural collapse : mechanism, instability,...)
collapse load factor for first order plastic global analysis
^ collapse load factor for second order plastic global analysis
factor in formula (=F/(qL))
bending moments ratio for a member (or parts of it) between lateral bracings
ratio between distributed load on adjacent spans
3. Drawing symbols
-O
perfect hinge
plastic hinge
t7
y fr
simple support (with vertical reaction)
simple support (with vertical and horizontal reactions)
fully fixed support
10
3. Drawing symbols
-O
perfect hinge
plastic hinge
t7
y fr
simple support (with vertical reaction)
simple support (with vertical and horizontal reactions)
fully fixed support
10
List of Figures
Figure 1 : Moment rotation curve of 3-point bending beam
Figure 2 : Moment rotation curve for different lateral restraints
Figure 3 : Flow-chart for plastic global analysis
Figure 4 : Parameters influencing the rotation capacity R of plastic hinges
Figure 5 : Definition of critical slope Xoit in (-) curve
Figure 6 : (-) curve for fully supported and uniformly loaded beam (A)
Figure 7 : (-) curve for fully supported and uniformly loaded beam (B)
Figure 8 : (-) curve for uniformly loaded continuous beam
Figure 9 : Definition of required rotation <pieq in function of slope in (-) curve
Figure 10 : Example of fully supported and uniformly loaded beam
Figure 11: Definition of critical slope Xcrit in (-) curve
Figure 12 : Plastic hinge stability related to negative slope in (-) curves
Figure 13 : Flow-chart : Safety evaluation for rotation capacity checking
Figure 14 : Definition of parameters in (- ) curves
Figure 15 : Influence of flange slendemess on <pav (b = constant) (Feldmann's model)
Figure 16 : Influence of flange slendemess on <paV (tf = constant) (Feldmann's model)
Figure 17 : Influence of web slendemess on q>aV (h = constant) (Feldmann's model)
Figure 18 : Influence of steel grade on <pav (Feldmann's model)
Figure 19 : Influence of steel grade on Rav (Feldmann's model)
Figure 20 : Influence of span length on Rav (Feldmann's model)
Figure 21 : Comparison of rotation capacity
Figure 22 : Ratio of Rav/Rmfor experimental data
Figure 23 : Buckling mode related to unbraced length Lt_TB
Figure 24 : Inelastic rotation of plastic hinge in function of unbraced length LltB
Figure 25 : Unbraced lengths Lt_TB for different moment gradients
Figure 26 : Flange local + lateral global buddings
Figure 27 : Flange local + web local buddings
Figure 28 : Moment diagram and moment rotation curve for 3 points-bending system
Figure 29 : Equivalent length L to 3-point bending system
Figure 30 : Plastic hinge in structures
Figure 31 : Summary table (issued from Annex 10)
Figure 32 : Equivalent length L for different moment gradients
Figure 33 : Concentrated Load
Figure 34 : Distributed Load
Figure 35 : Bending moment diagrams for concentrated and distributed loads
Figure 36 : Lower flange lateral deformation
Figure 37 : Continuous beam with distributed loads
Figure 38 : Continuous beam with concentrated loads
Figure 39 : Portal frame
Figure 40 : (-) curves
Figure 41 : Evolution of the plastic rotation in a first plastic hinge
Figure 42 : Influence of the loading path on cprgq at collapse
Figure 43 : Continuous beam
Figure 46 : Design curves
Figure 49 : How-chart for "step-by-step method"
Figure 50 : Indicative values of required rotation capacity Rreq of plastic hinges in steel frames
Figure 51 : Indicative values of required inelastic rotation <preq of plastic hinges in steel frames
Figure 52 : Diagram of Ototal / êlastic function of moment redistribution for 3 spans composite beams
Figure 53 : Diagram of Ototal / êlastic m function of moment redistribution for 2 spans composite beams
11
List of Figures
Figure 5 : Definition of critical slope Xoit in (-) curve
Figure 9 : Definition of required rotation <pieq in function of slope in (-) curve
Figure 11: Definition of critical slope Xcrit in (-) curve
Figure 14 : Definition of parameters in (- ) curves
Figure 15 : Influence of flange slendemess on <pav (b = constant) (Feldmann's model)
Figure 16 : Influence of flange slendemess on <paV (tf = constant) (Feldmann's model)
Figure 17 : Influence of web slendemess on q>aV (h = constant) (Feldmann's model)
Figure 18 : Influence of steel grade on <pav (Feldmann's model)
Figure 22 : Ratio of Rav/Rmfor experimental data
Figure 23 : Buckling mode related to unbraced length Lt_TB
Figure 24 : Inelastic rotation of plastic hinge in function of unbraced length LltB
Figure 25 : Unbraced lengths Lt_TB for different moment gradients
Figure 26 : Flange local + lateral global buddings
Figure 27 : Flange local + web local buddings
Figure 28 : Moment diagram and moment rotation curve for 3 points-bending system
Figure 42 : Influence of the loading path on cprgq at collapse
Figure 49 : How-chart for "step-by-step method"
Figure 51 : Indicative values of required inelastic rotation <preq of plastic hinges in steel frames
Figure 52 : Diagram of Ototal / êlastic function of moment redistribution for 3 spans composite beams
Figure 53 : Diagram of Ototal / êlastic m function of moment redistribution for 2 spans composite beams
11
Annexes
Annex 1 : "Complete set of distributed documents (10.95)" (7 pages)
Annex 2: Excerpts from Mr. Couchman's thesis (Ref. 14) (9 pages)
"Design of continuous beams allowing for rotation capacity"
Annex 3: Document 3263-3-12 (LABEIN) (20 pages)
"Conclusions from simulation results : Deformation buckling modes
moment gradient & LTB restraints influence"
"Continuous beam simulation"
Annex 5: Documents 3263-3-10 & 32-3-13 (LABEIN) (excerpts) (46 pages)
"Numerical simulations of Spangemacher and Seldacek tests"
"Numerical simulations of RWTH tests & nominal cases results"
Annex 6: Document 3263-2-9 (CTICM) (12 pages)
"Numerical simulations performed by CTICM"
Annex 7: Document 3263-3-10 (LABEIN) (excerpts) (7 pages)
"Numerical results: Spangemacher tests, clamped-clamped supported
beam, moment gradient and LTB restraints influence"
"Numerical simulations with centered concentrated loads, distributed
loads and biased concrentrated loads"
"Required rotation capacity for a 15% redistribution of elastic peak
moment"
"Evaluation of the required rotation capacity for various types of portal
frames"
Annex 1 1 : Document 3263- 1-27 (ProfilARBED) (49 pages)
"Available rotation capacity of plastic hinges Ravailable- Tests results
and models."
Annex 12: Document 3263-1-48 (ProfilARBED-RWTH) (66 pages)
"Background document to Eurocode 3 about ductility evaluation of
plastic hinges"
Annex 13: Document 3263-1-36 (ProfilARBED) (203 pages)
"Ductility of plastic hinges in steel structures - Guide for plastic
analysis" - Part - Available Separately -
"Numerical simulations of singular cases"
"Numerical simulation of CTICM tests & nominal cases"
"M - intersection" (simulations)
"Feldmann's model checking within LTB limits"
13
Annexes
Annex 1 : "Complete set of distributed documents (10.95)" (7 pages)
Annex 2: Excerpts from Mr. Couchman's thesis (Ref. 14) (9 pages)
"Conclusions from simulation results : Deformation buckling modes
moment gradient & LTB restraints influence"
"Continuous beam simulation"
"Numerical simulations of RWTH tests & nominal cases results"
"Numerical results: Spangemacher tests, clamped-clamped supported
beam, moment gradient and LTB restraints influence"
"Numerical simulations with centered concentrated loads, distributed
loads and biased concrentrated loads"
"Required rotation capacity for a 15% redistribution of elastic peak
moment"
"Evaluation of the required rotation capacity for various types of portal
frames"
Annex 1 1 : Document 3263- 1-27 (ProfilARBED) (49 pages)
"Available rotation capacity of plastic hinges Ravailable- Tests results
and models."
Annex 12: Document 3263-1-48 (ProfilARBED-RWTH) (66 pages)
"Background document to Eurocode 3 about ductility evaluation of
plastic hinges"
Annex 13: Document 3263-1-36 (ProfilARBED) (203 pages)
"Ductility of plastic hinges in steel structures - Guide for plastic
analysis" - Part - Available Separately -
"Numerical simulation of CTICM tests & nominal cases"
"M - intersection" (simulations)
13
References
Ref. 1: Eurocode 3, ENV 1993-1-1, Design of Steel Structures, Part 1.1, General Rules and Rules for
Buildings, CEN European pre-standard.
ENV 1993-1-1 : 1992/A1, Annex D of Eurocode 3 (ENV 1993-1-1 [3]) : "The use of steel
grades S460 and S420", CEN, December 1994.
Ref. 2: Eurocode 4, ENV 1994-1-1, Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures, Part 1.1,
General Rules and Rules for Buildings, CEN European pre-standard.
Ref. 3: "Elasto-plastic behaviour of steel frameworks"; by J.C. Grardy & J.B. Schleich, E.C.S.C.
agreements 7210-SA/508; Draft of final report, ProfilARBED-Recherches, Luxembourg,
August 1992.
Ref. 4: "Elasto-plastic behaviour of metallic frameworks- Interaction between strength and ductility"
; by D'Haeyer R., Delooz M., Defoumy J.; ECSC agreement 7210-SA/204; Draft of final
report 1992.
Ref. 5: "Elastish-Plastisches verhalten von Stahlkonstruktionen, Anforderungen und
Werkstoffkennwerte"; SedlacekG., Spangemacher R., Dahl W. und Langenberg P/.EGKS-F6
Projekt 7210-SA/l 13; Abschubericht 1992.
Ref. 6: "Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions
in Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools for designers (rotation capacities of profiles,...)",
E.C.S.C. agreements 7210-SA/520/321/935, Technical report n 1, ProfilARBED-
Recherches, Luxembourg, March 1994.
E.C.S.C. agreements 7210-SA/520/32 1/935, Technical report n 2, ProfilARBED-
Recherches, Luxembourg, September 1994.
Ref. 8 : "Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions
Recherches, Luxembourg, April 1995.
Ref. 10 : "Rotation Capacity of wide-flange beams under moment gradient", by Lukey A.F. and
Adams P.R., Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE Vol. 95, nST 6, pp. 1173-1188, June
1969.
Ref. 1 1 : RWTH Thesis of Mr. Feldmann M. : "Zur Rotationskapazitt von I-Profilen statisch und
dynamisch belasteten Trger" (Aachen; Heft 30; 1994; ISSN 0722-1037).
Ref. 12 : "Experimentelle ermitung der Rotationskapazitt biegebeanspruchte I-Profile", by Roik K.
and Kuhlmann U., Stahlbau 56, n 12, December 1987, pp. 353-358.
Ref. 13 : Projekt P169 "Untersuchung der Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Streckgrenzen -Verhltnisse
auf das Rotations- und Bruchverhalten von I-Trgem"; von Sedlacek G., Spangemacher R.,
Dahl W., Hubo R. und Langenberg P.; Studiengesellschaft Stahlanwendung e.V-Forschung
fr die Praxis; 1992.
Ref. 14 : EPFL Thesis n1308 (1994) of Mr. Couchman G., Lausanne, EPFL, 1995 : "Design of
continuous composite beams allowing for rotation capacity."
Ref. 15 : "Available rotation capacity in steel and composite beams" by Kemp A.R. & Deckker N.W.,
The structural Engineer, volume 69, n5/5, March 1991.
Ref. 16 : PEP-Micro Version 2.01, Plastic Analysis Computer Program, User's manual by Y. Galea, A.
Bureau, CTICM, France.
Ref. 17 : "Improved classification of steel and composite cross-sections: new rules for local buckling in
Eurocodes 3 and 4", E.C.S.C. agreements 7210-SA/519/319/934, Draft of final report,
ProfilARBED Recherches, Luxembourg, January 1996.
Ref. 18 : CM 66 - Additif 80 - DPU P22-701 (French code) : "Rgles de calculs des constructions en
acier".
15
References
Ref. 1: Eurocode 3, ENV 1993-1-1, Design of Steel Structures, Part 1.1, General Rules and Rules for
Buildings, CEN European pre-standard.
ENV 1993-1-1 : 1992/A1, Annex D of Eurocode 3 (ENV 1993-1-1 [3]) : "The use of steel
grades S460 and S420", CEN, December 1994.
Ref. 2: Eurocode 4, ENV 1994-1-1, Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures, Part 1.1,
General Rules and Rules for Buildings, CEN European pre-standard.
Ref. 3: "Elasto-plastic behaviour of steel frameworks"; by J.C. Grardy & J.B. Schleich, E.C.S.C.
agreements 7210-SA/508; Draft of final report, ProfilARBED-Recherches, Luxembourg,
August 1992.
Ref. 4: "Elasto-plastic behaviour of metallic frameworks- Interaction between strength and ductility"
; by D'Haeyer R., Delooz M., Defoumy J.; ECSC agreement 7210-SA/204; Draft of final
report 1992.
Ref. 5: "Elastish-Plastisches verhalten von Stahlkonstruktionen, Anforderungen und
Werkstoffkennwerte"; SedlacekG., Spangemacher R., Dahl W. und Langenberg P/.EGKS-F6
Projekt 7210-SA/l 13; Abschubericht 1992.
Recherches, Luxembourg, March 1994.
E.C.S.C. agreements 7210-SA/520/32 1/935, Technical report n 2, ProfilARBED-
Recherches, Luxembourg, April 1995.
Ref. 10 : "Rotation Capacity of wide-flange beams under moment gradient", by Lukey A.F. and
Adams P.R., Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE Vol. 95, nST 6, pp. 1173-1188, June
1969.
Ref. 1 1 : RWTH Thesis of Mr. Feldmann M. : "Zur Rotationskapazitt von I-Profilen statisch und
dynamisch belasteten Trger" (Aachen; Heft 30; 1994; ISSN 0722-1037).
Ref. 12 : "Experimentelle ermitung der Rotationskapazitt biegebeanspruchte I-Profile", by Roik K.
and Kuhlmann U., Stahlbau 56, n 12, December 1987, pp. 353-358.
Ref. 13 : Projekt P169 "Untersuchung der Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Streckgrenzen -Verhltnisse
auf das Rotations- und Bruchverhalten von I-Trgem"; von Sedlacek G., Spangemacher R.,
Dahl W., Hubo R. und Langenberg P.; Studiengesellschaft Stahlanwendung e.V-Forschung
fr die Praxis; 1992.
Ref. 14 : EPFL Thesis n1308 (1994) of Mr. Couchman G., Lausanne, EPFL, 1995 : "Design of
continuous composite beams allowing for rotation capacity."
Ref. 15 : "Available rotation capacity in steel and composite beams" by Kemp A.R. & Deckker N.W.,
The structural Engineer, volume 69, n5/5, March 1991.
Ref. 16 : PEP-Micro Version 2.01, Plastic Analysis Computer Program, User's manual by Y. Galea, A.
Bureau, CTICM, France.
Ref. 17 : "Improved classification of steel and composite cross-sections: new rules for local buckling in
Eurocodes 3 and 4", E.C.S.C. agreements 7210-SA/519/319/934, Draft of final report,
ProfilARBED Recherches, Luxembourg, January 1996.
Ref. 18 : CM 66 - Additif 80 - DPU P22-701 (French code) : "Rgles de calculs des constructions en
acier".
15
Ref. 19 : ECCS european recommendations on plastic global analysis of steel structures, R 7, 1976.
Excerpt from Chapitre 13 - Calcul plastique des constructions - Volume I Structures
dpendant d'un paramtre, 3eme dition, Massonnet Ch., Save M., 1976.
Ref. 20: "Lateral stability of steel beams and columns - common cases of restraint", D.A. Nethercot,
R.M. Lawson, The steel Construction Institute 1992.
Ref. 21 EN 10025 + Al : "Hot-rolled products of non-alloy structural steels - Technical delivery
conditions (includes amendment Al : 1993)", CEN, March 1990 (EN 10095), August 1993.
Ref. 22 EN 10113 : "Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels", Part 1,2,3, CEN,
March 1993.
Ref. 23 "Capacit de rotation d'une section plastifie : Extension du calcul plastique", Frdric
Mazuy, Mmoire de fin d'tudes. CUST - CTICM 1994.
Ref. 24 "Safety considerations of Annex J of Eurocode 3", M. Feldmann, G. Sedlacek, Third
International Workshop on Connections in Steel Structures, AISC, ECCS, Trento, 1995.
16
Ref. 19 : ECCS european recommendations on plastic global analysis of steel structures, R 7, 1976.
Excerpt from Chapitre 13 - Calcul plastique des constructions - Volume I Structures
dpendant d'un paramtre, 3eme dition, Massonnet Ch., Save M., 1976.
Ref. 20: "Lateral stability of steel beams and columns - common cases of restraint", D.A. Nethercot,
R.M. Lawson, The steel Construction Institute 1992.
Ref. 21 EN 10025 + Al : "Hot-rolled products of non-alloy structural steels - Technical delivery
conditions (includes amendment Al : 1993)", CEN, March 1990 (EN 10095), August 1993.
Ref. 22 EN 10113 : "Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels", Part 1,2,3, CEN,
March 1993.
Ref. 23 "Capacit de rotation d'une section plastifie : Extension du calcul plastique", Frdric
Mazuy, Mmoire de fin d'tudes. CUST - CTICM 1994.
Ref. 24 "Safety considerations of Annex J of Eurocode 3", M. Feldmann, G. Sedlacek, Third
16
1. Introduction
1.1 Objectives of the research project
Presently in Eurocode 3 (design of steel structures) (Ref. 1) and in Eurocode 4 (design of composite
steel and concrete structures) Ref. 2), the plastic analysis is governed by two criteria. The first one
refers to mechanical characteristics of steel and the second one to the geometry of the used profiles.
Previous researches on the rotation capacity for plastic analysis, performed by ARBED (Ref. 3), CRM
(Ref. 4) and RWTH Aachen (Ref. 5) have allowed to understand the behaviour of plastic hinge
formation for conventional steel. The results of these researches have shown that the requirements of
Eurocodes 3 and 4 (b / 1 - ratios and its yield stress dependence, fu / fy > 1.2, u > 20. y, Aj > 15 %)
are very safe sided and could be substantially reviewed especially for high strength steels {S 460).
A new single criterion called rotation capacity allows to quantify the capacity of a profile to develop a
plastic hinge without discrimination for high strength steels. This rotation capacity of plastic hinges
includes a lot of parameters: geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the cross-sections, ductility,
deformation range, local buckling problems, influence of welding procedures, influence of defects and,
the analysed structure (geometry, loads).
Nowadays the more competitive plastic design is not often used on the market because guides and
practical tools, which evaluate available rotation capacities of cross-sections and required rotation
capacities for different structures, are missing.
The first aim of this research is to determine the available rotation capacities for composite cross-
sections (steel beam collaborating with a concrete slab) and for all the steel shapes included in sales
programme and in function of different steel grades.
The second aim is to determine the required rotation capacities for different types of structures.
These both practical tools ensure a real promotion of plastic analysis because the designer will be able
to know easily and quickly if a plastic analysis is possible by comparing the required rotation capacity
fornis structure with the available rotation capacities of the used cross-sections.
The final aim of this research is to introduce these new rules of plastic analysis for steel and composite
cross-sections in Eurocode 3 and Eurocode 4, with the support of expertises.
In such a way the competitivity of steel and composite cross-sections will be improved and with this
advantage their market share will increase substantially.
1.2 Ways and means
(1) The following financially independent partners participated in the research project:
ProfilARBED - Recherches, Luxembourg : Mr. Chantrain Ph.
CTICM, France : MM. Chabrolin B., Galea Y., Bureau A.
LABEIN and ENSIDESA, Spain : MM. Anza J., Espiga F.
(2) The technical co-ordination was handled by ProfilARBED - Recherches Department "Recherches et
Promotion technique Structure (RPS)". It was decided that only one common ECSC report had to be
written by ProfilARBED for each period. Each report included the contributions done by different
partners during the different four research periods (Ref. 6, Ref. 7, Ref. 8, Ref. 9).
(3) During this research project, the main works were distributed between partners as follows:
-ProfilARBED: . management of the project,
. comparison of existing design models evaluating available rotation capacities
of plastic hinges (see chapter 4.3),
17
1. Introduction
1.1 Objectives of the research project
Presently in Eurocode 3 (design of steel structures) (Ref. 1) and in Eurocode 4 (design of composite
steel and concrete structures) Ref. 2), the plastic analysis is governed by two criteria. The first one
refers to mechanical characteristics of steel and the second one to the geometry of the used profiles.
Previous researches on the rotation capacity for plastic analysis, performed by ARBED (Ref. 3), CRM
(Ref. 4) and RWTH Aachen (Ref. 5) have allowed to understand the behaviour of plastic hinge
formation for conventional steel. The results of these researches have shown that the requirements of
Eurocodes 3 and 4 (b / 1 - ratios and its yield stress dependence, fu / fy > 1.2, u > 20. y, Aj > 15 %)
are very safe sided and could be substantially reviewed especially for high strength steels {S 460).
A new single criterion called rotation capacity allows to quantify the capacity of a profile to develop a
plastic hinge without discrimination for high strength steels. This rotation capacity of plastic hinges
includes a lot of parameters: geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the cross-sections, ductility,
deformation range, local buckling problems, influence of welding procedures, influence of defects and,
the analysed structure (geometry, loads).
Nowadays the more competitive plastic design is not often used on the market because guides and
practical tools, which evaluate available rotation capacities of cross-sections and required rotation
capacities for different structures, are missing.
The first aim of this research is to determine the available rotation capacities for composite cross-
sections (steel beam collaborating with a concrete slab) and for all the steel shapes included in sales
programme and in function of different steel grades.
The second aim is to determine the required rotation capacities for different types of structures.
These both practical tools ensure a real promotion of plastic analysis because the designer will be able
to know easily and quickly if a plastic analysis is possible by comparing the required rotation capacity
fornis structure with the available rotation capacities of the used cross-sections.
The final aim of this research is to introduce these new rules of plastic analysis for steel and composite
cross-sections in Eurocode 3 and Eurocode 4, with the support of expertises.
In such a way the competitivity of steel and composite cross-sections will be improved and with this
advantage their market share will increase substantially.
1.2 Ways and means
(1) The following financially independent partners participated in the research project:
ProfilARBED - Recherches, Luxembourg : Mr. Chantrain Ph.
CTICM, France : MM. Chabrolin B., Galea Y., Bureau A.
LABEIN and ENSIDESA, Spain : MM. Anza J., Espiga F.
(2) The technical co-ordination was handled by ProfilARBED - Recherches Department "Recherches et
Promotion technique Structure (RPS)". It was decided that only one common ECSC report had to be
written by ProfilARBED for each period. Each report included the contributions done by different
partners during the different four research periods (Ref. 6, Ref. 7, Ref. 8, Ref. 9).
(3) During this research project, the main works were distributed between partners as follows:
-ProfilARBED: . management of the project,
. comparison of existing design models evaluating available rotation capacities
of plastic hinges (see chapter 4.3),
17
CTICM:
- LABEIN :
development and safety evaluation of models about available inelastic
rotations of plastic hinges (with RWTH Aachen University as subcontractor)
(see Annex 12),
development of chapter 1 (Generalities) and chapter 3 (Available inelastic
rotations of plastic hinges) of the "Guide for plastic analysis" (see chapters
3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2 and Annex 13),
numerical simulations of continuous beams and frames to evaluate required
rotation capacity of plastic hinges (see chapters 5.5 and 5.6 ),
development of chapter 2 Oêquired inelastic rotations of plastic hinges) and
chapter 4 (Design examples) of the "Guide for plastic analysis" (see chapter 5
and Annex 13),
safety evaluation of rotation capacities of plastic hinges (see chapter 3.4),
numerical simulations of tests results (see chapter 4.4.1),
numerical simulations about nominal cases (see chapter 4.4.2),
numerical simulations about beams submitted to My - loading (see chapter
4.4.3),
numerical simulations of LTB limits for Feldmann's model (see chapter
4.4.4),
numerical simulations of double clamped beams (see chapter 4.4.5),
numerical simulations about influence of lateral restraints (see chapter 4.4.6),
numerical simulations about equivalent length evaluation for continuous
beams (see chapter 4.4.7).
1.3 Final report
The present final report compiles all results of works done in the scope of this research project. This
final report presents :
in chapter 2, bibliography,
in chapter 3, generalities about . the concept of plastic hinges ductility,
. the influence of lateral restraints,
. the guide of plastic analysis,
. the safety evaluation for rotation capacities based on plastic
hinge stability considerations,
in chapter 4, available rotation capacity of plastic hinge (generalities, comparison of design
models, Feldmann's model, numerical simulations) ,
in chapter 5, required rotation capacity of plastic hinge (introduction, influence of second order
effects, load level and loading path, continuous beams, fimes),
in chapter 6, review of Eurocode 3 rules, and
in chapter 7, conclusions and proposal for future researches.
18
CTICM:
- LABEIN :
development and safety evaluation of models about available inelastic
rotations of plastic hinges (with RWTH Aachen University as subcontractor)
(see Annex 12),
development of chapter 1 (Generalities) and chapter 3 (Available inelastic
rotations of plastic hinges) of the "Guide for plastic analysis" (see chapters
3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2 and Annex 13),
numerical simulations of continuous beams and frames to evaluate required
rotation capacity of plastic hinges (see chapters 5.5 and 5.6 ),
development of chapter 2 Oêquired inelastic rotations of plastic hinges) and
chapter 4 (Design examples) of the "Guide for plastic analysis" (see chapter 5
and Annex 13),
safety evaluation of rotation capacities of plastic hinges (see chapter 3.4),
numerical simulations of tests results (see chapter 4.4.1),
numerical simulations about nominal cases (see chapter 4.4.2),
numerical simulations about beams submitted to My - loading (see chapter
4.4.3),
numerical simulations of LTB limits for Feldmann's model (see chapter
4.4.4),
numerical simulations of double clamped beams (see chapter 4.4.5),
numerical simulations about influence of lateral restraints (see chapter 4.4.6),
numerical simulations about equivalent length evaluation for continuous
beams (see chapter 4.4.7).
1.3 Final report
The present final report compiles all results of works done in the scope of this research project. This
final report presents :
in chapter 2, bibliography,
in chapter 3, generalities about . the concept of plastic hinges ductility,
. the influence of lateral restraints,
. the guide of plastic analysis,
. the safety evaluation for rotation capacities based on plastic
hinge stability considerations,
in chapter 4, available rotation capacity of plastic hinge (generalities, comparison of design
models, Feldmann's model, numerical simulations) ,
in chapter 5, required rotation capacity of plastic hinge (introduction, influence of second order
effects, load level and loading path, continuous beams, fimes),
in chapter 6, review of Eurocode 3 rules, and
in chapter 7, conclusions and proposal for future researches.
18
2. Bibliography
(1) Collection of information according to Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) and Eurocode 4 (Ref. 2) has been performed
by all partners : bibliography, technical reports, papers, results from tests, statistical evaluations,
conclusions of previous or in progress researches, existing rules or new proposals of rules, development
of calculation models,....
(2) For convenience a specific numbering has been introduced for the documents distributed in the scope of
this research project. The list of the numbered documents distributed up to December 95 is given in
Annex 1. The convention ofthat numbering is proposed as follows (for example 3263-1-10) :
"number of the project" ("3263"),
"number of the partner" ("1", "2" or "3" respectively related to ProfilARBED, CTICM or
LABEIN),
"number of the paper in the chronological order of distribution".
3. Generalities
3.1 Ductility of plastic hinges: concept
(1) The plastic hinge method may be used for the ultimate limit state design of steel structures subject to
static loading.
By this method plastic zones and zones with local buckling are modelled by plastic hinges which
exhibit a simplified bilinear moment-rotation-characteristic with unlimited rotation capacities on the
level Mpi (plastic moment resistance of cross-section). Hence it is necessary to verify by a rotation
assessment that the rotation requirement resulting from the moment redistribution at ultimate limit state
does not exceed the actual available rotation capacity.
(2) Using plastic analysis, required inelastic rotation <Preq of plastic hinge can be determined, and computer
programs can give directly these values for all plastic hinges in the frame.
On the other hand, tests results, numeric simulations and, now, analytical models and formulae allow to
determine an available inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinge for a given cross-section (see Figure 1).
These studies are carried out especially on 3-point bending systems.
The following limit states criterion for ductility in bending (to be checked in all cross-sections) naturally
yields for checking the validity of the plastic state of a frame under a given loading:
9req.d - 9av.d
9av
, with 9av.d=JLa- (3.1)
where is a partial safety factor to allow for the uncertainties.

It can be shown that the available inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinge depends only on local
parameters :
- material properties (yield strength, ultimate strength, ... )
- shape and dimensions of the cross-section
- internal forces at the location of the plastic hinge
This criterion (3. 1) is sufficient in so far as the available inelastic rotation <pav can be given by formulae
or in tables. The inelastic rotation can be expressed in radians.
19
2. Bibliography
(1) Collection of information according to Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) and Eurocode 4 (Ref. 2) has been performed
by all partners : bibliography, technical reports, papers, results from tests, statistical evaluations,
conclusions of previous or in progress researches, existing rules or new proposals of rules, development
of calculation models,....
(2) For convenience a specific numbering has been introduced for the documents distributed in the scope of
this research project. The list of the numbered documents distributed up to December 95 is given in
Annex 1. The convention ofthat numbering is proposed as follows (for example 3263-1-10) :
"number of the project" ("3263"),
"number of the partner" ("1", "2" or "3" respectively related to ProfilARBED, CTICM or
LABEIN),
"number of the paper in the chronological order of distribution".
3. Generalities
3.1 Ductility of plastic hinges: concept
(1) The plastic hinge method may be used for the ultimate limit state design of steel structures subject to
static loading.
By this method plastic zones and zones with local buckling are modelled by plastic hinges which
exhibit a simplified bilinear moment-rotation-characteristic with unlimited rotation capacities on the
level Mpi (plastic moment resistance of cross-section). Hence it is necessary to verify by a rotation
assessment that the rotation requirement resulting from the moment redistribution at ultimate limit state
does not exceed the actual available rotation capacity.
(2) Using plastic analysis, required inelastic rotation <Preq of plastic hinge can be determined, and computer
programs can give directly these values for all plastic hinges in the frame.
On the other hand, tests results, numeric simulations and, now, analytical models and formulae allow to
determine an available inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinge for a given cross-section (see Figure 1).
These studies are carried out especially on 3-point bending systems.
The following limit states criterion for ductility in bending (to be checked in all cross-sections) naturally
yields for checking the validity of the plastic state of a frame under a given loading:
9req.d - 9av.d
9av
, with 9av.d=JLa- (3.1)
where is a partial safety factor to allow for the uncertainties.

It can be shown that the available inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinge depends only on local
parameters :
- material properties (yield strength, ultimate strength, ... )
- shape and dimensions of the cross-section
- internal forces at the location of the plastic hinge
This criterion (3. 1) is sufficient in so far as the available inelastic rotation <pav can be given by formulae
or in tables. The inelastic rotation can be expressed in radians.
19
(3) A great number of authors have preferred to talk about "rotation capacity" (R) instead of "inelastic
rotation" (<pav, <Preq) of plastic hinge by introducing an elastic rotation of reference (<ppi) (determined
at Mpi level) in order to adimensionalize the problem.
It is understood that the available rotation capacity Rav related to the available inelastic rotation <pav in
the hinge is to be determined for a 3-point bending system and is given by (see Figure 1) :
where L
<Ppi
Mpl
E
I
R
av
_9;av
9pl
with
9pl =
_ Mpl.L
2.E.I
is the length of the beam
is the sum of the elastic rotations (determined at Mpi level) at the ends of the
beam.
is the plastic resistance moment of the cross-section
is the modulus of elasticity of steel
is the moment of inertia of the cross-section
/2
/
lF
i
9av
L
*'2
j
'
M
i
Mpi-
i
9pl
Tav
! 9
9rot
So, the validity and the consistency of a plastic analysis can also be checked in all cross-sections by the
following limit states criterion for ductility in bending which is equivalent to criterion (3.1):
<ay_
Kreq s
^ YMR
(3.2)
(4) The concept of rotation capacity R introduces a supplementary parameter such as the length L of a
reference beam. It must be noted that this parameter is a structural and not local parameter. Rreq is to be
calculated from frame plastic analysis as explained in chapter 3 of Annex 10.
The available rotation capacity Rav can also be given in tables but it must refer to a particular beam
length because (ppi depends on the length.
Because the verification has to be consistent, the required rotation capacity Rreq must be computed by
considering the same length of reference which will be used to determine Rav.
As explained in chapter 4.4.7.1, difficulties may appear to clearly identify the length of reference in
order to calculate <ppi. On the other hand, computer softwares usually provide required inelastic
rotations <preq at each formed plastic hinge for each load level till structural collapse (mechanism,...).
Thus the most simple way to check ductility of plastic hinges clearly consists in comparing directly
required and available inelastic rotations of plastic hinges instead of converting those values in
rotation capacities R.
Therefore, it would be advisable to refer to the criterion (3.1) dealing with inelastic rotations (<pav>
<Preq) and not the criterion (3.2) with rotations capacities (Rav, Rreq)
20
(3) A great number of authors have preferred to talk about "rotation capacity" (R) instead of "inelastic
rotation" (<pav, <Preq) of plastic hinge by introducing an elastic rotation of reference (<ppi) (determined
at Mpi level) in order to adimensionalize the problem.
It is understood that the available rotation capacity Rav related to the available inelastic rotation <pav in
the hinge is to be determined for a 3-point bending system and is given by (see Figure 1) :
where L
<Ppi
Mpl
E
I
R
av
_9;av
9pl
with
9pl =
_ Mpl.L
2.E.I
is the length of the beam
is the sum of the elastic rotations (determined at Mpi level) at the ends of the
beam.
is the plastic resistance moment of the cross-section
is the modulus of elasticity of steel
is the moment of inertia of the cross-section
/2
/
lF
i
9av
L
*'2
j
'
M
i
Mpi-
i
9pl
Tav
! 9
9rot
So, the validity and the consistency of a plastic analysis can also be checked in all cross-sections by the
following limit states criterion for ductility in bending which is equivalent to criterion (3.1):
<ay_
Kreq s
^ YMR
(3.2)
calculated from frame plastic analysis as explained in chapter 3 of Annex 10.
considering the same length of reference which will be used to determine Rav.
As explained in chapter 4.4.7.1, difficulties may appear to clearly identify the length of reference in
order to calculate <ppi. On the other hand, computer softwares usually provide required inelastic
rotations <preq at each formed plastic hinge for each load level till structural collapse (mechanism,...).
Thus the most simple way to check ductility of plastic hinges clearly consists in comparing directly
required and available inelastic rotations of plastic hinges instead of converting those values in
rotation capacities R.
Therefore, it would be advisable to refer to the criterion (3.1) dealing with inelastic rotations (<pav>
<Preq) and not the criterion (3.2) with rotations capacities (Rav, Rreq)
20
(5) The proposed method which compares required and available inelastic rotations () or rotation
capacities (R) for each relevant plastic hinges, is an alternative to the use of width / thickness limits
(rules for classification of cross-sections) existing in Eurocodes 3 and 4 (Ref. 1 and 2) , for the
verification of sufficient ductility of plastic hinges.
Eurocode 3 Qêf. 1) provides general rules fnceming rotation requirements of plastic hinges:
" 5.3.3 Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis
(...)
(2) At plastic hinge locations, the cross-section of the member which contains the plastic hinge shall
have a rotation capacity of not less than the required rotation at that plastic hinge location.
(3) To satisfy the above requirement, the required rotations should be determinedfrom a rotation
analysis.
(4) For building structures in which the required rotations are not calculated, all members
containing plastic hinges shall have class 1 cross-sections at the plastic hinge location."
(6) A general flow-chart is proposed in Figure 3 defining the scope of the research project which concerns
the evaluation of the ductility of plastic hinges.
(7) A table of parameters influencing the rotation capacities of plastic hinges, is provided in Figure 4:
required rotation capacity ^required (concerning structures) and available rotation capacity âvailable
(concerning cross-sections). More details will be provided in respective chapters 5 and 4.
(8) A specific design method has been proposed by Mr. Couchman G. (Ref. 14) for continuous composite
beams (see Annex 2 (1/9 and 2/9)).
That design method based on the idea of rotation capacity :
includes the influences of all relevant parameters,
is applicable to beams with plastic (Class 1), compact (Class 2) or semi-compact (Class 3) sections,
gives an uniform margin of safety for all cases,
is suitable for everyday use by practising engineers.
That design method allows considerable increases in beam load capacity for beams with compact or
semi-compact critical sections.
Details concerning available and required rotation capacities of composite beams, are given respectively
in chapters 4.3.5 and 5.7.
At present state, more developments (tests results, numerical simulations, statistical evaluations; ...) are
necessary to exploit that method for continuous composite beams in order to elaborate design aids or
charts which will help designers in their daily works.
21
(5) The proposed method which compares required and available inelastic rotations () or rotation
capacities (R) for each relevant plastic hinges, is an alternative to the use of width / thickness limits
(rules for classification of cross-sections) existing in Eurocodes 3 and 4 (Ref. 1 and 2) , for the
verification of sufficient ductility of plastic hinges.
Eurocode 3 Qêf. 1) provides general rules fnceming rotation requirements of plastic hinges:
(...)
(2) At plastic hinge locations, the cross-section of the member which contains the plastic hinge shall
have a rotation capacity of not less than the required rotation at that plastic hinge location.
(3) To satisfy the above requirement, the required rotations should be determinedfrom a rotation
analysis.
(6) A general flow-chart is proposed in Figure 3 defining the scope of the research project which concerns
the evaluation of the ductility of plastic hinges.
(7) A table of parameters influencing the rotation capacities of plastic hinges, is provided in Figure 4:
required rotation capacity ^required (concerning structures) and available rotation capacity âvailable
(concerning cross-sections). More details will be provided in respective chapters 5 and 4.
(8) A specific design method has been proposed by Mr. Couchman G. (Ref. 14) for continuous composite
beams (see Annex 2 (1/9 and 2/9)).
gives an uniform margin of safety for all cases,
Details concerning available and required rotation capacities of composite beams, are given respectively
in chapters 4.3.5 and 5.7.
At present state, more developments (tests results, numerical simulations, statistical evaluations; ...) are
necessary to exploit that method for continuous composite beams in order to elaborate design aids or
charts which will help designers in their daily works.
21
3.2 Influence of lateral restraint
(1) In order to realize the necessary inelastic rotations at plastic hinge locations a member must have
sufficient lateral restraints to ensure that the plastic moment at these hinges locations is not reduced by
lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) before a mechanism has formed. Local buckling is controlled by
limiting the width/thickness ratios of the flanges and the web; lateral-torsional buckling should be
controlled by limiting the unbraced length of the member.
(2) The rotation capacity depends largely upon its unbraced length on either side of a plastic hinge. Based
on tests results (Ref. 10) and on numerical simulations (see chapter 4.4.6), Figure 2 shows, qualitatively,
for different L/iz ratios, the moment-rotation relationship of a beam under uniform moment As L/iz
decreases, the rotation capacity increases. In order to maintain the plastic moment and provide adequate
rotation capacity, the L/iz ratio must be controlled.
where L is the member span,
iz is the radius of gyration about minor axis of the member.
In general, lateral-torsional buckling shall be avoided in plastic analysis.
(3) On the basis of numerical simulations chapter 4.4.6 presents some conclusions about the combined
influence of the moment gradient and the lateral restraints on the resulting available rotation capacity .
22
3.2 Influence of lateral restraint
(1) In order to realize the necessary inelastic rotations at plastic hinge locations a member must have
sufficient lateral restraints to ensure that the plastic moment at these hinges locations is not reduced by
limiting the width/thickness ratios of the flanges and the web; lateral-torsional buckling should be
controlled by limiting the unbraced length of the member.
(2) The rotation capacity depends largely upon its unbraced length on either side of a plastic hinge. Based
on tests results (Ref. 10) and on numerical simulations (see chapter 4.4.6), Figure 2 shows, qualitatively,
for different L/iz ratios, the moment-rotation relationship of a beam under uniform moment As L/iz
decreases, the rotation capacity increases. In order to maintain the plastic moment and provide adequate
rotation capacity, the L/iz ratio must be controlled.
where L is the member span,
iz is the radius of gyration about minor axis of the member.
In general, lateral-torsional buckling shall be avoided in plastic analysis.
(3) On the basis of numerical simulations chapter 4.4.6 presents some conclusions about the combined
influence of the moment gradient and the lateral restraints on the resulting available rotation capacity .
22
Flow-chart for Plastic Global Analysis
o
d
rs ws
M O)
< WD
5 S
2
.
4-1

c
ca
3
>
u
s
ce
(
'ig
a fa
O JS
e
.2 o
J3
"rt
>
J R required 4
(structure) i
R available
(cross-section)
Type of frame
(geometry, boundary conditions, loading, yield strength)
rigid / assumption :\ semi-rigid
X^type of joints^
Incase of simple frames => tables to evaluate R required
i
Choice of cross-sections andjoints
'Plastic hinges in beams: (M)

(M, V) interaction ,
(M, N) interaction
(, , V) interaction \
I
plastic hinges in columns: (M, N) interaction J
(M, N, V) interaction
Plastic hinges injoints

I
R required is deduced from tables (or results of plastic global
analysis) and, R available is issued from tables or formulas: i)
! R required < ( R available / ) \

Plastic global analysis of the frame considering the global and
local stability (geometry of the frame, boundary conditions,
loading, yield strength)
=> maximum load multiplicator of design loads: Xmax
I
Sufficient bearing capacity
of the frame if:
>1
yes^
R required is deduced fromresults of plastic global analysis and,
R available is issued from tables or formulas:
R required < ( R available / *)
not
fuelled
Notes :
R = rotation capacity of plastic hinges / M = bending moment/ = axial load /V = shear force
1) = tables of Ravailable : . ok if no lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) (if rules of maximum spacing of lateral supports; ...)
. difficult if influence of LTB
23
Flow-chart for Plastic Global Analysis
o
d
rs ws
M O)
< WD
5 S
2
.
4-1

c
ca
3
>
u
s
ce
(
'ig
a fa
O JS
e
.2 o
J3
"rt
>
J R required 4
(structure) i
R available
(cross-section)
Type of frame
(geometry, boundary conditions, loading, yield strength)
rigid / assumption :\ semi-rigid
X^type of joints^
Incase of simple frames => tables to evaluate R required
i
Choice of cross-sections andjoints
'Plastic hinges in beams: (M)

(M, V) interaction ,
(M, N) interaction
(, , V) interaction \
I
plastic hinges in columns: (M, N) interaction J
(M, N, V) interaction
Plastic hinges injoints

I
R required is deduced from tables (or results of plastic global
analysis) and, R available is issued from tables or formulas: i)
! R required < ( R available / ) \

Plastic global analysis of the frame considering the global and
local stability (geometry of the frame, boundary conditions,
loading, yield strength)
=> maximum load multiplicator of design loads: Xmax
I
Sufficient bearing capacity
of the frame if:
>1
yes^
R required is deduced fromresults of plastic global analysis and,
R available is issued from tables or formulas:
R required < ( R available / *)
not
fuelled
Notes :
R = rotation capacity of plastic hinges / M = bending moment/ = axial load /V = shear force
1) = tables of Ravailable : . ok if no lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) (if rules of maximum spacing of lateral supports; ...)
. difficult if influence of LTB
23
Parameters
1. Geometry of the structure
2. Geometry of the cross-sections:
2.1. cross-section
2.2. cross-section slendemess: for web and flange of steel
profile: d/tw and cAf
2.3. concrete slab reinforcement (amount of rebars): ratio
of support to span plastic moment resistance, Mp/Mp
2.4. degree of steel-concrete shear connection, N/Nf
2.5. type of slab reinforcement (mesh, rebars)
3. Material characteristics of different members:
3.1. yield strength, fy (constant or not in the structure)
3.2. ultimate strength over yield strength ratio, fu / fv
4. Spans & other systems:
4.1. length of beams, L
4.2. length of the moment gradient
4.3. number of spans (continuous beams)
5. Load configuration:
5.1. distributed loading, g and q
5.2. concentrated loading, G and Q
5.3. distributed + concentrated loading
6. Boundary conditions: supports, connections and hinges
7. Interaction between bending moment and shear force: M, V
8. Interaction between bending moment and axial load: ,
9. Interaction between bending moment, axial load and
shear force: , N, V
10. ratios to load level of the complete plastic mechanism:
10.1. instability load level / plastic mech. load level
10.2. design load level / plastic mech. load level
Rrequired
(Structure)
(X)
X?
^(X)
^- no
r
^x
>}
M

i
;
-'
()
()
()
âvailable
(Cross-section)
no
no
if no LTB
(X)
^
no J
no if no LTB
no if no LTB
no if no LTB
no if no LTB
no if no LTB
no if no LTB
no
no
no
Note: LTB = lateral-torsional buckling
24
Parameters
1. Geometry of the structure
2. Geometry of the cross-sections:
2.1. cross-section
2.2. cross-section slendemess: for web and flange of steel
profile: d/tw and cAf
2.3. concrete slab reinforcement (amount of rebars): ratio
of support to span plastic moment resistance, Mp/Mp
2.4. degree of steel-concrete shear connection, N/Nf
2.5. type of slab reinforcement (mesh, rebars)
3. Material characteristics of different members:
3.1. yield strength, fy (constant or not in the structure)
3.2. ultimate strength over yield strength ratio, fu / fv
4. Spans & other systems:
4.1. length of beams, L
4.2. length of the moment gradient
4.3. number of spans (continuous beams)
5. Load configuration:
5.1. distributed loading, g and q
5.2. concentrated loading, G and Q
5.3. distributed + concentrated loading
6. Boundary conditions: supports, connections and hinges
7. Interaction between bending moment and shear force: M, V
8. Interaction between bending moment and axial load: ,
9. Interaction between bending moment, axial load and
shear force: , N, V
10. ratios to load level of the complete plastic mechanism:
10.1. instability load level / plastic mech. load level
10.2. design load level / plastic mech. load level
Rrequired
(Structure)
(X)
X?
^(X)
^- no
r
^x
>}
M

i
;
-'
()
()
()
âvailable
(Cross-section)
no
no
if no LTB
(X)
^
no J
no if no LTB
no if no LTB
no if no LTB
no if no LTB
no if no LTB
no if no LTB
no
no
no
Note: LTB = lateral-torsional buckling
24
(4) Presently lateral-torsional buckling is not explicitly forbidden by Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) but it is related to
strength and limited as follows: if the relative slendemess ^ > 0,4, then the ultimate bending
moment resistance of the beam (= XLT-Mpi) is lower than the plastic moment resistance of class 1 and 2
cross-sections (= Mpi) because the reduction factor %lt is lower than 1,0. The factor Xjjr includes the
unbraced length of the member (_).
In order to respect the process of plastic analysis which excludes lateral-torsional buckling as regards
strength of frames and rotation capacity of plastic hinges, the Eurocode 3 condition Xlt ^0,4 shall be
fulfilled in all cases.
(5) On the other hand Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) give some general remarks on lateral restraint :
"5.2. 1 .4 (3) When plastic global analysis is used, lateral restraint shall be provided at all plastic hinge
locations at which plastic hinge rotation may occur under any load case.
5.2. 1 .4 (4) The restraint should beprovided within a distance along the memberfrom the theoretical
plastic hinge location not exceeding half the depth of the member."
(6) In alternative to Eurocode 3 rule (Xlt), other existing rules defining maximum distances between
lateral restraints should be provided to designers : for instance rules from CM66-Additif 80 (French
code) (Ref. 18), from ECCS recommendations (Ref. 19) or from SCI publication (Ref. 20).
3.3 Guide for plastic analysis
As expected in the scope of this research project, a practical tool has been elaborated to help designers
concerned by plastic global analysis of steel structures. Softwares already exist to determine the
resistance of steel structures according to plastic global analysis, but there is a missing link for complete
designs at ultimate limit states : a simple tool for the evaluation of ductility of steel plastic hinges. This
gap is filled by the document entitled Ductility of plastic hinges in steel structures - Guide for plastic
analysis", (see Annex 13) which has been developed by ProfilARBED for chapters 1 and 3 and by
CTICM for chapters 2 and 4. This document focus on inelastic rotation of steel plastic hinge and not
on rotation capacity R, as explained in chapter 4.4.7.1.
This stand-alone document of Annex 13 ("Ductility of plastic hinges in steel structures - Guide for
plastic analysis") contains the following chapters :
Chapter 1 : "Generalities" ; this chapter 1 presents :
the concept of plastic analysis,
the concept of inelastic rotation of plastic hinges,
the influence of lateral-restraint,
the parameters influencing the inelastic rotation,
the design rules for ductility of plastic hinge ,
the concept of plastic analysis based on inelastic rotation.
Chapter 2 : "Required inelastic rotation of plastic hinges in structures" ; this chapter 2 details :
the influence of parameters on required inelastic rotation,
the cases of continuous beams,
the cases of frames.
Chapter 3 : "Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges in cross-sections" ; this chapter 3
presents :
Feldmann's model : assumptions, limitations, formulas for different load cases, extension to
other load cases,
the influence of parameters on inelastic available rotation <pav ,
tables with <pav values for I and hot-rolled sections (IPE, IPEA, IPEO, HEAA, HEA, HEB,
HEM, UB and UC) and for different steel grades (S 235, S 275, S 355, S 420 and S 460),
graphs with (Dav values for I and H hot-rolled sections and for different steel grades.
Chapter 4 : "Design examples" ; this chapter 4 provides four examples about :
continuous beam with concentrated load,
continuous beam with uniform distributed load,
simple portal frame,
25
(4) Presently lateral-torsional buckling is not explicitly forbidden by Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) but it is related to
strength and limited as follows: if the relative slendemess ^ > 0,4, then the ultimate bending
moment resistance of the beam (= XLT-Mpi) is lower than the plastic moment resistance of class 1 and 2
cross-sections (= Mpi) because the reduction factor %lt is lower than 1,0. The factor Xjjr includes the
unbraced length of the member (_).
In order to respect the process of plastic analysis which excludes lateral-torsional buckling as regards
strength of frames and rotation capacity of plastic hinges, the Eurocode 3 condition Xlt ^0,4 shall be
fulfilled in all cases.
(5) On the other hand Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) give some general remarks on lateral restraint :
"5.2. 1 .4 (3) When plastic global analysis is used, lateral restraint shall be provided at all plastic hinge
5.2. 1 .4 (4) The restraint should beprovided within a distance along the memberfrom the theoretical
plastic hinge location not exceeding half the depth of the member."
(6) In alternative to Eurocode 3 rule (Xlt), other existing rules defining maximum distances between
lateral restraints should be provided to designers : for instance rules from CM66-Additif 80 (French
code) (Ref. 18), from ECCS recommendations (Ref. 19) or from SCI publication (Ref. 20).
3.3 Guide for plastic analysis
As expected in the scope of this research project, a practical tool has been elaborated to help designers
concerned by plastic global analysis of steel structures. Softwares already exist to determine the
resistance of steel structures according to plastic global analysis, but there is a missing link for complete
designs at ultimate limit states : a simple tool for the evaluation of ductility of steel plastic hinges. This
gap is filled by the document entitled Ductility of plastic hinges in steel structures - Guide for plastic
analysis", (see Annex 13) which has been developed by ProfilARBED for chapters 1 and 3 and by
CTICM for chapters 2 and 4. This document focus on inelastic rotation of steel plastic hinge and not
on rotation capacity R, as explained in chapter 4.4.7.1.
This stand-alone document of Annex 13 ("Ductility of plastic hinges in steel structures - Guide for
plastic analysis") contains the following chapters :
Chapter 1 : "Generalities" ; this chapter 1 presents :
the concept of plastic analysis,
the concept of inelastic rotation of plastic hinges,
the influence of lateral-restraint,
the parameters influencing the inelastic rotation,
the design rules for ductility of plastic hinge ,
the concept of plastic analysis based on inelastic rotation.
Chapter 2 : "Required inelastic rotation of plastic hinges in structures" ; this chapter 2 details :
the influence of parameters on required inelastic rotation,
the cases of continuous beams,
the cases of frames.
Chapter 3 : "Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges in cross-sections" ; this chapter 3
presents :
Feldmann's model : assumptions, limitations, formulas for different load cases, extension to
other load cases,
the influence of parameters on inelastic available rotation <pav ,
tables with <pav values for I and hot-rolled sections (IPE, IPEA, IPEO, HEAA, HEA, HEB,
HEM, UB and UC) and for different steel grades (S 235, S 275, S 355, S 420 and S 460),
graphs with (Dav values for I and H hot-rolled sections and for different steel grades.
Chapter 4 : "Design examples" ; this chapter 4 provides four examples about :
continuous beam with concentrated load,
continuous beam with uniform distributed load,
simple portal frame,
25
step-by-step method with the help of an elastic analysis program.
Appendix 1: "Plastic resistance of I and H cross-sections"; this Appendix gives tables with plastic
resistance values for I and H hot-rolled sections (IPE, IPEA, IPEO, HEAA, HEA, HEB, HEM, UB
and UC) and for different steel grades (S 235, S 275, S 355, S 420 and S 460).
3.4 Safety evaluation for rotation capacities based on plastic hinge stability considerations
3.4.1 Introduction
This section presents a safety evaluation approach for rotation capacities based on considering the
stability requirements of the plastic hinge expressed in terms of the required rotation.
This safety evaluation method presented in this chapter 3.4 is provided only for information because our
working group selected Feldmann's model to determine <pav values and because > which are partial
safety factors to be applied to those <pav values, have to be determined in full conformity with usual
standardized statistical procedure defined in Annex of Eurocode 3 (see Annex 12).
An assessment of the rotation capacity by checking the fulfilment of the following condition is
assumed:
*%
(3.3)
where 7c is the partial safety factor evaluated by the standardized statistical procedure for
test results outlined on Annex of Eurocode 3 (see Annex 12).
An improved safety factor is proposed on the basis of calculating an additional value for the factor
taking into account the criteria for the plastic hinge stability:
9pi^
<9av
(3.4)
where:
y = max(yc,ys) (3.5)
and Ys is the partial safety factor to be evaluated from considerations about the requirements for the
stability of the plastic hinge.
The rotation capacity approach used in plastic design assumes implicitly that a given required rotation
can be reached by the plastic hinge provided that, in the moment-rotation curve, the value of the
moment remains over the plastic moment level (available rotation definition). However, this condition
does not guarantee the plastic hinge stability in the structure since this stability depends not only on the
moment level corresponding to the required rotation but also on the descendant branch slope of the
moment-rotation curve at that rotation.
A value for the critical slope of the descendant branch, Xcnt, will be derived and expressed in terms of
the required rotation and the load redistribution factor. On the other hand, the actual value of the slope
for the moment rotation curve, at the point where the available rotation is reached, will be expressed,
assuming certain simplifications, as a function of the available rotation.
This will allow the checking of the plastic hinge stability (X < XCrit> to be integrated as part of the
rotation capacity checking by means of the introduction of a modified safety factor as shown in (3.4)
and (3.5).
26
step-by-step method with the help of an elastic analysis program.
Appendix 1: "Plastic resistance of I and H cross-sections"; this Appendix gives tables with plastic
resistance values for I and H hot-rolled sections (IPE, IPEA, IPEO, HEAA, HEA, HEB, HEM, UB
and UC) and for different steel grades (S 235, S 275, S 355, S 420 and S 460).
3.4 Safety evaluation for rotation capacities based on plastic hinge stability considerations
3.4.1 Introduction
This section presents a safety evaluation approach for rotation capacities based on considering the
stability requirements of the plastic hinge expressed in terms of the required rotation.
This safety evaluation method presented in this chapter 3.4 is provided only for information because our
working group selected Feldmann's model to determine <pav values and because > which are partial
safety factors to be applied to those <pav values, have to be determined in full conformity with usual
standardized statistical procedure defined in Annex of Eurocode 3 (see Annex 12).
An assessment of the rotation capacity by checking the fulfilment of the following condition is
assumed:
*%
(3.3)
where 7c is the partial safety factor evaluated by the standardized statistical procedure for
test results outlined on Annex of Eurocode 3 (see Annex 12).
An improved safety factor is proposed on the basis of calculating an additional value for the factor
taking into account the criteria for the plastic hinge stability:
9pi^
<9av
(3.4)
where:
y = max(yc,ys) (3.5)
and Ys is the partial safety factor to be evaluated from considerations about the requirements for the
stability of the plastic hinge.
The rotation capacity approach used in plastic design assumes implicitly that a given required rotation
can be reached by the plastic hinge provided that, in the moment-rotation curve, the value of the
moment remains over the plastic moment level (available rotation definition). However, this condition
does not guarantee the plastic hinge stability in the structure since this stability depends not only on the
moment level corresponding to the required rotation but also on the descendant branch slope of the
moment-rotation curve at that rotation.
A value for the critical slope of the descendant branch, Xcnt, will be derived and expressed in terms of
the required rotation and the load redistribution factor. On the other hand, the actual value of the slope
for the moment rotation curve, at the point where the available rotation is reached, will be expressed,
assuming certain simplifications, as a function of the available rotation.
This will allow the checking of the plastic hinge stability (X < XCrit> to be integrated as part of the
rotation capacity checking by means of the introduction of a modified safety factor as shown in (3.4)
and (3.5).
26
3.4.2 Stability requirements
3.4.2.1 Critical slope in the moment-rotation curve
The stability of the plastic hinge when reaching a given value of the rotation is not lost provided that the
following condition is fulfilled:
X<Xcrit
(3.6)
where X is the actual value of the slope of the moment rotation curve and Xcrit is the critical slope to be
evaluated. Xcrit is mainly dependent on the structure and the load conditions and will be expressed in
terms of the required rotation capacity and the load redistribution factor.
Mi
Mpi.
k
kf ^^^\
**
k ^ <~STABILITY
^p X>Xc~INSTABILITY
-3 >*
Kp
Figure 5 : Definition of critical slope Xcrit m (-) curve
3.4.2.2 Stability requirements: built-in beam uniformly loaded
In the first stage (A), the load is incremented until the moment at the end locations, Mi, reaches the
plastic moment level, Mpi .
The load and the end moment Mi at the plastic hinge formation moment are:
12. M
pi
v = -7f ; Ml = Mpl
From this point on, the beam ends can be assumed to behave as elastic supports with a variable stiff
ness, K(<pi) determined by the slope of the moment-rotation curve associated to the plastic hinge. The
case for this boundary conditions can be solved by superposition of the two cases indicated: the simply
supported beam (B-I) and the built-in beam (-), imposing additionally the compatibility relationship
between the angle and the moment .
27
3.4.2 Stability requirements
3.4.2.1 Critical slope in the moment-rotation curve
The stability of the plastic hinge when reaching a given value of the rotation is not lost provided that the
following condition is fulfilled:
X<Xcrit
(3.6)
where X is the actual value of the slope of the moment rotation curve and Xcrit is the critical slope to be
evaluated. Xcrit is mainly dependent on the structure and the load conditions and will be expressed in
terms of the required rotation capacity and the load redistribution factor.
Mi
Mpi.
k
kf ^^^\
**
k ^ <~STABILITY
^p X>Xc~INSTABILITY
-3 >*
Kp
Figure 5 : Definition of critical slope Xcrit m (-) curve
3.4.2.2 Stability requirements: built-in beam uniformly loaded
In the first stage (A), the load is incremented until the moment at the end locations, Mi, reaches the
plastic moment level, Mpi .
The load and the end moment Mi at the plastic hinge formation moment are:
12. M
pi
v = -7f ; Ml = Mpl
From this point on, the beam ends can be assumed to behave as elastic supports with a variable stiff
ness, K(<pi) determined by the slope of the moment-rotation curve associated to the plastic hinge. The
case for this boundary conditions can be solved by superposition of the two cases indicated: the simply
supported beam (B-I) and the built-in beam (-), imposing additionally the compatibility relationship
between the angle and the moment .
27
Kr

.W
,
AR

*?

>
+
AR
(B-g
,
(t
is
aP=aR+/P,
,= *
Thus, an expression for the angle in function of the total load can be derived:
() =
() =
(
24. E. I
.,
f\
12;
.2
,= .fl + -^-. .
1 24.. I 2.. m;J
The plastic hinge will start to loose the stability at the moment in which an increment in the angle may
occur without applying any external force:
<0 -* K<
-2.E.I
X>
E.I
L
3.4.2.3 Stability requirements: continuous beams
The plastic hinge instability condition derived in the previous paragraph can be generalised for the
continuous beam case following an analogue procedure.
#
. Mpi
^
plastic
hinge
2*s

=+2
=().
,
AR
AR
L
k
1
It
1
28
Kr

.W
,
AR

*?

>
+
AR
(B-g
,
(t
is
aP=aR+/P,
,= *
Thus, an expression for the angle in function of the total load can be derived:
() =
() =
(
24. E. I
.,
f\
12;
.2
,= .fl + -^-. .
1 24.. I 2.. m;J
<0 -* K<
-2.E.I
X>
E.I
L
3.4.2.3 Stability requirements: continuous beams
The plastic hinge instability condition derived in the previous paragraph can be generalised for the
continuous beam case following an analogue procedure.
#
. Mpi
^
plastic
hinge
2*s

=+2
=().
,
AR
AR
L
k
1
It
1
28
When the plastic moment level (Mpi) is reached, the plastic hinge can be assumed to behave as a tor
sional elastic spring with a variable stiffness, () determined by the slope of the moment-rotation
curve. The new case can be solved by superposition of two cases as indicated: the first one introducing a
simple support at the plastic hinge location (B-I) and the second keeping the original boundary condi
tions (B-II). In addition, the compatibility relationship between the angle and the moment
needs to be applied. Thus, an expression for the angle in function of the total load can be
derived:
0) ^,. ] Cm
^ 1=.22=()..1-,1=1 ^
+().
.
= . =
C9-CM
CM + Kfai).^

<0
c9
x>
Cm
2.C,
<P
Next, this critical value for the slope in the moment-rotation curve will be expressed as a function of the
required rotation. Let (preq the required rotation at the plastic hinge to be checked. As the required
rotation is calculated under the hypothesis of elastic perfect-plastic global analysis, the moment incre
ment between the points A and is assumed to be null.
M1
Mp,
k.
[ <P*z
-* *
to
Kp

Figure 9 : Definition of required rotation (freq in function of slope in (-) curve
AM = 0 -4 2| = 0 -> APJJ = ) -> |* = .||
,
=2.1| =2.<:.
and the increment of the external load can be expressed in terms of a load redistribution factor in the
following way:
|A = Kp. where Kp = load redistribution factor
being the value of the external load at the moment of reaching first Mpi (A):
Mpl = CM.P
2.C
9req ~~ Kp"
1<P_
CM
Mpl=Rreq-9pl
29
When the plastic moment level (Mpi) is reached, the plastic hinge can be assumed to behave as a tor
sional elastic spring with a variable stiffness, () determined by the slope of the moment-rotation
curve. The new case can be solved by superposition of two cases as indicated: the first one introducing a
simple support at the plastic hinge location (B-I) and the second keeping the original boundary condi
tions (B-II). In addition, the compatibility relationship between the angle and the moment
needs to be applied. Thus, an expression for the angle in function of the total load can be
derived:
0) ^,. ] Cm
^ 1=.22=()..1-,1=1 ^
+().
.
= . =
C9-CM
CM + Kfai).^

<0
c9
x>
Cm
2.C,
<P
Next, this critical value for the slope in the moment-rotation curve will be expressed as a function of the
required rotation. Let (preq the required rotation at the plastic hinge to be checked. As the required
rotation is calculated under the hypothesis of elastic perfect-plastic global analysis, the moment incre
ment between the points A and is assumed to be null.
M1
Mp,
k.
[ <P*z
-* *
to
Kp

Figure 9 : Definition of required rotation (freq in function of slope in (-) curve
AM = 0 -4 2| = 0 -> APJJ = ) -> |* = .||
,
=2.1| =2.<:.
and the increment of the external load can be expressed in terms of a load redistribution factor in the
following way:
|A = Kp. where Kp = load redistribution factor
being the value of the external load at the moment of reaching first Mpi (A):
Mpl = CM.P
2.C
9req ~~ Kp"
1<P_
CM
Mpl=Rreq-9pl
29
Therefore, the critical slope becomes:
_ CM _ KP
Amt
Lcnt
2.C<p (Pjgq
P Rreq 9pl
3.4.2.4 Plastic hinge stability condition: example
The built-in beam case is taken for evaluating the critical slope value to be considered in the checking of
the stability of the plastic hinge.
The calculation of the required rotation capacity Rreq and the load redistribution factor Kp follows:
Mi =
M2 =
RU
= MD,-P =
12 pl
P.L2 M
12.M
pi
_ mpi
24
Lz MDl
2= . = S- ->
8 2
=
4.
^->= = 0,33
1 Mpl.L
9pl =
_ 1 Mpl.Lpl
.
'Lpl =
1-
V3
Rreq 1,58
^ 91
and evaluating the critical slope value for the moment-rotation curve as previously described:
Figure 11: Definition of critical slope Xcrit 'n (-) curve
Rreq ~~ 158 1
Kp = 0,33
->Xi,= -2- = 0,21
Lcnt
Teq
30
Therefore, the critical slope becomes:
_ CM _ KP
Amt
Lcnt
2.C<p (Pjgq
P Rreq 9pl
3.4.2.4 Plastic hinge stability condition: example
The built-in beam case is taken for evaluating the critical slope value to be considered in the checking of
the stability of the plastic hinge.
The calculation of the required rotation capacity Rreq and the load redistribution factor Kp follows:
Mi =
M2 =
RU
= MD,-P =
12 pl
P.L2 M
12.M
pi
_ mpi
24
Lz MDl
2= . = S- ->
8 2
=
4.
^->= = 0,33
1 Mpl.L
9pl =
_ 1 Mpl.Lpl
.
'Lpl =
1-
V3
Rreq 1,58
^ 91
and evaluating the critical slope value for the moment-rotation curve as previously described:
Figure 11: Definition of critical slope Xcrit 'n (-) curve
Rreq ~~ 158 1
Kp = 0,33
->Xi,= -2- = 0,21
Lcnt
Teq
30
3.4.3 Plastic hinge stability checking by the safety factor approach
An expression of the actual slope of the moment-rotation curve at the point of crossing down the Mpi
level as a function of the available rotation, X = X(<pav), can allow the checking of the plastic hinge
stability (X < Xcrit) to be integrated as part of the rotation or rotation capacity checking. An alternative
safety factor ys to be introduced in the standard rotation checking will be derived from the stability
requirement:
***?
y = max(yc,Ys)
where Yc is the partial safety factor derived from statistical evaluations on test results and ys is the
partial safety factor to be evaluated from the stability criteria
A number of assumptions will be considered about the moment-rotation curve in order to derive the
required relationship for the slope:
1 . The ultimate moment is taken to be the plastic moment multiplied by a constant .
2. The available rotation is dependent on the rotation value at the ultimate moment level through the
constant Kav.
3. The slope of the curve at (fret is taken to be two times the slope corresponding to a descendant straight
line between (<pu, My) and (%0t, Mp]).
M
pl (1+)
9av~Kav9u
Taking into account these relations the plastic hinge stability condition can be expressed in the follow
ing way:
L- 2 - 2* ,
(Kav-l).<pu (Kav-l)-<pav pl
. _ CM _ KP M
-r-rit .JV1
Lcnt
x<x
2-C
(Kav-!) 9av 9req
9av
Ys
>
9req
av
y a* ^
(Kav-l) Kp
31
3.4.3 Plastic hinge stability checking by the safety factor approach
An expression of the actual slope of the moment-rotation curve at the point of crossing down the Mpi
level as a function of the available rotation, X = X(<pav), can allow the checking of the plastic hinge
stability (X < Xcrit) to be integrated as part of the rotation or rotation capacity checking. An alternative
safety factor ys to be introduced in the standard rotation checking will be derived from the stability
requirement:
***?
y = max(yc,Ys)
where Yc is the partial safety factor derived from statistical evaluations on test results and ys is the
partial safety factor to be evaluated from the stability criteria
A number of assumptions will be considered about the moment-rotation curve in order to derive the
required relationship for the slope:
1 . The ultimate moment is taken to be the plastic moment multiplied by a constant .
2. The available rotation is dependent on the rotation value at the ultimate moment level through the
constant Kav.
3. The slope of the curve at (fret is taken to be two times the slope corresponding to a descendant straight
line between (<pu, My) and (%0t, Mp]).
M
pl (1+)
9av~Kav9u
Taking into account these relations the plastic hinge stability condition can be expressed in the follow
ing way:
L- 2 - 2* ,
(Kav-l).<pu (Kav-l)-<pav pl
. _ CM _ KP M
-r-rit .JV1
Lcnt
x<x
2-C
(Kav-!) 9av 9req
9av
Ys
>
9req
av
y a* ^
(Kav-l) Kp
31
Taking the following realistic values for the parameters involved in the formula:
Kav =2
=0,2
Kp =1/3
a safety factor yc = 2,4 is obtained from the stability requirement
3.4.4 Flow chart: safety evaluation for rotation capacity checking based on the plastic hinge
stability approach
STRUCTURE
1
CROSSSECTION
MATERIAL
RftEQ
KD
LTB conditions
J =MPX\yc ,8
FU or Tj,
K , j
* r
y V REQ
* r
Rmv t> R
32
Taking the following realistic values for the parameters involved in the formula:
Kav =2
=0,2
Kp =1/3
a safety factor yc = 2,4 is obtained from the stability requirement
3.4.4 Flow chart: safety evaluation for rotation capacity checking based on the plastic hinge
stability approach
STRUCTURE
1
CROSSSECTION
MATERIAL
RftEQ
KD
LTB conditions
J =MPX\yc ,8
FU or Tj,
K , j
* r
y V REQ
* r
Rmv t> R
32
4. Available rotation capacity
4.1 Generalities about available rotation capacity
Definition of rotation capacity:
The "three-point bending beam" model, which is investigated, consists of a simply supported beam with
a concentrated load at mid-span.
As the load increases, a plastic hinge appears under the load; the plastic hinge is usually accompanied
by local buckling of the compressed parts of the cross-section.
The bending moment M in the hinge is plotted versus the sum of the two rotations at supports. Then the
available rotation capacity âvailable CSJ1 be deduced.
Referring to the following graph, the commonly accepted definition of available rotation capacity
âvailable (Rav) is given (with different designations) as :
M.
max
Mpi
Test curve
Elasto-plastic
bilinear model
=+;
inelastic
=
Figure 14 : Definition of parameters in ( - ) curves
R _9av
Kav -
9pl
or
p _ 9rot 9pl _ 9rot _ elastic
9pl 9pl e
vav
where
M is the bending moment in the plastic hinge,
Mpi is the theoretical plastic resistance bending moment of the cross-section,
33
4. Available rotation capacity
4.1 Generalities about available rotation capacity
Definition of rotation capacity:
The "three-point bending beam" model, which is investigated, consists of a simply supported beam with
a concentrated load at mid-span.
As the load increases, a plastic hinge appears under the load; the plastic hinge is usually accompanied
by local buckling of the compressed parts of the cross-section.
The bending moment M in the hinge is plotted versus the sum of the two rotations at supports. Then the
available rotation capacity âvailable CSJ1 be deduced.
Referring to the following graph, the commonly accepted definition of available rotation capacity
âvailable (Rav) is given (with different designations) as :
M.
max
Mpi
Test curve
Elasto-plastic
bilinear model
=+;
inelastic
=
Figure 14 : Definition of parameters in ( - ) curves
R _9av
Kav -
9pl
or
p _ 9rot 9pl _ 9rot _ elastic
9pl 9pl e
vav
where
M is the bending moment in the plastic hinge,
Mpi is the theoretical plastic resistance bending moment of the cross-section,
33
(= = eelstic)
is defined as the particular elastic rotation (= ) related to the theoretical Mpi
level (upwards intersection),
(Prot is defined as the largest rotation (= ) related to the theoretical Mpi level
(downwards intersection) and,
9av (= 9rot = înelastic = = av)
is the available inelastic rotation of the plastic hinge,
(= ) is a rotation defined as the sum of the rotations of both extremities of the beam;
= + 2(see Figure 14), in the case of three-point bending tests .
4.2 Tests results
(1) The following 90 available 3 point bending tests results according to major axis yy are provided in
Annex 1 1. Those tests were used to compare Feldmann's and Kemp's models (see chapter 4.3) :
15 tests from Lukey and Adams (USA) (Ref. 10),
20 tests from Roik and Kuhlmann (Bochum, Germany) (Ref. 12),
26 teste from Sedlacek (RWTH Aachen, Germany) (Ref. 5 and 13),
29 tests from CRM (Lige, Belgium) (Ref. 4),
hi the tables of Annex 11 the models values are calculated with measured characteristics (geometry,
steel grade) :
9rot} <= ) (Feldmann's model),
Ravailable (= Rav) predicted Kemp's simp. (= Kemp's simplified model),
Ravailable (= Rav) predicted Feldmann (= Feldmann's model),
(2) In Annex 12 a more complete database of tests results is presented and used in order to evaluate partial
safety factors for Feldmann's formulas related to different load cases (My, Mz, N-My).
4.3 Calculation models of available rotation capacity
4.3.1 Feldmann's model for steel sections
4.3.1.1 Generalities about Feldmann's model
(1) As presented in chapter 3.1, the validity and the consistency of a plastic analysis of a frame under a
given loading can be checked in all cross-sections by evaluating the ductility of plastic hinges either
(3.1) with plastic rotation, or (3.2) with rotation capacity :
(3.1)
or,
in reference to the 3-point bending system.
34
9req.d ^ 9av.c
r> ^ Rav
[ , with
, where
and
9av.d -
p _9av
av ~ m
9pl
MpiL
* = 2EI
(3.2)
(= = eelstic)
is defined as the particular elastic rotation (= ) related to the theoretical Mpi
level (upwards intersection),
(Prot is defined as the largest rotation (= ) related to the theoretical Mpi level
(downwards intersection) and,
9av (= 9rot = înelastic = = av)
is the available inelastic rotation of the plastic hinge,
(= ) is a rotation defined as the sum of the rotations of both extremities of the beam;
= + 2(see Figure 14), in the case of three-point bending tests .
4.2 Tests results
(1) The following 90 available 3 point bending tests results according to major axis yy are provided in
Annex 1 1. Those tests were used to compare Feldmann's and Kemp's models (see chapter 4.3) :
15 tests from Lukey and Adams (USA) (Ref. 10),
20 tests from Roik and Kuhlmann (Bochum, Germany) (Ref. 12),
26 teste from Sedlacek (RWTH Aachen, Germany) (Ref. 5 and 13),
29 tests from CRM (Lige, Belgium) (Ref. 4),
hi the tables of Annex 11 the models values are calculated with measured characteristics (geometry,
steel grade) :
9rot} <= ) (Feldmann's model),
Ravailable (= Rav) predicted Kemp's simp. (= Kemp's simplified model),
Ravailable (= Rav) predicted Feldmann (= Feldmann's model),
(2) In Annex 12 a more complete database of tests results is presented and used in order to evaluate partial
safety factors for Feldmann's formulas related to different load cases (My, Mz, N-My).
4.3 Calculation models of available rotation capacity
4.3.1 Feldmann's model for steel sections
4.3.1.1 Generalities about Feldmann's model
(3.1)
or,
in reference to the 3-point bending system.
34
9req.d ^ 9av.c
r> ^ Rav
[ , with
, where
and
9av.d -
p _9av
av ~ m
9pl
MpiL
* = 2EI
(3.2)
(2) Such a rotation check so far could not be carried out because the rotation capacity could only be
determined from tests or sophisticated numerical simulations. The background document to Eurocode 3
which is enclosed in Annex 12 presents a simple procedure developed by Feldmann M. (Ref. 11) for
calculating the available inelastic rotation <pav as well as the available rotation capacity Rav of plastic
hinges, from formulae for static (monotonic) loading up to the ultimate load.
(3) The basis of Feldmann's method is the modelling of the non-linear buckling phenomena in the yielding
zones by a plastic folding mechanism that allows to determine the rotation capacity in a reliable way.
Formulae have been developed for the rotation capacity of I-profiles and -profiles in bending about
the major and the minor axis, for bending with and without shear as well as for bending with axial force
(Ref. 11) (see Annex 11, Annex 13 or chapter 4.3. 1.2). The reliability of those formulae is proved by a
comparison with tests results (see Annex 12). These new formulae permit to apply the plastic hinge
method to cross-sections and steel grades which so far have been excluded from plastic design by the
limitations of b/t ratios which characterize the classification of cross-sections.
(4) ProfilARBED applied Feldmann's formulae for I and H hot-rolled cross-sections submitted to bending
about major axis My, to bending about minor axis Mz and to combined axial compression and bending
about major axis N-My .
The "Guide for plastic analysis" included in separate Annex 13 provides practical tables and graphs
with characteristic values of available inelastic rotations <pav of plastic hinge for European I and H hot-
rolled cross-sections (TPE, IPE A, IPE O, HE AA, HE A, HE B, HE M) and for all steel grades (S 235,
S 275, S 355, S 420, S 460).
(5) The values of inelastic rotations of plastic hinges (tv are mainly influenced by the dimensions of the
cross-sections as well as by the steel grades of web and flange (see Figures 15 to 18). Rotation capacity
Rav is dependent on (j)av but is also function of related to the span length Lspn (see Figures 19 and
20).
<Pav [rad]
0,2
0,18 ,;
0,16 -
0,14 -.
0,12 --
0,1 -.
0,08 -.
0,06 ..
0,04 ..
0,02 ..
0 --
8
fy = 320 MPa
h = 027 m
b = 0,135 m
tw = 0,0066 m
bAf
-4-
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Figure 15 : Influence of flange slendemess on 3 (b = constant) (Feldmann's model)
35
(2) Such a rotation check so far could not be carried out because the rotation capacity could only be
determined from tests or sophisticated numerical simulations. The background document to Eurocode 3
which is enclosed in Annex 12 presents a simple procedure developed by Feldmann M. (Ref. 11) for
calculating the available inelastic rotation <pav as well as the available rotation capacity Rav of plastic
hinges, from formulae for static (monotonic) loading up to the ultimate load.
(3) The basis of Feldmann's method is the modelling of the non-linear buckling phenomena in the yielding
zones by a plastic folding mechanism that allows to determine the rotation capacity in a reliable way.
Formulae have been developed for the rotation capacity of I-profiles and -profiles in bending about
the major and the minor axis, for bending with and without shear as well as for bending with axial force
(Ref. 11) (see Annex 11, Annex 13 or chapter 4.3. 1.2). The reliability of those formulae is proved by a
comparison with tests results (see Annex 12). These new formulae permit to apply the plastic hinge
method to cross-sections and steel grades which so far have been excluded from plastic design by the
limitations of b/t ratios which characterize the classification of cross-sections.
(4) ProfilARBED applied Feldmann's formulae for I and H hot-rolled cross-sections submitted to bending
about major axis My, to bending about minor axis Mz and to combined axial compression and bending
about major axis N-My .
The "Guide for plastic analysis" included in separate Annex 13 provides practical tables and graphs
with characteristic values of available inelastic rotations <pav of plastic hinge for European I and H hot-
rolled cross-sections (TPE, IPE A, IPE O, HE AA, HE A, HE B, HE M) and for all steel grades (S 235,
S 275, S 355, S 420, S 460).
(5) The values of inelastic rotations of plastic hinges (tv are mainly influenced by the dimensions of the
cross-sections as well as by the steel grades of web and flange (see Figures 15 to 18). Rotation capacity
Rav is dependent on (j)av but is also function of related to the span length Lspn (see Figures 19 and
20).
<Pav [rad]
0,2
0,18 ,;
0,16 -
0,14 -.
0,12 --
0,1 -.
0,08 -.
0,06 ..
0,04 ..
0,02 ..
0 --
8
fy = 320 MPa
h = 027 m
b = 0,135 m
tw = 0,0066 m
bAf
-4-
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Figure 15 : Influence of flange slendemess on 3 (b = constant) (Feldmann's model)
35
<Pav[rad]
0,14 _
0,13
0,12 -.
0,11 --
0,1
12 16
fy = 320 MPa
h = 0,27 m
b = 0,102 m
tw = 0,0066 m
20 24 28 32
Figure 16 : Influence of flange slendemess on <pav (tf = constant) (Feldmann's model)
0,18 -,
0,16 -
0,14 -
0,12
0,1 -
0,08 -
0,06 -
0,04
0,02 -
0 -
1
av[rad]
fy = 320 MPa
h = 0,27 m
b = 0,135 m
tw = 0,0102 m
5 20 25 30 35 40
dAw
45
Figure 17 : Influence of web slendemess on (pav (h = constant) (Feldmann's model)
36
<Pav[rad]
0,14 _
0,13
0,12 -.
0,11 --
0,1
12 16
fy = 320 MPa
h = 0,27 m
b = 0,102 m
tw = 0,0066 m
20 24 28 32
Figure 16 : Influence of flange slendemess on <pav (tf = constant) (Feldmann's model)
0,18 -,
0,16 -
0,14 -
0,12
0,1 -
0,08 -
0,06 -
0,04
0,02 -
0 -
1
av[rad]
fy = 320 MPa
h = 0,27 m
b = 0,135 m
tw = 0,0102 m
5 20 25 30 35 40
dAw
45
Figure 17 : Influence of web slendemess on (pav (h = constant) (Feldmann's model)
36
0,2 Tav
0,18 -
0,16 -
0,14 -
0,12 .
0,1 -
0,08
0,06
0,04 -
0,02 -
0 -
235 275 315 355
IPE 270
395
i
435
fy [MPa]
475
Figure 18 : Influence of steel grade on q>av (Feldmann's model)
37
0,2 Tav
0,18 -
0,16 -
0,14 -
0,12 .
0,1 -
0,08
0,06
0,04 -
0,02 -
0 -
235 275 315 355
IPE 270
395
i
435
fy [MPa]
475
Figure 18 : Influence of steel grade on q>av (Feldmann's model)
37
20
16 --
12 --
8 -.
4 -.
0
270
-i 1 I I 1 I 1 1 1
0 1 2
lili I I I
L span [m]
I I I I I I
(6) Feldmann's model (see Annex 11) delivers always positive values of fev and Rav for all considered
profiles and steel grades, because no limits are imposed to the model. In the "Guide for plastic analysis"
(chapter 3 of separate Annex 13) tables and graphs which provide available inelastic rotation <pav of
plastic hinges for different profiles and steel grades, furnish zero values if concerned cross-sections are
not Pass 1 or 2 (= "plastic" cross-sections) according to present rules of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1). Those
rules are too conservative as shown in another research project (Ref. 17) but no improved alternatives
are officially proposed at the present time.
(7) Feldmann's model does not take into account the lateral-torsional buckling and its interaction with local
buckling. Consequently its field of application should be limited to structures where lateral-torsional
buckling is prevented with sufficient lateral restraints. Anyway the same condition has to be fulfilled
when doing plastic global analysis of a structure : no instability phenomena (local and global Ducklings)
can appear before the occurrence of last hinge forming the articulated mechanism of collapse (see
chapter 3.2, chapter 4.4.4 and separate Annex 13).
(8) Several numerical simulations have been performed to check the validity of Feldmann's model :
- comparison with tests results (see chapter 4.4. 1),
- simulation of normal cases without tests results (see chapter 4.4.2),
- check of formulas (4.3) and (4.4) for beams submitted to combined My - loading
(see chapter 4.4.3),
- check of lateral-torsional buckling limits for Feldmann's model (see chapter 4.4.4).
(9) Partial safety factor:
In the scope of Feldmann's model, the values of partial safety factor have been determined by
statistical evaluation of available tests results (see Annex 12). The values of partial safety factor yt<p
applied to 3 have been evaluated (see option 1 of Annex 12 considering formula (3.1) as a single
standing ultimate limit state check) independently from () which applies to the plastic resistance
bending moment of the cross-section Mpi (=Wpi fy), (see Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) and Appendix 1 of Annex
13 for tables with plastic resistance of I and cross-sections : Mpi.y.Ra, Mpi.z.R<j, ...)
Therefore a structure shall be analysed by separate checks of cross-section resistance and of plastic
hinge ductility (3.1), using respectively :
38
20
16 --
12 --
8 -.
4 -.
0
270
-i 1 I I 1 I 1 1 1
0 1 2
lili I I I
L span [m]
I I I I I I
(6) Feldmann's model (see Annex 11) delivers always positive values of fev and Rav for all considered
profiles and steel grades, because no limits are imposed to the model. In the "Guide for plastic analysis"
(chapter 3 of separate Annex 13) tables and graphs which provide available inelastic rotation <pav of
plastic hinges for different profiles and steel grades, furnish zero values if concerned cross-sections are
not Pass 1 or 2 (= "plastic" cross-sections) according to present rules of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1). Those
rules are too conservative as shown in another research project (Ref. 17) but no improved alternatives
are officially proposed at the present time.
(7) Feldmann's model does not take into account the lateral-torsional buckling and its interaction with local
buckling. Consequently its field of application should be limited to structures where lateral-torsional
buckling is prevented with sufficient lateral restraints. Anyway the same condition has to be fulfilled
when doing plastic global analysis of a structure : no instability phenomena (local and global Ducklings)
can appear before the occurrence of last hinge forming the articulated mechanism of collapse (see
chapter 3.2, chapter 4.4.4 and separate Annex 13).
(8) Several numerical simulations have been performed to check the validity of Feldmann's model :
- comparison with tests results (see chapter 4.4. 1),
- simulation of normal cases without tests results (see chapter 4.4.2),
- check of formulas (4.3) and (4.4) for beams submitted to combined My - loading
(see chapter 4.4.3),
- check of lateral-torsional buckling limits for Feldmann's model (see chapter 4.4.4).
(9) Partial safety factor:
In the scope of Feldmann's model, the values of partial safety factor have been determined by
statistical evaluation of available tests results (see Annex 12). The values of partial safety factor yt<p
applied to 3 have been evaluated (see option 1 of Annex 12 considering formula (3.1) as a single
standing ultimate limit state check) independently from () which applies to the plastic resistance
bending moment of the cross-section Mpi (=Wpi fy), (see Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) and Appendix 1 of Annex
13 for tables with plastic resistance of I and cross-sections : Mpi.y.Ra, Mpi.z.R<j, ...)
Therefore a structure shall be analysed by separate checks of cross-section resistance and of plastic
hinge ductility (3.1), using respectively :
38
the design value of plastic bending moment for the resistance of cross-sections :
MplJld = Mpi/TMo . with partial safety factor ymo according to Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) ( Ymo = 1,1) or
to NAD's values, and,
the design value of available inelastic rotation for ductility of formed plastic hinges :
9av.d = 9av / . with the proposed design model in chapter chapter 4.3.1.2 for <pav values (Ref.
11) and with related partial safety factors for different load cases :
1,52
1,73
2,02
Load cases
j My : Bending about yy major axis
j Mz : Bending about zz minor axis
^-y My- : Bending about yy major axis combined
with axial compressive force
Formulas
of chapter
4.3.1.2
(4.1) &
(4.3)
(4.2)
(4.4)
(10) Steel grades:
All steel grades available in Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 can be applied in the formulas :
235 MPa < fy < 460 MPa. Indeed the reliability of the model has been demonstrated by tests results with
steel grades m that range (see Annex 12).
Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) allows for plastic global analysis with steel materials characterized according to EN
10025 (Ref. 21) and EN 101 13 (Ref. 22) as given in following table :
Nominal
Steel grade
EN 10025
standard
S 235
S 275
S 355
EN 10113-3
Standard
S 275 M
S 355 M
S 420 M
S 460 M
Thickness t (mm) *)
t<40mm
fy
[Mpa]
235
275
355
275
355
420
460
fu
[Mpa]
360
430
510
390
490
500
530
fu/fy
[-]
1.53
1.56
1.44
1.42
1.38
1.19
1.15
A5.65
[%]
26
22
22
24
22
19
17
Note:
*) t is the nominal thickness of the element :
- of the flange of rolled sections (t = tf), in gen
- of the particular elements of welded sections
y
0.11
0.13
0.17
0.13
0.17
0.20
0.22
eral, or
40mm<t< 100mm
fy
[Mpa]
215
255
335
255
335
390
430
fu
[Mpa]
340
410
490
370
470
500
530
fu/fy
[-]
1.58
1.61
1.46
1.45
1.40
1.28
1.23
^7^
* 1
1 1
A5.65
[%]
24
20
20
24
22
19
17
ey
[%]
0.10
0.12
0.16
0.12
0.16
0.19
0.20
J,
1
t ^
t -
"t
39
the design value of plastic bending moment for the resistance of cross-sections :
MplJld = Mpi/TMo . with partial safety factor ymo according to Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) ( Ymo = 1,1) or
to NAD's values, and,
the design value of available inelastic rotation for ductility of formed plastic hinges :
9av.d = 9av / . with the proposed design model in chapter chapter 4.3.1.2 for <pav values (Ref.
11) and with related partial safety factors for different load cases :
1,52
1,73
2,02
Load cases
j Mz : Bending about zz minor axis
^-y My- : Bending about yy major axis combined
with axial compressive force
Formulas
of chapter
4.3.1.2
(4.1) &
(4.3)
(4.2)
(4.4)
(10) Steel grades:
All steel grades available in Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 can be applied in the formulas :
235 MPa < fy < 460 MPa. Indeed the reliability of the model has been demonstrated by tests results with
steel grades m that range (see Annex 12).
Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) allows for plastic global analysis with steel materials characterized according to EN
10025 (Ref. 21) and EN 101 13 (Ref. 22) as given in following table :
Nominal
Steel grade
EN 10025
standard
S 235
S 275
S 355
EN 10113-3
Standard
S 275 M
S 355 M
S 420 M
S 460 M
Thickness t (mm) *)
t<40mm
fy
[Mpa]
235
275
355
275
355
420
460
fu
[Mpa]
360
430
510
390
490
500
530
fu/fy
[-]
1.53
1.56
1.44
1.42
1.38
1.19
1.15
A5.65
[%]
26
22
22
24
22
19
17
Note:
*) t is the nominal thickness of the element :
- of the flange of rolled sections (t = tf), in gen
y
0.11
0.13
0.17
0.13
0.17
0.20
0.22
eral, or
40mm<t< 100mm
fy
[Mpa]
215
255
335
255
335
390
430
fu
[Mpa]
340
410
490
370
470
500
530
fu/fy
[-]
1.58
1.61
1.46
1.45
1.40
1.28
1.23
^7^
* 1
1 1
A5.65
[%]
24
20
20
24
22
19
17
ey
[%]
0.10
0.12
0.16
0.12
0.16
0.19
0.20
J,
1
t ^
t -
"t
39
Remark 1: about nominal values of yield strength fy :
Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 (Ref. 1) gives a simplified variation of fy in function of the material thickness
(thickness ranges: lower than 40 mm, from 40 mm to 100 mm), with values of fy - for certain thickness
ranges - greater than the values specified by EN 10025 (Ref. 21) and EN 10113 (Ref. 22) (thickness
ranges: lower than 16 mm, from 16 mm to 40 mm, from 40 mm to 63 mm, from 63 mm to 80 mm, from
80 mm to 100 mm, from 100 mm to 150 mm) (see following figure). As Eurocode 3 always provides
yield strength f y equal or greater than values guaranteed by the specifications of delivery conditions
(EN 10025, EN 10113), the available inelastic rotation <pav resulting from fy of Eurocode 3 are always
safesided (equal or lower) in comparison of the inelastic rotation q>av resulting from fy of EN 10025 or
EN 10113.
Steel grades'
S 460
S 420
S 355
S 275
S 235
RcH(orRpO^)
4
460
420
355
275
235
0 ]
Legend:
Minimum guaranteed yield strength RcH(or Rp0,2) m function of nominal thickness t of material
[Mpa]
60
440
-42
-
400
355
345
-ZU
265
235
225
430
390
335
1
255
1
430
410
390
370
335
325
255
245
2/5
215
400
360
315
340
^
1
235
225
195 t {mm]
6 40 63 80 100 150
. Eurocode 3 specifications
-EN 10113 (
(for S235, S2?
for S 275, S 355.
5,S3SS,S420&
S 420 & S 460 steel grades).
S 460 steel grades).
Remark 2: about overstrengthening of steel material :
The real yield stresses of the steels delivered by mills are always greater than the nominal values of the
steels indicated in the specifications EN 10025 (Ref. 21) and EN 10113 (Ref. 22). As presented in this
chapter 4.3.1.1 clause (9), a statistical procedure has been used to evaluate partial safety factors ^
related to available inelastic rotation <pav issued from model proposed in chapter 4.3.1.2 (see Annex
12). That statistical procedure took into account the difference between nominal and expected value of
steel grade, even considering decreasing of inelastic rotation <pav by increasing the yield stress of the
steel. That is safesided as another fact is that for many structures the rotation requirement is decreasing
by increasing the yield stress whilst the ultimate load target (i.e. the design load level) remains using the
nominal yield values (Ref. 24) ( see following figure : <preq.over < 9req ) Ttms witn resp^ t0 safety
the unexpected overstrengthening is well considered.
40
Remark 1: about nominal values of yield strength fy :
Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 (Ref. 1) gives a simplified variation of fy in function of the material thickness
(thickness ranges: lower than 40 mm, from 40 mm to 100 mm), with values of fy - for certain thickness
ranges - greater than the values specified by EN 10025 (Ref. 21) and EN 10113 (Ref. 22) (thickness
ranges: lower than 16 mm, from 16 mm to 40 mm, from 40 mm to 63 mm, from 63 mm to 80 mm, from
80 mm to 100 mm, from 100 mm to 150 mm) (see following figure). As Eurocode 3 always provides
yield strength f y equal or greater than values guaranteed by the specifications of delivery conditions
(EN 10025, EN 10113), the available inelastic rotation <pav resulting from fy of Eurocode 3 are always
safesided (equal or lower) in comparison of the inelastic rotation q>av resulting from fy of EN 10025 or
EN 10113.
Steel grades'
S 460
S 420
S 355
S 275
S 235
RcH(orRpO^)
4
460
420
355
275
235
0 ]
Legend:
Minimum guaranteed yield strength RcH(or Rp0,2) m function of nominal thickness t of material
[Mpa]
60
440
-42
-
400
355
345
-ZU
265
235
225
430
390
335
1
255
1
430
410
390
370
335
325
255
245
2/5
215
400
360
315
340
^
1
235
225
195 t {mm]
6 40 63 80 100 150
. Eurocode 3 specifications
-EN 10113 (
(for S235, S2?
for S 275, S 355.
5,S3SS,S420&
S 420 & S 460 steel grades).
S 460 steel grades).
Remark 2: about overstrengthening of steel material :
The real yield stresses of the steels delivered by mills are always greater than the nominal values of the
steels indicated in the specifications EN 10025 (Ref. 21) and EN 10113 (Ref. 22). As presented in this
chapter 4.3.1.1 clause (9), a statistical procedure has been used to evaluate partial safety factors ^
related to available inelastic rotation <pav issued from model proposed in chapter 4.3.1.2 (see Annex
12). That statistical procedure took into account the difference between nominal and expected value of
steel grade, even considering decreasing of inelastic rotation <pav by increasing the yield stress of the
steel. That is safesided as another fact is that for many structures the rotation requirement is decreasing
by increasing the yield stress whilst the ultimate load target (i.e. the design load level) remains using the
nominal yield values (Ref. 24) ( see following figure : <preq.over < 9req ) Ttms witn resp^ t0 safety
the unexpected overstrengthening is well considered.
40
Decreasing of the rotation requirement in case of actual yield stress which are greater than the
nominal yield stress
1
i^reqWi
--
iHiiimmimnfTTTTrmr
4.3.1.2 Feldmann's formulas for values of <pav
(1) Three types of load case for 3-point bending system are possible:
A. type of load: concentrated load with bending about major axis y-y of cross-section (My),
B. type of load: concentrated load with bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section (M),
C. type of load: concentrated load with combined axial compressive force, bending about major
axis y-y of cross-section (My - N).
In all formulas :
=150 MPa,
fy.fi = yield strength in flange must be introduced in MPa,
fy.w = yield strength in web must be introduced in MPa,
E = modulus of elasticity (= 210 000 MPa),
Npi = plastic axial resistance of cross-section (=Afy),
Mpi = plastic resistance moment of cross-section (=Wpi fy),
A = sectional area of cross-section.
Available inelastic rotations <pav of plastic hinge are given in radians[rad].
(2) The following formulas provide characteristic values of available inelastic rotations <pav of plastic hinge
which shall be divided by appropriate partial safety factor to obtain design values of available
inelastic rotations <pav.d ( = <Pav/YM<p)f plastic hinge.
(3) The formulas of Feldmann's model are established for simply supported beams subjected to different
kind of loads and or I cross-sections. The practical extension to more complicated spans
arrangements and other load cases is presented in Annex 13.
41
Decreasing of the rotation requirement in case of actual yield stress which are greater than the
nominal yield stress
1
i^reqWi
--
iHiiimmimnfTTTTrmr
4.3.1.2 Feldmann's formulas for values of <pav
(1) Three types of load case for 3-point bending system are possible:
A. type of load: concentrated load with bending about major axis y-y of cross-section (My),
B. type of load: concentrated load with bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section (M),
C. type of load: concentrated load with combined axial compressive force, bending about major
In all formulas :
=150 MPa,
fy.fi = yield strength in flange must be introduced in MPa,
fy.w = yield strength in web must be introduced in MPa,
E = modulus of elasticity (= 210 000 MPa),
Npi = plastic axial resistance of cross-section (=Afy),
Available inelastic rotations <pav of plastic hinge are given in radians[rad].
(2) The following formulas provide characteristic values of available inelastic rotations <pav of plastic hinge
which shall be divided by appropriate partial safety factor to obtain design values of available
inelastic rotations <pav.d ( = <Pav/YM<p)f plastic hinge.
(3) The formulas of Feldmann's model are established for simply supported beams subjected to different
arrangements and other load cases is presented in Annex 13.
41
.. type of load: concentrated load
with bending about major axis y-y of cross-section
Plastic folding mechanism in compression flange of beams submitted to bending about major axis yy
(Ref. 11):
5,2
<Pav - f ,
M
V400
^ + 0,25 (
Y 3
4Et>4
17"
- ^.whtw + -J(^.whtw) + 4fy-wbtftwMa [rad] (4.1)
15. type of load: concentrated load
with bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section
42
with bending about major axis y-y of cross-section
Plastic folding mechanism in compression flange of beams submitted to bending about major axis yy
(Ref. 11):
5,2
<Pav - f ,
M
V400
^ + 0,25 (
Y 3
4Et>4
17"
- ^.whtw + -J(^.whtw) + 4fy-wbtftwMa [rad] (4.1)
15. type of load: concentrated load
with bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section
42
Plastic folding mechanism in H beams submitted to bending about minor axis zz (Ref. 11)
This formula is only valid when stiffeners are applied at the loading point.
<Pav = , +
2tf
Wpi.zfy -
(h-2tf)twfy-w
}|.+)
[rad]
where ?1 =
0.2
('-f)
; i =length of the beam.
(4.2)
In practical cases the ratio 2b/l are rather small. One can therefore assume the safesided value of
, = <2
v.". type of load: concentrated load with bending about major axis y-y of cross-section combined with
axial compressive force
43
Plastic folding mechanism in H beams submitted to bending about minor axis zz (Ref. 11)
This formula is only valid when stiffeners are applied at the loading point.
<Pav = , +
2tf
Wpi.zfy -
(h-2tf)twfy-w
}|.+)
[rad]
where ?1 =
0.2
('-f)
; i =length of the beam.
(4.2)
In practical cases the ratio 2b/l are rather small. One can therefore assume the safesided value of
, = <2
v.". type of load: concentrated load with bending about major axis y-y of cross-section combined with
axial compressive force
43
Plastic folding mechanism in H beams submitted to bending about major axis yy combined to axial
compressive force (Ref. 11) :
Limit of application of these formulas is set to N/Npi < 0,5.
To apply the appropriate formula, the following criteria should be considered
if
A-2btf
< s-
N
Pl
f A ^
_ ^web
V Atotal J
then the neutral axis should be in web and <pav is
evaluated from (4.3) ;
>-^
r ^
neutral axis
CI)
j
<-N )My
<Pav =
5,2
f 3
4Ebr
ry.fl
400
+ 0,25 (fy-fl +Aa)bh
5h
i fy.wht w + \(fy.wht wJ + 4fy.wbt f l w
[rad] (4.3)
if >
A-2btf
Pi
_ Aweb
V Atotal )
, then the neutral axis lies in flange and 3is calculated
from formula (4.4):
v. neutral axis
>
f*
<-N JMy
[rad]
where: is the applied axial load
i-JL
A-2btf
1-
2A
(4.4)
MN.y = WpLyfy a_^, with the limit MNy <Mply(=WpLy fy) (4.5)
(see Eurocode 3 [3] or Appendix 1 of present Annex 13)
44
Plastic folding mechanism in H beams submitted to bending about major axis yy combined to axial
compressive force (Ref. 11) :
Limit of application of these formulas is set to N/Npi < 0,5.
To apply the appropriate formula, the following criteria should be considered
if
A-2btf
< s-
N
Pl
f A ^
_ ^web
V Atotal J
then the neutral axis should be in web and <pav is
evaluated from (4.3) ;
>-^
r ^
neutral axis
CI)
j
<-N )My
<Pav =
5,2
f 3
4Ebr
ry.fl
400
+ 0,25 (fy-fl +Aa)bh
5h
i fy.wht w + \(fy.wht wJ + 4fy.wbt f l w
[rad] (4.3)
if >
A-2btf
Pi
_ Aweb
V Atotal )
, then the neutral axis lies in flange and 3is calculated
from formula (4.4):
v. neutral axis
>
f*
<-N JMy
[rad]
where: is the applied axial load
i-JL
A-2btf
1-
2A
(4.4)
MN.y = WpLyfy a_^, with the limit MNy <Mply(=WpLy fy) (4.5)
(see Eurocode 3 [3] or Appendix 1 of present Annex 13)
44
Nfl=(tf-tM)bfy.fl
XM -'
2b
_ 4EbtS
Pc51?"
1-
N
Af,
yj
Pu = btf(fy.fl+a)
(4.6)
(4.7)
(4.8)
(4.9)
The following value of Niimit defines the border between formulas (4.3) and (4.4) for q>av- Niimit is
related to the case where neutral axis hes in the border between the web and the flange of the cross-
section.
h-tf
neutral axis
<-N JMy
Niimit=(A-2btf)fy.w (4.10)
4.3.2 Kemp's model for steel sections
(1) Kemp and Dekker have developed two models for predicting the rotation capacity of steel beams (Ref.
15). The first proposed model is based on a theoretical consideration of the strains in the section and of
the length of plastic region of the flange for which local buckling is assumed to occur. Complicated
formulae of the first model are given for information in Annex 11.
The second model is a semi-empirical approach, which is based on comparisons with tests results and
results produced using the first theoretical model. More details are given about the second simplified
model in Annex 1 1 .
(2) ProfilARBED has applied formulae of Kemp's simplified model for I- and H-cross-sections submitted
to bending according to the major axis (3 point bending beams), in order to evaluate available rotation
capacities (Rav) (see Annex 11).
4.3.3 CRM's model for steel sections
(1) The available inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinges has been studied by statistical evaluation of tests
results and by observation of buckling mechanisms. The ratios tf/d, h/b and fy/fy have been
demonstrated being the most significant. A model is proposed for I and cross-sections submitted to
bending according to major axis yy (see Annex 1 1 and Ref. 4).
4.3.4 Comparison between models of <pavaiiable fr steel sections
(1) Comparison has been made between 26 experimental results on steel section and calculation models
determining available rotation capacity, allowing local buckling: the Kemp & Dekker theoretical and
simple models (K & D simp.), the Johnson & Chen best fit (J & best) and lower bound (J & lower)
models, and the Spangemacher & Sedlacek (S & S) model (see Figure 21a), issued from document
3263-1-19: "Design rules for continuous composite beams using Class 1 and 2 steel sections -
Applicability of EC 4").
45
Nfl=(tf-tM)bfy.fl
XM -'
2b
_ 4EbtS
Pc51?"
1-
N
Af,
yj
Pu = btf(fy.fl+a)
(4.6)
(4.7)
(4.8)
(4.9)
The following value of Niimit defines the border between formulas (4.3) and (4.4) for q>av- Niimit is
related to the case where neutral axis hes in the border between the web and the flange of the cross-
section.
h-tf
neutral axis
<-N JMy
Niimit=(A-2btf)fy.w (4.10)
4.3.2 Kemp's model for steel sections
(1) Kemp and Dekker have developed two models for predicting the rotation capacity of steel beams (Ref.
15). The first proposed model is based on a theoretical consideration of the strains in the section and of
the length of plastic region of the flange for which local buckling is assumed to occur. Complicated
formulae of the first model are given for information in Annex 11.
The second model is a semi-empirical approach, which is based on comparisons with tests results and
results produced using the first theoretical model. More details are given about the second simplified
model in Annex 1 1 .
(2) ProfilARBED has applied formulae of Kemp's simplified model for I- and H-cross-sections submitted
to bending according to the major axis (3 point bending beams), in order to evaluate available rotation
capacities (Rav) (see Annex 11).
4.3.3 CRM's model for steel sections
(1) The available inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinges has been studied by statistical evaluation of tests
results and by observation of buckling mechanisms. The ratios tf/d, h/b and fy/fy have been
demonstrated being the most significant. A model is proposed for I and cross-sections submitted to
bending according to major axis yy (see Annex 1 1 and Ref. 4).
4.3.4 Comparison between models of <pavaiiable fr steel sections
(1) Comparison has been made between 26 experimental results on steel section and calculation models
determining available rotation capacity, allowing local buckling: the Kemp & Dekker theoretical and
simple models (K & D simp.), the Johnson & Chen best fit (J & best) and lower bound (J & lower)
models, and the Spangemacher & Sedlacek (S & S) model (see Figure 21a), issued from document
3263-1-19: "Design rules for continuous composite beams using Class 1 and 2 steel sections -
Applicability of EC 4").
45
Kemp & Dekker simple model appears to be more appropriate, because :
the calculated rotation capacity is nearly always less than the tests results (meaning that the model
is conservative),
the spread of errors is less than for the other models (better scatter of values).
Kemp model and others give relative precise values of the ultimate load of the tested beams (differences
of 5 %) but provide less precise values for >0, the largest rotations which are decisive to evaluate the
available rotation capacities.
(2) On the other hand, Feldmann's model which has been recently developed (Ref. 11), intends to determine
as accurately as possible the values of <Pr0t and hence to furnish the values of available inelastic
rotations <pav which can be directly compared with required rotations <Preq provided by global plastic
analysis. Afterwards rotation capacities (Rav) can be deduced from these plastic rotations (<pav) if
needed.
(3) ProfilARBED compared the efficiency of both models on the basis of a databank of tests reults (see
chapter 4.2 and Annex 1 1).
Therefore rotations capacities are compared with tests results in Annex 1 1 as follows :
R experiments are plotted versus R models (Feldmann's model, Kemp's simplified model and
CRM's model) (Figure 21 b)) and Annex 1 1)
assumptions for Feldmann's model : experimental results with - >60, meaning
!zc*e
occurrence of lateral-torsional buckling (see clause 3.2 (5)), are excluded,
assumptions for Kemp's simplified model : experimental results with
^-<20^->
1zc^ zc^
100 are excluded (see Annex 1 1 or Ref. 15).
in (Ravaiiable - Lspan(= span length)) graphs (Annex 11), the curves are calculated with nominal
dimensions of profiles and measured yield points in using Feldmann's model, Kemp's simplified
model and Kemp's theoretical model; experimental results are given and local values of models
with measured geometry are sometimes evaluated.
(4) Conclusions :
In order to elaborate practical tables or charts for designers, the working group of this research project
has preferred Feldmann's model to Kemp's model and CRM's model for the following reasons, on basis
of presented databank of tests results (see chapter 4.2) :
more results from Kemp's model are on the unsafe side, even if extreme cases of tests are excluded
(see Figure 21b) and Annex 11),
with Feldmann's model the evaluation of ductility of plastic hinges can be carried out by
comparisons with either inelastic rotations (pav or rotations capacities Rav; and, on the other hand
as explained in chapter 4.4.7.1, the criterion (3.1) comparing inelastic rotations <pav should be
easier to use instead of criterion (3.2) comparing rotation capacities Rav,
Kemp's model assumed (see Ref. 15) that the ratio between <p^ (= <pav) and %iax was typically
equal to 2,0; Figure 22 shows that there is no representative value for that ratio,
Kemp's model and CRM's model are only applicable to My loading case (bending about major
axis) whereas Feldmann developed formulas for My (bending about major axis), Mz (bending
about minor axis) and N-My (combined axial load and bending about major axis) loading cases,
Feldmann's model is related to partial safety factors evaluated from statistical procedure
according to Annex of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) (see Annex 12); this model is directly applicable
according to Eurocode 3 philosophy of ultimate limit states.
46
Kemp & Dekker simple model appears to be more appropriate, because :
the calculated rotation capacity is nearly always less than the tests results (meaning that the model
is conservative),
the spread of errors is less than for the other models (better scatter of values).
Kemp model and others give relative precise values of the ultimate load of the tested beams (differences
of 5 %) but provide less precise values for >0, the largest rotations which are decisive to evaluate the
available rotation capacities.
(2) On the other hand, Feldmann's model which has been recently developed (Ref. 11), intends to determine
as accurately as possible the values of <Pr0t and hence to furnish the values of available inelastic
rotations <pav which can be directly compared with required rotations <Preq provided by global plastic
analysis. Afterwards rotation capacities (Rav) can be deduced from these plastic rotations (<pav) if
needed.
(3) ProfilARBED compared the efficiency of both models on the basis of a databank of tests reults (see
chapter 4.2 and Annex 1 1).
Therefore rotations capacities are compared with tests results in Annex 1 1 as follows :
R experiments are plotted versus R models (Feldmann's model, Kemp's simplified model and
CRM's model) (Figure 21 b)) and Annex 1 1)
assumptions for Feldmann's model : experimental results with - >60, meaning
!zc*e
occurrence of lateral-torsional buckling (see clause 3.2 (5)), are excluded,
assumptions for Kemp's simplified model : experimental results with
^-<20^->
1zc^ zc^
100 are excluded (see Annex 1 1 or Ref. 15).
in (Ravaiiable - Lspan(= span length)) graphs (Annex 11), the curves are calculated with nominal
dimensions of profiles and measured yield points in using Feldmann's model, Kemp's simplified
model and Kemp's theoretical model; experimental results are given and local values of models
with measured geometry are sometimes evaluated.
(4) Conclusions :
In order to elaborate practical tables or charts for designers, the working group of this research project
has preferred Feldmann's model to Kemp's model and CRM's model for the following reasons, on basis
of presented databank of tests results (see chapter 4.2) :
more results from Kemp's model are on the unsafe side, even if extreme cases of tests are excluded
(see Figure 21b) and Annex 11),
with Feldmann's model the evaluation of ductility of plastic hinges can be carried out by
comparisons with either inelastic rotations (pav or rotations capacities Rav; and, on the other hand
as explained in chapter 4.4.7.1, the criterion (3.1) comparing inelastic rotations <pav should be
easier to use instead of criterion (3.2) comparing rotation capacities Rav,
Kemp's model assumed (see Ref. 15) that the ratio between <p^ (= <pav) and %iax was typically
equal to 2,0; Figure 22 shows that there is no representative value for that ratio,
Kemp's model and CRM's model are only applicable to My loading case (bending about major
axis) whereas Feldmann developed formulas for My (bending about major axis), Mz (bending
about minor axis) and N-My (combined axial load and bending about major axis) loading cases,
Feldmann's model is related to partial safety factors evaluated from statistical procedure
according to Annex of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) (see Annex 12); this model is directly applicable
according to Eurocode 3 philosophy of ultimate limit states.
46
av. experiments
20 -
15
10 -
5 -
(
SAFE M 0 ^ /
>o y
w
"VM**
fl* UNSAFE|
fill
) 5 10 15
R
K&D simp.
J&Cbest
J&C lower
S&S
1
20
av. model
X CRM's model
Kemp's simplified model
Feldmann's model
(Spangemacher and Sedlacek values (S&S) given for fu / fy = 1,4)
a) : Comparison of rotation capacity from tests results and from various models
R av. experiments
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
R av. model
b) : Comparison of rotation capacity from tests results and from models of CRM, Feldmann and
Kemp
47
av. experiments
20 -
15
10 -
5 -
(
SAFE M 0 ^ /
>o y
w
"VM**
fl* UNSAFE|
fill
) 5 10 15
R
K&D simp.
J&Cbest
J&C lower
S&S
1
20
av. model
X CRM's model
Kemp's simplified model
Feldmann's model
(Spangemacher and Sedlacek values (S&S) given for fu / fy = 1,4)
a) : Comparison of rotation capacity from tests results and from various models
R av. experiments
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
R av. model
b) : Comparison of rotation capacity from tests results and from models of CRM, Feldmann and
Kemp
47
Author Test N R
m
R
av
Author
CRM
dl6b3m
dl9a4m
d20b4m
d01a4m
d02b4m
d09a3m
dl0b3m
EA22312
EA2233
EA2234
EA22412
EA2243
EA2244
EB28312
EB2833
EB2834
EB28412
EB2843
EB2844
EA28312
EA2833
EA2834
EA28412
EA2843
EA2844
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
17.0
11.4
6.8
5.0
6.0
13.6
18.7
15.6
5.1
2.8
5.7
1.6
0.6
18.9
19.8
16.5
4.3
4.3
4.6
14.8
8.3
4.6
5.3
1.5
1.3
6.0
15.0
7.9
19.1
7.8
6.9
13.3
20.7
9.2
6.9
12.2
9.1
6.4
8.0
8.95
9.2
8.5
5.6
10.49
8.2
8.1
6.0
6.25
4.6
4.6
8.5
4.4
10.5
17
22.5
20.0
13.2
6.4
7.8
18.9
19.8
32.9
12.0
9.3
15.4
2.8
1.5
45.4
34.1
20.5
15.8
9.5
8.3
50.4
19.0
6.4
16.5
6.4
4.1
11.25
23.4
12.2
28.4
17.7
17.6
23.3
40.4
15.2
11.4
21.5
13.5
9.3
11.6
11.5
12.8
9.5
8.3
14.35
12.9
12.5
8.6
8.7
6.1
6.75
8.5
5.7
15.3
TestN
A-2
B-l
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
C-l
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
D-6
E-6
M
()
Ymax
0.122
0.028
0.048
0.051
0.030
0.029
0.023
0.048
0.029
0.021
0.031
0.062
0.036
(1)
0.272
0.042
0.120
0.092
0.052
0.048
0.049
0.112
0.078
0.045
0.068
0.136
0.083
max
(PD
Rav-
_?rot
R_ rmax
m
Lm
R M
Kav _ 9rot
m
9max
20
I i5
fa.
S io
o 5 "i o J,o o
nSl m S s- <" S <". . S .
~ _* -*-1 _^ c<x c<^ r^ o-*
Rav/Rm
o
o
Figure 22 : Ratio of Rav/Rm for experimental data

48
Author Test N R
m
R
av
Author
CRM
dl6b3m
dl9a4m
d20b4m
d01a4m
d02b4m
d09a3m
dl0b3m
EA22312
EA2233
EA2234
EA22412
EA2243
EA2244
EB28312
EB2833
EB2834
EB28412
EB2843
EB2844
EA28312
EA2833
EA2834
EA28412
EA2843
EA2844
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
17.0
11.4
6.8
5.0
6.0
13.6
18.7
15.6
5.1
2.8
5.7
1.6
0.6
18.9
19.8
16.5
4.3
4.3
4.6
14.8
8.3
4.6
5.3
1.5
1.3
6.0
15.0
7.9
19.1
7.8
6.9
13.3
20.7
9.2
6.9
12.2
9.1
6.4
8.0
8.95
9.2
8.5
5.6
10.49
8.2
8.1
6.0
6.25
4.6
4.6
8.5
4.4
10.5
17
22.5
20.0
13.2
6.4
7.8
18.9
19.8
32.9
12.0
9.3
15.4
2.8
1.5
45.4
34.1
20.5
15.8
9.5
8.3
50.4
19.0
6.4
16.5
6.4
4.1
11.25
23.4
12.2
28.4
17.7
17.6
23.3
40.4
15.2
11.4
21.5
13.5
9.3
11.6
11.5
12.8
9.5
8.3
14.35
12.9
12.5
8.6
8.7
6.1
6.75
8.5
5.7
15.3
TestN
A-2
B-l
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
C-l
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
D-6
E-6
M
()
Ymax
0.122
0.028
0.048
0.051
0.030
0.029
0.023
0.048
0.029
0.021
0.031
0.062
0.036
(1)
0.272
0.042
0.120
0.092
0.052
0.048
0.049
0.112
0.078
0.045
0.068
0.136
0.083
max
(PD
Rav-
_?rot
R_ rmax
m
Lm
R M
Kav _ 9rot
m
9max
20
I i5
fa.
S io
o 5 "i o J,o o
nSl m S s- <" S <". . S .
~ _* -*-1 _^ c<x c<^ r^ o-*
Rav/Rm
o
o
Figure 22 : Ratio of Rav/Rm for experimental data

48
4.3.5 Couchman's model for composite cross-sections
(1) The purpose of the thesis of Mr. Couchman (Ref. 14) is to investigate the behaviour of continuous
composite beams with plastic (Class 1), compact (Class 2) or semi-compact (Class 3) critical sections.
(2) The software Compcal developed at EPFL has been used to compute the available rotation capacities of
beams with plastic and compact sections by introducing Kemp's model (Ref. 15). A wide variety of
parameters have been chosen to study the influential factors to the available rotation capacities. These
factors were :
slendemess of the cross-section,
reinforcement at the support, represented by the ratio of hogging to sagging plastic resistance
moment (the plastic moment ratio),
structural steel characteristics,
slip between the steel and concrete,
degree of shear connection between the steel and the concrete,
ductility of shear connectors,
span lengths,
number of spans,
ratio of adjacent span lengths,
type and arrangement of loading,
propping of the beam during construction.
The influence of parameters which are related to the composite section, or length of beam in hogging,
on available rotation capacity has been shown, and a single variable can be used to represent all such
individual parameters (see Annex 2 (3/9) and (4/9)). All parameters which affect available rotation
capacity should therefore be allowed for in a design model, which is not the case for simplified methods
of analysis such as those proposed in Eurocode 4 (Ref. 2).
(3) For semi-compact composite sections, the available rotation capacity depends on cross-section
properties but also on the arrangement of spans and loads (see Annex 2 (5/9)). The Kubo and Galambos
model is used (see Annex 2 (6/9)).
4.4. Numerical simulations of available rotation capacity
4.4.1 Simulations of tests results
(1) In order to check the efficiency of the finite elements modelization LABEIN has carried out numerical
simulations of different 3-point bending tests from RWTH (Aachen) (Ref. 5 and Ref. 13) (Tests
documentation: Annex 5 (6/46)) :
* the tests n 16 to 18 of table 2 (nEA28412, EA2843, EA2844) concerning HEA 280 profiles,
with yield strength of 504 Mpa, which are in class 4 according to Eurocode 3 and nevertheless
which furnish available rotation capacities from 4,1 to 16,5 !
* other tests specimens as n4 to 6 of table 2 (nEA22412, EA2243, EA2244) concerning HEA
220 profiles, with yield strength of 420,5 Mpa, which are in class 3 according to Eurocode 3 and
neverheless which furnish available rotation capacities from 1,5 to 15,4 !
* here is the list of profiles related to the numbers of tests specimens:
. HEB 220 for tests n1 to 8 of table 1 (class 1 for S235 and S460 steel grades),
. HEA 220 for tests n 1 to 6 of table 2 (class 1 for S235 and class 3 for S460),
HEB 280 for tests n7 to 12 of table 2 (class 1 for S235 and class 2 for S460),
HEA 280 for tests n 13 to 18 of table 2 (class 2 for S235 and class 4 for S460).
The tables and figures included in Annex 5 present a summary of these simulations :
49
4.3.5 Couchman's model for composite cross-sections
(1) The purpose of the thesis of Mr. Couchman (Ref. 14) is to investigate the behaviour of continuous
composite beams with plastic (Class 1), compact (Class 2) or semi-compact (Class 3) critical sections.
(2) The software Compcal developed at EPFL has been used to compute the available rotation capacities of
beams with plastic and compact sections by introducing Kemp's model (Ref. 15). A wide variety of
parameters have been chosen to study the influential factors to the available rotation capacities. These
factors were :
slendemess of the cross-section,
reinforcement at the support, represented by the ratio of hogging to sagging plastic resistance
moment (the plastic moment ratio),
structural steel characteristics,
slip between the steel and concrete,
degree of shear connection between the steel and the concrete,
ductility of shear connectors,
span lengths,
number of spans,
ratio of adjacent span lengths,
type and arrangement of loading,
propping of the beam during construction.
The influence of parameters which are related to the composite section, or length of beam in hogging,
on available rotation capacity has been shown, and a single variable can be used to represent all such
individual parameters (see Annex 2 (3/9) and (4/9)). All parameters which affect available rotation
capacity should therefore be allowed for in a design model, which is not the case for simplified methods
of analysis such as those proposed in Eurocode 4 (Ref. 2).
(3) For semi-compact composite sections, the available rotation capacity depends on cross-section
properties but also on the arrangement of spans and loads (see Annex 2 (5/9)). The Kubo and Galambos
model is used (see Annex 2 (6/9)).
4.4. Numerical simulations of available rotation capacity
4.4.1 Simulations of tests results
(1) In order to check the efficiency of the finite elements modelization LABEIN has carried out numerical
simulations of different 3-point bending tests from RWTH (Aachen) (Ref. 5 and Ref. 13) (Tests
documentation: Annex 5 (6/46)) :
* the tests n 16 to 18 of table 2 (nEA28412, EA2843, EA2844) concerning HEA 280 profiles,
with yield strength of 504 Mpa, which are in class 4 according to Eurocode 3 and nevertheless
which furnish available rotation capacities from 4,1 to 16,5 !
* other tests specimens as n4 to 6 of table 2 (nEA22412, EA2243, EA2244) concerning HEA
220 profiles, with yield strength of 420,5 Mpa, which are in class 3 according to Eurocode 3 and
neverheless which furnish available rotation capacities from 1,5 to 15,4 !
* here is the list of profiles related to the numbers of tests specimens:
. HEB 220 for tests n1 to 8 of table 1 (class 1 for S235 and S460 steel grades),
. HEA 220 for tests n 1 to 6 of table 2 (class 1 for S235 and class 3 for S460),
HEB 280 for tests n7 to 12 of table 2 (class 1 for S235 and class 2 for S460),
HEA 280 for tests n 13 to 18 of table 2 (class 2 for S235 and class 4 for S460).
The tables and figures included in Annex 5 present a summary of these simulations :
49
a) Assumptions of finite element modelization are given in Annex 5 (1/46 to 5/46)
b) The tables of Annex 5 (7/46 and 10/46) shows a synthesis of the results presented in an appropriate
way to be compared with the experimental results. Beside this, the available rotation capacity
given by Kemp's and Feldmann's models have been also included together with the computed and
tests results. It can be observed how the finite element results correlate reasonably well with test
data. Feldmann's model always provides conservative results and Kemp's model is often unsafe.
c) The graphical layouts of Annex 5 (9/46 and 1 1/46) present the correlation between the calculated
and measured values of different parameters for every case: maximum moment (Mu), rotation at
the maximum moment (Qmax = ), inelastic rotation (Qr0t = 9av)>
f ~ "\
_9max-9pl
rotation capacity defined with Qmax Rmax
and rotation capacity as usually defined with Qrot : Rpi = R

^^-
, <Ppl J
d) The figures of Annex 5 (8/46 and 12/46 to 29/46) give the comparison between calculated and
measured moment-rotation curves for the cases where experimental relations were available. The
Figures of Annex 5 (30/46 to 46/46) also provide deformations of beams related to the most right
hand intersection between respective moment-rotation curve and plastic moment level. Those
simulated deformations can be compared to tested specimens.
(2) CTICM has performed 5 types of numerical simulations in order to evaluate the available rotation
capacity of a I-profile. The ahn of these simulations was to identify the main parameters which govern
the available plastic rotation. More information is given in Annex 6 (document 3263-2-9) :
a) Firstly, comparisons were made between experimental results and numerical simulations from
LABEIN (ABAQUS Program) and from CTICM (ANSYS Program). These results were not
different in the increasing part of the curves, but after the top, significant deviations have been
noted.
b) The influence of a global imperfection, the influence of an eccentric load (biased load) and the case
of a cantilever beam have been investigated (see also chapter 4.4.6.2).
4.4.2 Simulations of nominal cases without tests results
(1) In order to check if Feldmann's model is valid for all I or steel cross-sections, simulations were
performed for different nominal cases for which no tests results are available. As numerical simulations
have been successfully calibrated to existing tests results (see chapter 4.4.1), they are considered as
representing the reality to which Feldmann's model has been compared (see Annex 14).
(2) Labein simulated following 3-point bending beams without tests results using nominal values of
dimensions and yield strengths :
* providing Ravailable > , in case of class 3 or 4 cross-sections :
- IPE A 300, with fy = 460 Mpa (EC3: class 3f) and span = L = 2,80 m ((L/2)/(iz.e) = 58,6 < 60),
[Feldmann's model: <pav = 0,06 rad = 3,43; Ravailable = 2,91, for L = 2,80 m],
- HE AA 450, with fy = 235 Mpa (EC3: class 3f) and span = L = 8,3 m ((L/2)/(iz) = 59,9 < 60),
- HE AA 450, with fy = 460 Mpa (EC3: class 4f) and span = L = 5,8 m ((L)/(iz) = 58,6 < 60),
- HE A 280, with fy = 355 Mpa (EC3: class 3f) and span = L = 6,8 m ((L/2)/(iz) = 59,7 < 60),
[Feldmann's model: <pav = 0,1 1 rad = 6,30; Ravailable = 3,23, for L = 6,8 m],
50
a) Assumptions of finite element modelization are given in Annex 5 (1/46 to 5/46)
b) The tables of Annex 5 (7/46 and 10/46) shows a synthesis of the results presented in an appropriate
way to be compared with the experimental results. Beside this, the available rotation capacity
given by Kemp's and Feldmann's models have been also included together with the computed and
tests results. It can be observed how the finite element results correlate reasonably well with test
data. Feldmann's model always provides conservative results and Kemp's model is often unsafe.
c) The graphical layouts of Annex 5 (9/46 and 1 1/46) present the correlation between the calculated
and measured values of different parameters for every case: maximum moment (Mu), rotation at
the maximum moment (Qmax = ), inelastic rotation (Qr0t = 9av)>
f ~ "\
_9max-9pl
rotation capacity defined with Qmax Rmax
and rotation capacity as usually defined with Qrot : Rpi = R

^^-
, <Ppl J
d) The figures of Annex 5 (8/46 and 12/46 to 29/46) give the comparison between calculated and
measured moment-rotation curves for the cases where experimental relations were available. The
Figures of Annex 5 (30/46 to 46/46) also provide deformations of beams related to the most right
hand intersection between respective moment-rotation curve and plastic moment level. Those
simulated deformations can be compared to tested specimens.
(2) CTICM has performed 5 types of numerical simulations in order to evaluate the available rotation
capacity of a I-profile. The ahn of these simulations was to identify the main parameters which govern
the available plastic rotation. More information is given in Annex 6 (document 3263-2-9) :
a) Firstly, comparisons were made between experimental results and numerical simulations from
LABEIN (ABAQUS Program) and from CTICM (ANSYS Program). These results were not
different in the increasing part of the curves, but after the top, significant deviations have been
noted.
b) The influence of a global imperfection, the influence of an eccentric load (biased load) and the case
of a cantilever beam have been investigated (see also chapter 4.4.6.2).
4.4.2 Simulations of nominal cases without tests results
(1) In order to check if Feldmann's model is valid for all I or steel cross-sections, simulations were
performed for different nominal cases for which no tests results are available. As numerical simulations
have been successfully calibrated to existing tests results (see chapter 4.4.1), they are considered as
representing the reality to which Feldmann's model has been compared (see Annex 14).
(2) Labein simulated following 3-point bending beams without tests results using nominal values of
dimensions and yield strengths :
* providing Ravailable > , in case of class 3 or 4 cross-sections :
- IPE A 300, with fy = 460 Mpa (EC3: class 3f) and span = L = 2,80 m ((L/2)/(iz.e) = 58,6 < 60),
- HE AA 450, with fy = 460 Mpa (EC3: class 4f) and span = L = 5,8 m ((L)/(iz) = 58,6 < 60),
[Feldmann's model: <pav = 0,1 1 rad = 6,30; Ravailable = 3,23, for L = 6,8 m],
50
* providing very high values ofRavailable^ hi case of class 2 cross-sections :
[Feldmann's model: <pav = 0,14 rad = 8,02; RaVailable = 6,33, for L = 7,9 m],
* providing very low values ofRavailable- m case of class 1 cross-sections :
- HE A 650, with fy = 460 Mpa and span = L = 5,9 m ((L/2)/(iz.e) = 59,2 < 60), [Feldmann's
model: (pav = 0,07 rad = 4,01; Ravailable = 3,3, for L = 5,9 m],
- IPE A 500, with fy = 460 Mpa and span = L = 3,7 m ((L/2)/(iz.e) = 59,1 < 60), [Feldmann's
model: <pav = 0,05 rad = 2,86; Ravailable = 2,9, for L = 3,7 m],
* providing very high values of Ravailable^ hi case of class 1 cross-sections :
- HEM 100, with fy = 235 Mpa and span = L = 3,0 m ((L/2)/(iz.e) = 54,7 < 60), [Feldmann's
model: <pav = 2,07 rad = 1 19(!); Ravailable = 100 (!), for L = 3,0 m].
* in case of high cross-sections :
- HE AA 1000, with fy = 460 Mpa (EC3: class 2w) and span = L = 4,9m ((L/2)/(iz.e) = 59,1 <
60), [Feldmann's model: (pav = 0,04 rad = 2,29; Ravailable = 3,33, for L = 4,9 m].
* for HEA 200 and EAA 200 profiles, for spans of respectively L = 2 m & 4 m and L = 2 m, for fy
= 235 MPa, classifying the sections respectively in class 1 and class 3 and, for fy = 460 MPa,
classifying the sections respectively in class 3 and class 4, in order to quantify the influence of the
yield strength fy on the rotation capacity and on the classification of cross-sections.
(3) The tables and figures included in Annex 14 present a summary of these simulations :
a) the tables and graphical layouts of Annex 14 (3/13 and 10/13) provide a synthesis of the results
with comparison between Abaqus simulations and Feldmann's model results.
Following symbols are used : Phi pl. = <Ppi; Phi rot. = %0{, theta rot = <pav and Rpl = R.
Feldmann's model fits very well with simulations results and moreover if partial safety factor
Tm<p (= 1.52) was applied, Feldmann's model should furnish conservative results for all analysed
cases.
b) the Figures of Annex 14 (from 4/13 to 9/13 and from 11/13 to 13/13) show moment-rotation
curves and deformed shape of beams for several singular cases.
4.4.3 Simulations of beams submitted to My-N loading
(1) In order to check Feldmann's model about My-N interaction loading, simulations have been carried out
to determine the available inelastic rotation for different (N/Npi) values especially when the neutral axis
moves from web to flange providing big differences of available inelastic rotations <pav values (see
Annex 15). The bending moment resistance of cross-section has been evaluated with precised formulas
related to the position of neutral axis (in flange or in web) (see Annex 15 (2/10)).
(2) For the profile HEA 200 in S235 steel grade submitted to My-N loading, Feldmann's model provides
following design values of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge :
-(max)<pavd = iP=Y- = ^1 = 0,174 rad, if <^^- (see formula (4.3)),
1.52 Npi A
51
* providing very high values ofRavailable^ hi case of class 2 cross-sections :
[Feldmann's model: <pav = 0,14 rad = 8,02; RaVailable = 6,33, for L = 7,9 m],
* providing very low values ofRavailable- m case of class 1 cross-sections :
- HE A 650, with fy = 460 Mpa and span = L = 5,9 m ((L/2)/(iz.e) = 59,2 < 60), [Feldmann's
model: (pav = 0,07 rad = 4,01; Ravailable = 3,3, for L = 5,9 m],
- IPE A 500, with fy = 460 Mpa and span = L = 3,7 m ((L/2)/(iz.e) = 59,1 < 60), [Feldmann's
model: <pav = 0,05 rad = 2,86; Ravailable = 2,9, for L = 3,7 m],
* providing very high values of Ravailable^ hi case of class 1 cross-sections :
- HEM 100, with fy = 235 Mpa and span = L = 3,0 m ((L/2)/(iz.e) = 54,7 < 60), [Feldmann's
model: <pav = 2,07 rad = 1 19(!); Ravailable = 100 (!), for L = 3,0 m].
* in case of high cross-sections :
- HE AA 1000, with fy = 460 Mpa (EC3: class 2w) and span = L = 4,9m ((L/2)/(iz.e) = 59,1 <
60), [Feldmann's model: (pav = 0,04 rad = 2,29; Ravailable = 3,33, for L = 4,9 m].
* for HEA 200 and EAA 200 profiles, for spans of respectively L = 2 m & 4 m and L = 2 m, for fy
= 235 MPa, classifying the sections respectively in class 1 and class 3 and, for fy = 460 MPa,
classifying the sections respectively in class 3 and class 4, in order to quantify the influence of the
yield strength fy on the rotation capacity and on the classification of cross-sections.
(3) The tables and figures included in Annex 14 present a summary of these simulations :
a) the tables and graphical layouts of Annex 14 (3/13 and 10/13) provide a synthesis of the results
with comparison between Abaqus simulations and Feldmann's model results.
Following symbols are used : Phi pl. = <Ppi; Phi rot. = %0{, theta rot = <pav and Rpl = R.
Feldmann's model fits very well with simulations results and moreover if partial safety factor
Tm<p (= 1.52) was applied, Feldmann's model should furnish conservative results for all analysed
cases.
b) the Figures of Annex 14 (from 4/13 to 9/13 and from 11/13 to 13/13) show moment-rotation
curves and deformed shape of beams for several singular cases.
4.4.3 Simulations of beams submitted to My-N loading
(1) In order to check Feldmann's model about My-N interaction loading, simulations have been carried out
to determine the available inelastic rotation for different (N/Npi) values especially when the neutral axis
moves from web to flange providing big differences of available inelastic rotations <pav values (see
Annex 15). The bending moment resistance of cross-section has been evaluated with precised formulas
related to the position of neutral axis (in flange or in web) (see Annex 15 (2/10)).
(2) For the profile HEA 200 in S235 steel grade submitted to My-N loading, Feldmann's model provides
following design values of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge :
-(max)<pavd = iP=Y- = ^1 = 0,174 rad, if <^^- (see formula (4.3)),
1.52 Npi A
51
- (min) <pavd = -2L = MZ = o,039 rad, if -- > ^2SL (see formula (4.4)),
A2 Npl A
where Aweb = A - 2btf , A = area of total cross - section
and
'N^
-Aweb=0j257-
VNPlAimit A
(3) Figure 3 of Annex 15 (7/10) shows the plot of <pav (= PHI_AV) versus N/Npi as well as the maximum
and minimum <pav values corresponding to Feldmann's model for HEA 200 and S235 steel grade. This
model furnishes safesided results for maximum and minimum <pav values and it suitably represents the
transition between those 2 <pav values | N/T ) = 0,257
ll/Âimit J
4.4.4 Simulations of LTB limits for Feldmann's model
(1) An important topic concerns the rules delimiting the application field of Feldmann's model in regards to
lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) of members. In the formulas of Feldmann's model the length of
member is not considered. But it is well known that for different levels (L/iz), the collapse of bended
members with plastic hinge(s) is influenced :
- either, only by LTB of members without occurrence of plastic hinge(s),
- or, by an interaction between LTB of members and local buckling in plastic hinge(s),
- or, by local buckling in plastic hinge(s) followed by LTB of members.
(2) In order to check if Feldmann's model is valid within lateral-torsional buckling limits (of Eurocode 3
(Ref. 1) or CM66 (Ref. 18)) and on the other side in order to determine which limits from Eurocode 3 or
CM66 are more realistic, numerical simulations have been realized by Labein.
(3) Concerning the results for HEA 200 cross-section (see Annex 16 (9/25)) available inelastic rotation
<pav (= phi av) behaviour for Lj/lz values between 50 and 80.
On the other hand a sudden fall of <pav is obtained for S235 and Li/iz values lower than 30 (beam length
= 3 m), due mainly to a change in the deformation mode. This change in the deformation mode occurs
for lower values Li/iz in comparison with the linear buckling case for which this modification in the
deformation pattern appeared for beam lengths higher than 5 metres. A mesh refinement at the web
(doubling the number of elements) has been introduced in one of the cases (L = 2 m) for which a local
web deformation mode appeared. The results confirm the fall of <pav, giving a 10 % lower value of <pav
in comparison with the coarse mesh.
(4) In figures presenting <pav (=phi av) = f(Lfi) (see Annex 16 (9/25) and (10/25)), the results obtained for
both profiles, HEA 200 and IPE 200 and for both steel grades S235 and S460, show that the Feldmann's
model is in the safe side within the LTB limits (CM66) for most of analysed cases (see "phi-Feldman"
values = (pav). If the partial safety factor ^ = 1,5 is used Feldmann's model is safe in comparison
with all the simulation cases (see "phi-Feldman/1,5" values = (pav.d)
No simulation results are situated in the area with hatching : this means that Feldmann's model provides
safesided values of <pav.d if lateral-torsional buckling rules from Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) or CM66 (Ref. 18)
are applied to ensure sufficient lateral bracing, in the scope of these simulations.
52
- (min) <pavd = -2L = MZ = o,039 rad, if -- > ^2SL (see formula (4.4)),
A2 Npl A
where Aweb = A - 2btf , A = area of total cross - section
and
'N^
-Aweb=0j257-
VNPlAimit A
(3) Figure 3 of Annex 15 (7/10) shows the plot of <pav (= PHI_AV) versus N/Npi as well as the maximum
and minimum <pav values corresponding to Feldmann's model for HEA 200 and S235 steel grade. This
model furnishes safesided results for maximum and minimum <pav values and it suitably represents the
transition between those 2 <pav values | N/T ) = 0,257
ll/Âimit J
4.4.4 Simulations of LTB limits for Feldmann's model
(1) An important topic concerns the rules delimiting the application field of Feldmann's model in regards to
lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) of members. In the formulas of Feldmann's model the length of
member is not considered. But it is well known that for different levels (L/iz), the collapse of bended
members with plastic hinge(s) is influenced :
- either, only by LTB of members without occurrence of plastic hinge(s),
- or, by an interaction between LTB of members and local buckling in plastic hinge(s),
- or, by local buckling in plastic hinge(s) followed by LTB of members.
(2) In order to check if Feldmann's model is valid within lateral-torsional buckling limits (of Eurocode 3
(Ref. 1) or CM66 (Ref. 18)) and on the other side in order to determine which limits from Eurocode 3 or
CM66 are more realistic, numerical simulations have been realized by Labein.
(3) Concerning the results for HEA 200 cross-section (see Annex 16 (9/25)) available inelastic rotation
<pav (= phi av) behaviour for Lj/lz values between 50 and 80.
On the other hand a sudden fall of <pav is obtained for S235 and Li/iz values lower than 30 (beam length
= 3 m), due mainly to a change in the deformation mode. This change in the deformation mode occurs
for lower values Li/iz in comparison with the linear buckling case for which this modification in the
deformation pattern appeared for beam lengths higher than 5 metres. A mesh refinement at the web
(doubling the number of elements) has been introduced in one of the cases (L = 2 m) for which a local
web deformation mode appeared. The results confirm the fall of <pav, giving a 10 % lower value of <pav
in comparison with the coarse mesh.
(4) In figures presenting <pav (=phi av) = f(Lfi) (see Annex 16 (9/25) and (10/25)), the results obtained for
both profiles, HEA 200 and IPE 200 and for both steel grades S235 and S460, show that the Feldmann's
model is in the safe side within the LTB limits (CM66) for most of analysed cases (see "phi-Feldman"
values = (pav). If the partial safety factor ^ = 1,5 is used Feldmann's model is safe in comparison
with all the simulation cases (see "phi-Feldman/1,5" values = (pav.d)
No simulation results are situated in the area with hatching : this means that Feldmann's model provides
safesided values of <pav.d if lateral-torsional buckling rules from Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) or CM66 (Ref. 18)
are applied to ensure sufficient lateral bracing, in the scope of these simulations.
52
LTB rules :
/777
Y-
--
y *
Lateral
restraints
S-r-Zr
\i l
CM6:
Eurocode 3
=0 =0
if = 0 and Lj/iz < 60 , then lateral-torsional buckling is prevented.
if Xlt 0,40 , then lateral-torsional buckling is prevented.
Standards
CM66
Eurocode 3
CM66
Eurocode 3
LTB rules: Lj/iz
HEA200 IPE 200
60
63,3 61,4
42,9
44,2 42,4
Steeel grades
S 235
S 460
In these cases, the maximum length Lj between lateral restraints is quite similar according to CM66 and
Eurocode 3 rules.
(5) The differences between prescriptions from both design standards CM 66 and Eurocode 3 are presented
for all standard I and H profiles (, IPE A, TPE O, HE AA, HE A, HE and HE M) and for both steel
grades S 235 and S 460 (see Annex 16 (24/25) and (25/25) : Figures with L/^ = ()), for simple cases
with linear moment gradient and with ratio between extreme bending moment :
-1<
M2
<1.
As first global approximation, it can be said that CM 66 seems to be :
- safer than Eurocode 3 when 0 < < +1 ,
- similar than Eurocode 3 when = 0,
- less safe than Eurocode 3, when -1 < < 0.
53
LTB rules :
/777
Y-
--
y *
Lateral
restraints
S-r-Zr
\i l
CM6:
Eurocode 3
=0 =0
if = 0 and Lj/iz < 60 , then lateral-torsional buckling is prevented.
if Xlt 0,40 , then lateral-torsional buckling is prevented.
Standards
CM66
Eurocode 3
CM66
Eurocode 3
LTB rules: Lj/iz
HEA200 IPE 200
60
63,3 61,4
42,9
44,2 42,4
Steeel grades
S 235
S 460
In these cases, the maximum length Lj between lateral restraints is quite similar according to CM66 and
Eurocode 3 rules.
(5) The differences between prescriptions from both design standards CM 66 and Eurocode 3 are presented
for all standard I and H profiles (, IPE A, TPE O, HE AA, HE A, HE and HE M) and for both steel
grades S 235 and S 460 (see Annex 16 (24/25) and (25/25) : Figures with L/^ = ()), for simple cases
with linear moment gradient and with ratio between extreme bending moment :
-1<
M2
<1.
As first global approximation, it can be said that CM 66 seems to be :
- safer than Eurocode 3 when 0 < < +1 ,
- similar than Eurocode 3 when = 0,
- less safe than Eurocode 3, when -1 < < 0.
53
4.4.5 Numerical simulation of double clamped beam case
(1) A 6 meters long beam clamped at both ends and subjected to distributed load has been modelled by
LABEIN in order to evaluate how the behaviour of the plastic hinge in this configuration differs from
the simply-supported case. The data of the test case "17-EA2843" included in document 3263-1-8
(Spangemacher & Sedlacek) have been taken for the cross-section (HE 280 A ; b = 281 mm; tf = 12,6
mm; h = 275,6 mm; tw = 9 mm).
In this case, a first hinge is developed at the end locations, while the central section is still subjected to
half of the plastic moment From this moment, the end hinges have to rotate up to the point in which the
plastic hinge appears at the central section.
The figures included in the working document 3263-3-10 (see Annex 7) show, on one hand, the
deformed shape after the formation of the first plastic hinge just before the maximum load (P/Po = 1 .46)
(Annex 7 (1/7)) and, on the other hand, the deformed shape after the maximum of the load when all
plastic hinges (at supports and at mid-span) have been developed (P/Po. = 1-29) (Annex 7 (2/7)) . Po
indicated the load at which the plastic moment is reached.
A slightly buckled lower flange can be appreciated at the end plastic hinge just before the maximum of
the load (the figure is affected with a magnification factor of 5) although the maximum end moment Mi
is not reached yet, indicating that the local buckling starts to happen before the maximum moment
Nevertheless, the figure representing the evolution of both moments, Mi (end section) and M2 (central
section) show clearly how the first plastic hinge is capable of rotating without falling into instability
until the last plastic hinge starts to form at the central section. The rotation has been taken at the section
of zero moment to be consistent with the curves coming fromthe 3-point bending tests.
(2) The same 6 meters long beam described above has been subjected to central load, extracting the same
kind of results. In this case, both the end section and the central one reach the plastic moment at the
same time. Because of this, both plastic hinges are simultaneously developed as shown in the figure
representing the deformed shape (Annex 7 (5/7)) .
(3) The comparison between the moment (at end section) - rotation (at zero moment section) curves
obtained for the two cases, distributed and concentrated load, can been appraised in the figure (Annex 7
(6/7)) : the resulting available rotation capacity is very close one to each other. It is worth to note that
the equivalent span for the concentrated load case (Leq = 3 m) is a bit larger than that for the distributed
case (Leq = 2,5 m), due to the different sections where the zero moment appears. In the last figure
(Annex 7 (7/7)) , the two curves have been represented together with the moment rotation curve coming
from the 3-point test simulation and with the experimental one. It is interesting to note the good
correlation with the experimental curve obtained for the clamped concentrated load case simulation.
4.4.6 Moment gradient and LTB restraints influence on available rotation
4.4.6.1 Introduction
This section presents some conclusions about the combined influence of the moment gradient and the
lateral restraints on the resulting available rotation capacity on the basis of interpreting the results of a
number of numerical simulations carried out by LABEIN.
4.4.6.2 Simulation of simple cases
(1) The working document 3263-3-9 includes results concerning different simulations carried out by
LABEIN to appraise the influence of some factors on the available rotation capacity: type of load,
position of the load and lateral restraints.
(2) Position of the load:
Four different models have been considered moving the concentrated load from the center towards one
of the beam ends but keeping constant the total length. The results are in good agreement with other
simulations carried out on the basis of changing the beam span at the same time that the load was
moved (document 3263-3-7) : the moment-rotation response, the predicted rotation capacity and the
ultimate moment do not change significantly when moving the position of the load from the beam
center provided that the load is not placed very close to the beam end. In this case, the deformation
54
4.4.5 Numerical simulation of double clamped beam case
(1) A 6 meters long beam clamped at both ends and subjected to distributed load has been modelled by
LABEIN in order to evaluate how the behaviour of the plastic hinge in this configuration differs from
the simply-supported case. The data of the test case "17-EA2843" included in document 3263-1-8
(Spangemacher & Sedlacek) have been taken for the cross-section (HE 280 A ; b = 281 mm; tf = 12,6
mm; h = 275,6 mm; tw = 9 mm).
In this case, a first hinge is developed at the end locations, while the central section is still subjected to
half of the plastic moment From this moment, the end hinges have to rotate up to the point in which the
plastic hinge appears at the central section.
The figures included in the working document 3263-3-10 (see Annex 7) show, on one hand, the
deformed shape after the formation of the first plastic hinge just before the maximum load (P/Po = 1 .46)
(Annex 7 (1/7)) and, on the other hand, the deformed shape after the maximum of the load when all
plastic hinges (at supports and at mid-span) have been developed (P/Po. = 1-29) (Annex 7 (2/7)) . Po
indicated the load at which the plastic moment is reached.
A slightly buckled lower flange can be appreciated at the end plastic hinge just before the maximum of
the load (the figure is affected with a magnification factor of 5) although the maximum end moment Mi
is not reached yet, indicating that the local buckling starts to happen before the maximum moment
Nevertheless, the figure representing the evolution of both moments, Mi (end section) and M2 (central
section) show clearly how the first plastic hinge is capable of rotating without falling into instability
until the last plastic hinge starts to form at the central section. The rotation has been taken at the section
of zero moment to be consistent with the curves coming fromthe 3-point bending tests.
(2) The same 6 meters long beam described above has been subjected to central load, extracting the same
kind of results. In this case, both the end section and the central one reach the plastic moment at the
same time. Because of this, both plastic hinges are simultaneously developed as shown in the figure
representing the deformed shape (Annex 7 (5/7)) .
(3) The comparison between the moment (at end section) - rotation (at zero moment section) curves
obtained for the two cases, distributed and concentrated load, can been appraised in the figure (Annex 7
(6/7)) : the resulting available rotation capacity is very close one to each other. It is worth to note that
the equivalent span for the concentrated load case (Leq = 3 m) is a bit larger than that for the distributed
case (Leq = 2,5 m), due to the different sections where the zero moment appears. In the last figure
(Annex 7 (7/7)) , the two curves have been represented together with the moment rotation curve coming
from the 3-point test simulation and with the experimental one. It is interesting to note the good
correlation with the experimental curve obtained for the clamped concentrated load case simulation.
4.4.6 Moment gradient and LTB restraints influence on available rotation
4.4.6.1 Introduction
This section presents some conclusions about the combined influence of the moment gradient and the
lateral restraints on the resulting available rotation capacity on the basis of interpreting the results of a
number of numerical simulations carried out by LABEIN.
4.4.6.2 Simulation of simple cases
(1) The working document 3263-3-9 includes results concerning different simulations carried out by
LABEIN to appraise the influence of some factors on the available rotation capacity: type of load,
position of the load and lateral restraints.
(2) Position of the load:
Four different models have been considered moving the concentrated load from the center towards one
of the beam ends but keeping constant the total length. The results are in good agreement with other
simulations carried out on the basis of changing the beam span at the same time that the load was
moved (document 3263-3-7) : the moment-rotation response, the predicted rotation capacity and the
ultimate moment do not change significantly when moving the position of the load from the beam
center provided that the load is not placed very close to the beam end. In this case, the deformation
54
mode changes suddenly due to shear effects. In this case when the load is near the support (25% for
example), high shear deformation dramatically diminishes the available rotation capacity if the
reference level remains Mpi.
But in case of high shear the reference level to evaluate the rotation capacity should not be the plastic
moment resistance Mpi but the assumed ultimate resistance defined by the reduced plastic resistance
moment allowing for the shear force My. For example that value My could be obtained from Eurocode
3; then the interaction between shear force and bending moment should be considered if the applied
shear force is greater than half the plastic shear resistance of the cross-section. In that case of lower
reference level (My < Mp]) , if moment-rotation curves are similar, the available inelastic rotation <pav
of plastic hinge will be greater.
Load Position (L = constant)
100 % (CENTER)
75%
50%
Elastic rotation
1,2046
1,2048
1,2049
25 % | 1,2049
Total rotation
9rot
29,99
33,90
31,81
Inelastic rotation
9av = <Prot-<Ppl
28,79
32,69
30,60
?heJn?lusions of CTICM simulations about biased concentrated loads (see Annex 6) are similar to
LABEIN results.
(3) Type of load and LTB restraints:
The following table presents the moment-rotation curves associated to the same simulation case (S10)
but considering different load cases and different lateral restraints (see Annex 8 (2/3)):
Calculation rotation capacity, Rn
No lateral restraint at hinge
Lateral restraint at hinge
Concentrated Load
24
34
1
Distributed Load
19
33
The simulation results corresponding to cases with distributed load allow to observe a general trend in
their behaviour in contrast with the concentrated load cases. The distributed load increases the
sensitivity of the beam to suffer from lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) simultaneously interacting with
the local buckling. As a consequence of this, the combined inelastic buckling mode (global and local
deformation) makes the instability to happen at lower levels of load and rotation providing that no
provision is made to avoid the global LTB deformation mode. The results is a lower rotation capacity
caused by a combination of both factors: a very flat moment diagram and an insufficient lateral restraint
ot the beam.
This effect can be clearly appreciated in the calculated moment-rotation curves (see Annex 8 (3/3)) if
we compare the cases with concentrated and distributed load, the rotation capacity keeps constant in
case of restraining the lateral displacement at the plastic hinge location. However, if this lateral restraint
is removed, the rotation capacity becomes lower for the distributed load than for the concentrated one.
Thus, there seems to be an interaction between the moment gradient and the lateral torsional restraints
in such a way that one of the factors strongly affects the influence of the other on the calculated rotation
capacity. A critical minimum length (Lb) for providing lateral restraints may be assumed to exist in
order to ensure the calculated rotation capacity to be unaffected by the type of loading or the moment
gi duldlL.
It is worth to note the presence of the stiffener at central section in the cases of concentrated load
provides an additional torsional restraint compared to the distributed load case. This effect has been
proved by applying the distributed load to a model with central stiffener. The calculated rotation
capacity (Rav = 23) is increased compared to the case without stiffener (RaV = 19)
55
mode changes suddenly due to shear effects. In this case when the load is near the support (25% for
example), high shear deformation dramatically diminishes the available rotation capacity if the
reference level remains Mpi.
But in case of high shear the reference level to evaluate the rotation capacity should not be the plastic
moment resistance Mpi but the assumed ultimate resistance defined by the reduced plastic resistance
moment allowing for the shear force My. For example that value My could be obtained from Eurocode
3; then the interaction between shear force and bending moment should be considered if the applied
shear force is greater than half the plastic shear resistance of the cross-section. In that case of lower
reference level (My < Mp]) , if moment-rotation curves are similar, the available inelastic rotation <pav
of plastic hinge will be greater.
Load Position (L = constant)
100 % (CENTER)
75%
50%
Elastic rotation
1,2046
1,2048
1,2049
25 % | 1,2049
Total rotation
9rot
29,99
33,90
31,81
Inelastic rotation
9av = <Prot-<Ppl
28,79
32,69
30,60
?heJn?lusions of CTICM simulations about biased concentrated loads (see Annex 6) are similar to
LABEIN results.
(3) Type of load and LTB restraints:
The following table presents the moment-rotation curves associated to the same simulation case (S10)
but considering different load cases and different lateral restraints (see Annex 8 (2/3)):
Calculation rotation capacity, Rn
No lateral restraint at hinge
Lateral restraint at hinge
Concentrated Load
24
34
1
Distributed Load
19
33
The simulation results corresponding to cases with distributed load allow to observe a general trend in
their behaviour in contrast with the concentrated load cases. The distributed load increases the
sensitivity of the beam to suffer from lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) simultaneously interacting with
the local buckling. As a consequence of this, the combined inelastic buckling mode (global and local
deformation) makes the instability to happen at lower levels of load and rotation providing that no
provision is made to avoid the global LTB deformation mode. The results is a lower rotation capacity
caused by a combination of both factors: a very flat moment diagram and an insufficient lateral restraint
ot the beam.
This effect can be clearly appreciated in the calculated moment-rotation curves (see Annex 8 (3/3)) if
we compare the cases with concentrated and distributed load, the rotation capacity keeps constant in
case of restraining the lateral displacement at the plastic hinge location. However, if this lateral restraint
is removed, the rotation capacity becomes lower for the distributed load than for the concentrated one.
Thus, there seems to be an interaction between the moment gradient and the lateral torsional restraints
in such a way that one of the factors strongly affects the influence of the other on the calculated rotation
capacity. A critical minimum length (Lb) for providing lateral restraints may be assumed to exist in
order to ensure the calculated rotation capacity to be unaffected by the type of loading or the moment
gi duldlL.
It is worth to note the presence of the stiffener at central section in the cases of concentrated load
provides an additional torsional restraint compared to the distributed load case. This effect has been
proved by applying the distributed load to a model with central stiffener. The calculated rotation
capacity (Rav = 23) is increased compared to the case without stiffener (RaV = 19)
55
4.4.6.3 Interaction between moment gradient and LTB
(1) A general trend could be observed when comparing simulation results corresponding to cases with
distributed load in contrast with the concentrated load cases: the distributed load increases the sensi
tivity of the beam to suffer from lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) simultaneously with the local buck
ling. As a consequence of this, the combined inelastic buckling mode (global and local deformation)
makes the instability to happen at lower levels of load and rotation providing that no provision is made
to avoid the global LTB deformation mode. The result is a lower rotation capacity caused by a combi
nation of both factors: a very flat moment diagram and an insufficient lateral restraint of the beam.
The interaction between both factors can be appraised
by defining the following two parameters:
- Lltb- length between lateral restraints.
- Lb: length of the region of significant yielding
determined by the moment gradient (flatter
moment diagrams give rise to higher Lb
values).
I) When sufficient lateral restraints are provided to
avoid the global lateral deformation to interact with
the local buckling (Lltb Lb) a single local
flange buckling occurs and the available rotation
seems to be unaffected neither the restraint length
(Lltb), nor the moment gradient (Lb).
) In case of high Lltb values in comparison to Lb
(Lltb Lb), the combined inelastic buckling
mode (local flange and global lateral) appears and
the available rotation seems not to be depending on
the restraint length (Lltb) being only influenced
by the moment gradient (Lb).
) In the intermediate case with a restraint length
Lltb partially avoiding the global lateral buckling,
a combined dependence of the available rotation on
Lltb and Lb seems to happen.
*-!=-<
"
IOC BaMPPOIICWtNRflinrilwOTR)
1 r j
ftF*{U,Xt>)
1
locai nNPPqqm lairaai auno hot ^}
.-OS
U>U>
-
toc aure pappan YPPSTPAiNFn p (wat utfpm rup
11
--
Figure 23 : Buckling mode related
to unbraced length Lltb
Figure 24 : Inelastic rotation of plastic hinge in function of unbraced length Lltb
56
4.4.6.3 Interaction between moment gradient and LTB
(1) A general trend could be observed when comparing simulation results corresponding to cases with
distributed load in contrast with the concentrated load cases: the distributed load increases the sensi
tivity of the beam to suffer from lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) simultaneously with the local buck
ling. As a consequence of this, the combined inelastic buckling mode (global and local deformation)
makes the instability to happen at lower levels of load and rotation providing that no provision is made
to avoid the global LTB deformation mode. The result is a lower rotation capacity caused by a combi
nation of both factors: a very flat moment diagram and an insufficient lateral restraint of the beam.
The interaction between both factors can be appraised
by defining the following two parameters:
- Lltb- length between lateral restraints.
- Lb: length of the region of significant yielding
determined by the moment gradient (flatter
moment diagrams give rise to higher Lb
values).
I) When sufficient lateral restraints are provided to
avoid the global lateral deformation to interact with
the local buckling (Lltb Lb) a single local
flange buckling occurs and the available rotation
seems to be unaffected neither the restraint length
(Lltb), nor the moment gradient (Lb).
) In case of high Lltb values in comparison to Lb
(Lltb Lb), the combined inelastic buckling
mode (local flange and global lateral) appears and
the available rotation seems not to be depending on
the restraint length (Lltb) being only influenced
by the moment gradient (Lb).
) In the intermediate case with a restraint length
Lltb partially avoiding the global lateral buckling,
a combined dependence of the available rotation on
Lltb and Lb seems to happen.
*-!=-<
"
IOC BaMPPOIICWtNRflinrilwOTR)
1 r j
ftF*{U,Xt>)
1
locai nNPPqqm lairaai auno hot ^}
.-OS
U>U>
-
toc aure pappan YPPSTPAiNFn p (wat utfpm rup
11
--
Figure 23 : Buckling mode related
to unbraced length Lltb
Figure 24 : Inelastic rotation of plastic hinge in function of unbraced length Lltb
56
(2)
If we compare the cases with concentrated and distributed load, the available rotation keeps nearly
constant in case of providing sufficient lateral restraints at the proximity of the plastic hinge location.
However, if the lateral restraint is relaxed, the available rotation becomes lower for the distributed load
than for the concentrated one.
Concentrated Load Distributed Load
Lb'
lili.
m
Mmax
-i.
,
A
U.Lb
S -
L,.
*
U-,
-X
" +
i^vi 4
^
4- i -
L,,.-Lb
> K^ -E X-
K *
Ut,

x-x- x
Figure 25 : Unbraced lengths Lltb for different moment gradients
The question that arises is the determination of the critical minimum length Lltb for providing lateral
restraints in order to ensure the calculated rotation capacity to be unaffected by the type of loading or
the moment gradient
(3) Deformation buckling modes :
The simulation cases modelled with the lowest values of Lltb (providing lateral restraints along all the
upper flange or restraining the rotation at the plastic hinge location) gave, unexpectedly, lower available
rotations than those obtained for the higher Lltb values. The reason for this behaviour is a change in
the buckling deformation mode. The additional lateral restraints have avoided the lateral global
buckling to interact with the local one but, at the same time, it has introduced a different mode con
sisting in a coupling between the flange local deformation and a local web buckling (B).
Therefore two different deformation buckling modes have been identified:
57
(2)
If we compare the cases with concentrated and distributed load, the available rotation keeps nearly
constant in case of providing sufficient lateral restraints at the proximity of the plastic hinge location.
However, if the lateral restraint is relaxed, the available rotation becomes lower for the distributed load
than for the concentrated one.
Concentrated Load Distributed Load
Lb'
lili.
m
Mmax
-i.
,
A
U.Lb
S -
L,.
*
U-,
-X
" +
i^vi 4
^
4- i -
L,,.-Lb
> K^ -E X-
K *
Ut,

x-x- x
Figure 25 : Unbraced lengths Lltb for different moment gradients
The question that arises is the determination of the critical minimum length Lltb for providing lateral
restraints in order to ensure the calculated rotation capacity to be unaffected by the type of loading or
the moment gradient
(3) Deformation buckling modes :
The simulation cases modelled with the lowest values of Lltb (providing lateral restraints along all the
upper flange or restraining the rotation at the plastic hinge location) gave, unexpectedly, lower available
rotations than those obtained for the higher Lltb values. The reason for this behaviour is a change in
the buckling deformation mode. The additional lateral restraints have avoided the lateral global
buckling to interact with the local one but, at the same time, it has introduced a different mode con
sisting in a coupling between the flange local deformation and a local web buckling (B).
Therefore two different deformation buckling modes have been identified:
57
A) Flange local + lateral global Ducklings
Figure 26 : Flange local + lateral global bucklings
B) Flange local + web local bucklings
Figure 27 : Flange local + web local bucklings
(4) Summary of simulation results :
The following cases have been modelled combining different lateral restraint conditions (varying the
length between lateral restraints) with different moment gradients (varying the length between vertical
supports) in order to evaluate the interacting influence of both factors on the calculated available rota
tions. The total length of the beam has been adapted, for each case, to the maximum required distance
between vertical or lateral supports. The table shows the calculated available rotation (<pav = 9rot - )
and the resulting buckling deformation mode for every case :
Cross-section:
Material:
Load:
HE 280 A
fy = 504 N/mm2 , fu/ fy = 1,35
Concentrated central load
58
A) Flange local + lateral global Ducklings
Figure 26 : Flange local + lateral global bucklings
B) Flange local + web local bucklings
Figure 27 : Flange local + web local bucklings
(4) Summary of simulation results :
The following cases have been modelled combining different lateral restraint conditions (varying the
length between lateral restraints) with different moment gradients (varying the length between vertical
supports) in order to evaluate the interacting influence of both factors on the calculated available rota
tions. The total length of the beam has been adapted, for each case, to the maximum required distance
between vertical or lateral supports. The table shows the calculated available rotation (<pav = 9rot - )
and the resulting buckling deformation mode for every case :
Cross-section:
Material:
Load:
HE 280 A
fy = 504 N/mm2 , fu/ fy = 1,35
Concentrated central load
58
Type of beam
Lateral restraints
1 X X
4 m
-X-
3 m
-x-
1.2 m
1 S
X XXX X XXX
SS- S3
XXX XXX
ttppor fiLis)
X S-
(upper II* Aft)
Available Rotation
<Pav
S m
0,21
0,17
0,20
0,24
0,13
0,29
0,30
f"
-
4 m
0,10
0,10
0,10
0,30
0,18
0,36
0,38
Buckling
Deformation
Mode
All
AH
AH
AI
BI
AI
Buckling deformation modes:
*AII
*AI
*
*BI
)
r
"^
^"""W^
r*er
- ,
-s-^
_37
&
Li /M
41,8
31,4
12,6
Local flange + free global lateral
Local flange + limited global lateral
Local flange + free local web
Local flange + limited local web
A further detailed description of the results is found on working document 3263-3-12 (Annex 3).
4.4.7 Equivalent length evaluation : continuous beamsimulation
4.4.7.1 Inelastic rotation and rotation capacity R of a steel cross-section
<Preq
9av
(3.1)
59
Type of beam
Lateral restraints
1 X X
4 m
-X-
3 m
-x-
1.2 m
1 S
X XXX X XXX
SS- S3
XXX XXX
ttppor fiLis)
X S-
(upper II* Aft)
Available Rotation
<Pav
S m
0,21
0,17
0,20
0,24
0,13
0,29
0,30
f"
-
4 m
0,10
0,10
0,10
0,30
0,18
0,36
0,38
Buckling
Deformation
Mode
All
AH
AH
AI
BI
AI
*AII
*AI
*
*BI
)
r
"^
^"""W^
r*er
- ,
-s-^
_37
&
Li /M
41,8
31,4
12,6
Local flange + free global lateral
Local flange + limited global lateral
Local flange + free local web
Local flange + limited local web
A further detailed description of the results is found on working document 3263-3-12 (Annex 3).
4.4.7 Equivalent length evaluation : continuous beamsimulation
4.4.7.1 Inelastic rotation and rotation capacity R of a steel cross-section
<Preq
9av
(3.1)
59
or,
R < av
Ymr
(3.2)
in reference to the 3 points-bending system :
7^
^^*^1^-*"^ mnnrtpnt Hi 3
rot
with
1? -âv
Kav -
moment diagram
Mpl.L
and = -
E.I
Figure 28 : Moment diagramand moment rotation curve for 3 points-bending system
calculated from frame plastic analysis as explained hereafter.
considering the same length of reference which will be used to determine Rav
(3) By analogy with the 3-point bending system, this length of reference (or equivalent length) L related to
a plastic hinge in a frame can be defined as the distance between zero-moment points on each side of
the hinge :
Plastic hinge
.b. <
"ûjjiipf
A
"
^W
(4) For a beam where a plastic hinge occurs under a single concentrated load, the zero-moment points are
often easy to identify. For more complex configurations, it is not so easy to determine the reference
length, such as the following common examples in Figure 30 :
60
or,
R < av
Ymr
(3.2)
in reference to the 3 points-bending system :
7^
^^*^1^-*"^ mnnrtpnt Hi 3
rot
with
1? -âv
Kav -
moment diagram
Mpl.L
and = -
E.I
Figure 28 : Moment diagramand moment rotation curve for 3 points-bending system
calculated from frame plastic analysis as explained hereafter.
considering the same length of reference which will be used to determine Rav
(3) By analogy with the 3-point bending system, this length of reference (or equivalent length) L related to
a plastic hinge in a frame can be defined as the distance between zero-moment points on each side of
the hinge :
Plastic hinge
.b. <
"ûjjiipf
A
"
^W
(4) For a beam where a plastic hinge occurs under a single concentrated load, the zero-moment points are
often easy to identify. For more complex configurations, it is not so easy to determine the reference
length, such as the following common examples in Figure 30 :
60
\
\
l\ A\\
Plastic hinge
m
I
Plastic hinge..
(5) In chapter 3 of Annex 10, a method is proposed to calculate the required rotation capacity if the shear
force is known on each side of the plastic hinge. The case of a plastic hinge at the end of a beam in a
portal frame is also investigated (Figure 31).
Bending moment gradients Method of evaluation for required arid R
<Pp.req^<Pp.avail or Rreq(Ti,T2) < Ravail(Leq)
9p.avail or Ravail(D given by formulae or tables
*req(Tl,T2) = "A ^.f Pjueq
MJ, Ti+T2
f
Leq = Mpl
J_ _1_
+2
9p.req- 9p.avail or RreqCO ^ Ravail(Leq)
9p.avail or Ravail(L) given by formulae or tables
- ELT
K " 9p.req Teq
M
Pi
Leq=2.Mpl/T
Mpi
-req - p.avail or RreqCO ^ Ravail(Leq)
_ 2.E.I.T
Rreq ~ M2 ^P-req
Leq=2.Mpl/T
(6) At supports, when the moment is linear in the vicinity of the plastic hinge, the problem is the same that
for a concentrated load on a beam.
W
TI /fff|Yiv T2
il iibl
.Hastic hinge
i
TL
61
\
\
l\ A\\
Plastic hinge
m
I
Plastic hinge..
(5) In chapter 3 of Annex 10, a method is proposed to calculate the required rotation capacity if the shear
force is known on each side of the plastic hinge. The case of a plastic hinge at the end of a beam in a
portal frame is also investigated (Figure 31).
Bending moment gradients Method of evaluation for required arid R
<Pp.req^<Pp.avail or Rreq(Ti,T2) < Ravail(Leq)
9p.avail or Ravail(D given by formulae or tables
*req(Tl,T2) = "A ^.f Pjueq
MJ, Ti+T2
f
Leq = Mpl
J_ _1_
+2
9p.req- 9p.avail or RreqCO ^ Ravail(Leq)
- ELT
K " 9p.req Teq
M
Pi
Leq=2.Mpl/T
Mpi
-req - p.avail or RreqCO ^ Ravail(Leq)
_ 2.E.I.T
Rreq ~ M2 ^P-req
Leq=2.Mpl/T
(6) At supports, when the moment is linear in the vicinity of the plastic hinge, the problem is the same that
for a concentrated load on a beam.
W
TI /fff|Yiv T2
il iibl
.Hastic hinge
i
TL
61
When the moment diagram is not linear (due to distributed loads), the reference length is given by the
tangent on each side of the plastic hinge as shown in Figure 32. Therefore it does not correspond to the
distance between zero-moment points, but this seems to be more realistic since the required rotation
capacity depends only on the shape of the moment diagram near the plastic hinge.
(7) Conclusions : It is difficult to clearly identify the length of reference (or equivalent length) L by
analogy of 3 point bending beam in order to calculate . On the other hand, computer softwares
usually provide required inelastic rotations (preq at each formed plastic hinge for each load level till
structural collapse (mechanism,...). Thus the most simple way to check ductility of plastic hinges clearly
consists in comparing directly required and available inelastic rotations of plastic hinges instead of
converting those values in rotation capacities R.
Therefore it would be advisable to refer to the criterion (3.1) dealing with inelastic rotations () and not
with rotation capacities (R) (criterion (3.2)). This conclusion is highlighted by the results of LABEIN
numerical simulations presented in chapter 4.4.7.4.
4.4.7.2 Introduction to numerical simulations
Two cases of 2-span continuous beams with concentrated and distributed load respectively have been
modelled and simulated by LABEIN in order to evaluate the equivalent length to be considered for the
checking of required rotation capacity in comparison with the available rotation capacity evaluated from
the equivalent 3-point bending test in cases of different moment gradients.
4.4.7.3 Model description
Geometry & cross-section:
Two span beam. IPE 270, Steel grade S 235
* Concentrated load case:
L=10m
=0,5
= 0,8
* Distributed load case:
L=10m
= 0,4
=1
* 3-point bending cases:
1) Li = 1 m L2 = 5 m
2) Li = 3 m
3) Li = 1,6 m
4) Li = 1,9 m
L2 = 3m
L2 = 2,17m
L2 = 4m
A
L .
"
L .1t XL
* m n
Material:
Elasto-plastic model with fy = 235 MPa and fu/fy = 1,58
Meshing:
Type of element: 8-node shell with parabolic shape functions (S8R Abaqus)
A more refined mesh has been provided at the areas where local buckling behaviour is expected to
happen.
62
When the moment diagram is not linear (due to distributed loads), the reference length is given by the
tangent on each side of the plastic hinge as shown in Figure 32. Therefore it does not correspond to the
distance between zero-moment points, but this seems to be more realistic since the required rotation
capacity depends only on the shape of the moment diagram near the plastic hinge.
(7) Conclusions : It is difficult to clearly identify the length of reference (or equivalent length) L by
analogy of 3 point bending beam in order to calculate . On the other hand, computer softwares
usually provide required inelastic rotations (preq at each formed plastic hinge for each load level till
structural collapse (mechanism,...). Thus the most simple way to check ductility of plastic hinges clearly
consists in comparing directly required and available inelastic rotations of plastic hinges instead of
converting those values in rotation capacities R.
Therefore it would be advisable to refer to the criterion (3.1) dealing with inelastic rotations () and not
with rotation capacities (R) (criterion (3.2)). This conclusion is highlighted by the results of LABEIN
numerical simulations presented in chapter 4.4.7.4.
4.4.7.2 Introduction to numerical simulations
Two cases of 2-span continuous beams with concentrated and distributed load respectively have been
modelled and simulated by LABEIN in order to evaluate the equivalent length to be considered for the
checking of required rotation capacity in comparison with the available rotation capacity evaluated from
the equivalent 3-point bending test in cases of different moment gradients.
4.4.7.3 Model description
Geometry & cross-section:
Two span beam. IPE 270, Steel grade S 235
L=10m
=0,5
= 0,8
L=10m
= 0,4
=1
1) Li = 1 m L2 = 5 m
2) Li = 3 m
3) Li = 1,6 m
4) Li = 1,9 m
L2 = 3m
L2 = 2,17m
L2 = 4m
A
L .
"
L .1t XL
* m n
Material:
Elasto-plastic model with fy = 235 MPa and fu/fy = 1,58
Meshing:
Type of element: 8-node shell with parabolic shape functions (S8R Abaqus)
A more refined mesh has been provided at the areas where local buckling behaviour is expected to
happen.
62
Number of elements
Number of nodes
Degrees of freedom
Concentrated
640
1973
11.838
Distributed
616
1913
11.478
Fillet radius modelling:
By means of web and flange overthickness calculated for keeping constant the total section area.
Initial imperfection:
Pattern: the first positive elastic buckling eigenmode is used as the initial imperfection shape.
Magnitude: maximum of 1 % of the flange thickness.
Load application:
* Concentrated load:
Incremental-iterative solution procedure has been employed using displacement control.
Appropriate constraints to degrees of freedom at upper flange of the loaded section have been
applied to ensure the same vertical displacement of mese nodes.
* Distributed load:
Load control has been used in the load-displacement analysis together with an arc-length
integration method (Riks) to cope with the post-buckling unstable response. The load has been
applied by means of equivalent node forces at upper flange central line.
As described for concentrated load case.
Boundary conditions
Vertical supports have been introduced at every node of the lower flange located at the
corresponding support sections.
Longitudinal support has been provided in the loaded section at the centre of the upper flange.
Lateral restraints have been introduced on the compressed flange of the support and load
application sections and additional sections according to Additif 80 - DPU 22-701 (CM66) (Ref.
18):
* concentrated load case: a moment ratio of 0 has been considered in all the length (leading to L
= 1,81 m between lateral restraints) excepting the part between both plastic hinges, where the
moment ratio is - 0,87 (L = 2,87 m).
* distributed load case: a moment ratio of 0 (L = 1 ,8 1 m) has been taken for the right part of the
beam, the first hinge influence area, while a conservative moment ratio of 1 has been
considered for the left part (2nd hinge zone) leading to L = 1,05 m between lateral supports.
* 3-point bending cases: a moment ratio of 0 is assumed leading to L = 1,81 m between lateral
supports.
63
Number of elements
Number of nodes
Degrees of freedom
Concentrated
640
1973
11.838
Distributed
616
1913
11.478
Fillet radius modelling:
By means of web and flange overthickness calculated for keeping constant the total section area.
Initial imperfection:
Pattern: the first positive elastic buckling eigenmode is used as the initial imperfection shape.
Magnitude: maximum of 1 % of the flange thickness.
Load application:
Incremental-iterative solution procedure has been employed using displacement control.
Appropriate constraints to degrees of freedom at upper flange of the loaded section have been
applied to ensure the same vertical displacement of mese nodes.
* Distributed load:
Load control has been used in the load-displacement analysis together with an arc-length
integration method (Riks) to cope with the post-buckling unstable response. The load has been
applied by means of equivalent node forces at upper flange central line.
Boundary conditions
Vertical supports have been introduced at every node of the lower flange located at the
Longitudinal support has been provided in the loaded section at the centre of the upper flange.
Lateral restraints have been introduced on the compressed flange of the support and load
application sections and additional sections according to Additif 80 - DPU 22-701 (CM66) (Ref.
18):
* concentrated load case: a moment ratio of 0 has been considered in all the length (leading to L
= 1,81 m between lateral restraints) excepting the part between both plastic hinges, where the
moment ratio is - 0,87 (L = 2,87 m).
* distributed load case: a moment ratio of 0 (L = 1 ,8 1 m) has been taken for the right part of the
beam, the first hinge influence area, while a conservative moment ratio of 1 has been
considered for the left part (2nd hinge zone) leading to L = 1,05 m between lateral supports.
* 3-point bending cases: a moment ratio of 0 is assumed leading to L = 1,81 m between lateral
supports.
63
The bending moment diagrams are as follows :
Concentrated Load
Distributed Load
1
15 >^JL+

15 _!_
--wu*
ÛJJILP^
y/W
S
%l
17
N-U

1
fr-**L 2.17 J
1-L-5
1.6-L-2.1
/
"
J
'
L 3
i
m
3-L-3
1.9-L-4
The equivalent lengths selected for the 3-point bending tests have been determined according to two
different criteria:
the length between the two zero moment sections adjacent to the plastic hinge,
the length determined by the tangent to the bending moment diagram on each side of the plastic
hinge.
4.4.7.4 Results
Comparison with 3-point bending case results
CASE
Continuous beams with concentrated load
3-point bending beam l-L-5
Li = l;L2 = 5
3-point bending beam 3-L-3
Li = 3;L2 = 3
Continuous beams with distributed load
3-point bending beam 1.9-L-4
Li = l,9;L2 = 4
3-point bending beam 1.6-L-2.1
Li = 1,6; L2 = 2,17
(deg)
1,7
1,65
1,65
14
1,62
1,03
(deg)
8,3
8,7
8,5
15
8,7
9,1
<Pav = -
(deg)
6,6
7,1
6,9
13,9
7,1
8,1
Rav
3,9
4,3
4,2
12,6
4,4
7,8
64
The bending moment diagrams are as follows :
Concentrated Load
Distributed Load
1
15 >^JL+

15 _!_
--wu*
ÛJJILP^
y/W
S
%l
17
N-U

1
fr-**L 2.17 J
1-L-5
1.6-L-2.1
/
"
J
'
L 3
i
m
3-L-3
1.9-L-4
The equivalent lengths selected for the 3-point bending tests have been determined according to two
different criteria:
the length between the two zero moment sections adjacent to the plastic hinge,
the length determined by the tangent to the bending moment diagram on each side of the plastic
hinge.
4.4.7.4 Results
Comparison with 3-point bending case results
CASE
Continuous beams with concentrated load
3-point bending beam l-L-5
Li = l;L2 = 5
3-point bending beam 3-L-3
Li = 3;L2 = 3
Continuous beams with distributed load
3-point bending beam 1.9-L-4
Li = l,9;L2 = 4
3-point bending beam 1.6-L-2.1
Li = 1,6; L2 = 2,17
(deg)
1,7
1,65
1,65
14
1,62
1,03
(deg)
8,3
8,7
8,5
15
8,7
9,1
<Pav = -
(deg)
6,6
7,1
6,9
13,9
7,1
8,1
Rav
3,9
4,3
4,2
12,6
4,4
7,8
64
Concerning the concentrated load case (Figure 38), a very good agreement can be observed between the
moment-rotation curve of the continuous beam and that of the corresponding 3-point testing case (Li =
1 m; L2 = 5 m). Also the case of central load (L\ = 3 m; L2 = 3 m) gives the same result as expected.
In the distributed loads case (Figure 37), however, a clear disagreement is observed when comparing the
moment-rotation curve of the continuous beam and the corresponding curves of the 3-point bending
cases
In view of simulation results it seems better to evaluate rotation capacity R with equivalent lengths
determined by tangent to the bending moment diagram on each side of the plastic hinge (case 1.6-L-2.1)
The discrepancy seems to be caused by the interaction taking place between the lateral deformations
induced by both hinges in the continuous beam and giving rise to a stiffening effect This interaction is
caused by the fact that the continuous beam has got positive and negative moments along its length. The
lower flange, compressed near the first hinge location (negative moment region), is subjected to tension
stresses in the positive moment region. This tension, acting on the lower flange at second hinge
location, is responsible for the suffer post-buckling response appreciated in the moment-rotation curve
of the first hinge in comparison to the 3-point bending case. It can be seen as a sort of stress stiffening
effect that produces a positive influence on the side of increasing the actual rotation capacity of the
beam.
This effect is avoided in the concentrated load case since the lateral deformation at both hinges is
mainly local and does not interact one to each other.
Thus, the rotation capacity of continuous beams subjected to distributed loads (this load case is more
likely to induce coupled lateral deformations) may be significantly higher than that given by the 3-point
bending test due to the described stiffening effect
(Moment distribution) /N.
Tensionsd lower flange <- Compressed lower Hange -
(Lower fange lateral deformation}
S-8-X
A further detailed description of the results is found in Annex 4 (working document 3263-3-17).
65
Concerning the concentrated load case (Figure 38), a very good agreement can be observed between the
moment-rotation curve of the continuous beam and that of the corresponding 3-point testing case (Li =
1 m; L2 = 5 m). Also the case of central load (L\ = 3 m; L2 = 3 m) gives the same result as expected.
In the distributed loads case (Figure 37), however, a clear disagreement is observed when comparing the
moment-rotation curve of the continuous beam and the corresponding curves of the 3-point bending
cases
In view of simulation results it seems better to evaluate rotation capacity R with equivalent lengths
determined by tangent to the bending moment diagram on each side of the plastic hinge (case 1.6-L-2.1)
induced by both hinges in the continuous beam and giving rise to a stiffening effect This interaction is
caused by the fact that the continuous beam has got positive and negative moments along its length. The
lower flange, compressed near the first hinge location (negative moment region), is subjected to tension
stresses in the positive moment region. This tension, acting on the lower flange at second hinge
location, is responsible for the suffer post-buckling response appreciated in the moment-rotation curve
of the first hinge in comparison to the 3-point bending case. It can be seen as a sort of stress stiffening
effect that produces a positive influence on the side of increasing the actual rotation capacity of the
beam.
likely to induce coupled lateral deformations) may be significantly higher than that given by the 3-point
bending test due to the described stiffening effect
(Moment distribution) /N.
Tensionsd lower flange <- Compressed lower Hange -
(Lower fange lateral deformation}
S-8-X
A further detailed description of the results is found in Annex 4 (working document 3263-3-17).
65
16
^-,
8 10
Rotation (dag)
12 14 16 13
o 4-
8 10
Rotation Weg)
12 14 16
18
66
16
^-,
8 10
Rotation (dag)
12 14 16 13
o 4-
8 10
Rotation Weg)
12 14 16
18
66
5. Required rotation capacity
5.1 Introduction
The work performed by CTICM has mainly consisted in developing practical tools in order to facilitate
the verifications of the plastic rotations obtained from a plastic global analysis of a steel frame. For
several simple cases of continuous beams, formulas and abacuses have been developed. For more
complex cases, a general methodology has been established. All these results are explained in the
"Guide for plastic analysis". CTICM has written the second chapter of that guide : "Required plastic
rotation of plastic hinges in structures" (see chapter 2 of Annex 13). The content of that chapter is :
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Influence of parameters on required inelastic rotation
2.3 Continuous beams
2.4 Frames
We give hereafter the main results of that chapter 2 of the "Guide of the plastic analysis" (see Annex
13).
5.2 Influence of second order effects
Through the simple following example, it can be shown the influence of the second order effects on the
required inelastic rotation (influence of parameter 10.1 of Figure 4).
23 kJjL
320 kN 17 kN/m 320 kN
nniiiiiiuiinyniiuiUHiiiTTi.
4
IPE 300
IPE 240
TZp-
3 L=8m 2
h =6 m
Zk
= plastic hinges
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.80
1.22J
1.000
l/^
' S
S*
Jlst order |
! ^
y\
3
/'
A |2nd order ]*~
10.9
F
2*""
] 225
32.7' 10"3rad
10 15 20 25 30 35
Required plastic rotation
Due to the second order effects, the collapse is reached before a full plastic mechanism is obtained.
Therefore, only three plastic hinges occur instead of four and the required inelastic rotation is much
lower, at the ultimate limit state, from a second order plastic analysis than it is from a first order plastic
analysis. But for a given load factor (= 1 for instance), the second order effects generally increase the
required inelastic rotations in plastic hinges.
5.3 Influence of load level (design loads or collapse)
(1) Influence of the parameter 10.2 of Figure 4 : practical methods give directly the plastic mechanism for
frames, and also the plastic rotations in the hinges and the internal forces just before the last hinge
occurs. So, an usual way is to check TJLS criteria just before collapse, comprising rotation capacity in
hinges. However, design rules only require to check these criteria under the design loads; especially, the
designer has to check that a plastic mechanism is not reached. Computer programs can calculate the
plastic behaviour of frames under design loads by increasing applied loads proportionally to a common
load factor, for instance. So, it can be shown that the inelastic rotation in the first plastic hinge can be
far greater at collapse than it is under the ULS design loads. For most cases, checking the plastic
rotation at collapse can be too conservative if so far as the frame design is never accurately optimised
for all the limit states (ultimate limit states, serviceability limit states, ...).Therefore it is sufficient and
economical to check the rotation capacity criterion under the ULS design loads.
67
5. Required rotation capacity
5.1 Introduction
The work performed by CTICM has mainly consisted in developing practical tools in order to facilitate
the verifications of the plastic rotations obtained from a plastic global analysis of a steel frame. For
several simple cases of continuous beams, formulas and abacuses have been developed. For more
complex cases, a general methodology has been established. All these results are explained in the
"Guide for plastic analysis". CTICM has written the second chapter of that guide : "Required plastic
rotation of plastic hinges in structures" (see chapter 2 of Annex 13). The content of that chapter is :
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Influence of parameters on required inelastic rotation
2.4 Frames
We give hereafter the main results of that chapter 2 of the "Guide of the plastic analysis" (see Annex
13).
5.2 Influence of second order effects
Through the simple following example, it can be shown the influence of the second order effects on the
required inelastic rotation (influence of parameter 10.1 of Figure 4).
23 kJjL
320 kN 17 kN/m 320 kN
nniiiiiiuiinyniiuiUHiiiTTi.
4
IPE 300
IPE 240
TZp-
3 L=8m 2
h =6 m
Zk
= plastic hinges
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.80
1.22J
1.000
l/^
' S
S*
Jlst order |
! ^
y\
3
/'
A |2nd order ]*~
10.9
F
2*""
] 225
32.7' 10"3rad
10 15 20 25 30 35
Due to the second order effects, the collapse is reached before a full plastic mechanism is obtained.
Therefore, only three plastic hinges occur instead of four and the required inelastic rotation is much
lower, at the ultimate limit state, from a second order plastic analysis than it is from a first order plastic
analysis. But for a given load factor (= 1 for instance), the second order effects generally increase the
required inelastic rotations in plastic hinges.
5.3 Influence of load level (design loads or collapse)
(1) Influence of the parameter 10.2 of Figure 4 : practical methods give directly the plastic mechanism for
frames, and also the plastic rotations in the hinges and the internal forces just before the last hinge
occurs. So, an usual way is to check TJLS criteria just before collapse, comprising rotation capacity in
hinges. However, design rules only require to check these criteria under the design loads; especially, the
designer has to check that a plastic mechanism is not reached. Computer programs can calculate the
plastic behaviour of frames under design loads by increasing applied loads proportionally to a common
load factor, for instance. So, it can be shown that the inelastic rotation in the first plastic hinge can be
far greater at collapse than it is under the ULS design loads. For most cases, checking the plastic
rotation at collapse can be too conservative if so far as the frame design is never accurately optimised
for all the limit states (ultimate limit states, serviceability limit states, ...).Therefore it is sufficient and
economical to check the rotation capacity criterion under the ULS design loads.
67
Load factor =
Collapse
Design loading at ULS
Plastic rotation <preq
(2) A remark arose from the F6 committee about the influence of the parameter 10.2 of Figure 4, which
influences the required rotation capacity of plastic hinges: the ratio between design load level (k) and
complete plastic mechanism load level (Xmax).
In view of that parameter, the required rotation capacity chosen by the designer (Rrequiredl; as an
example related to = X) must be clearly specified in the calculation note. Indeed, afterwards the
building could be used or refurbished with other conditions (higher loads, other boundary conditions,...)
and, the required rotation capacity in that context (Rrequired2; as an example related to .2 with < < %2
< %max) could be greater than the previous one (Rrequiredl) and so the available rotation capacity of the
members should be checked (Ravailable ^ ^required^ )
On the other hand, at ultimate limit state, the design of a building would not be optimised if the
difference between design load level (<0 and complete plastic mechanism load level (Amax), was too
high. But mat big difference between load levels could also be explained by restrictions at serviceability
limit state or other reasons (instability of the frame,...).
5.4 Influence of loading path
(1) On one hand Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) states, about global analysis, that "It may be assumed to be sufficient,
in the case of building structures, to adopt simultaneous proportional increases of all loads" (clause
5.2.1.1 (5) of Eurocode 3).
(2) On the other hand, in case of plastic global analysis, for a given loading arrangement the mechanism
and the ultimate load factor do not depend on the loading path, but the order of occurrence of the plastic
hinges in the structure depends on the loading path. The required inelastic rotations also depend on the
loading path under the design loading and at collapse.
(3) The examples of Figure 42 shows a continuous beam with different loading path :
path A corresponds to a proportional increase of all loads as allowed by Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) and,
path defines a specific increase of loads which is not always proportional.
The collapse mechanisms are reached for the same load level (Pi ; P2 )whatever the loading path. But
the required inelastic rotations of plastic hinges (<preq.l ; <Preq.2) are greater for loading path in
comparison with proportional loading path A because elastic returns (or unloadings) occurred in some
plastic hinges.
(4) It can be concluded that whatever the loading path is, required inelastic rotations in plastic hinges <Preq
at collapse will be the same if the same mechanism is reached and if no elastic return (or unloading)
occurs in any plastic hinge during loading.
68
Load factor =
Collapse
Design loading at ULS
Plastic rotation <preq
(2) A remark arose from the F6 committee about the influence of the parameter 10.2 of Figure 4, which
influences the required rotation capacity of plastic hinges: the ratio between design load level (k) and
complete plastic mechanism load level (Xmax).
In view of that parameter, the required rotation capacity chosen by the designer (Rrequiredl; as an
example related to = X) must be clearly specified in the calculation note. Indeed, afterwards the
building could be used or refurbished with other conditions (higher loads, other boundary conditions,...)
and, the required rotation capacity in that context (Rrequired2; as an example related to .2 with < < %2
< %max) could be greater than the previous one (Rrequiredl) and so the available rotation capacity of the
members should be checked (Ravailable ^ ^required^ )
On the other hand, at ultimate limit state, the design of a building would not be optimised if the
difference between design load level (<0 and complete plastic mechanism load level (Amax), was too
high. But mat big difference between load levels could also be explained by restrictions at serviceability
limit state or other reasons (instability of the frame,...).
5.4 Influence of loading path
(1) On one hand Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) states, about global analysis, that "It may be assumed to be sufficient,
in the case of building structures, to adopt simultaneous proportional increases of all loads" (clause
5.2.1.1 (5) of Eurocode 3).
(2) On the other hand, in case of plastic global analysis, for a given loading arrangement the mechanism
and the ultimate load factor do not depend on the loading path, but the order of occurrence of the plastic
hinges in the structure depends on the loading path. The required inelastic rotations also depend on the
loading path under the design loading and at collapse.
(3) The examples of Figure 42 shows a continuous beam with different loading path :
path A corresponds to a proportional increase of all loads as allowed by Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) and,
path defines a specific increase of loads which is not always proportional.
The collapse mechanisms are reached for the same load level (Pi ; P2 )whatever the loading path. But
the required inelastic rotations of plastic hinges (<preq.l ; <Preq.2) are greater for loading path in
comparison with proportional loading path A because elastic returns (or unloadings) occurred in some
plastic hinges.
(4) It can be concluded that whatever the loading path is, required inelastic rotations in plastic hinges <Preq
at collapse will be the same if the same mechanism is reached and if no elastic return (or unloading)
occurs in any plastic hinge during loading.
68
Different loading paths lead to the same at collapse if the same mechanism is reached and if no
elastic return occurs in any plastic hinge during loading.
The following examples highlight differences in (preq at collapse because of elastic returns :
Pl
Qi = 8P1
*~~Z =
L 2m
P2
160
S 235
*H-
4 m
Path A : All loads increase proportionaly
Path : Pi and Qi increase together with P2 = 0, then P2 starts while Pi and Qi are also increasing
1746
2196
mechanism
Path A
<Preq.l = 0
(preq.2 = 0,002623
Path
(preq.i = 0,01142
(preq.2 = 0,008333
[daN]
3265
3534
P2
Pl [daN]
1717
jjxamplj^
2917
Path A
(preq.l = 0
(preq.2 = 0,006926
Path
(preq.l = OJ004170
(preq.2 = 0,009012
[daN]
3583
4364
P2
Figure 42 : Influence of the loading path on (preq at collapse
69
Different loading paths lead to the same at collapse if the same mechanism is reached and if no
elastic return occurs in any plastic hinge during loading.
The following examples highlight differences in (preq at collapse because of elastic returns :
Pl
Qi = 8P1
*~~Z =
L 2m
P2
160
S 235
*H-
4 m
Path A : All loads increase proportionaly
Path : Pi and Qi increase together with P2 = 0, then P2 starts while Pi and Qi are also increasing
1746
2196
mechanism
Path A
<Preq.l = 0
(preq.2 = 0,002623
Path
(preq.i = 0,01142
(preq.2 = 0,008333
[daN]
3265
3534
P2
Pl [daN]
1717
jjxamplj^
2917
Path A
(preq.l = 0
(preq.2 = 0,006926
Path
(preq.l = OJ004170
(preq.2 = 0,009012
[daN]
3583
4364
P2
Figure 42 : Influence of the loading path on (preq at collapse
69
5.5 Continuous steel beams
Formulas and abacuses have been developed for simple configurations of two span continuous beams
(see chapter 2 of Annex 13):
5.5.1 Two span beam with a concentrated load
Required inelastic rotation :
r- _ Mpl L -ct2-2a+2h + l
If <2(+1)-1,=^7 "
if os-^c+5-. ^=^^(<*2+2"2
F
, ocL l 0<a<1
i

1 -

TlL ,
In the "Guide for plastic analysis" (see Annex 13), other formulas are given to allow the designer to
calculate the ultimate load and the ratio of the ultimate load to the load for which the first plastic hinge
occurs. Moreover, abacuses supply these results in relation to the relevant parameters.
5.5.2 Two span beam with uniform distributed loads
0 <<1
SO
km
coq
JELL
Required inelastic rotation
If 2<1
First plastic hinge on intermediate support :
^=
_ Mp! L
EI
2!_2(+3)
3 12 V /
First plastic hinge in the first span :
If 2>1
_Mpl_L
*- EI
+1 3+2/2 1 +anf
12
First plastic hinge in the second span :
.MplLV2 + l
- EI 3
+1-(2+)
2 l + corf
4>2
70
5.5 Continuous steel beams
Formulas and abacuses have been developed for simple configurations of two span continuous beams
(see chapter 2 of Annex 13):
Required inelastic rotation :
r- _ Mpl L -ct2-2a+2h + l
If <2(+1)-1,=^7 "
if os-^c+5-. ^=^^(<*2+2"2
F
, ocL l 0<a<1
i

1 -

TlL ,
In the "Guide for plastic analysis" (see Annex 13), other formulas are given to allow the designer to
calculate the ultimate load and the ratio of the ultimate load to the load for which the first plastic hinge
occurs. Moreover, abacuses supply these results in relation to the relevant parameters.
0 <<1
SO
km
coq
JELL
If 2<1
^=
_ Mp! L
EI
2!_2(+3)
3 12 V /
First plastic hinge in the first span :
If 2>1
_Mpl_L
*- EI
+1 3+2/2 1 +anf
12
First plastic hinge in the second span :
.MplLV2 + l
- EI 3
+1-(2+)
2 l + corf
4>2
70
5.5.3 Two equal span beamwith a concentrated load and an uniform distributed load
The relative influence of a concentrated load and an uniform distributed load has been evaluated by
using the PEP micro program because for this case, formulas are too complex.
iF
|||||||||j|]|||||||]|lillilllllllllllli!lllilllll
^ <xL .
I Ll , L ,
Two parameters have been taken into account : the position (a) of the concentrated load in the first span
and the ratio between the concentrated load and the uniform distributed load (= F / (qL)) By varying
these parameters, the following abacus has been plotted in Figure 46.
The required inelastic rotation may be expressed as :
req ~ *r
E.I
-F/CqL)
71
5.5.3 Two equal span beamwith a concentrated load and an uniform distributed load
The relative influence of a concentrated load and an uniform distributed load has been evaluated by
using the PEP micro program because for this case, formulas are too complex.
iF
|||||||||j|]|||||||]|lillilllllllllllli!lllilllll
^ <xL .
I Ll , L ,
Two parameters have been taken into account : the position (a) of the concentrated load in the first span
and the ratio between the concentrated load and the uniform distributed load (= F / (qL)) By varying
these parameters, the following abacus has been plotted in Figure 46.
The required inelastic rotation may be expressed as :
req ~ *r
E.I
-F/CqL)
71
5.5.4 Two span beam - General case
A more general method is proposed to calculate the required inelastic rotation when the position of the
plastic hinge is known from an elastic analysis of the beam, whatever the load arrangement is. It is
assumed that the maximum moment Mmax in the beam exceeds the plastic moment Mpi. So :
= Mmax ~ Mpi
1
BL
L
I
1
|<<
HL

From that, the expression of the required inelastic rotation is given by :
_AML +1
^" 32
The abacus plotted inFigure 48 gives the factor kr versus for several values of , with
, AML
5.5.5 Conclusions
The results show that it is difficult to give a value of the required inelastic rotation to a type of structure
(continuous beam, portal frame, ... ). This value could be too conservative for some cases or on the
unsafe side for other cases.
5.6 Frames
5.6.1 Plastic analysis using specific programs
In order to make a plastic design of a frame and determine the required inelastic rotations in plastic
hinges, a global elastic-perfectly-plastic analysis (see 5.2.1.4 of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1)) of a frame can be
performed with the help of a plastic analysis computer program. Those programs are generally based on
the step-by-step method and can automatically take into account particular aspects such as elastic
returns, second order effects, semi-rigid behaviour of connections and also N-M interaction in bending
resistance of sections. All these aspects have direct influence on the required inelastic rotations (see
chapter 3.1 for the influence of second order effects).
72
5.5.4 Two span beam - General case
A more general method is proposed to calculate the required inelastic rotation when the position of the
plastic hinge is known from an elastic analysis of the beam, whatever the load arrangement is. It is
assumed that the maximum moment Mmax in the beam exceeds the plastic moment Mpi. So :
= Mmax ~ Mpi
1
BL
L
I
1
|<<
HL

From that, the expression of the required inelastic rotation is given by :
_AML +1
^" 32
The abacus plotted inFigure 48 gives the factor kr versus for several values of , with
, AML
5.5.5 Conclusions
The results show that it is difficult to give a value of the required inelastic rotation to a type of structure
(continuous beam, portal frame, ... ). This value could be too conservative for some cases or on the
unsafe side for other cases.
5.6 Frames
5.6.1 Plastic analysis using specific programs
In order to make a plastic design of a frame and determine the required inelastic rotations in plastic
hinges, a global elastic-perfectly-plastic analysis (see 5.2.1.4 of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1)) of a frame can be
performed with the help of a plastic analysis computer program. Those programs are generally based on
the step-by-step method and can automatically take into account particular aspects such as elastic
returns, second order effects, semi-rigid behaviour of connections and also N-M interaction in bending
resistance of sections. All these aspects have direct influence on the required inelastic rotations (see
chapter 3.1 for the influence of second order effects).
72
5.6.2 Plastic analysis of simple frames using an elastic analysis program
The aim of this part is to explain how to perform a plastic analysis of a frame with the help of a simple
elastic analysis program provided the axial force and the shear force do not reduce the bending
resistance of the cross-sections in which plastic hinges may occur.
This method is known as the "step-by-step method". The following flowchart is a summary of the
method.
Geometry - Steel
Support conditions I
Load
*
Initializations i = 0
Moment diagram : M = 0
Shear force : V0 = 0
Displacements : Dn = 0
Hinge rotations : = 0
t "~' '
ELASTIC ANALYSIS i (with i hinges)
(with applied design loads)
-"^^^ Is the structure stable ? ^^~^*
Elastic return
Suppression of
the perfect hinge
o
yes
Results of the elastic analysis i
(with i hinges)
Moment diagram : m
Shear force diagram : v
Displacements : 8
Rotations in the hinges : ;
no
If i = 0 : Support conditions are not valid
If i > 0 : A plastic mechanism is reached
*
An - Ai
^ **""^ hor each plastic hmge, ^^^^

^>0? ^^^
^"lyes
Step number : j = i + 1
Research of die cross-section for which
AAj = (Mpi - Mj) /m; is minimum
V
Load factor : = Aj + AL
State of the structure at the end of the step j
(for the loading : F)
Moment diagram : M; = Mj + Akt mj
Shear force diagram : V: = Vj + v
Displacements : D: = Dj + ; 8
*
Rotations in the lunges at the end of the step j
} =+\}%
i = j
A new perfect hinge is introduced

in the structure
Figure 49 : Flow-chart for "step-by-step method'
73
The aim of this part is to explain how to perform a plastic analysis of a frame with the help of a simple
elastic analysis program provided the axial force and the shear force do not reduce the bending
resistance of the cross-sections in which plastic hinges may occur.
This method is known as the "step-by-step method". The following flowchart is a summary of the
method.
Geometry - Steel
Support conditions I
Load
*
Moment diagram : M = 0
Shear force : V0 = 0
Displacements : Dn = 0
Hinge rotations : = 0
t "~' '
ELASTIC ANALYSIS i (with i hinges)
-"^^^ Is the structure stable ? ^^~^*
Elastic return
Suppression of
the perfect hinge
o
yes
Results of the elastic analysis i
(with i hinges)
Moment diagram : m
Displacements : 8
Rotations in the hinges : ;
no
If i > 0 : A plastic mechanism is reached
*
An - Ai
^ **""^ hor each plastic hmge, ^^^^

^>0? ^^^
^"lyes
Step number : j = i + 1
Research of die cross-section for which
AAj = (Mpi - Mj) /m; is minimum
V
Load factor : = Aj + AL
(for the loading : F)
Moment diagram : M; = Mj + Akt mj
Shear force diagram : V: = Vj + v
Displacements : D: = Dj + ; 8
*
Rotations in the lunges at the end of the step j
} =+\}%
i = j

in the structure
Figure 49 : Flow-chart for "step-by-step method'
73
Particular phonema such as elastic returns in plastic hinges may happen during a plastic analysis. This is
explained in the "Guide for plastic analysis" (see chapter 2 of Annex 13). A simple example is also
included to this guide (see chapter 4 of Annex 13).
5.6.3 Indicative values of (preq for pre-design of steel frames
Type of frame
-i'-
au
^ ss
-
Uli
xb ^
-j^
LL
^ .V?
^ "V
i { + " i
,,-,
w w :w w
15
19
14
15
12
Rreq
Under design loads
Min
0,06
0,00
0,06
0,57
0,05
0,23
Max
0,49
2,12
2,41
2,08
1,34
0,55
Mean
0,21
1,11
At collapse
Min
0,46
Max
0,85
1,04
1,10 0,66
1,07
4,02
3,59
Mean
0,66
2,58
1,75
0,83
0,41
0,34
0,40
0,64
2,52
1,36
1,42
1,37
0,76
0,90
(1) A study has been conducted in order to determine the required inelastic rotation (Preq and the required
rotation capacity Rreq of formed plastic hinges for different types of frames (Ref. 23). Six types of
frames have been identified, and for each type, a parametric study has been made. So, 79 frames have
been studied (see Annex 10). A simplified method was adopted in order to obtain a realistic design. An
elastic analysis was first performed in order to check Serviceability Limit State requirements. Then a
plastic analysis was made in order to check Ultimate Limit State criteria and to determine required
inelastic rotations under design loads (= 1) and at collapse (Xu) : mechanism or instability. Some of
the frames were sway frames according to Eurocode 3 and the second order effects were taken into
account. All analyses have been conducted with the PEP micro program of CTICM (Ref. 16). Required
rotation capacities Rreq have been calculated from required inelastic rotation (preq directly given for
PEP-Micro program and with the relations summarized in Figure 31 (chapter 4.4.7.1) and detailed in
Annex 10.
74
Particular phonema such as elastic returns in plastic hinges may happen during a plastic analysis. This is
explained in the "Guide for plastic analysis" (see chapter 2 of Annex 13). A simple example is also
included to this guide (see chapter 4 of Annex 13).
5.6.3 Indicative values of (preq for pre-design of steel frames
Type of frame
-i'-
au
^ ss
-
Uli
xb ^
-j^
LL
^ .V?
^ "V
i { + " i
,,-,
w w :w w
15
19
14
15
12
Rreq
Under design loads
Min
0,06
0,00
0,06
0,57
0,05
0,23
Max
0,49
2,12
2,41
2,08
1,34
0,55
Mean
0,21
1,11
At collapse
Min
0,46
Max
0,85
1,04
1,10 0,66
1,07
4,02
3,59
Mean
0,66
2,58
1,75
0,83
0,41
0,34
0,40
0,64
2,52
1,36
1,42
1,37
0,76
0,90
(1) A study has been conducted in order to determine the required inelastic rotation (Preq and the required
rotation capacity Rreq of formed plastic hinges for different types of frames (Ref. 23). Six types of
frames have been identified, and for each type, a parametric study has been made. So, 79 frames have
been studied (see Annex 10). A simplified method was adopted in order to obtain a realistic design. An
elastic analysis was first performed in order to check Serviceability Limit State requirements. Then a
plastic analysis was made in order to check Ultimate Limit State criteria and to determine required
inelastic rotations under design loads (= 1) and at collapse (Xu) : mechanism or instability. Some of
the frames were sway frames according to Eurocode 3 and the second order effects were taken into
account. All analyses have been conducted with the PEP micro program of CTICM (Ref. 16). Required
rotation capacities Rreq have been calculated from required inelastic rotation (preq directly given for
PEP-Micro program and with the relations summarized in Figure 31 (chapter 4.4.7.1) and detailed in
Annex 10.
74
(2) Figure 50 issued from Annex 10 gives a summary of the values of required rotation capacity Rreq of
plastic hinges under design loads and at collapse for different steel frames (n = number of calculated
frames). It is not possible to consider all types of structures, so the results are not necessarily fully
representative. These results can show that it is rather difficult to associate a value of the required
rotation capacity to a type of frame : the values are strongly scattered. If this was to be done, the
maximum value should be considered but this leads to too conservative methodology.
Type of frame
ill*
^ !_jfc_3r_i_3 '
* : ^
au
ss>
to Si
ft
sx-
,--,
?*? TO sic
Under design loads:
max ^.<1[rad]
0,009
0,015
0,026
0,034
0,013
0,006
At collapse :
max %eq.u [rad]
0,020
0,032
0,035
0,040
0,014
0,008
Figure 51 : Indicative values of required inelastic rotation q>req of plastic hinges in steel frames
(3) As explained in chapter 4.4.7.1, it is more simple to evaluate the ductility of plastic hinges with inelastic
rotation (Preq instead of rotation capacity Rreq. Figure 51 issued from Annex 13 provides a summary of
the maximum values of inelastic rotation (Preq (in radian) of plastic hinges under design loads and at
collapse for the different steel frames identical to the ones given in Figure 50.
75
(2) Figure 50 issued from Annex 10 gives a summary of the values of required rotation capacity Rreq of
plastic hinges under design loads and at collapse for different steel frames (n = number of calculated
frames). It is not possible to consider all types of structures, so the results are not necessarily fully
representative. These results can show that it is rather difficult to associate a value of the required
rotation capacity to a type of frame : the values are strongly scattered. If this was to be done, the
maximum value should be considered but this leads to too conservative methodology.
Type of frame
ill*
^ !_jfc_3r_i_3 '
* : ^
au
ss>
to Si
ft
sx-
,--,
?*? TO sic
Under design loads:
max ^.<1[rad]
0,009
0,015
0,026
0,034
0,013
0,006
At collapse :
max %eq.u [rad]
0,020
0,032
0,035
0,040
0,014
0,008
Figure 51 : Indicative values of required inelastic rotation q>req of plastic hinges in steel frames
(3) As explained in chapter 4.4.7.1, it is more simple to evaluate the ductility of plastic hinges with inelastic
rotation (Preq instead of rotation capacity Rreq. Figure 51 issued from Annex 13 provides a summary of
the maximum values of inelastic rotation (Preq (in radian) of plastic hinges under design loads and at
collapse for the different steel frames identical to the ones given in Figure 50.
75
5.7 Evaluation of required rotation capacity for composite beams
(1) In the document 3263-1-20 following comments may be given about the 2 diagrams ("Ototal / elastic"
in function of "moment redistribution") concerning continuous composite beams:
the required rotation capacities of continuous composite beams is much greater than for continuous
steel beams :
for 3 spans composite beams: ^required (to reach the full span plastic moment resistance) =
10 (Figure 52),
20 (Figure 53),
for 3 spans steel beams: ^required = 3 (see document 3263-1-2: Figure 3.6).
Those differences between composite and steel required rotation capacities may be explained by
the non-linearities of the concrete which induces large non-linear response in "moment-rotation
curves" in span behaviour of continuous beams (the shape factor, = (Wpiastic / Weiastic)> is
greater for a composite cross-section than for a steel I section), while no differences appear in
support behaviour (nearly ideal elastic-plastic behaviour for both composite and steel cross-
sections).
the rotation capacities required to form a mechanism in continuous composite beams are dependent
of the degree of shear connections ("Fc / Fpf" or "N / Nf") which defines the limit of the plastic
bending moment resistance of the cross-sections and so influences the moment redistribution.
design curves with rotation capacities given in function of moment redistribution could be
established; consequently for a given rotation capacity the required moment redistribution related
to the given "M'p / Mp", could be deduced from those abacuses.
(2) In the scope of the design method proposed by Mr. Couchman G. (Ref. 14; see chapter 3.1), the
required inelastic rotation 8req (=req) has been graphically represented as a function of moment
redistribution (). The use of such curves allows for the parameters which affect the rotation capacity
required by a beam to achieve a given moment redistribution. These parameters are:
Elastic moment ratio (6) and span type (external or internal). These two parameters affect the
basis formof Oreq vs. curves.
Plastic moment ratio () , which affects values of moment redistribution but not the form of 9req
vs. curves.
Degree of shear connection and construction method (propped or unpropped). These two
arameters may necessitate modification to the value of moment redistribution which is given by a
req vs. curves.
( See Annex 2, (7/9) to (9/9)).
76
5.7 Evaluation of required rotation capacity for composite beams
(1) In the document 3263-1-20 following comments may be given about the 2 diagrams ("Ototal / elastic"
in function of "moment redistribution") concerning continuous composite beams:
the required rotation capacities of continuous composite beams is much greater than for continuous
steel beams :
10 (Figure 52),
20 (Figure 53),
for 3 spans steel beams: ^required = 3 (see document 3263-1-2: Figure 3.6).
Those differences between composite and steel required rotation capacities may be explained by
the non-linearities of the concrete which induces large non-linear response in "moment-rotation
curves" in span behaviour of continuous beams (the shape factor, = (Wpiastic / Weiastic)> is
greater for a composite cross-section than for a steel I section), while no differences appear in
support behaviour (nearly ideal elastic-plastic behaviour for both composite and steel cross-
sections).
the rotation capacities required to form a mechanism in continuous composite beams are dependent
of the degree of shear connections ("Fc / Fpf" or "N / Nf") which defines the limit of the plastic
bending moment resistance of the cross-sections and so influences the moment redistribution.
design curves with rotation capacities given in function of moment redistribution could be
established; consequently for a given rotation capacity the required moment redistribution related
to the given "M'p / Mp", could be deduced from those abacuses.
(2) In the scope of the design method proposed by Mr. Couchman G. (Ref. 14; see chapter 3.1), the
required inelastic rotation 8req (=req) has been graphically represented as a function of moment
redistribution (). The use of such curves allows for the parameters which affect the rotation capacity
required by a beam to achieve a given moment redistribution. These parameters are:
Elastic moment ratio (6) and span type (external or internal). These two parameters affect the
basis formof Oreq vs. curves.
Plastic moment ratio () , which affects values of moment redistribution but not the form of 9req
vs. curves.
Degree of shear connection and construction method (propped or unpropped). These two
arameters may necessitate modification to the value of moment redistribution which is given by a
req vs. curves.
( See Annex 2, (7/9) to (9/9)).
76
?-
ir
^
3
\
<$
Vf
&
o
o
7-
n
7
s S
J4S
\ :
\ *.
\ .
\
S
- O"
o
o
- o
_ <o
o
o
IO
tn
o
o
o
o
- q
- in
_ ^#
o
- o
o
;
lil
n r
o-O
LO *
r r r r r
-
in*
co
o
o
o
co
o
o
O
o
o
CVi
o
o
O
o
ID
o
l8
Figure 52 : Diagramof Ototal / elastic in function of moment redistribution for 3 spans composite beams
77
?-
ir
^
3
\
<$
Vf
&
o
o
7-
n
7
s S
J4S
\ :
\ *.
\ .
\
S
- O"
o
o
- o
_ <o
o
o
IO
tn
o
o
o
o
- q
- in
_ ^#
o
- o
o
;
lil
n r
o-O
LO *
r r r r r
-
in*
co
o
o
o
co
o
o
O
o
o
CVi
o
o
O
o
ID
o
l8
Figure 52 : Diagramof Ototal / elastic in function of moment redistribution for 3 spans composite beams
77
H
J
S
<
o
in
j rr
V) o
" y/i
j r r r
O
o
o
tv
o
o
00
o
o
r
o
o
o
c\2
Figure 53 : Diagram of Ototal / elastic in function of moment redistribution for 2 spans composite beams
78
H
J
S
<
o
in
j rr
V) o
" y/i
j r r r
O
o
o
tv
o
o
00
o
o
r
o
o
o
c\2
Figure 53 : Diagram of Ototal / elastic in function of moment redistribution for 2 spans composite beams
78
6. Review of Eurocode 3 rules
(1) The clause 5.3.3 (4) (which is a principle) of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) may be unsafe in certain cases :
(...)
(4) For building structures in which the required rotations are not calculated, all members containing
plastic hinges shall have class 1 cross-sections at the plastic hinge location."
Indeed it may happen that class 1 cross-sections would have not enough available rotation capacity Rav
compared with rotation requirements depending on the percentage of redistribution of moments and the
structural arrangement.
The two following examples (2 span beam with a concentrated load) illustrate this problem in using
Feldmann's model (see Annex 13) and formulae of required rotation capacity for continuous beams (see
chapter 5.5 and Annex 13) :
Example 1 : IPE 400, S 460 : class 1 cross-section
= 0,37 =1 L = 5,8m M<p = YMR=l,5 Vsd/Vpl.Rd = 0,59
<Pav = 0,067/1,5 = 0,045 rad < <Preq = 0,069 rad (not fulfilled !)
Rav = 2,708/1,5 = 1,805 < Rreq= 2,792 (not fulfilled !)
Example 2 : IPE A 600, S 355 : class 1 cross-section
=0,33 =1 L= 11,0m YM<p=YMR = l,5 Vsd/VpLRd = 0,47
<Pav = 0,077/1,5 = 0,051 rad < (Preq = 0,0794 rad (not fulfilled !)
Rav = 3,293/1,5 = 2,195 < Rreq = 3,389 (not fulfilled !)
(2) The clause 5.2.1.3 (3) (which is a principle) of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) may be unsafe in certain cases :
" 5.2. 1 .3 Elastic global analysis
(...)
(3) Following a first order elastic analysis, the calculated bending moments may be modified by
redistributing up to 15% of the peak calculated moment in any member, provided that :
a) the internal forces and moments in the frame remain in equilibrium with the applied loads, and
b) all the members in which the moments are reduced have class 1 or class 2 cross-sections (see
5.3)."
In Annex 9, the problems of that rule are precised for 2 common examples :
a) 2 spans continuous beam with a uniform distributed load;
b) 2 spans continuous beam with a point load.
In example a), the required rotation capacity is shown to be quite limited (Rrequired < 0,6) and so class 2
cross-sections may be used in that case.
In example b), for certain cases (concentrated loads,...) the required rotation capacity may be very large
(Rrequired > 4) and the use of class 2 or even class 1 cross-sections with a 15% redistribution of peak
moment may be unsafe regarding the rotation capacity.
79
6. Review of Eurocode 3 rules
(1) The clause 5.3.3 (4) (which is a principle) of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) may be unsafe in certain cases :
(...)
(4) For building structures in which the required rotations are not calculated, all members containing
plastic hinges shall have class 1 cross-sections at the plastic hinge location."
Indeed it may happen that class 1 cross-sections would have not enough available rotation capacity Rav
compared with rotation requirements depending on the percentage of redistribution of moments and the
structural arrangement.
The two following examples (2 span beam with a concentrated load) illustrate this problem in using
Feldmann's model (see Annex 13) and formulae of required rotation capacity for continuous beams (see
chapter 5.5 and Annex 13) :
Example 1 : IPE 400, S 460 : class 1 cross-section
= 0,37 =1 L = 5,8m M<p = YMR=l,5 Vsd/Vpl.Rd = 0,59
<Pav = 0,067/1,5 = 0,045 rad < <Preq = 0,069 rad (not fulfilled !)
Rav = 2,708/1,5 = 1,805 < Rreq= 2,792 (not fulfilled !)
Example 2 : IPE A 600, S 355 : class 1 cross-section
=0,33 =1 L= 11,0m YM<p=YMR = l,5 Vsd/VpLRd = 0,47
<Pav = 0,077/1,5 = 0,051 rad < (Preq = 0,0794 rad (not fulfilled !)
Rav = 3,293/1,5 = 2,195 < Rreq = 3,389 (not fulfilled !)
(2) The clause 5.2.1.3 (3) (which is a principle) of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) may be unsafe in certain cases :
" 5.2. 1 .3 Elastic global analysis
(...)
redistributing up to 15% of the peak calculated moment in any member, provided that :
a) the internal forces and moments in the frame remain in equilibrium with the applied loads, and
b) all the members in which the moments are reduced have class 1 or class 2 cross-sections (see
5.3)."
In Annex 9, the problems of that rule are precised for 2 common examples :
a) 2 spans continuous beam with a uniform distributed load;
b) 2 spans continuous beam with a point load.
In example a), the required rotation capacity is shown to be quite limited (Rrequired < 0,6) and so class 2
cross-sections may be used in that case.
In example b), for certain cases (concentrated loads,...) the required rotation capacity may be very large
(Rrequired > 4) and the use of class 2 or even class 1 cross-sections with a 15% redistribution of peak
moment may be unsafe regarding the rotation capacity.
79
7. Conclusion
(1) Generalities :
The plastic global analysis of structures may be more competitive than elastic global analysis but,
despite "easy" evaluation of structural resistance, some difficulties limit or prevent its common use :
practical tools for checking the ductility of plastic hinges are missing.
Previous researches on the rotation capacity of plastic hinges (Ref. 3, Ref. 4, Ref. 5) have allowed to
understand the behaviour of plastic hinge formation for conventional steel. The results of these
researches have shown that the requirements of Eurocodes 3 and 4 (rules for classification of cross-
sections : b/t - ratio and its yield stress dependence; material properties : fu/fy ^ 1,2, eu > 20 ey, A5.65 ^
15 %) are very safesided and could be substantially reviewed especially for high strength steels (S460)).
(2) New rules for Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) :
In the scope of this research project the ductility of plastic hinges is evaluated by inelastic rotation
(<Preq> <Pav) instead of non-dimensional rotation capacity (Rreq. Rav) for reason of simplicity : design
softwares usually provide required inelastic rotations <preq at each formed plastic hinge and for each
load case till structural collapse (see chapter 3.1). Moreover in certain cases difficulties may arise to
determine rotation capacities : problems to identify equivalent lengths (see chapter 4.4.7).
Eurocode 3 provides general rules concerning rotation requirements of plastic hinges :
"5.3.3 Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis
(...)
(2) At plastic hinge locations, the cross-section of the member which contains the plastic hinge
shall have a rotation capacity of not less than the required rotation at that plastic hinge location.
(3) To satisfy the above requirement, the required rotations should be determined from a rotation
analysis."
In order to respect these Eurocode 3 requirements, a new limit states criterion is presented in detail in
this research project : a comparison between the required inelastic rotation <preq of each plastic hinge
appeared in a structure submitted to design loads and the available inelastic rotation <pav for each
relevant cross-section, should be proceeded for each load case (see chapter 3.1) :
4 ^ 3. . with <pav d =
av
This new criterion could be directly proposed as an Application Rule to Eurocode 3 as explained in the
Background Document 5.09 for chapter 5 of Eurocode 3 (see Annex 12) : <preq is issued from plastic
global analysis of the structure and <pav is calculated with a design model (Feldmann's model (Ref. 11)
that have been selected after comparison to other models (Ref. 4, Ref. 15)) including related partial
safety factors , that have been determined by statistical evaluations of available tests results
according to Annex of Eurocode 3. The present method allows to analyse a structure by separate
checks of cross-section resistance and of plastic hinge ductility (see chapter 4.3. 1 ).
This new criterion constitutes a safer and more realistic alternative to following principles of Eurocode
3 that have been demonstrated to give unsafe results in certain cases (see chapter 6) :
* "5.3.3 Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis
(...)
* "5.2. 1.3 Elastic global analysis
(...)
redistributing up to 15 % of the peak calculated moment in any member, provided that :
80
7. Conclusion
(1) Generalities :
The plastic global analysis of structures may be more competitive than elastic global analysis but,
despite "easy" evaluation of structural resistance, some difficulties limit or prevent its common use :
practical tools for checking the ductility of plastic hinges are missing.
Previous researches on the rotation capacity of plastic hinges (Ref. 3, Ref. 4, Ref. 5) have allowed to
understand the behaviour of plastic hinge formation for conventional steel. The results of these
researches have shown that the requirements of Eurocodes 3 and 4 (rules for classification of cross-
sections : b/t - ratio and its yield stress dependence; material properties : fu/fy ^ 1,2, eu > 20 ey, A5.65 ^
15 %) are very safesided and could be substantially reviewed especially for high strength steels (S460)).
In the scope of this research project the ductility of plastic hinges is evaluated by inelastic rotation
(<Preq> <Pav) instead of non-dimensional rotation capacity (Rreq. Rav) for reason of simplicity : design
softwares usually provide required inelastic rotations <preq at each formed plastic hinge and for each
load case till structural collapse (see chapter 3.1). Moreover in certain cases difficulties may arise to
determine rotation capacities : problems to identify equivalent lengths (see chapter 4.4.7).
Eurocode 3 provides general rules concerning rotation requirements of plastic hinges :
(...)
(2) At plastic hinge locations, the cross-section of the member which contains the plastic hinge
shall have a rotation capacity of not less than the required rotation at that plastic hinge location.
(3) To satisfy the above requirement, the required rotations should be determined from a rotation
analysis."
In order to respect these Eurocode 3 requirements, a new limit states criterion is presented in detail in
this research project : a comparison between the required inelastic rotation <preq of each plastic hinge
appeared in a structure submitted to design loads and the available inelastic rotation <pav for each
relevant cross-section, should be proceeded for each load case (see chapter 3.1) :
4 ^ 3. . with <pav d =
av
This new criterion could be directly proposed as an Application Rule to Eurocode 3 as explained in the
Background Document 5.09 for chapter 5 of Eurocode 3 (see Annex 12) : <preq is issued from plastic
global analysis of the structure and <pav is calculated with a design model (Feldmann's model (Ref. 11)
that have been selected after comparison to other models (Ref. 4, Ref. 15)) including related partial
safety factors , that have been determined by statistical evaluations of available tests results
according to Annex of Eurocode 3. The present method allows to analyse a structure by separate
checks of cross-section resistance and of plastic hinge ductility (see chapter 4.3. 1 ).
This new criterion constitutes a safer and more realistic alternative to following principles of Eurocode
3 that have been demonstrated to give unsafe results in certain cases (see chapter 6) :
* "5.3.3 Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis
(...)
* "5.2. 1.3 Elastic global analysis
(...)
redistributing up to 15 % of the peak calculated moment in any member, provided that :
80
a) the internal forces and moments in the frame remain in equilibrium with the applied loads,
and
b) all the members in which the moments are reduced have class 1 or class 2 cross-sections
(see 5.3)."
On the other hand this new criterion applies to all cross-sections able to develop their plastic bending
moment resistance, then it is explicitly applicable for class 1 and class 2 cross-sections. According to
tests results and numerical simulations, present rules of Eurocode 3 for cross-section classification are
shown to be too many conservative. Those rules could be improved and thus could extend the
application field of plastic global analysis (Ref. 17).
In order to help designers involved in plastic global analysis of structures, a guide has been developed
(see separate Annex 13) presenting a simple toolfor the evaluation of ductility of steel plastic hinges.
Beside generalities (concept, concerned parameters,...) explanations and recommendations are provided
in detail for the new aforementionned limit state criterion :
about required inelastic rotation (preq of plastic hinge :
the influence of parameters is shown,
formulas and charts are given for simple cases of continuous beams,
indicative values are furnished for several frames,
in general, reference is made to design softwares that always detiver <Preq at each plastic
hinge,
about available inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinge :
assumptions and limitations of Feldmann's model are given : the model is applied to class 1 &
2 cross-sections (according to present rules of Eurocode 3) and to conventional steel grades (S
235, S 275, S 355, S 420 and S 460 : with f^/fy > 1,15, > 20 ey, 5.65 ^17 %); different
load cases are considered (bending about major and minor axes (My;M^), combined bending
about major axis and axial compression (My - N)),
tables and graphs are provided with <pav values for standard I and hot-rolled sections (,
IPE , O, HE AA, HE A, HE B, HE M, UB and UC) and for conventional steel grades,
different design examples are included,
an appendix comprises tables with values of plastic resistance for standard I and hot-rolled
sections and for conventional steel grades.
The guide clearly specifies that provisions for sufficient lateral restraints are obligatory in order to avoid
occurrence of lateral-torsional buckling of members with plastic hinges. Lateral-torsional buckling mat
influences a lot the values of inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinges, is forbidden in plastic global
analysis in order to maintain the plastic bending moment and to ensure adequate values of <pav
A lot of numerical simulations that were calibrated to tests results, have been carried out to check the
validity of Feldmann's model, to understand the influence of parameters and to investigate cases
without tests results (see chapter 4.4).
A specific design method has been proposed by Couchman (Ref. 14) for continuous composite beams
(see Annex 2).
81
a) the internal forces and moments in the frame remain in equilibrium with the applied loads,
and
b) all the members in which the moments are reduced have class 1 or class 2 cross-sections
(see 5.3)."
On the other hand this new criterion applies to all cross-sections able to develop their plastic bending
moment resistance, then it is explicitly applicable for class 1 and class 2 cross-sections. According to
tests results and numerical simulations, present rules of Eurocode 3 for cross-section classification are
shown to be too many conservative. Those rules could be improved and thus could extend the
application field of plastic global analysis (Ref. 17).
In order to help designers involved in plastic global analysis of structures, a guide has been developed
(see separate Annex 13) presenting a simple toolfor the evaluation of ductility of steel plastic hinges.
Beside generalities (concept, concerned parameters,...) explanations and recommendations are provided
in detail for the new aforementionned limit state criterion :
about required inelastic rotation (preq of plastic hinge :
the influence of parameters is shown,
formulas and charts are given for simple cases of continuous beams,
indicative values are furnished for several frames,
in general, reference is made to design softwares that always detiver <Preq at each plastic
hinge,
about available inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinge :
assumptions and limitations of Feldmann's model are given : the model is applied to class 1 &
2 cross-sections (according to present rules of Eurocode 3) and to conventional steel grades (S
235, S 275, S 355, S 420 and S 460 : with f^/fy > 1,15, > 20 ey, 5.65 ^17 %); different
load cases are considered (bending about major and minor axes (My;M^), combined bending
about major axis and axial compression (My - N)),
tables and graphs are provided with <pav values for standard I and hot-rolled sections (,
IPE , O, HE AA, HE A, HE B, HE M, UB and UC) and for conventional steel grades,
different design examples are included,
an appendix comprises tables with values of plastic resistance for standard I and hot-rolled
sections and for conventional steel grades.
The guide clearly specifies that provisions for sufficient lateral restraints are obligatory in order to avoid
occurrence of lateral-torsional buckling of members with plastic hinges. Lateral-torsional buckling mat
influences a lot the values of inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinges, is forbidden in plastic global
analysis in order to maintain the plastic bending moment and to ensure adequate values of <pav
A lot of numerical simulations that were calibrated to tests results, have been carried out to check the
validity of Feldmann's model, to understand the influence of parameters and to investigate cases
without tests results (see chapter 4.4).
A specific design method has been proposed by Couchman (Ref. 14) for continuous composite beams
(see Annex 2).
81
gives a uniform margin of safety for all cases,
Available rotation capacities of composite beams have been computed in relation with Kemp's model
and with Kubo and Galambos model. A wide variety of parameters have been selected to study the
influential factors to available rotation capacities (see chapter 4.3.5).
For several continuous composite beams, required inelastic rotation (Preq of plastic hinge have been
computed and graphically represented as a function of moment redistribution. Differences of required
inelastic rotation between steel and composite continuous beams have been highlighted (see chapter
5.7).
But, at present state, more developments (tests results, numerical simulations, statistical evaluations,...)
are necessary to exploit that method for continuous composite beams in order to elaborate design aids
or charts which will help designers in their daily works.
(4) Proposals for numerical simulations :
Finite element modelling for the simulation of unstable inelastic behaviour of beams :
Study of suitable modelling strategies concerning the shape and magnitude of initial imperfections
to be introduced in the original geometry with the aim of attaining the right deformation pattern
when the instability occurs during the load-displacement analysis.
The first elastic buckling eigenmode has been used until now for this purpose but, in some cases,
important differences have been detected between this elastic deformation pattern and the right one
corresponding to the non-linear behaviour. Also the magnitude of imperfection changes the
postbuckling behaviour of the beam.
FE modelling of composite beams by correlation with available experiments.
Numerical simulation of continuous beam and frame cases considering the formation of successive
plastic hinges for different theoretical situations : ieq > tyav and êq< - Appraisal of the effect of
strain stiffening and yielding spread on the required rotation. Analysis of the collapse by instability of
the plastic hinge taking into account those effects.
Parametrical analysis on composite beams in order to obtain the typical deformation modes and to
evaluate the effect of different parameters on the available rotation capacity.
Additional simulation series to evaluate, in more detail, the influence of lateral-torsional buckling
restraints and moment gradient on the deformation mode appearing and, therefore, on the available
rotation capacity and local buckling sensitivity.
82
gives a uniform margin of safety for all cases,
Available rotation capacities of composite beams have been computed in relation with Kemp's model
and with Kubo and Galambos model. A wide variety of parameters have been selected to study the
influential factors to available rotation capacities (see chapter 4.3.5).
For several continuous composite beams, required inelastic rotation (Preq of plastic hinge have been
computed and graphically represented as a function of moment redistribution. Differences of required
inelastic rotation between steel and composite continuous beams have been highlighted (see chapter
5.7).
But, at present state, more developments (tests results, numerical simulations, statistical evaluations,...)
are necessary to exploit that method for continuous composite beams in order to elaborate design aids
or charts which will help designers in their daily works.
(4) Proposals for numerical simulations :
Finite element modelling for the simulation of unstable inelastic behaviour of beams :
Study of suitable modelling strategies concerning the shape and magnitude of initial imperfections
to be introduced in the original geometry with the aim of attaining the right deformation pattern
when the instability occurs during the load-displacement analysis.
The first elastic buckling eigenmode has been used until now for this purpose but, in some cases,
important differences have been detected between this elastic deformation pattern and the right one
corresponding to the non-linear behaviour. Also the magnitude of imperfection changes the
postbuckling behaviour of the beam.
FE modelling of composite beams by correlation with available experiments.
Numerical simulation of continuous beam and frame cases considering the formation of successive
plastic hinges for different theoretical situations : ieq > tyav and êq< - Appraisal of the effect of
strain stiffening and yielding spread on the required rotation. Analysis of the collapse by instability of
the plastic hinge taking into account those effects.
Parametrical analysis on composite beams in order to obtain the typical deformation modes and to
evaluate the effect of different parameters on the available rotation capacity.
Additional simulation series to evaluate, in more detail, the influence of lateral-torsional buckling
restraints and moment gradient on the deformation mode appearing and, therefore, on the available
rotation capacity and local buckling sensitivity.
82
Annex 1
"Complete set of distributed documents (10.95)'
(7 pages)
Annex 1
"Complete set of distributed documents (10.95)'
(7 pages)
Complete set of distributed documents
(Date: 14.12.95)
Concerning: ECSC research project:
** 3263: "Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections:
new required conditions in Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools for
designers (rotation capacities of profiles,...)" **
3263-1. From ProfilARBED-Recherches :
3263-1-1 the draft final report of the ECSC research nr. 7210-SA/508, realized by
ARBED-Recherches, Esch/Alzette, August 1992Arbed:
"Elasto-plastic Behaviour of Steel Frame Works",
3263-1-2 the summary - written by a working group - of 3 complementary ECSC
researches dealing with plastic hinges and their rotation capacity:
" Rsum of the coordinated Project:
Elastic-Plastic Behaviour of Steel Structures Requirements and Material
Properties", Mars 1993, common rsum of the 3 ECSC researches:
- nr. 7210-SA/l 13: RWTH (ffiHK, LfS), Aachen,
- nr. 7210-SA/204: ULG (CRM, MSM), Lige,
- nr. 7210-SA/508: ARBED-Recherches, Esch/Alzette.
3263-1-3 the data (extracted from the report 3263-1-1) for the numerical simulation
n1 to be carried out by CTICM and LABEIN (simulation nS 10 of the
report)
3263-1-4 paper issued from"Acier-Stahl-Steel" nr. 3 / 1978: "Rsultats de
recherches CECA: Effet de la forme du diagramme contrainte-dilatation
sur la performance des ossatures mtalliques ", A. Bernard and M. Da Rin.
3263-1-5 excerpt froma paper issued from thejournal "Construction mtallique"
nr. 1-1983: "Flexion gauche des poutres-colonnes mtalliques", G.H.P.
Opperman and P.-A. Matthey.
3263-1-6 paper issued from "Structural Engineering International" n3 / 93:
"Structural analysis: elastic or plastic ?", J. Blaauwendraad and
J. Schneider.
3263-1-7 paper of Prof. Sedlacek G. (RWTH, Aachen University) presented in TU
Delft in 1993: "Stability aspects of high strength steels".
3263-1-8 paper issued from "Stahlbau" n61 (1992): "ZumNachweis
ausreichender Rotationsfhigkeit von Fliessgelenken bei der Anwendung
des Fliessgelenkverfahrens", R. Spangemacher and G. Sedlacek.
3263-1-9 paper issued from "Bauingenieur" n66 (1991): "Abschtzung
maximaler Randdehnungen bei Anwendung der Traglastverfahrens im
Stahlbau", U. Vogel.
3263-1-10 paper fromthe Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Icom - Steel
Structures, Lausanne, Switzerland: "Continuous composite beams using
class 1 and 2 steel sections - Applicability of EC4, and a proposition for a
new design method", G. Couchman and J.-P. Lebet
84
(Date: 14.12.95)
Concerning: ECSC research project:
** 3263: "Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections:
designers (rotation capacities of profiles,...)" **
3263-1. From ProfilARBED-Recherches :
3263-1-1 the draft final report of the ECSC research nr. 7210-SA/508, realized by
ARBED-Recherches, Esch/Alzette, August 1992Arbed:
"Elasto-plastic Behaviour of Steel Frame Works",
3263-1-2 the summary - written by a working group - of 3 complementary ECSC
researches dealing with plastic hinges and their rotation capacity:
" Rsum of the coordinated Project:
Elastic-Plastic Behaviour of Steel Structures Requirements and Material
Properties", Mars 1993, common rsum of the 3 ECSC researches:
- nr. 7210-SA/l 13: RWTH (ffiHK, LfS), Aachen,
- nr. 7210-SA/204: ULG (CRM, MSM), Lige,
- nr. 7210-SA/508: ARBED-Recherches, Esch/Alzette.
3263-1-3 the data (extracted from the report 3263-1-1) for the numerical simulation
n1 to be carried out by CTICM and LABEIN (simulation nS 10 of the
report)
3263-1-4 paper issued from"Acier-Stahl-Steel" nr. 3 / 1978: "Rsultats de
recherches CECA: Effet de la forme du diagramme contrainte-dilatation
sur la performance des ossatures mtalliques ", A. Bernard and M. Da Rin.
3263-1-5 excerpt froma paper issued from thejournal "Construction mtallique"
nr. 1-1983: "Flexion gauche des poutres-colonnes mtalliques", G.H.P.
Opperman and P.-A. Matthey.
3263-1-6 paper issued from "Structural Engineering International" n3 / 93:
"Structural analysis: elastic or plastic ?", J. Blaauwendraad and
J. Schneider.
3263-1-7 paper of Prof. Sedlacek G. (RWTH, Aachen University) presented in TU
Delft in 1993: "Stability aspects of high strength steels".
3263-1-8 paper issued from "Stahlbau" n61 (1992): "ZumNachweis
ausreichender Rotationsfhigkeit von Fliessgelenken bei der Anwendung
des Fliessgelenkverfahrens", R. Spangemacher and G. Sedlacek.
3263-1-9 paper issued from "Bauingenieur" n66 (1991): "Abschtzung
maximaler Randdehnungen bei Anwendung der Traglastverfahrens im
Stahlbau", U. Vogel.
3263-1-10 paper fromthe Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Icom - Steel
Structures, Lausanne, Switzerland: "Continuous composite beams using
class 1 and 2 steel sections - Applicability of EC4, and a proposition for a
new design method", G. Couchman and J.-P. Lebet
84
(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-1-1 1 paper issued fromthe JCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel
Research") nr. 4 (1984): "Slendemess Limits Normal to the Plane of Bending for
Beam-columns in Plastic Design", A.R. Kemp.
3263-1-12 list of "references for tests on continuous composite beams, and studies of
required rotation", by G. Couchman (Icom) on 9.12.1993.
3263-1-13 work paper with figures about the effect of axial load on the rotation
capacity obtained from 3 points bending tests on high strength steel
section, by M. Feldmann (RWTH) on 9.12.1993.
3263-1-14 excerpts fromMr. Spangemacher' s thesis about the formula of
available rotation capacity, by M. Feldmann (RWTH) on 9.12.1993 .
3263-1-15 work paper with figures showing the influence of fu/fy ratio on
different theoritical models compared to tests results,
by G. Couchman (Icom) on 9.12.1993.
3263-1-16 data and results about numerical simulations to evaluate available
rotation capacities of hypothetic steels (fu/fy = 1,20, 1,10 and 1,00):
excerpts from the report 3263-1-1 and figures (Bild 4.6 up to
Bild 4.10) issued from the draft final report of RWTH - Aachen
european research n7210-SA/118, September 1993.
3263-1-17 paper issued from technical report of University of Cambridge,
1971, England : "Moment-rotation curves for locally buckling
I-beams and composite beams", by JJ. Climenhaga and R.P. Johnson.
3263-1-18 paper "Composite Beams", by A. M. Price and D. Anderson, University
of Warwick, Coventry; UK.
3263-1-19 paper from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ICOM-Steel
Structures, Lausanne, Switzerland : "Design rules for continuous
composite beams using Class 1 and 2 steel section-Applicability of
EC4", by G. Couchman and LP. Lebet
3263-1-20 work papers fromICOM about rotation capacities in composite beams,
1994, by Couchman G.
3263-1-21 work paper fromRWTH about models of available rotation capacity
for different types of loading, 1994, by Feldmann M.
3263-1-22 work paper from ProfilARBED applying the model of available rotation capacity
(developed by Feldmann M.) to H and I hot-rolled shapes, by Chantrain Ph.
3263-1-23 paper issued from "The Structural Engineer", volume 69, N. 5/5, March 1991,
"Available rotation capacity in steel and composite beams", by Kemp A.R. &
Dekker N.W.
3263-1-24 paper issued from the journal "Construction mtallique" nr. 3-1994:
"Analyse des poutres et dalles mixtes au moyen d'un modle numrique et
comparaison avec des rsultats d'essais", by P. Ren, G. Couchman et M. Crisinel.
3263-1-25 paper issued from "Stahlbau" n63 (1994): "Experimentelle Untersuchungen
zur Rotationkapacitt von Verbundanschlssen ", by R. Kindmann & KKathage.
85
(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-1-1 1 paper issued fromthe JCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel
Research") nr. 4 (1984): "Slendemess Limits Normal to the Plane of Bending for
Beam-columns in Plastic Design", A.R. Kemp.
3263-1-12 list of "references for tests on continuous composite beams, and studies of
required rotation", by G. Couchman (Icom) on 9.12.1993.
3263-1-13 work paper with figures about the effect of axial load on the rotation
capacity obtained from 3 points bending tests on high strength steel
section, by M. Feldmann (RWTH) on 9.12.1993.
3263-1-14 excerpts fromMr. Spangemacher' s thesis about the formula of
available rotation capacity, by M. Feldmann (RWTH) on 9.12.1993 .
3263-1-15 work paper with figures showing the influence of fu/fy ratio on
different theoritical models compared to tests results,
by G. Couchman (Icom) on 9.12.1993.
3263-1-16 data and results about numerical simulations to evaluate available
rotation capacities of hypothetic steels (fu/fy = 1,20, 1,10 and 1,00):
excerpts from the report 3263-1-1 and figures (Bild 4.6 up to
Bild 4.10) issued from the draft final report of RWTH - Aachen
european research n7210-SA/118, September 1993.
3263-1-17 paper issued from technical report of University of Cambridge,
1971, England : "Moment-rotation curves for locally buckling
I-beams and composite beams", by JJ. Climenhaga and R.P. Johnson.
3263-1-18 paper "Composite Beams", by A. M. Price and D. Anderson, University
of Warwick, Coventry; UK.
3263-1-19 paper from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ICOM-Steel
Structures, Lausanne, Switzerland : "Design rules for continuous
composite beams using Class 1 and 2 steel section-Applicability of
EC4", by G. Couchman and LP. Lebet
3263-1-20 work papers fromICOM about rotation capacities in composite beams,
1994, by Couchman G.
3263-1-21 work paper fromRWTH about models of available rotation capacity
for different types of loading, 1994, by Feldmann M.
3263-1-22 work paper from ProfilARBED applying the model of available rotation capacity
(developed by Feldmann M.) to H and I hot-rolled shapes, by Chantrain Ph.
3263-1-23 paper issued from "The Structural Engineer", volume 69, N. 5/5, March 1991,
"Available rotation capacity in steel and composite beams", by Kemp A.R. &
Dekker N.W.
3263-1-24 paper issued from the journal "Construction mtallique" nr. 3-1994:
"Analyse des poutres et dalles mixtes au moyen d'un modle numrique et
comparaison avec des rsultats d'essais", by P. Ren, G. Couchman et M. Crisinel.
3263-1-25 paper issued from "Stahlbau" n63 (1994): "Experimentelle Untersuchungen
zur Rotationkapacitt von Verbundanschlssen ", by R. Kindmann & KKathage.
85
(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-1-26 letter fromIcom about the relation between the length of beam and the
available rotation capacity, 09.1994, by Couchman G.
3263-1-27 work paper (14.12.1994) fromProfilARBED applying Kemp's and Feldmann 's
models of available rotation capacity to H and I hot-rolled shapes: "Available
rotation capacity of plastic hinges R available - Tests results and models", by
Chantrain Ph. & Klosak M.
3263-1-28 paper issued from "The Structural Engineer"/volume 64B/N2/June 1986, "Factor
affecting the rotation capacity of plastically designed members", by Kemp A.R.
3263-1-29 EPFL thesis n1308 (1994) of Mr. Couchman G., Lausanne, EPFL, 1995:
"Design of continuous composite beams allowing for rotation capacity".
3263-1-30 RWTH thesis of Mr. Feldmann M.: "Zur Rotationskapazitt von I-Profilen
statisch und dynamisch belasteter Trger" (Aachen; Heft 30; 1994; ISSN 0722-
1037).
3263-1-3 1 floppy-disk from Mr. Feldmann M. with a databank of worldwide tests results in
the field of rotation capacity (for Excel application on IBM or compatible PC).
3263-1-32 publication: "Plastic Design in Steel - A Guide and Commentary", published by
ASCE, second edition, 197 1.
3263-1-33 workpapers (3 pages given on 16.12.1994) from ICOM about parameters
influencing rotation capacities in beams, by Couchman G.
3263-1-34 work paper (1 page given on 16.12.1994) fromRWTH about evaluation of
available rotation capacities from CTICM tests, by Feldmann M.
3263-1-35 working document from ProfilARBED about the problem of overstrengthening of
steel profiles in plastic global analysis.
3263-1-36 new version of the document previously given in Bilbao, on 23 March 1995 (first
draft): work document from ProfilARBED : "Ductility of plastic hinges in steel
structures - Guide for Plastic Analysis", by Chantrain Ph. & Klosak M, second
draft (June 1995).
3263-1-37 see document 3198-1-15.
3263-1-38 paper issued from"Stahlbau"n56, Heft 12 (Dezember 1987): "Experimentelle
Ermittlung der Rotationskapacitt biegebeanspruchter I-Profile", by . Roik and
U. Kuhlmann.
3263-1-39 paper issued from JCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel Research") n
32 (1995) published in 1994: "Prediction of Local Buckling and Rotation
Capacity at Maximum Moment", by MX. Daali & R.M. Korol.
3263-1-40 document for COST Cl/ECCS TCI 1 draft group of Annex J of EC4, 25 March
1995, Luxembourg: "Available and Required Rotation Capacities for Composite
Beams and Frames", by Dr R.Y. Xiao.
3263-1-41 paper issued from JCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel Research")
n32 (1995) : "Determination of Rotation Capacity Requirements for Steel and
Composite Beams", by T.Q. Li, B.S. Choo & D.A. Nethercot
86
(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-1-26 letter fromIcom about the relation between the length of beam and the
available rotation capacity, 09.1994, by Couchman G.
3263-1-27 work paper (14.12.1994) fromProfilARBED applying Kemp's and Feldmann 's
models of available rotation capacity to H and I hot-rolled shapes: "Available
rotation capacity of plastic hinges R available - Tests results and models", by
Chantrain Ph. & Klosak M.
3263-1-28 paper issued from "The Structural Engineer"/volume 64B/N2/June 1986, "Factor
affecting the rotation capacity of plastically designed members", by Kemp A.R.
3263-1-29 EPFL thesis n1308 (1994) of Mr. Couchman G., Lausanne, EPFL, 1995:
"Design of continuous composite beams allowing for rotation capacity".
3263-1-30 RWTH thesis of Mr. Feldmann M.: "Zur Rotationskapazitt von I-Profilen
statisch und dynamisch belasteter Trger" (Aachen; Heft 30; 1994; ISSN 0722-
1037).
3263-1-3 1 floppy-disk from Mr. Feldmann M. with a databank of worldwide tests results in
the field of rotation capacity (for Excel application on IBM or compatible PC).
3263-1-32 publication: "Plastic Design in Steel - A Guide and Commentary", published by
ASCE, second edition, 197 1.
3263-1-33 workpapers (3 pages given on 16.12.1994) from ICOM about parameters
influencing rotation capacities in beams, by Couchman G.
3263-1-34 work paper (1 page given on 16.12.1994) fromRWTH about evaluation of
available rotation capacities from CTICM tests, by Feldmann M.
3263-1-35 working document from ProfilARBED about the problem of overstrengthening of
steel profiles in plastic global analysis.
3263-1-36 new version of the document previously given in Bilbao, on 23 March 1995 (first
draft): work document from ProfilARBED : "Ductility of plastic hinges in steel
structures - Guide for Plastic Analysis", by Chantrain Ph. & Klosak M, second
draft (June 1995).
3263-1-37 see document 3198-1-15.
3263-1-38 paper issued from"Stahlbau"n56, Heft 12 (Dezember 1987): "Experimentelle
Ermittlung der Rotationskapacitt biegebeanspruchter I-Profile", by . Roik and
U. Kuhlmann.
3263-1-39 paper issued from JCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel Research") n
32 (1995) published in 1994: "Prediction of Local Buckling and Rotation
Capacity at Maximum Moment", by MX. Daali & R.M. Korol.
3263-1-40 document for COST Cl/ECCS TCI 1 draft group of Annex J of EC4, 25 March
1995, Luxembourg: "Available and Required Rotation Capacities for Composite
Beams and Frames", by Dr R.Y. Xiao.
n32 (1995) : "Determination of Rotation Capacity Requirements for Steel and
Composite Beams", by T.Q. Li, B.S. Choo & D.A. Nethercot
86
(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-1-42 thesis n1991:15L fromLulea University (Sweden), Division of Steel Structures,
by Agneta Wargsj, May 1991:"Plastik rotationskapacitet hos svetsade stalbalkar"
(Investigation on rotation capacity and postbuckling behaviour of girders with
slender webs).
3263-1-43 paper issued from "Stahlbau" n62 Heft 1 1 (1993): "Ein dehnungsorientiertes
Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Duktilitt bzw. Rotationskapazitt von Trgem aus
I-Profilen", by Vayas I. & Psycharis I.
3263-1-44 report from SAES about Projekt 124 :"Traglast von Verbund-Durchlauftrgern fr
den Hoch- und Industriebau unter besonderer Bercksichtigung einer
nachgiebigen Verdbelung", by Prof. Bode H., 1987.
3263-1-45 report N95Fe05 fromRWTH (Lehrstuhl fr Stahlbau): "Safety Evaluation for
Rotation Capacities of I- and -shaped Sections and for Correlated Strength", by
Feldmann M., Aachen, June 1995.
3263-1-46 paper presented in the Third International Workshop on Connections in Steel
Strucutres (Trento, May 1995): "Safety considerations of Annex J of Eurocode 3",
by Feldmann M., Sedlacek G. and Weynand K.
3263-1-47 working document presenting document 3263-1-36 and open questions, by
Klosak M., June 1995.
3263-1-48 paper issued fromJCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel Research") n9
(1988) : "Strength and Deformability of -Shaped Steel Beams and Lateral
Bracing Requirements", by Takeshi Nakamura.
n34 (1995) : "Differences in Inelastic Properties of Steel and Composite Beams",
by A.R. Kemp, N.W. Dekker & P. Trinchero.
n34 (1995) : "Factors Influencing the Strength of Continuous Composite Beams
in Negative Bending", by A.R. Kemp, N.W. Dekker & P. Trinchero.
n35 (1995) : "Required Rotations and Moment Redistribution for Composite
Frames and Continuous Beams", by D.A. Nethercot T.Q. Li & B.S. Choo.
3263-2. From CTICM
3263-2-1 paper issued fromthe JCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel
Research") nr. 13 (1989) published in 1989: "Rotation capacity of H
-section members as determined by local buckling", by Ben Kato.
3263-2-2 paper issued from thejournal "Construction mtallique" nr. 1-1990:
"Scurit des assemblages dans les structures calcules en plasticit -
Condition sur la rsistance des assemblages pour viter leur plastification'
by J. Berthellemy.
87
(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-1-42 thesis n1991:15L fromLulea University (Sweden), Division of Steel Structures,
by Agneta Wargsj, May 1991:"Plastik rotationskapacitet hos svetsade stalbalkar"
(Investigation on rotation capacity and postbuckling behaviour of girders with
slender webs).
3263-1-43 paper issued from "Stahlbau" n62 Heft 1 1 (1993): "Ein dehnungsorientiertes
Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Duktilitt bzw. Rotationskapazitt von Trgem aus
I-Profilen", by Vayas I. & Psycharis I.
3263-1-44 report from SAES about Projekt 124 :"Traglast von Verbund-Durchlauftrgern fr
den Hoch- und Industriebau unter besonderer Bercksichtigung einer
nachgiebigen Verdbelung", by Prof. Bode H., 1987.
3263-1-45 report N95Fe05 fromRWTH (Lehrstuhl fr Stahlbau): "Safety Evaluation for
Rotation Capacities of I- and -shaped Sections and for Correlated Strength", by
Feldmann M., Aachen, June 1995.
3263-1-46 paper presented in the Third International Workshop on Connections in Steel
Strucutres (Trento, May 1995): "Safety considerations of Annex J of Eurocode 3",
by Feldmann M., Sedlacek G. and Weynand K.
3263-1-47 working document presenting document 3263-1-36 and open questions, by
Klosak M., June 1995.
3263-1-48 paper issued fromJCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel Research") n9
(1988) : "Strength and Deformability of -Shaped Steel Beams and Lateral
Bracing Requirements", by Takeshi Nakamura.
n34 (1995) : "Differences in Inelastic Properties of Steel and Composite Beams",
by A.R. Kemp, N.W. Dekker & P. Trinchero.
n34 (1995) : "Factors Influencing the Strength of Continuous Composite Beams
in Negative Bending", by A.R. Kemp, N.W. Dekker & P. Trinchero.
n35 (1995) : "Required Rotations and Moment Redistribution for Composite
Frames and Continuous Beams", by D.A. Nethercot T.Q. Li & B.S. Choo.
3263-2. From CTICM
3263-2-1 paper issued fromthe JCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel
Research") nr. 13 (1989) published in 1989: "Rotation capacity of H
-section members as determined by local buckling", by Ben Kato.
3263-2-2 paper issued from thejournal "Construction mtallique" nr. 1-1990:
"Scurit des assemblages dans les structures calcules en plasticit -
Condition sur la rsistance des assemblages pour viter leur plastification'
by J. Berthellemy.
87
(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-2-3 work paper fromCTICM (given on 09.12.1993) : "Proposal for the
required rotation capacity Rreq"+ 1 figure about "load-deflection
curve" from ANSYS numerical simulation.
3263-2-4 work paper from CTJCM (given on 18.03.1994) : "About Rotation
Capacity verifications"; "Computation step" (evaluation of Rrequired
in portal frame); 1 figure about "moment-rotation curve" from ANSYS
numerical simulation of "S10".
3263-2-5 Report CTICM nr 8.009-3, April 1993, "Evaluation of partial safety
factors for the check of resistance of steel cross-section from
UNTMETAL profiles", "Final Report n2", "Analysis of tests series,
by A. Bureau.
3263-2-6 new version of the document previously given in Bilbao, on 27.06.94 and in Paris,
on 16.12.94; this new version was given in Bilbao, on 23.03.95 and includes the
document n3263-2-4:
work paper from CTICM: "Evaluation of required rotation capacity for various
types of portal frames'V'Working document for ECSC Project 3263".
3263-2-7 work paper from CTICM (given on 27.06.1994) : "Projet CECA SA/520-
woriring document: Influence of second order effects and the load factor
of reference on the required rotation capacity of frames", YG 8/6/94.
3263-2-8 work paper from CTICM (given on 27.06.1994) : "Numerical simulations with
ANSYS".
3263-2-9 working document from CTICM (given on 16.09.1994) : "Numerical simulations
performed by CTICM".
3263-2-10 new version of the document previously given in Esch-sur-Alzette, on
16.09.1994; this newversion was given in Paris, on 16 .12.94: working document
"Moment-rotation curves", issued from the results detailed in document n3263-
2-5, (Report CTICM nr 8.009-3, April 1993).
3263-2-11 paper issued from"Engineering Journal'XAISQ, 1994
"Local Buckling Rules for Rotation Capacity", by M.L. Daali and R.M. Korol.
3263-2-12 work paper from CTICM (given on 16.12.1994): "ECSC Projects SA/319-SA 321
working document: Required rotation capacity for a 15 % redistribution of elastic
peak moment", YG 14/12/94.
3263-2-13 new version of the document previously given in Paris, on 16.12.1994: work
paper fromCTICM about "Required rotation capacity for continuous beams",
04.01.1995.
3263-2-14 work paper (1 page) from CTICM (given on 16.12.1994): "Plastic Analysis of a
Portal Frame with variable V/H ratio".
3263-2-15 work paper from CTICM, Bilbao, 23.03.1995: "ECSC Projects P3263: Required
rotation capacity for continuous beams - Working document based upon
document 3263-2-13".
3263-2-16 working document from CTICM, Esch, 21.06.1995: "Guide for plastic analysis -
Chapter 2: Required rotation capacity of plastic hinges in structures".
(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-2-3 work paper fromCTICM (given on 09.12.1993) : "Proposal for the
required rotation capacity Rreq"+ 1 figure about "load-deflection
curve" from ANSYS numerical simulation.
3263-2-4 work paper from CTJCM (given on 18.03.1994) : "About Rotation
Capacity verifications"; "Computation step" (evaluation of Rrequired
in portal frame); 1 figure about "moment-rotation curve" from ANSYS
numerical simulation of "S10".
3263-2-5 Report CTICM nr 8.009-3, April 1993, "Evaluation of partial safety
factors for the check of resistance of steel cross-section from
UNTMETAL profiles", "Final Report n2", "Analysis of tests series,
by A. Bureau.
3263-2-6 new version of the document previously given in Bilbao, on 27.06.94 and in Paris,
on 16.12.94; this new version was given in Bilbao, on 23.03.95 and includes the
document n3263-2-4:
work paper from CTICM: "Evaluation of required rotation capacity for various
types of portal frames'V'Working document for ECSC Project 3263".
3263-2-7 work paper from CTICM (given on 27.06.1994) : "Projet CECA SA/520-
woriring document: Influence of second order effects and the load factor
of reference on the required rotation capacity of frames", YG 8/6/94.
3263-2-8 work paper from CTICM (given on 27.06.1994) : "Numerical simulations with
ANSYS".
3263-2-9 working document from CTICM (given on 16.09.1994) : "Numerical simulations
performed by CTICM".
3263-2-10 new version of the document previously given in Esch-sur-Alzette, on
16.09.1994; this newversion was given in Paris, on 16 .12.94: working document
"Moment-rotation curves", issued from the results detailed in document n3263-
2-5, (Report CTICM nr 8.009-3, April 1993).
3263-2-11 paper issued from"Engineering Journal'XAISQ, 1994
"Local Buckling Rules for Rotation Capacity", by M.L. Daali and R.M. Korol.
3263-2-12 work paper from CTICM (given on 16.12.1994): "ECSC Projects SA/319-SA 321
working document: Required rotation capacity for a 15 % redistribution of elastic
peak moment", YG 14/12/94.
3263-2-13 new version of the document previously given in Paris, on 16.12.1994: work
paper fromCTICM about "Required rotation capacity for continuous beams",
04.01.1995.
3263-2-14 work paper (1 page) from CTICM (given on 16.12.1994): "Plastic Analysis of a
Portal Frame with variable V/H ratio".
3263-2-15 work paper from CTICM, Bilbao, 23.03.1995: "ECSC Projects P3263: Required
rotation capacity for continuous beams - Working document based upon
document 3263-2-13".
3263-2-16 working document from CTICM, Esch, 21.06.1995: "Guide for plastic analysis -
Chapter 2: Required rotation capacity of plastic hinges in structures".
(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-2-17 work paper (1 page) from CTICM, Esch, 21.06.1995: "Influence of the loading
path on (Prequired at collapse".
3263-3. From LABEIN :
3263-3-1 work paper from LABEIN (given on 09.12.1993) : results fromnumerical
simulations with ABAQUS (5 figures).
3263-3-2 paper issued from "Computers & Structures" Vol. 48, nr 3, 1993
"On the correlation of analyses and tests of the inelastic flexural
behavior of wide-flange steel beams", by G. Greschik, D. W. White,
W. Mc Guire and J.F. Abel.
simulations with ABAQUS (S10 simulation with concentrated local and
distributed load).
3263-3-4 paper about "Experiments on Wide-Flange Beams Under Moment
Gradient", by A.F. Lukey, R.J. Smith, M.U. Hosain and P.F. Adams.
3263-3-5 paper about "Local buckling of I-sections in plastic regions of high-
moment gradient", by A.R. Kemp.
3263-3-6 paper issued from "Journal of Structural Engineering" Vol. 1 14, No 1, January
1988:"Moment-rotation tests of steel bridge girders", by Charles G. Schilling.
3263-3-7 work paper from LABEIN (given on 27.06.1994): "Inelastic buckling of
beams: numerical approach", results fromnumerical simulations with
ABAQUS (S10 and S 4 simulations with concentrated and distributed
loads; biased concentrated load).
3263-3-8 work paper from LABEIN (given on 27.06.1994) : summary of the results
from numerical simulations with ABAQUS (S10 simulations with
concentrated load).
3263-3-9 work paper from LABEIN (given on 16.09.1994) : summary of the results from
numerical simulations with ABAQUS (simulations with centered concentrated and
distributed loads; biased concentrated load).
3263-3-10 work paper from LABEIN (given on 16.12.1994): "Numerical results:
Spangemacher tests, clamped-clamped supported beam, moment gradient & LTB
restraints influence".
3263-3-1 1 work paper from LABEIN (given on 16.12.1994): "Plastic hinge stability
considerations - Proposal of practical rules based on rotation capacities".
3263-3-12 work paper from LABEIN (given on 23.03.1995): "Conclusions from simulation
results: deformation buckling modes, moment gradient & LTB restraints
influence".
89
(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-2-17 work paper (1 page) from CTICM, Esch, 21.06.1995: "Influence of the loading
path on (Prequired at collapse".
3263-3. From LABEIN :
simulations with ABAQUS (5 figures).
3263-3-2 paper issued from "Computers & Structures" Vol. 48, nr 3, 1993
"On the correlation of analyses and tests of the inelastic flexural
behavior of wide-flange steel beams", by G. Greschik, D. W. White,
W. Mc Guire and J.F. Abel.
simulations with ABAQUS (S10 simulation with concentrated local and
distributed load).
3263-3-4 paper about "Experiments on Wide-Flange Beams Under Moment
Gradient", by A.F. Lukey, R.J. Smith, M.U. Hosain and P.F. Adams.
3263-3-5 paper about "Local buckling of I-sections in plastic regions of high-
moment gradient", by A.R. Kemp.
3263-3-6 paper issued from "Journal of Structural Engineering" Vol. 1 14, No 1, January
1988:"Moment-rotation tests of steel bridge girders", by Charles G. Schilling.
3263-3-7 work paper from LABEIN (given on 27.06.1994): "Inelastic buckling of
beams: numerical approach", results fromnumerical simulations with
ABAQUS (S10 and S 4 simulations with concentrated and distributed
loads; biased concentrated load).
3263-3-8 work paper from LABEIN (given on 27.06.1994) : summary of the results
from numerical simulations with ABAQUS (S10 simulations with
concentrated load).
3263-3-9 work paper from LABEIN (given on 16.09.1994) : summary of the results from
numerical simulations with ABAQUS (simulations with centered concentrated and
distributed loads; biased concentrated load).
3263-3-10 work paper from LABEIN (given on 16.12.1994): "Numerical results:
Spangemacher tests, clamped-clamped supported beam, moment gradient & LTB
restraints influence".
3263-3-1 1 work paper from LABEIN (given on 16.12.1994): "Plastic hinge stability
considerations - Proposal of practical rules based on rotation capacities".
3263-3-12 work paper from LABEIN (given on 23.03.1995): "Conclusions from simulation
results: deformation buckling modes, moment gradient & LTB restraints
influence".
89
(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-3-13 work paper from LABEIN (given on 23.03.1995): "Numerical simulation of
RWTH tests & nominal cases results".
CTICM tests & norninal cases results".
singular cases results".
3263-3-16 work paper from LABEIN (given during May 1995): "Numerical simulation of
CTICM tests: updated results".
3263-3-17 work paper from LABEIN (given during May 1995): "Continuous beam
simulation".
3263-3-18 new version (August 1995) of work paper fromLABEIN (firstly given on
21.06.1995): "Numerical simulations of 3 point bending beams in case of M-N
interaction".
3263-3-19 workpaper from LABEIN (given during December 1995): "Promotion of plastic
design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in
Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools fordesigners (rotation capacities of
profiles,...); Technical report n 4 : Period from 01.01.95 to 30.06.95
(ENSIDESA-LABEIN contribution) ".
3263-3-20 work paper from LABEIN (given during December 1995): "Continuous beam
simulation (Additional results)".
3263-3-21 work paper from LABEIN (given during December 1995): "Feldmann's model
checking within LTB limits".
90
(Date: 14.12.95)
RWTH tests & nominal cases results".
CTICM tests & norninal cases results".
singular cases results".
3263-3-16 work paper from LABEIN (given during May 1995): "Numerical simulation of
CTICM tests: updated results".
3263-3-17 work paper from LABEIN (given during May 1995): "Continuous beam
simulation".
3263-3-18 new version (August 1995) of work paper fromLABEIN (firstly given on
21.06.1995): "Numerical simulations of 3 point bending beams in case of M-N
interaction".
3263-3-19 workpaper from LABEIN (given during December 1995): "Promotion of plastic
design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in
Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools fordesigners (rotation capacities of
profiles,...); Technical report n 4 : Period from 01.01.95 to 30.06.95
(ENSIDESA-LABEIN contribution) ".
3263-3-20 work paper from LABEIN (given during December 1995): "Continuous beam
simulation (Additional results)".
3263-3-21 work paper from LABEIN (given during December 1995): "Feldmann's model
checking within LTB limits".
90
Annex 2
Excerpts from Mr. Couchman's thesis (Ref. 14)
(9 pages)
Annex 2
Excerpts from Mr. Couchman's thesis (Ref. 14)
(9 pages)
b) Semi-compact sections (according to EC4):
- Determine 0av. This is a function of the sections, spans and loads, and is either given by
equation 7.1 or taken as 2.0.
AVAILABLE ROTATION CAPACITY
ea
REQUIRED ROTATION CAPACITY
.W^rj.'-Vj.'rtjj.-j
PLASTIC
or
COMPACT
ea
eav
ea
Ht7.2
fig. 73
^.-a
SEMI
COMPACT
EQ7.1
or
2.0
jar
JUL
M*
M M
M*
Mel =
M
HJ.7.S
e'av
Kp 7.6
COMPARISON OF
VERIFICATION OF SECTION
Resistance moments > applied redistributed moments
Figure 7.1- Overview of design method.
Tnse EPFL 1308
92
b) Semi-compact sections (according to EC4):
- Determine 0av. This is a function of the sections, spans and loads, and is either given by
equation 7.1 or taken as 2.0.
AVAILABLE ROTATION CAPACITY
ea
REQUIRED ROTATION CAPACITY
.W^rj.'-Vj.'rtjj.-j
PLASTIC
or
COMPACT
ea
eav
ea
Ht7.2
fig. 73
^.-a
SEMI
COMPACT
EQ7.1
or
2.0
jar
JUL
M*
M M
M*
Mel =
M
HJ.7.S
e'av
Kp 7.6
COMPARISON OF
VERIFICATION OF SECTION
Resistance moments > applied redistributed moments
Figure 7.1- Overview of design method.
Tnse EPFL 1308
92
no
Calculate .
Revise
section
no
Web or flange
slender?
yes
no
Calculate
Mp] and Mp]
Calculate
Mel and Me]
Web or flange N.
semi-compact? y^
Determine \
Identify
q vs. () curve
Determine from
req vs. () curve
Allow for and
propping
Calculate applied
moments
Resistance moments
>
Applied moments.
Design method
not applicable
yes
Calculate
Dtermine,
yes Section
OK
Preliminary
calculations
J
Available
rotation
capacity
Required
> rotation
capacity
Comparison
> of rotation
capacity
Verification
of the
section
Figure 7.7- Flowchart ofthe detailedprocedure used to verify that a given beam can support a given
load.
Thse EPFL 1308
93
no
Calculate .
Revise
section
no
Web or flange
slender?
yes
no
Calculate
Mp] and Mp]
Calculate
Mel and Me]
Web or flange N.
semi-compact? y^
Determine \
Identify
q vs. () curve
Determine from
req vs. () curve
Allow for and
propping
Calculate applied
moments
Resistance moments
>
Applied moments.
Design method
not applicable
yes
Calculate
Dtermine,
yes Section
OK
Preliminary
calculations
J
Available
rotation
capacity
Required
> rotation
capacity
Comparison
> of rotation
capacity
Verification
of the
section
Figure 7.7- Flowchart ofthe detailedprocedure used to verify that a given beam can support a given
load.
Thse EPFL 1308
93
Table 7.1 - Identification of curves in Figure 7.2 to be usedfor different combinations ofLjjrand a.
LLr=
(m)
a=0.50
o=0.75
a=1.00
1.0
1
4
8
1.25
2
6
10
1.5
3
8
11
1.75
4
9
13
2.0
5
10
15
2.5
7
11
17
3.0
8
13
3.5
9
15
4.0
10
16
5.0
11
17
6.0
12
-
8.0
14
-
10.0
14
-
Note : values are not given for cases where a is less than 2.0, since plastic or compact sections will
normally exceed this value.
Available rotation capacity
of steel section alone ( )
1 2 3
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
/
- -^.
-
/
^,
9
10
11
12
14
17
13
15
200 250
f =235 N/mm2
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Steel section (IPE)
Figure 7.2 - Relationship between andsteel section. Examplefor IPEsections with Fe E235
steel.
Curves showing a as a function of the steel section are not only useful in simplifying the new design
method, they also enable the influence on a of changing the steel section or the proportion of the web
depth in compression to be appreciated. For curves 1 1 to 17 a small change in section size does not
Thse EPFL 1308
94
Table 7.1 - Identification of curves in Figure 7.2 to be usedfor different combinations ofLjjrand a.
LLr=
(m)
a=0.50
o=0.75
a=1.00
1.0
1
4
8
1.25
2
6
10
1.5
3
8
11
1.75
4
9
13
2.0
5
10
15
2.5
7
11
17
3.0
8
13
3.5
9
15
4.0
10
16
5.0
11
17
6.0
12
-
8.0
14
-
10.0
14
-
Note : values are not given for cases where a is less than 2.0, since plastic or compact sections will
normally exceed this value.
Available rotation capacity
of steel section alone ( )
1 2 3
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
/
- -^.
-
/
^,
9
10
11
12
14
17
13
15
200 250
f =235 N/mm2
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Steel section (IPE)
Figure 7.2 - Relationship between andsteel section. Examplefor IPEsections with Fe E235
steel.
Curves showing a as a function of the steel section are not only useful in simplifying the new design
method, they also enable the influence on a of changing the steel section or the proportion of the web
depth in compression to be appreciated. For curves 1 1 to 17 a small change in section size does not
Thse EPFL 1308
94
produce much change in a, whereas this is not the case for curves 1 to 7. For a given curve there is
generally an increase in a as steel section size increases, but because section size is related to span
length the same curve would not normally be used for a wide range of sections. Curves are given in
Figure 7.2 for values of equal to 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00. Definitive design curves would consider
smaller intervals of a, and because it is possible to group curves this would not lead to a large increase
in the number of curves needed.
_/.
0.95 -
0.90-
0.85 -
0.45 -
d, = 175 mm
d4= 100 mm
d. = 50 mm
For Fe E 355
increase /4 by:
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.05
0.00
-] i 1 i 1 1 1 \
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
1.0
Steel section (IPE)
Figure 7.3- Relationship between (/andsteel section. Examplefor IPEsections.
Figure 7.3 gives values of the adjustment factor aVa ^ a function of ê sie section for IPE
sections. This adjustment factor takes into account the influence of compsite action on the steel
section. Values of av/a depend on the slab reinforcement lever arm (dg), the proportion of the web
depth in compression (a) and the yield strength of the steel (fy). Curves are given for Fe E 235 steel.
To allow for the use of Fe E 355 steel, values of av/a can be increased by an amount which is
independent ofthe section and given for each curve on the figure. For example when = 0.6 values of
y/ can be increased by 0.05, 0.04 or 0.03 appending on the reinforcement lever aim, as noted on
the respective curves. In deriving the curves in Figure 7.3 it was assumed that S500 reinforcing steel is
used. Separate curves are needed for different families of sections.
Thse EPFL 1308
95
produce much change in a, whereas this is not the case for curves 1 to 7. For a given curve there is
generally an increase in a as steel section size increases, but because section size is related to span
length the same curve would not normally be used for a wide range of sections. Curves are given in
Figure 7.2 for values of equal to 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00. Definitive design curves would consider
smaller intervals of a, and because it is possible to group curves this would not lead to a large increase
in the number of curves needed.
_/.
0.95 -
0.90-
0.85 -
0.45 -
d, = 175 mm
d4= 100 mm
d. = 50 mm
For Fe E 355
increase /4 by:
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.05
0.00
-] i 1 i 1 1 1 \
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
1.0
Steel section (IPE)
Figure 7.3- Relationship between (/andsteel section. Examplefor IPEsections.
Figure 7.3 gives values of the adjustment factor aVa ^ a function of ê sie section for IPE
sections. This adjustment factor takes into account the influence of compsite action on the steel
section. Values of av/a depend on the slab reinforcement lever arm (dg), the proportion of the web
depth in compression (a) and the yield strength of the steel (fy). Curves are given for Fe E 235 steel.
To allow for the use of Fe E 355 steel, values of av/a can be increased by an amount which is
independent ofthe section and given for each curve on the figure. For example when = 0.6 values of
y/ can be increased by 0.05, 0.04 or 0.03 appending on the reinforcement lever aim, as noted on
the respective curves. In deriving the curves in Figure 7.3 it was assumed that S500 reinforcing steel is
used. Separate curves are needed for different families of sections.
Thse EPFL 1308
95
beam load capacity, so an exact knowledge of the length which influences inelastic rotation is not
required.
7.3.2 Semi-compact sections
It is shown in chapters 4 and 6 that to enable calculation of load capacity for beams with semi-compact
sections it is necessary to calculate either the peak resistance moment (^1) at which buckling
occurs, or the post-buckling resistance moment which corresponds to an available rotation capacity of
the composite section (av) of 2.0. av and the resistance moment of the section are dependent not
only onthe section properties but also on the arrangement of spans and loads.
As explained in chapter 6, two distinct cases can be identified. When the arrangements of spans and
loads give an elastic moment ratio of 1.3 the shape ofthe curve showing required rotation capacity as a
function of moment redistribution is such that, as required rotation capacity increases from 0.0 to 2.0,
the gain in moment redistribution leads to an increase in beam load capacity which is balanced by the
loss in load capacity due to the decrease in section resistance moment For an elastic moment ratio
greater man 1.3 there is a greater increase in moment redistribution, and for an elastic moment ratio less
than 1.3 there is less increase in redistribution. The consequences ofthis are that
- "When span and load arrangements give an elastic moment ratio less than 1.3 ultimate load may be
assumed to be reached when the section buckles, so the resistance moment of the section is taken as
titie peak resistance moment QA^^ which is given by equation 4.11, 4.13, 4.15 (LRFD), or 4.2
(EC4). The value of av which corresponds to the rotation at which buckling occurs is derived from
equation 4.21 and given by:
=2
M
Mpl'
1
(7.1)
'av
M,
available rotation capacity of the composite section
peak resistance moment
plastic resistance moment
-max
Mpl' :
- When span and load arrangements give an elastic moment ratio equal to or exceeding 1.3 ultimate
load may be ?sCT""^ to be reached when the rotation capacity equals 2.0. The resistance moment
which corresponds to this value of av is the post-buckling value M^', given by equation 4.17.
A summary of the values of resistance moment and available rotation capacity to be used for different
cases with semi-compact sections is given in Table 7.3.
Table 7.3 - Values of resistance moment and to be usedfor different cases with semi-compact
sections.
Elastic moment ratio
Resistance moment
av
Pel < 1-3
Mmax
3Mmax',Mpl')
[Equation 7.1]
Pd* 1-3
M2'
2.0
In conclusion, using the procedure described above av and resistance moment can be determined for a
beam with a semi-compact support section. Because these are the same two parameters which define
Thse EPFL 1308
96
beam load capacity, so an exact knowledge of the length which influences inelastic rotation is not
required.
7.3.2 Semi-compact sections
It is shown in chapters 4 and 6 that to enable calculation of load capacity for beams with semi-compact
sections it is necessary to calculate either the peak resistance moment (^1) at which buckling
occurs, or the post-buckling resistance moment which corresponds to an available rotation capacity of
the composite section (av) of 2.0. av and the resistance moment of the section are dependent not
only onthe section properties but also on the arrangement of spans and loads.
As explained in chapter 6, two distinct cases can be identified. When the arrangements of spans and
loads give an elastic moment ratio of 1.3 the shape ofthe curve showing required rotation capacity as a
function of moment redistribution is such that, as required rotation capacity increases from 0.0 to 2.0,
the gain in moment redistribution leads to an increase in beam load capacity which is balanced by the
loss in load capacity due to the decrease in section resistance moment For an elastic moment ratio
greater man 1.3 there is a greater increase in moment redistribution, and for an elastic moment ratio less
than 1.3 there is less increase in redistribution. The consequences ofthis are that
- "When span and load arrangements give an elastic moment ratio less than 1.3 ultimate load may be
assumed to be reached when the section buckles, so the resistance moment of the section is taken as
titie peak resistance moment QA^^ which is given by equation 4.11, 4.13, 4.15 (LRFD), or 4.2
(EC4). The value of av which corresponds to the rotation at which buckling occurs is derived from
equation 4.21 and given by:
=2
M
Mpl'
1
(7.1)
'av
M,
available rotation capacity of the composite section
peak resistance moment
plastic resistance moment
-max
Mpl' :
- When span and load arrangements give an elastic moment ratio equal to or exceeding 1.3 ultimate
load may be ?sCT""^ to be reached when the rotation capacity equals 2.0. The resistance moment
which corresponds to this value of av is the post-buckling value M^', given by equation 4.17.
A summary of the values of resistance moment and available rotation capacity to be used for different
cases with semi-compact sections is given in Table 7.3.
Table 7.3 - Values of resistance moment and to be usedfor different cases with semi-compact
sections.
Elastic moment ratio
Resistance moment
av
Pel < 1-3
Mmax
3Mmax',Mpl')
[Equation 7.1]
Pd* 1-3
M2'
2.0
In conclusion, using the procedure described above av and resistance moment can be determined for a
beam with a semi-compact support section. Because these are the same two parameters which define
Thse EPFL 1308
96
: largest value of for which buckling is inelastic
Ljjj : xmrestrained length of beaminhogging
i2 : radius ofgyration about minor-axis
Flange local buckling,
=-(/-)
(4.13)
=-
The elastic resistance moment again allows for a residual stress of 69 N/mm2 in the flanges.
Web local buckling,
M_'=M/-(M/-Md')|^^L
(4.14)
(4.15)
=-
(4.16)
d depth of web.
No allowance is made for residual stresses in the steel section when calculating the elastic resistance
moment for this failure mode.
The resistance moment of the section is taken as the lowest of the three values for these failure modes,
i.e. it is determined by the most critical of lateral torsional buckling, flange local buckling or web local
buckling.
Kubo and Galambos
Kubo and Galambos [33] showed that resistance moments calculated using the LRFD model agree well
with peak moments measured in tests. They also considered results from three-point bending tests to
show that a linear falling branch on the moment vs. rotation curve may be used to represent post-
buckling behaviour. The formof this linear falling branch is given by.
M'
Mpl'
M
*
d'
'max
M'=Mpl'
( '
^-. (4.17)
support moment
plastic resistance moment, calculated using a stress-block model
peak resistance moment, calculated using LRFD model
rotation at the support
rotation at the support which corresponds to the attainment of Mp]', assuming elastic
rigidity.
Atypical moment vs. rotation curve predicted by this model is shown in Figure 4.3.
Thse EPFL 1308
97
: largest value of for which buckling is inelastic
Ljjj : xmrestrained length of beaminhogging
i2 : radius ofgyration about minor-axis
Flange local buckling,
=-(/-)
(4.13)
=-
The elastic resistance moment again allows for a residual stress of 69 N/mm2 in the flanges.
Web local buckling,
M_'=M/-(M/-Md')|^^L
(4.14)
(4.15)
=-
(4.16)
d depth of web.
No allowance is made for residual stresses in the steel section when calculating the elastic resistance
moment for this failure mode.
The resistance moment of the section is taken as the lowest of the three values for these failure modes,
i.e. it is determined by the most critical of lateral torsional buckling, flange local buckling or web local
buckling.
Kubo and Galambos
Kubo and Galambos [33] showed that resistance moments calculated using the LRFD model agree well
with peak moments measured in tests. They also considered results from three-point bending tests to
show that a linear falling branch on the moment vs. rotation curve may be used to represent post-
buckling behaviour. The formof this linear falling branch is given by.
M'
Mpl'
M
*
d'
'max
M'=Mpl'
( '
^-. (4.17)
support moment
plastic resistance moment, calculated using a stress-block model
peak resistance moment, calculated using LRFD model
rotation at the support
rotation at the support which corresponds to the attainment of Mp]', assuming elastic
rigidity.
Atypical moment vs. rotation curve predicted by this model is shown in Figure 4.3.
Thse EPFL 1308
97
behaviour of a beam with a plastic or compact support section, the same design method can be used for
beams with any of these three types of section.
7.4 REQUIRED ROTATION CAPACITY
The graphical representation ofrequired rotation capacity (req) as a function of moment redistribution
() is considered in detail in chapter 6. The use ofreq vs. curves is an effective way ofallowing for
all the parameters which affect the rotation capacity required by a beam to achieve a given moment
redistribution. These parameters are:
- Elastic moment ratio (jy) and span type (externai or internal). These two parameters affect the
basic formof ,^, vs. curves.
- Plastic moment ratio (Up]), which affects values of moment redistribution but not the form of
req vs. curves.
- Degree ofshear connection and construction method (propped or unpropped). These two parameters
may necessitate modifications to the value of moment redistribution which is given by a rea vs.
curve. The way in whichthey are taken into account is discussed in section 7.5.
To identify the appropriate ieq vs. curve for a given example, the distribution of "uncracked elastic"
moments must firstly be determined. This distribution shows whether a mechanism would fonn first in
an external or internal span, and gives the elastic moment ratio. Knowledge of the span type and the
elastic moment ratio allows the moment redistribution which corresponds to a required rotation capacity
of 1.0 to be found from Figure 7.5. This figure shows moment redistribution as a function of elastic
moment ratio, and is basically the same as Figure 6.4 except that, specific Compcal results are not
presented. Two curves are shown, one for external spans and the other for internal spans, for beams
with aplastic moment ratio of 0.57. Curves are given for this value ofplastic moment ratio so that they
agree with the choice of axis used for the curves shown in Figure 7.6. Any value of plastic moment
ratio could have been used to establish these curves provided the two figures are in agreement. Curves
shown in Figure 7.5 can be used for a beam with any plastic moment ratio. As stated above, both
curves in Figure 7.5 relate to a required rotation capacity of 1.0, but any value of rotation capacity
could have been chosen since the purpose of Figure 7.5 is merely to fix both co-ordinates of a point on
Figure 7.6. The required rotation capacity value of this point is not important, provided that it
corresponds to the correct value of moment redistribution.
Knowing the value of moment redistribution which corresponds to a required rotation capacity of 1.0
for a plastic moment ratio of 0.57 enables the appropriate curve to be chosen from Figure 7.6 a) for
external spans, or 7.6 b) for internal spans. These figures are derived from Figures 63 and 6.5
respectively, and the formof the curves is fully described in section 6.3.1. So that tiae curves shown in
Figure 7.6 are applicable to beams with any value of plastic moment ratio, required rotation capacity is
not simply given as a function of moment redistribution, rather required rotation capacity is shown as a
function of
-(.57-1)* (7.2)
*
moment redistribution
plastic moment ratio
constant given in Table 7.4 as a function of Uj. The derivation of this constant is explained
below.
The choice of abscissa comes from the fact that curves shown in Figure 7.6, although being ^q vs.
curves for a plastic moment ratio of 0.57, may be used for beams with any value of plastic moment
ratio. This is possible because changes in plastic moment ratio merely lead to a series of paralld curves
Thse EPFL 1308
98
behaviour of a beam with a plastic or compact support section, the same design method can be used for
beams with any of these three types of section.
7.4 REQUIRED ROTATION CAPACITY
The graphical representation ofrequired rotation capacity (req) as a function of moment redistribution
() is considered in detail in chapter 6. The use ofreq vs. curves is an effective way ofallowing for
all the parameters which affect the rotation capacity required by a beam to achieve a given moment
redistribution. These parameters are:
- Elastic moment ratio (jy) and span type (externai or internal). These two parameters affect the
basic formof ,^, vs. curves.
- Plastic moment ratio (Up]), which affects values of moment redistribution but not the form of
req vs. curves.
- Degree ofshear connection and construction method (propped or unpropped). These two parameters
may necessitate modifications to the value of moment redistribution which is given by a rea vs.
curve. The way in whichthey are taken into account is discussed in section 7.5.
To identify the appropriate ieq vs. curve for a given example, the distribution of "uncracked elastic"
moments must firstly be determined. This distribution shows whether a mechanism would fonn first in
an external or internal span, and gives the elastic moment ratio. Knowledge of the span type and the
elastic moment ratio allows the moment redistribution which corresponds to a required rotation capacity
of 1.0 to be found from Figure 7.5. This figure shows moment redistribution as a function of elastic
moment ratio, and is basically the same as Figure 6.4 except that, specific Compcal results are not
presented. Two curves are shown, one for external spans and the other for internal spans, for beams
with aplastic moment ratio of 0.57. Curves are given for this value ofplastic moment ratio so that they
agree with the choice of axis used for the curves shown in Figure 7.6. Any value of plastic moment
ratio could have been used to establish these curves provided the two figures are in agreement. Curves
shown in Figure 7.5 can be used for a beam with any plastic moment ratio. As stated above, both
curves in Figure 7.5 relate to a required rotation capacity of 1.0, but any value of rotation capacity
could have been chosen since the purpose of Figure 7.5 is merely to fix both co-ordinates of a point on
Figure 7.6. The required rotation capacity value of this point is not important, provided that it
corresponds to the correct value of moment redistribution.
Knowing the value of moment redistribution which corresponds to a required rotation capacity of 1.0
for a plastic moment ratio of 0.57 enables the appropriate curve to be chosen from Figure 7.6 a) for
external spans, or 7.6 b) for internal spans. These figures are derived from Figures 63 and 6.5
respectively, and the formof the curves is fully described in section 6.3.1. So that tiae curves shown in
Figure 7.6 are applicable to beams with any value of plastic moment ratio, required rotation capacity is
not simply given as a function of moment redistribution, rather required rotation capacity is shown as a
function of
-(.57-1)* (7.2)
*
moment redistribution
plastic moment ratio
constant given in Table 7.4 as a function of Uj. The derivation of this constant is explained
below.
The choice of abscissa comes from the fact that curves shown in Figure 7.6, although being ^q vs.
curves for a plastic moment ratio of 0.57, may be used for beams with any value of plastic moment
ratio. This is possible because changes in plastic moment ratio merely lead to a series of paralld curves
Thse EPFL 1308
98
on a req vs. diagram, as discussed in chapter 6. These parallel curves can all be represented by the
same curve if the abscissa is revised to allowfor the differences in moment redistribution between them.
Moment redistribution
() at =1.0
I%]
50 -
40 -
30-
20 -
10 -
External span
Internal span
0-h7/-/n i ! 1
0.0 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Elastic moment ratio (^)
Figure 7.5 -Moment redistribution vs. elastic moment ratiofor required rotation capacity of 1.0.
Firstly it is necessary to calculate the rate of change in moment redistribution with plastic moment ratio,
given by the parameter *. Knowing this rate of change, differences in moment redistribution can be
ra1m1at<>ri for given differences in plastic moment ratio. To establish values of * for various
arrangements of spans and loads, the difference in moment redistribution between curves for plastic
moment ratios of 05 and 0.6 was calculated using equation 6.5. Plastic moment ratios of 0.5 and 0.6
were chosen since they are representative of values likely to be found in practice. Values of * were
then calculated by dividing the difference in moment redistribution by the change in plastic moment
ratio, i.e. 0.6 - 0.5. It was found that * varies as a function of the elastic moment ratio (u^j) of the
beam. Results are presented in Table 7.4, which gives * for various values of elastic moment ratio.
T^rer interpolation is possible to calculate * for other arrangements of spans and loads. It should be
noted that values of * given in Table 7.4 are only valid when the elastic moment ratio exceeds the
plastic moment ratio, so that redistribution is away fromthe support.
Having calculated * for different arrangements of spans and loads, the value of plastic moment ratio
can be calculated for a given beam from a consideration of span and support resistance moments.
Knowing * and the plastic moment ratio, allowable moment redistribution can be calculated from the
value of -(0.57-)* derived fromFigure 7.6.
Table 7.4 - Values of A* as afunction of elastic moment ratio.
W
*
1.8
65
1.6
69
1.4
74
1.2
82
1.0
92
0.8
108
0.6
133
Thse EPFL 1308
99
on a req vs. diagram, as discussed in chapter 6. These parallel curves can all be represented by the
same curve if the abscissa is revised to allowfor the differences in moment redistribution between them.
Moment redistribution
() at =1.0
I%]
50 -
40 -
30-
20 -
10 -
External span
Internal span
0-h7/-/n i ! 1
0.0 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Elastic moment ratio (^)
Figure 7.5 -Moment redistribution vs. elastic moment ratiofor required rotation capacity of 1.0.
Firstly it is necessary to calculate the rate of change in moment redistribution with plastic moment ratio,
given by the parameter *. Knowing this rate of change, differences in moment redistribution can be
ra1m1at<>ri for given differences in plastic moment ratio. To establish values of * for various
arrangements of spans and loads, the difference in moment redistribution between curves for plastic
moment ratios of 05 and 0.6 was calculated using equation 6.5. Plastic moment ratios of 0.5 and 0.6
were chosen since they are representative of values likely to be found in practice. Values of * were
then calculated by dividing the difference in moment redistribution by the change in plastic moment
ratio, i.e. 0.6 - 0.5. It was found that * varies as a function of the elastic moment ratio (u^j) of the
beam. Results are presented in Table 7.4, which gives * for various values of elastic moment ratio.
T^rer interpolation is possible to calculate * for other arrangements of spans and loads. It should be
noted that values of * given in Table 7.4 are only valid when the elastic moment ratio exceeds the
plastic moment ratio, so that redistribution is away fromthe support.
Having calculated * for different arrangements of spans and loads, the value of plastic moment ratio
can be calculated for a given beam from a consideration of span and support resistance moments.
Knowing * and the plastic moment ratio, allowable moment redistribution can be calculated from the
value of -(0.57-)* derived fromFigure 7.6.
Table 7.4 - Values of A* as afunction of elastic moment ratio.
W
*
1.8
65
1.6
69
1.4
74
1.2
82
1.0
92
0.8
108
0.6
133
Thse EPFL 1308
99
Required rotation
capadty (,)
14.0 -
a)
40 50
-(0.57-1)* [%]
Required rotation
capacity (^,)
b)
40 50 60 70
-(057-1)* [%]
Figure 7.6 - Required rotation capacity as afunction /"-(0.57- )A*, a) external span, b) internal
span.
Curves shown in Figure 7.6 represent the results of specific calculations using Compcal. These differ
from definitive design curves which would be based on a large number of simulations, adopting small
load steps, using the procedure described in section 6.3.3 to group the curves. Definitive curves would
not contain the irregularities evident in the curves shown for specific cases. However, definitive curves
Thse EPFL 1308
100
Required rotation
capadty (,)
14.0 -
a)
40 50
-(0.57-1)* [%]
Required rotation
capacity (^,)
b)
40 50 60 70
-(057-1)* [%]
Figure 7.6 - Required rotation capacity as afunction /"-(0.57- )A*, a) external span, b) internal
span.
Curves shown in Figure 7.6 represent the results of specific calculations using Compcal. These differ
from definitive design curves which would be based on a large number of simulations, adopting small
load steps, using the procedure described in section 6.3.3 to group the curves. Definitive curves would
not contain the irregularities evident in the curves shown for specific cases. However, definitive curves
Thse EPFL 1308
100
Annex 3
Document 3263-3-12
"Conclusions from simulation results : Deformation
buckling modes moment gradient & LTB restraints
influence"
(20 pages)
Annex 3
Document 3263-3-12
"Conclusions from simulation results : Deformation
buckling modes moment gradient & LTB restraints
influence"
(20 pages)
IDENTIFIED DEFORMATION BUCKLING MODES
FLANGE LOCAL & LATERAL GLOBAL COUPLED BUCKLING

ST
i' 4r 4r 4rX^K yr yr
A "A
X-
g^_---'X X'""~~-Z---,--S
FLANGE LOCAL & WEB LOCAL COUPLED BUCKLING

S- X
102
IDENTIFIED DEFORMATION BUCKLING MODES
FLANGE LOCAL & LATERAL GLOBAL COUPLED BUCKLING

ST
i' 4r 4r 4rX^K yr yr
A "A
X-
g^_---'X X'""~~-Z---,--S
FLANGE LOCAL & WEB LOCAL COUPLED BUCKLING

S- X
102
MOMENT GRADIENT & LTB RESTRAINTS (I)
Concentrated Load
Distributed Load
Mmax
i
L,TB^Lb
"LTB
X
~z\
-----X
A
-----X
"
Lb
A A"
^
x-x-x
M
Ut
X~^
k w
-LTS
i
103
MOMENT GRADIENT & LTB RESTRAINTS (I)
Concentrated Load
Distributed Load
Mmax
i
L,TB^Lb
"LTB
X
~z\
-----X
A
-----X
"
Lb
A A"
^
x-x-x
M
Ut
X~^
k w
-LTS
i
103
MOMENT GRADIENT & LTB RESTRAINTS (II)
a
Plastic hinged
rotation j
*-LL,
7\
b
\
V
1
_\ (Lb^<Lb)
-LTB
Lb
\
N.
(u/>Lb)
Lb -Lb
-LTB
FLANGE LOCAL BUCKLING
I.
Lb
-LT8
zsr A
&<t>(UyB,]_b)
COUPLED FLANGE LOCAL & LATERAL GLOBAL BUCKLING
LLTB ^ Lb
= (Lb)
X --Z~--')
FLANGE LOCAL & PARTIALLY RESTRAINED LATERAL GLOBAL BUCKLING
L. < L ^ Lb A
a = *(Lb.LtTt)
-- X
104
MOMENT GRADIENT & LTB RESTRAINTS (II)
a
Plastic hinged
rotation j
*-LL,
7\
b
\
V
1
_\ (Lb^<Lb)
-LTB
Lb
\
N.
(u/>Lb)
Lb -Lb
-LTB
FLANGE LOCAL BUCKLING
I.
Lb
-LT8
zsr A
&<t>(UyB,]_b)
COUPLED FLANGE LOCAL & LATERAL GLOBAL BUCKLING
LLTB ^ Lb
= (Lb)
X --Z~--')
FLANGE LOCAL & PARTIALLY RESTRAINED LATERAL GLOBAL BUCKLING
L. < L ^ Lb A
a = *(Lb.LtTt)
-- X
104
COUPLED LOCAL FLANGE + GLOBAL LATERAL BUCKLING MODE
(ISO-ROTATION LINES)
-LTB
FREE LTB
t/ROT '=> t/HOT -> t/HOT
Lb
LUTB : length between lateral restraints
Lb : length of the region of significant yielding (moment gradienti
105
(ISO-ROTATION LINES)
-LTB
FREE LTB
t/ROT '=> t/HOT -> t/HOT
Lb
LUTB : length between lateral restraints
Lb : length of the region of significant yielding (moment gradienti
105
(SIMULATION CASES)
Lb
CASE (,)

3 m
->
A
k m H
4 m
J
C34 (0.21) C44 (0.10)
3 m
C33 (0.17) C43 (0.10)
1.2 m
C312 (0.20)
C3R (0.24)
C412 (0.10)
C4R (0.30)
106
(SIMULATION CASES)
Lb
CASE (,)

3 m
->
A
k m H
4 m
J
C34 (0.21) C44 (0.10)
3 m
C33 (0.17) C43 (0.10)
1.2 m
C312 (0.20)
C3R (0.24)
C412 (0.10)
C4R (0.30)
106
AVAILABLE ROTATION (&OT)
4 m
3
3 m
1.2 m
A
4-
1
3 m
0.21
0.17
0.20
f-
1
4 m
A
0.10
0.10
0.10
BUCKLING
DEFORMATION
MODE
Al
Al
Al
0.24 0.30 AH
(upper flange)
0.13 0.18 Bl
XffiSS
(upper flange)
0.29 0.36 Bil
%
A
(upper flange)
0.30
0.38 All
X Local flange + free global lateral
X Local flange + limited global lateral
* gi *) l^@f " Local flange + free local web
* Bu $ gi~~~; 'V Local lateral + limited local web
107
AVAILABLE ROTATION (&OT)
4 m
3
3 m
1.2 m
A
4-
1
3 m
0.21
0.17
0.20
f-
1
4 m
A
0.10
0.10
0.10
BUCKLING
DEFORMATION
MODE
Al
Al
Al
0.24 0.30 AH
(upper flange)
0.13 0.18 Bl
XffiSS
(upper flange)
0.29 0.36 Bil
%
A
(upper flange)
0.30
0.38 All
X Local flange + free global lateral
X Local flange + limited global lateral
* gi *) l^@f " Local flange + free local web
* Bu $ gi~~~; 'V Local lateral + limited local web
107
C
r3
I
+
ta
O
S
<
Eu
I
3
JJ
C
c-*
K3
: O
#"
E
11
yî=
109
<
CD
O
_i
O
_J
<
rr
LU
LU
LU
CE
LL.
+
LL
DX3
S t>K3
: O
#"
E
11
yî=
109
->*
*5 - ;
; ; "=
/ * >'. "
j; * ij -
!"
:*: : jF '
I3J!3

-J
<
CO
O
o
-J
<
CE
LU
S D*
LU
O
z.
<
o 1X3
O
-r-
E
^r
-"*$
J^-
110
->*
*5 - ;
; ; "=
/ * >'. "
j; * ij -
!"
:*: : jF '
I3J!3

-J
<
CO
O
o
-J
<
CE
LU
S D*
LU
O
z.
<
o 1X3
O
-r-
E
^r
-"*$
J^-
110
S
'
I
V
.'::
-'
--
.-
ss
i
?:
S
'.
'1:
'^,
:-
.1
.
"
...
_*.
1
'IV
.-
_
!I;
-
-
-:
~
';
:
&
*
V
'*.
S
::
-:
^
-
t;
'*
-.
-
--
i
h<
i
'
;.?
r
-.
"".
,-
*-
LU
<
O
_j
LU
LU
E.
U_
LU
;<
lu
io
{XI
D<1
DC
1X3
DM
txi
rf-
E
co
1!
_LL
;"T
'-.VOTiiS:
~-ta
. . .^..
c
V.: .*q
.;-&*
: :-"*?;
Ill
S
'
I
V
.'::
-'
--
.-
ss
i
?:
S
'.
'1:
'^,
:-
.1
.
"
...
_*.
1
'IV
.-
_
!I;
-
-
-:
~
';
:
&
*
V
'*.
S
::
-:
^
-
t;
'*
-.
-
--
i
h<
i
'
;.?
r
-.
"".
,-
*-
LU
<
O
_j
LU
LU
E.
U_
LU
;<
lu
io
{XI
D<1
DC
1X3
DM
txi
rf-
E
co
1!
_LL
;"T
'-.VOTiiS:
~-ta
. . .^..
c
V.: .*q
.;-&*
: :-"*?;
Ill
:ii
!8Z
3:1
s
J!SS
m
LU
<
o
o
I
1 +
LU
'i
1 <
! _1
LL.
" <
O
i O
-J.
DXJ
D<!
LX]
DC
DJC
DX!
LX!
LX]
t^-
Dkl
E
112
:ii
!8Z
3:1
s
J!SS
m
LU
<
o
o
I
1 +
LU
'i
1 <
! _1
LL.
" <
O
i O
-J.
DXJ
D<!
LX]
DC
DJC
DX!
LX!
LX]
t^-
Dkl
E
112
a
fM
O
ca
\>
C>J
a th
O
o
o
o to cc 03
Ei
3
3
1
ri

ro co co
^ ^ ^ A A j s
+
CM
CD
C
to
c
o
4->
ta
o
cc
o
co
o
\>
O
3
0) C-i->
CM
- -
u w
OH OOJ
o ci on
oo o ^r
'JJC S^-
csj vo
2 2X
t-t < i-
SS SS
113
a
fM
O
ca
\>
C>J
a th
O
o
o
o to cc 03
Ei
3
3
1
ri

ro co co
^ ^ ^ A A j s
+
CM
CD
C
to
c
o
4->
ta
o
cc
o
co
o
\>
O
3
0) C-i->
CM
- -
u w
OH OOJ
o ci on
oo o ^r
'JJC S^-
csj vo
2 2X
t-t < i-
SS SS
113
IO
OJ
csj
to
O
CC
-3
O
O O
m m
I 1
a
3
*J
<!
rH
C
(D
C
O
-H
-!_>
rs
.u
O
ce
IO
a
CD
o o
a
!
o
CsJ
w O"
+ +
U U
O O
oo
OLD
O iH
eea.
+ ' *---
w w
o t
>
o <g-
so<c-i-> ^--uc e>
i-t >-< G
>'. X > >
114
IO
OJ
csj
to
O
CC
-3
O
O O
m m
I 1
a
3
*J
<!
rH
C
(D
C
O
-H
-!_>
rs
.u
O
ce
IO
a
CD
o o
a
!
o
CsJ
w O"
+ +
U U
O O
oo
OLD
O iH
eea.
+ ' *---
w w
o t
>
o <g-
so<c-i-> ^--uc e>
i-t >-< G
>'. X > >
114
IX:-*?-.
zm?
m$ i
WM& I
r<*f-.
i2:iS
-"-^r t*
r-?$
'.:,. =*
:-:-:-
; > Mj
%
iWii
,-.53
32
o
co tt
II
evi

-43
11
c
mm
.--:'
115
IX:-*?-.
zm?
m$ i
WM& I
r<*f-.
i2:iS
-"-^r t*
r-?$
'.:,. =*
:-:-:-
; > Mj
%
iWii
,-.53
32
o
co tt
II
evi

-43
11
c
mm
.--:'
115
-.."y^w-
.::fo
116
-.."y^w-
.::fo
116
*- :
l
". "
;
""
'
r-fi
* *
"3
j
1
i
*
t ~l
i.
. :
"'1,
?
:
.
i .
*
_i_
:7
*
.-.
.
. : *
-1
2
^
3
h.
CO
<
. ,
r -
^\
<J
1 7
3
!!
* 5
I
VI
:?T-.rlrt
"-431
-J:.v-
-ria
117
*- :
l
". "
;
""
'
r-fi
* *
"3
j
1
i
*
t ~l
i.
. :
"'1,
?
:
.
i .
*
_i_
:7
*
.-.
.
. : *
-1
2
^
3
h.
CO
<
. ,
r -
^\
<J
1 7
3
!!
* 5
I
VI
:?T-.rlrt
"-431
-J:.v-
-ria
117
?.
i
:
:
J
*
"
-
i
rffst
ife
wr
^jrrr
i-.lft'i"
:-:jfl..|r
**O"f*
?' |}*t"
\\ "
IL?
ili
'-.
"
':
* EH '
-ir :
- F
* E
' t *
F
;
L
Mi'
-vr'**
TP***
t. 3ir.-
118
?.
i
:
:
J
*
"
-
i
rffst
ife
wr
^jrrr
i-.lft'i"
:-:jfl..|r
**O"f*
?' |}*t"
\\ "
IL?
ili
'-.
"
':
* EH '
-ir :
- F
* E
' t *
F
;
L
Mi'
-vr'**
TP***
t. 3ir.-
118
*
:a
1
:.:
'?'
'
-
.*-
."
.
?
S
*
::
."-
;"
--
-
-
'
-
-_"
j;
:
.'*'
-
*
3'
.
-
'"
't
.1"
"-
-
~
s
-
'.-:
:?
?
-
-
-
-
-
.;."
\>
;:
-*
-,:.
-.-.tri
119
*
:a
1
:.:
'?'
'
-
.*-
."
.
?
S
*
::
."-
;"
--
-
-
'
-
-_"
j;
:
.'*'
-
*
3'
.
-
'"
't
.1"
"-
-
~
s
-
'.-:
:?
?
-
-
-
-
-
.;."
\>
;:
-*
-,:.
-.-.tri
119
tfl M M
t
|l ti
t
*-4 t*3 I
c
(
c
4-)
rs
4->
CC
co
CM
CM
20 Cu ^-^G
w-u u u
o -7
o^ vera
ovo to
- CM
s : s
1-C < -t
S S S S
120
tfl M M
t
|l ti
t
*-4 t*3 I
c
(
c
4-)
rs
4->
CC
co
CM
CM
20 Cu ^-^G
w-u u u
o -7
o^ vera
ovo to
- CM
s : s
1-C < -t
S S S S
120
Annex 4
Document 3263-3-17
'Continuous beam simulation'
(25 pages)
Annex 4
Document 3263-3-17
'Continuous beam simulation'
(25 pages)
L- DESCRIPTION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
- Geometry & cross-section:
L= 10 m
landa=0.5
alpha=0.8
L= l()m
landa=0.4
gainma=l
1) Ll=lm L2=5m
3) Ll = l,6m L2=2,17m
Two span beam. IPE-27. Sieel S235
F
L 0< < 1
2 &
0< <1
>
jjjiilji!^
"
L
2) Ll=3m L2=3m
4) LI = 1,9m L2=4m
XL
rq
XL
- Material:
Elasto-plastic model with fy=235 MPa and fu/fy=1.58
- Meshing:
Type of element: 8-node shell with parabolic shape funcuoas (SKR Ahaqus)
A more refined mesh has been provided at the areas where local buckling behaviour is
expected to happen.
Number of elements
Number of nodes
Degrees of freedom
Concentrated
640
1973
11.838
Distributed
616
1913
11.478
122
L- DESCRIPTION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
- Geometry & cross-section:
L= 10 m
landa=0.5
alpha=0.8
L= l()m
landa=0.4
gainma=l
1) Ll=lm L2=5m
3) Ll = l,6m L2=2,17m
Two span beam. IPE-27. Sieel S235
F
L 0< < 1
2 &
0< <1
>
jjjiilji!^
"
L
2) Ll=3m L2=3m
4) LI = 1,9m L2=4m
XL
rq
XL
- Material:
Elasto-plastic model with fy=235 MPa and fu/fy=1.58
- Meshing:
Type of element: 8-node shell with parabolic shape funcuoas (SKR Ahaqus)
A more refined mesh has been provided at the areas where local buckling behaviour is
expected to happen.
Number of elements
Number of nodes
Degrees of freedom
Concentrated
640
1973
11.838
Distributed
616
1913
11.478
122
CONTINUOUS BEAM SIMULATION
(Equivalent length)
Concentrated Load
Distributed Load
r
8
10
~2K A
Ii 5 >
I
< is 1-
r yr yr
^wc
zs
5
- >i
3-POINT BENDING TEST
1 1 M
5
t
n n ri
1-L-5
< 3 >4 3
3-L-3
J
-\
LBO^
< 217
2i
1.6-L-2.1
4
nI^P^
1 .9-L-4
123
CONTINUOUS BEAM SIMULATION
(Equivalent length)
Concentrated Load
Distributed Load
r
8
10
~2K A
Ii 5 >
I
< is 1-
r yr yr
^wc
zs
5
- >i
3-POINT BENDING TEST
1 1 M
5
t
n n ri
1-L-5
< 3 >4 3
3-L-3
J
-\
LBO^
< 217
2i
1.6-L-2.1
4
nI^P^
1 .9-L-4
123
- Fillet radius modelling:
By means of web and flange overthickness calculated for keeping constant the total section area
- Initial imperfection:
Pattern: the first positive elastic buckling eigenmode is used as the initial imperfection shape
Magnitude: maximum of 1% of the flange thickness
- Load application:
Incremental-iterative solution procedure has been employed using displacement control. Appropriate
constraints to degrees of freedom at upper flange of the loaded section have been applied to ensure
the same vertical displacement of these nodes.
* Distributed load:
Load control has been used in the load-displacement analysis together with an arc-length integration
method (Riks) to cope with the postbuckling instable response. The load has been applied by means
of equivalent node forces at upper flange central line.
- Boundary conditions:
Vertical supports have been introduced at every node of. the lower flange located at the
Longitudinal support has been provided in the loaded section at the center of the upper flange.
Lateral restraints have been introduced on the compressed flange of the support and load application
sections and additional sections according to Additif 80 - DPU 22-701 (CM66):
* concentrated load case: a moment ratio of 0 has been considered in all the length (leading
to L=l,81 m between lateral restraints) excepting the part between both plastic hinges, where
124
- Fillet radius modelling:
By means of web and flange overthickness calculated for keeping constant the total section area
- Initial imperfection:
Pattern: the first positive elastic buckling eigenmode is used as the initial imperfection shape
Magnitude: maximum of 1% of the flange thickness
- Load application:
Incremental-iterative solution procedure has been employed using displacement control. Appropriate
constraints to degrees of freedom at upper flange of the loaded section have been applied to ensure
the same vertical displacement of these nodes.
* Distributed load:
Load control has been used in the load-displacement analysis together with an arc-length integration
method (Riks) to cope with the postbuckling instable response. The load has been applied by means
of equivalent node forces at upper flange central line.
- Boundary conditions:
Vertical supports have been introduced at every node of. the lower flange located at the
Longitudinal support has been provided in the loaded section at the center of the upper flange.
Lateral restraints have been introduced on the compressed flange of the support and load application
sections and additional sections according to Additif 80 - DPU 22-701 (CM66):
* concentrated load case: a moment ratio of 0 has been considered in all the length (leading
to L=l,81 m between lateral restraints) excepting the part between both plastic hinges, where
124
the moment ratio is -0.87 (L = 2,87 m). The following figure shows the precise location of
the restraints.
* distributed load case: a moment ratio of 0 (L=l,81 m) has been taken for the right part
of the beam, the first hinge influence area, while a conservative moment ratio of 1 has been
considered for the left part (2nd hinge zone) leading to L=l,05 m between lateral supports.
The following figure shows the precise location of the restraints.
* 3-point bending cases: a moment ratio of 0 is assumed leading to L=l,81 m between
lateral supports
125
the moment ratio is -0.87 (L = 2,87 m). The following figure shows the precise location of
the restraints.
* distributed load case: a moment ratio of 0 (L=l,81 m) has been taken for the right part
of the beam, the first hinge influence area, while a conservative moment ratio of 1 has been
considered for the left part (2nd hinge zone) leading to L=l,05 m between lateral supports.
The following figure shows the precise location of the restraints.
* 3-point bending cases: a moment ratio of 0 is assumed leading to L=l,81 m between
lateral supports
125
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Concentrated Load
7 A 25 ZX
<
1.8

1.8
p\
1.7
<
1.7
>\
Distributed Load
XXI
I
126
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Concentrated Load
7 A 25 ZX
<
1.8

1.8
p\
1.7
<
1.7
>\
Distributed Load
XXI
I
126
2.- RESULTS
2.1.- Concentrated load case
The following results are included in the following figures:
1) Deformed shape of 1st elastic eigenmode
2) Deformed shape after the beginning of the plastic hinge instability (A)
3) Deformed shape with updated initial imperfection magnitude (B)
4) Deformed shape after the beginning of the plastic hinge instability: 2nd hinge
5) 1st hinge moment-rotation curves for both deformation cases A and B.
6) Evolution of Ml (1st hinge moment) and M2 (2nd hinge moment) in function of the
rotation at both hinges
The deformation (A) initially obtained shows a 2nd order lateral deformation mode suggesting that
a bifurcation point is likely to have been overpassed during the load process. The analysis of an
updated model with a higher initial imperfection magnitude has lead to the valid result (B). In this
case the initial imperfection has been calculated on the basis of providing a magnitude of 1% of the
flange thickness at the compressed lower flange, where the instability is to be developed, instead of
evaluating the magnitude to be the 1% at the maximum point.
The moment values at the plastic hinge locations have been evaluated from the corresponding values
of the reactions and load.
127
2.- RESULTS
2.1.- Concentrated load case
The following results are included in the following figures:
3) Deformed shape with updated initial imperfection magnitude (B)
5) 1st hinge moment-rotation curves for both deformation cases A and B.
The deformation (A) initially obtained shows a 2nd order lateral deformation mode suggesting that
a bifurcation point is likely to have been overpassed during the load process. The analysis of an
updated model with a higher initial imperfection magnitude has lead to the valid result (B). In this
case the initial imperfection has been calculated on the basis of providing a magnitude of 1% of the
flange thickness at the compressed lower flange, where the instability is to be developed, instead of
evaluating the magnitude to be the 1% at the maximum point.
The moment values at the plastic hinge locations have been evaluated from the corresponding values
of the reactions and load.
127
CONTINUOUS BEAM
Monwn-ratation rant
ttivnewl Jffffff
CONCENTRATED LOAD
8 10
Rotation 1st hing (dog)
12 14 16 IS
14
12 +
CONCENTRATED LOAD
.^S^k^Êâao^
2 x
- Mill hing)
C M2 2nd hing)
- Mpl
8 10
Rontwn 2nd hing (dag)
12 14 16 18
128
CONTINUOUS BEAM
Monwn-ratation rant
ttivnewl Jffffff
CONCENTRATED LOAD
8 10
Rotation 1st hing (dog)
12 14 16 IS
14
12 +
CONCENTRATED LOAD
.^S^k^Êâao^
2 x
- Mill hing)
C M2 2nd hing)
- Mpl
8 10
Rontwn 2nd hing (dag)
12 14 16 18
128
rK]
129
OJ Q. rK]
129
OJ Q.
coi m
130
coi m
130
131 131
CQ
en a_
cvj
32
CQ
en a_
cvj
32
o
co
LO
<N
O
CNJ
LO
*
O
T-i
rj\
<D
r-
CD
c
C
O
-H
4-3
<d
4->
O
C
LO
t-i
lO
O
+
ca
o
rf^.
o
^>
+
o
LO
CM
O
o
-
tu
CO
CO
cr>
*-l
o
+
ca
co
^T
LO
O 2 C -->
'*- C 2-
<" C\J -.
ta* .... w. >2*
H <C !:
s
133
o
co
LO
<N
O
CNJ
LO
*
O
T-i
rj\
<D
r-
CD
c
C
O
-H
4-3
<d
4->
O
C
LO
t-i
lO
O
+
ca
o
rf^.
o
^>
+
o
LO
CM
O
o
-
tu
CO
CO
cr>
*-l
o
+
ca
co
^T
LO
O 2 C -->
'*- C 2-
<" C\J -.
ta* .... w. >2*
H <C !:
s
133
2.2.- Distributed load case
The following results are represented in the following figures:
134
2.2.- Distributed load case
The following results are represented in the following figures:
134
CONTINUOUS BEAM
Mcmtrwotation ram
baaesaiLaum
DISTRIBUTED LOAD
a 10
Rotation lit hing (d*g)
12 14 16 18
DISTRIBUTED LOAD
8 10 12
Rotation 2nd hing (dg)
14 16 18 20
135
CONTINUOUS BEAM
Mcmtrwotation ram
baaesaiLaum
DISTRIBUTED LOAD
a 10
Rotation lit hing (d*g)
12 14 16 18
DISTRIBUTED LOAD
8 10 12
Rotation 2nd hing (dg)
14 16 18 20
135
iH
%
m ca
136
iH
%
m ca
136
i
_C-t.
137
i
_C-t.
137
138 138
2.3.- COMPARISON WITH 3-POINT BENDING CASE RESULTS
CASE
Concentrated
Distributed
Ll=l ; L2=5
Ll=3 ; L2=3
Ll=l,9 ; L2=4
Ll=l,6 ; L2=2,17
pi
(deg)
1,7
1,1
1,65
1,65
1,62
1,03
rot
(deg)
8,3
15
8,7
8,5
8,7
9,1
rot - pl
(deg)
6,6
13,9
7,1
6,9
7,1
8,1
R
4
i. 8,6 :
4,3
42
4,4
7,8
ij.
Concerning the concentrated load case, a very good agreement can be observed between the
moment-rotation curve of the continuous beam and that of the corresponding 3-point testing case
(Ll=lm ; L2=5m). Also the case of central load (Ll=3m ; L2=3m) gives the same result as
expected.
In the distributed load case, however, a clear disagreement is observed when comparing the moment-
rotation curve of the continuous beam and the corresponding curves of the 3-point bending cases.
induced by both hinges in the continuous beam and giving rise to a stiffening effect. This interaction
is caused by the fact that the continuous beam has got positive and negative moments along its
length. The lower flange, compressed near the first hinge location (negative moment region), is
subjected to tension stresses in the positive moment region. This tension, acting on the lower flange
at .second hinge location, is responsible for the stiffer postbuckling response appreciated in the
moment-rotation curve of the first hinge in comparison to the 3-point bending case. It can be seen
139
2.3.- COMPARISON WITH 3-POINT BENDING CASE RESULTS
CASE
Concentrated
Distributed
Ll=l ; L2=5
Ll=3 ; L2=3
Ll=l,9 ; L2=4
Ll=l,6 ; L2=2,17
pi
(deg)
1,7
1,1
1,65
1,65
1,62
1,03
rot
(deg)
8,3
15
8,7
8,5
8,7
9,1
rot - pl
(deg)
6,6
13,9
7,1
6,9
7,1
8,1
R
4
i. 8,6 :
4,3
42
4,4
7,8
ij.
Concerning the concentrated load case, a very good agreement can be observed between the
moment-rotation curve of the continuous beam and that of the corresponding 3-point testing case
(Ll=lm ; L2=5m). Also the case of central load (Ll=3m ; L2=3m) gives the same result as
expected.
In the distributed load case, however, a clear disagreement is observed when comparing the moment-
rotation curve of the continuous beam and the corresponding curves of the 3-point bending cases.
induced by both hinges in the continuous beam and giving rise to a stiffening effect. This interaction
is caused by the fact that the continuous beam has got positive and negative moments along its
length. The lower flange, compressed near the first hinge location (negative moment region), is
subjected to tension stresses in the positive moment region. This tension, acting on the lower flange
at .second hinge location, is responsible for the stiffer postbuckling response appreciated in the
moment-rotation curve of the first hinge in comparison to the 3-point bending case. It can be seen
139
as a sort of stress stiffening effect thai produce a positive influence on the side of increasing the
actual rotation capacity of the beam.
likely to induce coupled lateral deformations) may be significantly higher than that given by the 3-
point bending test due to the described stiffenins effect.
< Tensioned lower flange -Compressed lower flange-
(Lower flange lateral deformation)
140
as a sort of stress stiffening effect thai produce a positive influence on the side of increasing the
actual rotation capacity of the beam.
likely to induce coupled lateral deformations) may be significantly higher than that given by the 3-
point bending test due to the described stiffenins effect.
< Tensioned lower flange -Compressed lower flange-
(Lower flange lateral deformation)
140
DISTRIBUTED LOAD
8 10
Retallen (deg)
12 14 16 18
CONCENTRATED LOAD
16 IS
141
DISTRIBUTED LOAD
8 10
Retallen (deg)
12 14 16 18
CONCENTRATED LOAD
16 IS
141
OJ o-j
LO
i
<0
4
LO
CO
X\
n
'0 <H
/
o
CN
Ol
M
142
OJ o-j
LO
i
<0
4
LO
CO
X\
n
'0 <H
/
o
CN
Ol
M
142
co
I
1-H
I
CO
Cu
s
LO
co
J
o
*-
CN
Cu
M
143
co
I
1-H
I
CO
Cu
s
LO
co
J
o
*-
CN
Cu
M
143
1-q
I
Cu
S
LO
co
CN
>.
J
O
c--
LO
cu
144
1-q
I
Cu
S
LO
co
CN
>.
J
O
c--
LO
cu
144
ii?
1
4
I
V
<0
CL,
LO
CO
CN
>.
O
r--
<n
Cu
w
145
ii?
1
4
I
V
<0
CL,
LO
CO
CN
>.
O
r--
<n
Cu
w
145
Annex 5
Documents 3263-3-10 & 3263-3-13 (LABEIN) (excerpts)
'Numerical simulations of RWTH tests & nominal cases results"
(46 pages)
Annex 5
Documents 3263-3-10 & 3263-3-13 (LABEIN) (excerpts)
'Numerical simulations of RWTH tests & nominal cases results"
(46 pages)
FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
Meshing
The following figure shows the mesh containing 616 elements and 1913 nodes.
Element type
S8R-Abaqus (parabolic 8-node shell element)
Load application
* Control displacement
* Constraints: Vertical displacement of the central section upper flange nodes linked
together
Boundary conditions
Vertical supports: both ends
Lateral restrains: both ends and central
section
LOAD
RESTRAINS
Initiai imperfection
First linear-elastic buckling eigenmode (antimetrical deformation) has been used as an initial
imperfection shape.
148
Meshing
Element type
Load application
together
Boundary conditions
section
LOAD
RESTRAINS
Initiai imperfection
imperfection shape.
148
-H
ca
>1
id
I
I
rji
C
-H
i 1
ta
f4
03
r
Q
1
M
O
OS
Q
ta
G
o
ca
E-f
W
W
E-i
E-i
H
O
CU
w
ta
Eh
-^
m
-
o
m
o
M
H
,-t
P
C
m
o
M
u>
149
-H
ca
>1
id
I
I
rji
C
-H
i 1
ta
f4
03
r
Q
1
M
O
OS
Q
ta
G
o
ca
E-f
W
W
E-i
E-i
H
O
CU
w
ta
Eh
-^
m
-
o
m
o
M
H
,-t
P
C
m
o
M
u>
149
* * Modelization of root fillet :
In order to simulate the roof fillets, an overthickness has been used for the elements near the web
to flange connection.
The overthickness is evaluated from equivalence of area of the web to flanges junction for the real
hot-rolled beam and for the beam discretised into finite elements.
We have supposed that thickness of elements (web or flanges) are constant along the first 1/5 of
the fillet. For the evaluation of statical characteristics (A, Wpi, I,...) no recovering of shell finite
elements is taken into account (Ref. 3).
Area of the real connection :
1FI
tf
K-
lw
Ar = tw.tf + 2.R.tf + R.tw + (4 - %).RZ 2
Shell finite element modelization :
tf + 2a
.
"l-
/
'
/
a
' , .
=
U,
*
a ..
1
"
/
*
tw + 2a
L2
e fl
h
tw
Characteristics
a =
R = nominal radius of root fillet of hot-rolled profile,
lengths of overthickness (a) (Ref. 3) :
L!=4/5R + tw/2,
L2=4/5R + tf/2,
overthickness (Ref. 3) obtained from equivalence of Ar and area of finite element
modelization of root fillet :
-(tf +tw -2L2 -4-Li)- J(tf + tw -2L2 -4Li)2 -8. -^.tf + l,5.tf.tw-twJL2 + 2.tf .R + tw.R+R2j -^J
150
* * Modelization of root fillet :
In order to simulate the roof fillets, an overthickness has been used for the elements near the web
to flange connection.
The overthickness is evaluated from equivalence of area of the web to flanges junction for the real
hot-rolled beam and for the beam discretised into finite elements.
We have supposed that thickness of elements (web or flanges) are constant along the first 1/5 of
the fillet. For the evaluation of statical characteristics (A, Wpi, I,...) no recovering of shell finite
elements is taken into account (Ref. 3).
Area of the real connection :
1FI
tf
K-
lw
Ar = tw.tf + 2.R.tf + R.tw + (4 - %).RZ 2
Shell finite element modelization :
tf + 2a
.
"l-
/
'
/
a
' , .
=
U,
*
a ..
1
"
/
*
tw + 2a
L2
e fl
h
tw
Characteristics
a =
R = nominal radius of root fillet of hot-rolled profile,
lengths of overthickness (a) (Ref. 3) :
L!=4/5R + tw/2,
L2=4/5R + tf/2,
overthickness (Ref. 3) obtained from equivalence of Ar and area of finite element
modelization of root fillet :
-(tf +tw -2L2 -4-Li)- J(tf + tw -2L2 -4Li)2 -8. -^.tf + l,5.tf.tw-twJL2 + 2.tf .R + tw.R+R2j -^J
150
sectional area of the cross-section :
A = 2btf +(h-2tf )tw +4L1a+2a(2L1 -tw)+4a(L2 --a)
radius of gyration about minor axis z-z :
moment of inertia according to the minor axis z-z :
Iz=^
16L3a + tfb3+(tw+2a)3 [l2-*-
+ lw_(h_tf_2L2),
moment of inertia according to the major axis y-y :
ly = -jJO - tf - 2L2)3 + i(v+ 2a)L2 - 1 -
-l_Y_2, _JaY + 2(tw+2a)[L2--a](|-|.f
2 4 ' 2 l)
+ -L!(tf + 2a)3+L1(tf+2a)(h-tt)2
elastic section modulus according to the major axis y-y :
2Iy
WeLy=^,
plastic section modulus according to the major axis y-y :
Wply =2aL1(h + a) + tfb(h-tf) + 2aL1(h-2tf -a)
+ (2L2 -tf -2a)(tw +2a)-(2h-3tf -2a-2L2)
+ ^tw(h-tf-2L2)2
151
sectional area of the cross-section :
A = 2btf +(h-2tf )tw +4L1a+2a(2L1 -tw)+4a(L2 --a)
radius of gyration about minor axis z-z :
moment of inertia according to the minor axis z-z :
Iz=^
16L3a + tfb3+(tw+2a)3 [l2-*-
+ lw_(h_tf_2L2),
moment of inertia according to the major axis y-y :
ly = -jJO - tf - 2L2)3 + i(v+ 2a)L2 - 1 -
-l_Y_2, _JaY + 2(tw+2a)[L2--a](|-|.f
2 4 ' 2 l)
+ -L!(tf + 2a)3+L1(tf+2a)(h-tt)2
elastic section modulus according to the major axis y-y :
2Iy
WeLy=^,
plastic section modulus according to the major axis y-y :
Wply =2aL1(h + a) + tfb(h-tf) + 2aL1(h-2tf -a)
+ (2L2 -tf -2a)(tw +2a)-(2h-3tf -2a-2L2)
+ ^tw(h-tf-2L2)2
151
* * Mechanical characteristics :
The following stress-strain curves have been used for non-linear numerical simulations
0,05
ty= 235 MPa
0,1 0,15
Strain
02 0.25 0,3
600
500 +
400
Stress (MPa) 300 -|
200-
100 -
0*-
0
fy= 460 MPa
0.05 0,1
+-
0,15
Strain
02 025 0.3
152
* * Mechanical characteristics :
The following stress-strain curves have been used for non-linear numerical simulations
0,05
ty= 235 MPa
0,1 0,15
Strain
02 0.25 0,3
600
500 +
400
Stress (MPa) 300 -|
200-
100 -
0*-
0
fy= 460 MPa
0.05 0,1
+-
0,15
Strain
02 025 0.3
152
Documentation of RWTH tests (Ref. 10 and 11)
*__
o
n
o
X.
O.
<3
&
*>
^?
o
3
e r s
>
Ci
-
c
c
Kl
u.
"S
c
o
e n t
3
..;
_
f~
zz
&
TJ
V
*
OJ
co
e
-o
c
u
^.,
c
o
c
IO
o
e
o
3
c
3
O
-
>
j
.a
is
HH
e
<
a
I
s-
e
i
S.
1
a.
O
-
o
3j
3[
5
O
S
J
J
-
<
5
*
-C
-
><
a)
4M
m
t
E
z
je
E
E
"
"
- ?
s
0
rt
rt
rt
rt
rt
rt
e
rt
A
40
t
r
rt
-
o
1
*
rt
rt
-
* *. * 1 *
rt rt. ~f ,_ ?
*- m rt - * **
** _ "* e "*
J ; "^ tf tf tf tf tf
rtooaâi4B(B
*- 'm ite*
V(9<t|4>ICMn
*..*"_ o rtrt
O O o o o o o o
Q*onn t
*-^rtrtW
tntrtjrttort
4 o^ o^ f rt rt
o o o* c o* o o" o
2*-rOrt
rt_r*ei-tn4_
"*^ O^ 0_ O - f*
tftftfotftfoo*
rtrtortoo
oooortrt -*-
o^ o o_ o oo o o
o o tf tf o o" o~ tf
*-rt^*>GrtOO
r^^ *-rtrt
QOOOrtrt-
0_ 0_ O^ _ O O O O
tftftftftftftf"
WttnoOrtrtOO
^.".rt^rtrtrttrt
rt rt> f-
_^0_0 ^T^rt
tftftfe'tftf
rt**- to.*
* . "t, . ^ "" ~ rt
-Ortrtoooe
rtrtrtGOOO
o tf o ^ -
*1 *1 "1 **_
rtO O " V
o o . * >
Od)
tftftftftftftfV
rto tnoeirtrt
rtrtrtôrtrt
_ rt to o o -
* * O * V
rtrtrtrtoertrt
rtrtrt rtrt
MA_rtrt*H.^-*>
" -r ^ e-
^ - '^rrtr
ntntnintnrtrt
tnwsrtrtrtrtiniA
J ^ tf tf tf tf tf tf
^rtrtlQlDIt
(Nrtviv* --rtrt
i^rt^rt^îoetô
rt o* w* *
arto rt o rt > >.
O _ rt rt . *. e*
O " * * *
rtM(Brtrtrtrt
, ^ rt_ *. ?..
tftftftffttftftf
***_'"_. ^ *< ^ o
~ * tf tf tf tf tf tf
4_ _ ^ *-_ rt ^ ^
tf 2 tf tf tf tf tf tf
m
Q * h *
O 'rtrt -
rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt
wÔrtrtrtrt*
tftftftftftftftf
"**><* ^rtWOrt
W V .'
rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt
rt rt * rt wt *rt
*"~"- -rt
EEEEEEEE
rtrt r rt
J3 4 J3 4 *
* *- rt O O O
rtrt an.*
CO
C
_.
C
^
u
e r s
>
es
CJ
s=
.*.
r
C
e n t
_5
d o l
c
^
c
c
c
1-
to
(
CJ
co
c
.
CJ
.a
.
c
c
C
JO
o
c
o
a
CJ
>
j ci
H H
S f tf ** tf tf
^ w _ __
* o ; 3
W rt rt *- S 7 7 V
r 1 . *l >.
e
4 M
tn
* rt *
O 0 rt 40
rt rt
o t*
(X rt
o' o*
o o rt
siili ASSISI i
O 9 Ift O
. m ^ )>.
O W> M V>
O * rt o rt v -
T. ! T "_
tIT02 ,1T59 .0740 ,003
Jta-
Vl
DO'
o
S S '
W
^
o
4M
o
,4323
o
,2922 OMO
10
o
S S '
*
n
e
SC8C
o
4022
o
,M6
o
01B7
o
rt
O
O
ss'
**
t
o
1339
o
1424
o
0446
o
S900
o
M
10
o
o
^
rt
rt
*"
rt
rt
rt
O
3910
o
1467
o
0271
o
o
B
O
e
**
40
O
3053
*9
3423
o
2070
0370
o
o
rt
o
o
o
**
v>
o
2S63
o
2614
o
0606
40
oost
o
o
o
o
M
~"
_
W
3071
o
3233
o
90S
o
rt
0
O
o
V
o
o
1
0
o
1305
o
1602
o*
1222
o
0217
o
^
rt
o
o
m
yr
1493
o
ces
o*
osee
o
0090
o
o
o
rt
rt
-
rt
0
40
O
2136
o
0734
o
0290
o
o
rt
o
n
n
O
1609
o
1997
o
0903
o
BBCO
o
0386
o
V
rt
o
e w rt rt
rt rt e
* rt w 0
2" " 2" *^ ** tf
s
rt rt n
rt n - ^ m a
o* c ~ * T
rt M (Q 4 5?
** w ** rt rt rt
n - t o
rt rt * * K*
n M n
* rt t rt
^l w wt *>
S K' N*
O o o rt rt n
rt r yt ^r ^
M. n w a vt tn
40 40
W rt O rt o o
>- rt o rt e o
y o o
>* o tn
rt > m m
rt rt rt rt rt
e. "^ *, . >\
^ O rt tf
rt rt rt rt rt
n n o
* * w o V
O O -w- *. v.
i rt rt rt rt
* o o j*.
* O O tft o
2 2 r tf tf tf
S 2 S
S 2 o o o o
rt O O rt o o
^ r yr ^

tf tf tf tf v
2 ^ tn r to
*r r rt 4j
O 40^
tf rt tf to* tf
)> m
n rt tn . fw
d rt M rt
o f- r -w vt
o rt **- > f-
*n tn O o
rt rt ^ *
t r t
*^ rt d rt
rt rt ^
^ tn
tf ^ tf tf tf
rt rt rt r r
w 0 Jta. f.
***" V W V
rt rt rt rt rt
rt n tn
s n *. M
yr io yr in
n rt o j*. *
- tn rt o to
tf tf rt* tf
ir. m m
rt tn tn
*- a tn
rt rt rt -

rt rt rt
*~. et. rt tn
tf o" tf V ni
rt rt jt
o rt
#
tf rt" tf tf rt* 4B"
rt rt r rt rt rt
O o o
*.
So o o o
o o o o
O O rt o o
IA VI
to te r s. *
rt 4M rt rt rt
O O O
o o o o e
O O O 43 o o
rt o o rt o o
o * - *
CO
O
c- e.
^ c
>
CJ
ea
j
C
-*J
t s ;
V)
CJ
ea
c
ut tu 2 tu w
f i: 4 "
m a O m O
u u w S u
rt1 rt j rt rt
u ui u ") tu u
O rt rt ^ O . (0
fl
CJ
w
c
o
<z
e n t
.?
o
o
VI
>
Kl
o
CJ
.a
a
^-
c
c
c
-J
o
c
o
"c
E
O
1-1
o
.
<
c 1 2 S *"
j * S .
. j . f.
= j ~ -
I o
" ^ **
^ S 2 S S
_____ ' "
>* * PI
* et
5 ; s
"
.1 * ^
4. ^
L_ *
C1 5 s s
.. o* o o
1 fta ^.
* S 8 S S S
.. o* o" o*
", rt 2 *rt "* *
*cf "- T. *^ . e_*
? - - -
- * 2 o i
O* tf o o" * 1
. t = 8 S 5
_ ^
^ M e o s
0 2 o o .
1 o"
S )
, _ . . !
o 2 = a s s si
->.<= i
-* 2 = +
5 s ? s j
C O i M
3 5 = i 5 5'.
< Z. *2
*l"l rt e- e- e- e--
__,;) g J5 o rt ;
*" i * rt 47 4C ;
W" rt rt rs .
o o o c -
* z tf tf tf tf*
y rt a -
=t-j *
rt n r^
- tr :
* cSTT""^1
** rt s m -
___^_^^^^ rt rt v -.
< rt tf tf r * .
U rt rt rt rt -
* o_ _ o e :
-_* * tf tf tf tf -
C n rt
^ o_ o_ oe c
JJ " *" o" tf o* o" '
* M - . . *-
* g * O O 4_ o
c oa o o o
o o" " o"
t w tn n ir
rt r rt rt
o^ o_ _ O
"^ g ** tf tf tf tf
C mi in in \n
-S n tf tf tf tf
e o o o o
r r 4-
Eo o o o
_ *. o o o o
* o o o o
*" rt rt r*
. 1 rt n rt *
Z*~ _ rt tft %*t irt
t rt rt rt <-*
-' X c ota c
* U W Ul u
*** O tn ta iw
r M p
153
Documentation of RWTH tests (Ref. 10 and 11)
*__
o
n
o
X.
O.
<3
&
*>
^?
o
3
e r s
>
Ci
-
c
c
Kl
u.
"S
c
o
e n t
3
..;
_
f~
zz
&
TJ
V
*
OJ
co
e
-o
c
u
^.,
c
o
c
IO
o
e
o
3
c
3
O
-
>
j
.a
is
HH
e
<
a
I
s-
e
i
S.
1
a.
O
-
o
3j
3[
5
O
S
J
J
-
<
5
*
-C
-
><
a)
4M
m
t
E
z
je
E
E
"
"
- ?
s
0
rt
rt
rt
rt
rt
rt
e
rt
A
40
t
r
rt
-
o
1
*
rt
rt
-
* *. * 1 *
rt rt. ~f ,_ ?
*- m rt - * **
** _ "* e "*
J ; "^ tf tf tf tf tf
rtooaâi4B(B
*- 'm ite*
V(9<t|4>ICMn
*..*"_ o rtrt
O O o o o o o o
Q*onn t
*-^rtrtW
tntrtjrttort
4 o^ o^ f rt rt
o o o* c o* o o" o
2*-rOrt
rt_r*ei-tn4_
"*^ O^ 0_ O - f*
tftftfotftfoo*
rtrtortoo
oooortrt -*-
o^ o o_ o oo o o
o o tf tf o o" o~ tf
*-rt^*>GrtOO
r^^ *-rtrt
QOOOrtrt-
0_ 0_ O^ _ O O O O
tftftftftftftf"
WttnoOrtrtOO
^.".rt^rtrtrttrt
rt rt> f-
_^0_0 ^T^rt
tftftfe'tftf
rt**- to.*
* . "t, . ^ "" ~ rt
-Ortrtoooe
rtrtrtGOOO
o tf o ^ -
*1 *1 "1 **_
rtO O " V
o o . * >
Od)
tftftftftftftfV
rto tnoeirtrt
rtrtrtôrtrt
_ rt to o o -
* * O * V
rtrtrtrtoertrt
rtrtrt rtrt
MA_rtrt*H.^-*>
" -r ^ e-
^ - '^rrtr
ntntnintnrtrt
tnwsrtrtrtrtiniA
J ^ tf tf tf tf tf tf
^rtrtlQlDIt
(Nrtviv* --rtrt
i^rt^rt^îoetô
rt o* w* *
arto rt o rt > >.
O _ rt rt . *. e*
O " * * *
rtM(Brtrtrtrt
, ^ rt_ *. ?..
tftftftffttftftf
***_'"_. ^ *< ^ o
~ * tf tf tf tf tf tf
4_ _ ^ *-_ rt ^ ^
tf 2 tf tf tf tf tf tf
m
Q * h *
O 'rtrt -
rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt
wÔrtrtrtrt*
tftftftftftftftf
"**><* ^rtWOrt
W V .'
rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt
rt rt * rt wt *rt
*"~"- -rt
EEEEEEEE
rtrt r rt
J3 4 J3 4 *
* *- rt O O O
rtrt an.*
CO
C
_.
C
^
u
e r s
>
es
CJ
s=
.*.
r
C
e n t
_5
d o l
c
^
c
c
c
1-
to
(
CJ
co
c
.
CJ
.a
.
c
c
C
JO
o
c
o
a
CJ
>
j ci
H H
S f tf ** tf tf
^ w _ __
* o ; 3
W rt rt *- S 7 7 V
r 1 . *l >.
e
4 M
tn
* rt *
O 0 rt 40
rt rt
o t*
(X rt
o' o*
o o rt
siili ASSISI i
O 9 Ift O
. m ^ )>.
O W> M V>
O * rt o rt v -
T. ! T "_
tIT02 ,1T59 .0740 ,003
Jta-
Vl
DO'
o
S S '
W
^
o
4M
o
,4323
o
,2922 OMO
10
o
S S '
*
n
e
SC8C
o
4022
o
,M6
o
01B7
o
rt
O
O
ss'
**
t
o
1339
o
1424
o
0446
o
S900
o
M
10
o
o
^
rt
rt
*"
rt
rt
rt
O
3910
o
1467
o
0271
o
o
B
O
e
**
40
O
3053
*9
3423
o
2070
0370
o
o
rt
o
o
o
**
v>
o
2S63
o
2614
o
0606
40
oost
o
o
o
o
M
~"
_
W
3071
o
3233
o
90S
o
rt
0
O
o
V
o
o
1
0
o
1305
o
1602
o*
1222
o
0217
o
^
rt
o
o
m
yr
1493
o
ces
o*
osee
o
0090
o
o
o
rt
rt
-
rt
0
40
O
2136
o
0734
o
0290
o
o
rt
o
n
n
O
1609
o
1997
o
0903
o
BBCO
o
0386
o
V
rt
o
e w rt rt
rt rt e
* rt w 0
2" " 2" *^ ** tf
s
rt rt n
rt n - ^ m a
o* c ~ * T
rt M (Q 4 5?
** w ** rt rt rt
n - t o
rt rt * * K*
n M n
* rt t rt
^l w wt *>
S K' N*
O o o rt rt n
rt r yt ^r ^
M. n w a vt tn
40 40
W rt O rt o o
>- rt o rt e o
y o o
>* o tn
rt > m m
rt rt rt rt rt
e. "^ *, . >\
^ O rt tf
rt rt rt rt rt
n n o
* * w o V
O O -w- *. v.
i rt rt rt rt
* o o j*.
* O O tft o
2 2 r tf tf tf
S 2 S
S 2 o o o o
rt O O rt o o
^ r yr ^

tf tf tf tf v
2 ^ tn r to
*r r rt 4j
O 40^
tf rt tf to* tf
)> m
n rt tn . fw
d rt M rt
o f- r -w vt
o rt **- > f-
*n tn O o
rt rt ^ *
t r t
*^ rt d rt
rt rt ^
^ tn
tf ^ tf tf tf
rt rt rt r r
w 0 Jta. f.
***" V W V
rt rt rt rt rt
rt n tn
s n *. M
yr io yr in
n rt o j*. *
- tn rt o to
tf tf rt* tf
ir. m m
rt tn tn
*- a tn
rt rt rt -

rt rt rt
*~. et. rt tn
tf o" tf V ni
rt rt jt
o rt
#
tf rt" tf tf rt* 4B"
rt rt r rt rt rt
O o o
*.
So o o o
o o o o
O O rt o o
IA VI
to te r s. *
rt 4M rt rt rt
O O O
o o o o e
O O O 43 o o
rt o o rt o o
o * - *
CO
O
c- e.
^ c
>
CJ
ea
j
C
-*J
t s ;
V)
CJ
ea
c
ut tu 2 tu w
f i: 4 "
m a O m O
u u w S u
rt1 rt j rt rt
u ui u ") tu u
O rt rt ^ O . (0
fl
CJ
w
c
o
<z
e n t
.?
o
o
VI
>
Kl
o
CJ
.a
a
^-
c
c
c
-J
o
c
o
"c
E
O
1-1
o
.
<
c 1 2 S *"
j * S .
. j . f.
= j ~ -
I o
" ^ **
^ S 2 S S
_____ ' "
>* * PI
* et
5 ; s
"
.1 * ^
4. ^
L_ *
C1 5 s s
.. o* o o
1 fta ^.
* S 8 S S S
.. o* o" o*
", rt 2 *rt "* *
*cf "- T. *^ . e_*
? - - -
- * 2 o i
O* tf o o" * 1
. t = 8 S 5
_ ^
^ M e o s
0 2 o o .
1 o"
S )
, _ . . !
o 2 = a s s si
->.<= i
-* 2 = +
5 s ? s j
C O i M
3 5 = i 5 5'.
< Z. *2
*l"l rt e- e- e- e--
__,;) g J5 o rt ;
*" i * rt 47 4C ;
W" rt rt rs .
o o o c -
* z tf tf tf tf*
y rt a -
=t-j *
rt n r^
- tr :
* cSTT""^1
** rt s m -
___^_^^^^ rt rt v -.
< rt tf tf r * .
U rt rt rt rt -
* o_ _ o e :
-_* * tf tf tf tf -
C n rt
^ o_ o_ oe c
JJ " *" o" tf o* o" '
* M - . . *-
* g * O O 4_ o
c oa o o o
o o" " o"
t w tn n ir
rt r rt rt
o^ o_ _ O
"^ g ** tf tf tf tf
C mi in in \n
-S n tf tf tf tf
e o o o o
r r 4-
Eo o o o
_ *. o o o o
* o o o o
*" rt rt r*
. 1 rt n rt *
Z*~ _ rt tft %*t irt
t rt rt rt <-*
-' X c ota c
* U W Ul u
*** O tn ta iw
r M p
153
_
es
BC
, .
F
d
".
a
F
__
C
_,
e
m
Lk.
co
oa
CO
UJ
>
ca
t
co
=>
co
^
ku
CO
=3
<
>
co
1
co
VU
o
cs_
^
*.
ci
"1
ci
*
ca.
co
^r
CO
...^
O
rr
^
- ^
o
CO
^
C
co
o
{
co
*
m
o
evi
ca
m
o
r
*
tn"
"
in
en
CM
*
CO
4M
O
O
o
o
CM
e
CM
1 ^
O
^r
,
o
co
CM
r.
CM
*~
O
o
o
o
m
C3
^
^
CM
tn"
CO
ca
^_
CJ
CS
*T
^_
o
CO
^
CO
o
o
o
tn
- ^
CS
CS
CS
CJ
tn
CM
*
O
f
CO
CS
o
es
CO
tn
-
CM
CO
CM
CO
es
CO
j-C
C3
^r
CS
m
o
tn
CM
CO_
tn
j
c
CO
o
cs
CM
CS
"cs
CM
CO
^
CS
CS
CS
CS
o
a
tn
to
V
tr
-
^_
tn
cs
CS
CS
.
CS
CM
CO
CS
tn
*~
CM
CM
CM
CS
cn
CM
tn
CO
CO
t'
en
*.
CM
CS
CO
CO
CM
CO
CS
.
o>
o-j
CS
CS
CO
CS
tn
^
CS
CM
CO
*"
*~
CM
CO
cs
CS
tn
*~
CO
CM
*r
CO
CO
cs
CO
CM
*~
*r
cs
CO
*r
CO
^J-
CO
tn
CS
CM
CS
CM
CS
CO
^
CS
o
tr
CS
CM
CM
CM
^
CS
CO
CM
CO
CS
"""
P.
CM
CS
CS
CM
CM
cn
CM
tn
_
CM
e"
CO
cri"
tn
CO
_
CS
CO
tn
tn
CS
o
CS
CO
cn
cn
cs
CS
CO
cn
tn
cs
cs
tn
CM
CM
CM
*-
cn
CO
cs
cs
cs
CO
tn
CO
CO
CS
CO
CS
tn
cn
CM
CS
CO
CM
CS
CS
CS
TT
o
CS
CO
CO
CS
CS
CO
tn
r*
CO
CM
^J-
CM
't?
CS
CO
CS
o
cn
o
o
CS
CO
CS
cs
CO
*"
cs
cs
^
tn
CO
O
154
_
es
BC
, .
F
d
".
a
F
__
C
_,
e
m
Lk.
co
oa
CO
UJ
>
ca
t
co
=>
co
^
ku
CO
=3
<
>
co
1
co
VU
o
cs_
^
*.
ci
"1
ci
*
ca.
co
^r
CO
...^
O
rr
^
- ^
o
CO
^
C
co
o
{
co
*
m
o
evi
ca
m
o
r
*
tn"
"
in
en
CM
*
CO
4M
O
O
o
o
CM
e
CM
1 ^
O
^r
,
o
co
CM
r.
CM
*~
O
o
o
o
m
C3
^
^
CM
tn"
CO
ca
^_
CJ
CS
*T
^_
o
CO
^
CO
o
o
o
tn
- ^
CS
CS
CS
CJ
tn
CM
*
O
f
CO
CS
o
es
CO
tn
-
CM
CO
CM
CO
es
CO
j-C
C3
^r
CS
m
o
tn
CM
CO_
tn
j
c
CO
o
cs
CM
CS
"cs
CM
CO
^
CS
CS
CS
CS
o
a
tn
to
V
tr
-
^_
tn
cs
CS
CS
.
CS
CM
CO
CS
tn
*~
CM
CM
CM
CS
cn
CM
tn
CO
CO
t'
en
*.
CM
CS
CO
CO
CM
CO
CS
.
o>
o-j
CS
CS
CO
CS
tn
^
CS
CM
CO
*"
*~
CM
CO
cs
CS
tn
*~
CO
CM
*r
CO
CO
cs
CO
CM
*~
*r
cs
CO
*r
CO
^J-
CO
tn
CS
CM
CS
CM
CS
CO
^
CS
o
tr
CS
CM
CM
CM
^
CS
CO
CM
CO
CS
"""
P.
CM
CS
CS
CM
CM
cn
CM
tn
_
CM
e"
CO
cri"
tn
CO
_
CS
CO
tn
tn
CS
o
CS
CO
cn
cn
cs
CS
CO
cn
tn
cs
cs
tn
CM
CM
CM
*-
cn
CO
cs
cs
cs
CO
tn
CO
CO
CS
CO
CS
tn
cn
CM
CS
CO
CM
CS
CS
CS
TT
o
CS
CO
CO
CS
CS
CO
tn
r*
CO
CM
^J-
CM
't?
CS
CO
CS
o
cn
o
o
CS
CO
CS
cs
CO
*"
cs
cs
^
tn
CO
O
154
1V-EA2843
15 20
1-28412
SIMULATION RESULTS
H6-EA28412and17-EA2843)
155
1V-EA2843
15 20
1-28412
SIMULATION RESULTS
H6-EA28412and17-EA2843)
155
0,2500
' 0,2000
0,1500
0.1000
0,0500
0,0000
Qmax
123456788
RESULTS COMPARATOR ttbaqut/Spanewn. tort)
156
0,2500
' 0,2000
0,1500
0.1000
0,0500
0,0000
Qmax
123456788
RESULTS COMPARATOR ttbaqut/Spanewn. tort)
156
IA
_1
t i a d / t V M
e p .
J3
.
2
: g | d m a n n
s n o
<
. m
<
I-
s

2 <
UJ
1-
J
r o t
A B A Q L
C?
>-
UJ
to
m i x
A B A Q l
t-
T E S
M p l . Q
A B A Q U S
3 t-
T E S
O-
M p l . Q
o
<-
CT
e
*-
IO
CO
CN
-
to
en
CN
05
't
CO
OJ
CM
co
tO
CM
CO
CO
io"
OJ
CO
CO
CM
o
co
OJ
<o
CM
o
,_
'S"
-
d
to
CM
W
d
co
CJ
tf
^
co
o
o
05
o>
CJ
*""
-
*^
CJ
CM
o'
co
CO
CO
CN
O
co
(O
*-
>
r*:
CN
co
io
-
0)
o
tf
OJ
1"^
CM
O
to
to
CO
d
CO
CM
CJ
o"
-
CM
to
*~~
to
CM
O
O
co
CM
tu
CM
w w ^ *~- -i M- *t . '1 . -. - .*. m.
COC0C0C0'~,"''~C0C0C0C0C0C0'tf'tf^t
w. n. ^ "", o . * n. ". ^ O B ffl N ^ B
O tf IO _c *- <n w d o" _* O C -'
ffl. n. . N. ai io 1 m * f o o o *
- tf ci tf q,- ^ gj- co" co co co co id rC r-C to
_vl'tftfcocoi-cMcoiowcj*-tN<of'tf
CM^C^r^cOtOOCOCOCOCOtf-COCNCMCM
tS<SCM-i-i-CMNWMNWWWW
r- q cm to * ^ t q f; - u> ro
c * rC <*" j; 5 - rC g O O rf -
CO * CO <tf q *. IO r- t ^ CD - CO (0
^.cfCOg^J^^JOTfg^cOCOCOCM
* *"- co 2 o q q *-; q q q o *
o co" o" o * 2 2 2 2 ^2 <" c
* co io * ~ q q io o * q * * *-
5 - ? S 8 rf g <o *
CO'- t^ CO CM q CM q CM CO *~. OTTO
tf <o" *" -" tf J2 o> 2 tf" co" g io" *" O 0- 0-
cor-tocoqqqcocotoqcotocoioco
CM " ^-" ' 2 2 * * "tf tf" IO" r-* r-'
O) CO (O CO * tOCOCM* lOr^COtf'tf'CO
tOCOtOO-vtf-lOtfOJCOrÔjlOCOCN^-
OO^-OJ^NtONOtOî-OIOOrt
CNt-i-i-OIDCO^COCMCOCNCNi-CNt-
o d d d
.tOCM'-COCOCM'tfOCj'tfCOCMCOtO
mOO-tflDCNCMCM-CM<-COOcOC005
XjC0CMOr-0>Otf-C0-tft0CMt0t0^ 05
.>-'-'--'tftf--CMCOCMcO^>-CM-

CMr^r^rvTj-05C005CMOtO>.COtOtOCM
Or^cMcoocD'-OtfOcMcntf'cnioco
iorto> tocMcncNtf'iorooj" o5top~
-qo'-^cMCMT-^^r-Ô'-ooo
d d d d d o" d d d o" d d d o" d o"
-tOr>.r.tocMtocoroto<ocMcotf-cs
r-cocMr~'tfcNp~'tftor"-oocM<ocoo
Or^COtOr^05CMtf'tfOtOlOCMIOr-.05
--. o o q q o - o >- >- o o o
d d d o" o" o" d o* d d d d d o" d o*
<0{N|CO-tfCMlO-tf'tfC005IOJ.COlOCOCO
CM . ^^MfMMNîOMNNt-r-
C0{vlO5'tf-tfCOC0C0rlD-C0C0CMtOCM
tf .OOtOCNCMCMCMCMTfi-OCMi-T-
to tf- r. to r co r
BM^îDôlOoaC-NNOOCO
CM - CO tf O * ^-COr^r-tOtO^-CflOJCO
OOOOOOOOCMC5O-CMOCMC0
d d d d d d d - - - - . . .
ooooooooo
-^tf^qcMcocMOO-tOCMOcotf
OOOCTOTdr^ÔIOtO^Tr^CMrCcMfv
COCMtfcNC<OcO<OCOlDOC005CNIOlO
-CMCM CMCO IOrrCMCMCM^t-lO0
CO-<t.tOtOr^C0050"~0,t0'*,0<or*0>
J3
<
o
i-
<
<
o.
5
O
o
3
co
tu
157
IA
_1
t i a d / t V M
e p .
J3
.
2
: g | d m a n n
s n o
<
. m
<
I-
s

2 <
UJ
1-
J
r o t
A B A Q L
C?
>-
UJ
to
m i x
A B A Q l
t-
T E S
M p l . Q
A B A Q U S
3 t-
T E S
O-
M p l . Q
o
<-
CT
e
*-
IO
CO
CN
-
to
en
CN
05
't
CO
OJ
CM
co
tO
CM
CO
CO
io"
OJ
CO
CO
CM
o
co
OJ
<o
CM
o
,_
'S"
-
d
to
CM
W
d
co
CJ
tf
^
co
o
o
05
o>
CJ
*""
-
*^
CJ
CM
o'
co
CO
CO
CN
O
co
(O
*-
>
r*:
CN
co
io
-
0)
o
tf
OJ
1"^
CM
O
to
to
CO
d
CO
CM
CJ
o"
-
CM
to
*~~
to
CM
O
O
co
CM
tu
CM
w w ^ *~- -i M- *t . '1 . -. - .*. m.
COC0C0C0'~,"''~C0C0C0C0C0C0'tf'tf^t
w. n. ^ "", o . * n. ". ^ O B ffl N ^ B
O tf IO _c *- <n w d o" _* O C -'
ffl. n. . N. ai io 1 m * f o o o *
- tf ci tf q,- ^ gj- co" co co co co id rC r-C to
_vl'tftfcocoi-cMcoiowcj*-tN<of'tf
CM^C^r^cOtOOCOCOCOCOtf-COCNCMCM
tS<SCM-i-i-CMNWMNWWWW
r- q cm to * ^ t q f; - u> ro
c * rC <*" j; 5 - rC g O O rf -
CO * CO <tf q *. IO r- t ^ CD - CO (0
^.cfCOg^J^^JOTfg^cOCOCOCM
* *"- co 2 o q q *-; q q q o *
o co" o" o * 2 2 2 2 ^2 <" c
* co io * ~ q q io o * q * * *-
5 - ? S 8 rf g <o *
CO'- t^ CO CM q CM q CM CO *~. OTTO
tf <o" *" -" tf J2 o> 2 tf" co" g io" *" O 0- 0-
cor-tocoqqqcocotoqcotocoioco
CM " ^-" ' 2 2 * * "tf tf" IO" r-* r-'
O) CO (O CO * tOCOCM* lOr^COtf'tf'CO
tOCOtOO-vtf-lOtfOJCOrÔjlOCOCN^-
OO^-OJ^NtONOtOî-OIOOrt
CNt-i-i-OIDCO^COCMCOCNCNi-CNt-
o d d d
.tOCM'-COCOCM'tfOCj'tfCOCMCOtO
mOO-tflDCNCMCM-CM<-COOcOC005
XjC0CMOr-0>Otf-C0-tft0CMt0t0^ 05
.>-'-'--'tftf--CMCOCMcO^>-CM-

CMr^r^rvTj-05C005CMOtO>.COtOtOCM
Or^cMcoocD'-OtfOcMcntf'cnioco
iorto> tocMcncNtf'iorooj" o5top~
-qo'-^cMCMT-^^r-Ô'-ooo
d d d d d o" d d d o" d d d o" d o"
-tOr>.r.tocMtocoroto<ocMcotf-cs
r-cocMr~'tfcNp~'tftor"-oocM<ocoo
Or^COtOr^05CMtf'tfOtOlOCMIOr-.05
--. o o q q o - o >- >- o o o
d d d o" o" o" d o* d d d d d o" d o*
<0{N|CO-tfCMlO-tf'tfC005IOJ.COlOCOCO
CM . ^^MfMMNîOMNNt-r-
C0{vlO5'tf-tfCOC0C0rlD-C0C0CMtOCM
tf .OOtOCNCMCMCMCMTfi-OCMi-T-
to tf- r. to r co r
BM^îDôlOoaC-NNOOCO
CM - CO tf O * ^-COr^r-tOtO^-CflOJCO
OOOOOOOOCMC5O-CMOCMC0
d d d d d d d - - - - . . .
ooooooooo
-^tf^qcMcocMOO-tOCMOcotf
OOOCTOTdr^ÔIOtO^Tr^CMrCcMfv
COCMtfcNC<OcO<OCOlDOC005CNIOlO
-CMCM CMCO IOrrCMCMCM^t-lO0
CO-<t.tOtOr^C0050"~0,t0'*,0<or*0>
J3
<
o
i-
<
<
o.
5
O
o
3
co
tu
157
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0,8
,
0.4
0.2
I
Mu/,
Test
OAbaqus
I
1 2 3 4 S S 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18
Ql-Ot
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IMI
I BTest
I
I Abattus
ni Ulli -ill
1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18
70
. 60
60
40
30
20
10
Han .nan
12 3 4 6
Rmajt
Tot
C Abacus
.1 inijL.JL.n
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IB 16 17 18
120 j
i
40
20 4
---'I
/
3E2L
Rpl
I i Abaqus
* -'-" *'-3 Feldman
Test
KB r~hsa
/ m
mrm\ m
1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18
RESULTS C0MPARAT10N (Abequi/HWTH tea)
158
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0,8
,
0.4
0.2
I
Mu/,
Test
OAbaqus
I
1 2 3 4 S S 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18
Ql-Ot
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IMI
I BTest
I
I Abattus
ni Ulli -ill
1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18
70
. 60
60
40
30
20
10
Han .nan
12 3 4 6
Rmajt
Tot
C Abacus
.1 inijL.JL.n
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IB 16 17 18
120 j
i
40
20 4
---'I
/
3E2L
Rpl
I i Abaqus
* -'-" *'-3 Feldman
Test
KB r~hsa
/ m
mrm\ m
1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18
RESULTS C0MPARAT10N (Abequi/HWTH tea)
158
CN
-
CO
CM
CM
<
UU
CO
Z3
to
.
<

CO
C
CD
F
a
" E x p
i
~ )
C
o
2
s
co
ca
1
O
CM
co
CU
._ LO
o
cu
IHd
co
3
ca
<
NOI
._ o
<
CE
<
O
O
tn
r-
_J
3
CO
LU
CE
LO
O co
1 130
159
CN
-
CO
CM
CM
<
UU
CO
Z3
to
.
<

CO
C
CD
F
a
" E x p
i
~ )
C
o
2
s
co
ca
1
O
CM
co
CU
._ LO
o
cu
IHd
co
3
ca
<
NOI
._ o
<
CE
<
O
O
tn
r-
_J
3
CO
LU
CE
LO
O co
1 130
159
o
cn
LO
CN
CO
co
CM
CM
<
Ui
CM
G
\
o
CN
LO
co
Z3
CO
S
<
1
1

CO
c
03
F
cu
X
LU
I
i
C
--
e
cu
E
\
o
>j
co
co
0.
1
1
1
_L o
en
tu
en
3
co
<
g
I-
<
CE
<
CL
O
O
co
r-
_J
3
en
LU
CE
LO
O 00
CN r-
co CN
160
o
cn
LO
CN
CO
co
CM
CM
<
Ui
CM
G
\
o
CN
LO
co
Z3
CO
S
<
1
1

CO
c
03
F
cu
X
LU
I
i
C
--
e
cu
E
\
o
>j
co
co
0.
1
1
1
_L o
en
tu
en
3
co
<
g
I-
<
CE
<
CL
O
O
co
r-
_J
3
en
LU
CE
LO
O 00
CN r-
co CN
160
"tf
CO
CM
CM
<
UJ
CO
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
3
cr
CO
XI
<
I
:
! I
I 1

co
c
cu
F
*w
LU
4-
c
o
5
t i c
jo I
CL !
! !
co
cu
tn
D
ca
S3
<
O
r-
<
CE
<
CL
O
O
co
H
_i
3
CO
LU
CE
161
"tf
CO
CM
CM
<
UJ
CO
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
3
cr
CO
XI
<
I
:
! I
I 1

co
c
cu
F
*w
LU
4-
c
o
5
t i c
jo I
CL !
! !
co
cu
tn
D
ca
S3
<
O
r-
<
CE
<
CL
O
O
co
H
_i
3
CO
LU
CE
161
o
CN
00
CD
__ "tf
CN
en
CD
CM
^
<fr
CM
CM
<
UJ
r
/l
Ol
I
tn
3
cr
(0
S3
<

ce
4-*
C
CD
CL
X
LU
--
C
CD
o
5
o
*->
l a s
-
1
I
I
__ O
-r co
-- co
to
D
cr
co
S3
<
.
g
r-
<
CE
<
CL
O
O
co
_]
3
CO
LU
CE
"*
CN
O
C7
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
-Z- o
o
162
o
CN
00
CD
__ "tf
CN
en
CD
CM
^
<fr
CM
CM
<
UJ
r
/l
Ol
I
tn
3
cr
(0
S3
<

ce
4-*
C
CD
CL
X
LU
--
C
CD
o
5
o
*->
l a s
-
1
I
I
__ O
-r co
-- co
to
D
cr
co
S3
<
.
g
r-
<
CE
<
CL
O
O
co
_]
3
CO
LU
CE
"*
CN
O
C7
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
-Z- o
o
162
o
CN
CO
CO
._ "tf
CN
in
CD
CO
tf
CM
CM
<
LU
tn
_L o
IT i
I
cn
3
cr
CO
S3
i <
1
!
I

to
C
CD
F
"xZ
CD
c
X
LU
i
1
*-
c
tD
E
o
**3
CO
CO
CL
|
!
i
1
-1- CO
CO
to
3
CT
CO
S3
<
g
<
CE
<
CL
O
o
to
r-
_l
3
CO
LU
CC
aV
\
CN
O
CO
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
163
o
CN
CO
CO
._ "tf
CN
in
CD
CO
tf
CM
CM
<
LU
tn
_L o
IT i
I
cn
3
cr
CO
S3
i <
1
!
I

to
C
CD
F
"xZ
CD
c
X
LU
i
1
*-
c
tD
E
o
**3
CO
CO
CL
|
!
i
1
-1- CO
CO
to
3
CT
CO
S3
<
g
<
CE
<
CL
O
o
to
r-
_l
3
CO
LU
CC
aV
\
CN
O
CO
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
163
o
CN
._ co
CD
/
/
-_ CN
'tf
CM
CM
<
Ui
co

i i/
i
I
c
co
3
xi
<
1
!

ca
c
CD
F
tu
~ E x p
^
c
tu
o
s
o
*-*
to
co
CL
co
-- CD
"3"
-r cn
O
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
164
o
CN
._ co
CD
/
/
-_ CN
'tf
CM
CM
<
Ui
co

i i/
i
I
c
co
3
xi
<
1
!

ca
c
CD
F
tu
~ E x p
^
c
tu
o
s
o
*-*
to
co
CL
co
-- CD
"3"
-r cn
O
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
164
a
/
CM
co
CM
m
UJ
r
._ o
CN
co
3
<

co
*-*
c
CD
F
CD
Q.
X
LU
1
}
*-*
C ,
CD
o
s <
o
-
tn
CD
-
LO
CN
LO
CD
Q.
._ O
LO
co
CD
co
3
cr
co
S3
<
<
ce
<
O
O
co
3
CO
LU
CE
C--
-G
I
LO
tf
O
ri-
LO
co
o
co
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
LO
-- o
o
131101
165
a
/
CM
co
CM
m
UJ
r
._ o
CN
co
3
<

co
*-*
c
CD
F
CD
Q.
X
LU
1
}
*-*
C ,
CD
o
s <
o
-
tn
CD
-
LO
CN
LO
CD
Q.
._ O
LO
co
CD
co
3
cr
co
S3
<
<
ce
<
O
O
co
3
CO
LU
CE
C--
-G
I
LO
tf
O
ri-
LO
co
o
co
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
LO
-- o
o
131101
165
/ /
co
co
co
CM
Ui
co
; /
I
__ o
tf
LO
co
o
ro
co
3
cr
CO
?
<
t

co
C
CD
Q.
LU
!
A
4-
C
CD
o
2
o
-
cn
(O
Q.
i
1 I
1 '
LO
CN
o
cu
I O "
CN _
X
co
CD
tn
3
cr
to
S3
<
<
CE
<
Q.
O
O
co
_i
3
CO
LU
CE
UJ.1 1310
166
/ /
co
co
co
CM
Ui
co
; /
I
__ o
tf
LO
co
o
ro
co
3
cr
CO
?
<
t

co
C
CD
Q.
LU
!
A
4-
C
CD
o
2
o
-
cn
(O
Q.
i
1 I
1 '
LO
CN
o
cu
I O "
CN _
X
co
CD
tn
3
cr
to
S3
<
<
CE
<
Q.
O
O
co
_i
3
CO
LU
CE
UJ.1 1310
166
'-
co
CM
ui
f \
u
\
1
\
_ O
CN
tn
3
cr
ca
S3
<

CO
c
CU
F
CD
Q.
X
LU
i
1
-
c
CD
o
5
o
+J
co
co
CL
j
I
1
LO
CN
LO
._ O
CD
o
.
CO
CD
CO
3
<
r-
<
CC
<
Cl
O
O
co
3
CO
LU
CE
LO
-e- o
o o o o
CD LO tf CO
, 13011
o
CN
167
'-
co
CM
ui
f \
u
\
1
\
_ O
CN
tn
3
cr
ca
S3
<

CO
c
CU
F
CD
Q.
X
LU
i
1
-
c
CD
o
5
o
+J
co
co
CL
j
I
1
LO
CN
LO
._ O
CD
o
.
CO
CD
CO
3
<
r-
<
CC
<
Cl
O
O
co
3
CO
LU
CE
LO
-e- o
o o o o
CD LO tf CO
, 13011
o
CN
167
LO
CN
O
CN
;
CM
-
Tj-
CO
CM
ca
ui
/
\

\
\
m
,/\
tn
3
CT
co
!
<
m
I
I
..
CO
c
CD
F
CD
Q.
X
LU
0
*->
c
cu
o
2
~ 1
co
co
CL
LO
__ O
LO
tn
CD
co
3
cr
co
XI
<
<
CE
<
a.
O
O
co
h-
_!
3
CO
LU
CE
O
co
o
"
o
co
o
LO
o
tf
o
co
o
CN
-C- O
o
168
LO
CN
O
CN
;
CM
-
Tj-
CO
CM
ca
ui
/
\

\
\
m
,/\
tn
3
CT
co
!
<
m
I
I
..
CO
c
CD
F
CD
Q.
X
LU
0
*->
c
cu
o
2
~ 1
co
co
CL
LO
__ O
LO
tn
CD
co
3
cr
co
XI
<
<
CE
<
a.
O
O
co
h-
_!
3
CO
LU
CE
O
co
o
"
o
co
o
LO
o
tf
o
co
o
CN
-C- O
o
168
co
^f
co
-CM
ffl
LU
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
co
3
CT
CO
XI
<
- I
^
co
c
CD
F
e r i
Q.
X
LU
1
1
D
i
+*
c
CD
t i c
,
co )
._ o
to
CD
CO
3
CT
co
<
<
CE
<
CL
O
O
co
3
CO
LO
o
o
o
co
o
co
o
r*-
o
co
o
IO
o
tf
. o
co
o
CN
O o
169
co
^f
co
-CM
ffl
LU
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
co
3
CT
CO
XI
<
- I
^
co
c
CD
F
e r i
Q.
X
LU
1
1
D
i
+*
c
CD
t i c
,
co )
._ o
to
CD
CO
3
CT
co
<
<
CE
<
CL
O
O
co
3
CO
LO
o
o
o
co
o
co
o
r*-
o
co
o
IO
o
tf
. o
co
o
CN
O o
169
LO
CN
/
O
CN
co
cu
LO
tt
*t
CO
CM
CO
LU
CM
co
3
cr
co
S3
<
u

co
C
CD
~ E x p
A
-4-
C
CD
o
2
CJ
*-
cn
co
-
1
o
tn
3
cr
co
<
g
r-
<
CC
<
0_
O
co
3
CO
LU
cc
W
LO
"?**..

)

co

-.

CD
LO
"-

co

CN
170
LO
CN
/
O
CN
co
cu
LO
tt
*t
CO
CM
CO
LU
CM
co
3
cr
co
S3
<
u

co
C
CD
~ E x p
A
-4-
C
CD
o
2
CJ
*-
cn
co
-
1
o
tn
3
cr
co
<
g
r-
<
CC
<
0_
O
co
3
CO
LU
cc
W
LO
"?**..

)

co

-.

CD
LO
"-

co

CN
170
o
co
LO
CN
CM
-
co
CM
<
Ui
co
/
f
i /
1
1
o
CN
/
LO
__ o
LO
tn
tu
cn
3
cr
co
XI
<
g
<
CC
<
CL
O
U
co
r-
_1
3
CO
LU
CE
LO
CO
o
co
LO
CN
O
CN
LO LO
171
o
co
LO
CN
CM
-
co
CM
<
Ui
co
/
f
i /
1
1
o
CN
/
LO
__ o
LO
tn
tu
cn
3
cr
co
XI
<
g
<
CC
<
CL
O
U
co
r-
_1
3
CO
LU
CE
LO
CO
o
co
LO
CN
O
CN
LO LO
171
o
co
/
LO
CN
/
I
o
CN
to
CD
CO
co
co
CM
<
UI
LO
f
1
co
3
CT
CO
XI
<

CO
c
CD
F
*1
CD
CL
X
LU
C
*-
c
<
JU
en
co
CL
_!_ o
co
3
CT
co
X
<
g
r-
<
CC
<
CL
O
o
co
r-
_1
3
CO
LU
CE
LO
\
C-,
O
tf
LO
co
o
co
LO
IN
O
CN
LO LO
-c- o
o
172
o
co
/
LO
CN
/
I
o
CN
to
CD
CO
co
co
CM
<
UI
LO
f
1
co
3
CT
CO
XI
<

CO
c
CD
F
*1
CD
CL
X
LU
C
*-
c
<
JU
en
co
CL
_!_ o
co
3
CT
co
X
<
g
r-
<
CC
<
CL
O
o
co
r-
_1
3
CO
LU
CE
LO
\
C-,
O
tf
LO
co
o
co
LO
IN
O
CN
LO LO
-c- o
o
172
CO
co
CM
<
UI
LO
co
3
CT
CO
S3
<
CO
C
t
F
CD
Cl
X
LU
j
1
1
G
1
1
*-*
c
CD
JU
en
ra
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
_ O
en
CD
n
3
CT
to
!
<
g
<
CE
<
CL
o
o
co
3
co
LU
cc
u
-r lo
;
o
tf
LO
co
O
co
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
-- O
O
173
CO
co
CM
<
UI
LO
co
3
CT
CO
S3
<
CO
C
t
F
CD
Cl
X
LU
j
1
1
G
1
1
*-*
c
CD
JU
en
ra
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
_ O
en
CD
n
3
CT
to
!
<
g
<
CE
<
CL
o
o
co
3
co
LU
cc
u
-r lo
;
o
tf
LO
co
O
co
LO
CN
O
CN
LO
-- O
O
173
CM
r-
<tf
CO
CM
<
LU
CO
O
CN
CO
CO
-_ tf-
//
CO
3
CT
CO
XI
<
|
1

CO
c
CD
CD
Q.
X
LU
!
1
*-*
C
CD
E
2
o
+^
cn
co 1
0-
1
I
i
CN
cn
O "D
co
-- CD
tn
tu
co
3
CT
co
X!
<
g
r-
<
CC
<
CL
O
o
co
3
CO
LU
CE
\ /
>
CN
O
CD
O
LO
O
tf
O
co
o
CN
*1310
174
CM
r-
<tf
CO
CM
<
LU
CO
O
CN
CO
CO
-_ tf-
//
CO
3
CT
CO
XI
<
|
1

CO
c
CD
CD
Q.
X
LU
!
1
*-*
C
CD
E
2
o
+^
cn
co 1
0-
1
I
i
CN
cn
O "D
co
-- CD
tn
tu
co
3
CT
co
X!
<
g
r-
<
CC
<
CL
O
o
co
3
CO
LU
CE
\ /
>
CN
O
CD
O
LO
O
tf
O
co
o
CN
*1310
174
-^ LO
CN
-- O
CN
CO
TI
CO
CM
<
UI
tn
3
cr
ca
X!
<

co
4^
c
CU
F
X
UJ
1
!
4-
C
CD
E
o
o
"E
tn
ca
CL
!
1
LO
CD

CD
LO
tf

co

CN
"J.I 131101
175
-^ LO
CN
-- O
CN
CO
TI
CO
CM
<
UI
tn
3
cr
ca
X!
<

co
4^
c
CU
F
X
UJ
1
!
4-
C
CD
E
o
o
"E
tn
ca
CL
!
1
LO
CD

CD
LO
tf

co

CN
"J.I 131101
175
LO
CN
tf
'tf
CO
CM
<
UI
co
o
CN
LO
IO
3
CT
co
S3
<
a i -

co
4-f
C
CD
E
*^
o.
X
LU
!
1
-*-
c
CD
E
o
S
co
co
-
_ o
tn
cu
cn
3
CT
ca
<
g
r-
<
CE
<
CL
O
CJ
co
r-
I
3
CO
LU
CC
9-
1
-T" LO
O o
CD
o
LO
o
tf
o
co
176
LO
CN
tf
'tf
CO
CM
<
UI
co
o
CN
LO
IO
3
CT
co
S3
<
a i -

co
4-f
C
CD
E
*^
o.
X
LU
!
1
-*-
c
CD
E
o
S
co
co
-
_ o
tn
cu
cn
3
CT
ca
<
g
r-
<
CE
<
CL
O
CJ
co
r-
I
3
CO
LU
CC
9-
1
-T" LO
O o
CD
o
LO
o
tf
o
co
176
li
;.; ja: ; * . vS
& :> &
1 ' SS
A' - . t. ~ST
j
177
li
;.; ja: ; * . vS
& :> &
1 ' SS
A' - . t. ~ST
j
177
Sal -yJ
178
Sal -yJ
178
**!
179
**!
179
;:>',
?.. ?:. ; V :S
S ^ ;
"V;. :*>
'-35 i
j- ;
\-j .' "
fe-
. ??
!
."t
- *.
jfi
?.
v3-
.
'.
w .*
180
;:>',
?.. ?:. ; V :S
S ^ ;
"V;. :*>
'-35 i
j- ;
\-j .' "
fe-
. ??
!
."t
- *.
jfi
?.
v3-
.
'.
w .*
180
Il
*j *
181
Il
*j *
181
"< =}-
182
"< =}-
182
** "* * * * r\
183
** "* * * * r\
183
-J
184
-J
184
\.* .- ." "." ili*.
se Sri
~y V.:".
fe- %;.*
:<> -. ^- .-<:
185
\.* .- ." "." ili*.
se Sri
~y V.:".
fe- %;.*
:<> -. ^- .-<:
185
l
Sa>ii
.5t.
if-i
<!.
'*L.
i
L. -
'
>$: f
r' f'
- *
Itr -:
Ir :'
m
I-' '^
T
i IlU
tl* *
186
l
Sa>ii
.5t.
if-i
<!.
'*L.
i
L. -
'
>$: f
r' f'
- *
Itr -:
Ir :'
m
I-' '^
T
i IlU
tl* *
186
It
1
187
It
1
187
*" * t: :' l. -i^"^
:'! .:
"T^ "S^Vt -H**.* "cu." -
_crf' tu ? " ""'^ ".'Voi
.-. . -^ -%>.> 'safe U*tV
>; -fe- .- \ :'-"* -^;
- .-.,- ".' ' 1 * '3*\:-
* - -* V-X-. ? : *
188
*" * t: :' l. -i^"^
:'! .:
"T^ "S^Vt -H**.* "cu." -
_crf' tu ? " ""'^ ".'Voi
.-. . -^ -%>.> 'safe U*tV
>; -fe- .- \ :'-"* -^;
- .-.,- ".' ' 1 * '3*\:-
* - -* V-X-. ? : *
188
J
189
J
189
P>J o*j
190
P>J o*j
190
It
1
i
;
j
;
-
! I
. ':'. .- . Vas- :
r."" ".'"""' .' ?** t^
''T. : 'j; - ',- """""1 T?f"
r--.,^ .;>* ;;*- ..V;
... ,,.,. . * -^-, \-
"->" "' "" i"/ iii"
.-r * : '* :
191
It
1
i
;
j
;
-
! I
. ':'. .- . Vas- :
r."" ".'"""' .' ?** t^
''T. : 'j; - ',- """""1 T?f"
r--.,^ .;>* ;;*- ..V;
... ,,.,. . * -^-, \-
"->" "' "" i"/ iii"
.-r * : '* :
191
192 192
li
1
193
li
1
193
Annex 6
Document 3263-2-9
(12 pages)
Annex 6
Document 3263-2-9
(12 pages)
INTRODUCTION
CTICM has performed 5 numerical simulations of a 3-point bending test in
order to obtain additionnai information on the rotation capacity of a i-section
at plastic hinge location.
Calculations are executed with the ANSYS program on power station HP
9000 (serie 700). The profile is modelled by shell elements. The global
analysis takes into account the material and geometrical non linearities for
reproducing, as far as possible, the real behaviour of the beam.
The first simulation (1.1) has been that of the test S10 (HEB 200 section -
3m span - load at mid-span - global sinusoidal imperfection) performed in a
previous research project1 This simulation has been made in order to
calibrate the ANSYS program and determine the best values of the different
parameters of the global analysis (ANSYS uses the Newton-Raphson
method), and to compare the numerical results with the test results.
For the 4 other simulations, the influence of some structural parameters on
the rotation capacity have been investigated :
- In the second simulation (1.2), the global imperfection has been removed in
order to evaluate its influence on the rotation capacity, and to be taken as
reference for the further simulations.
- in the third simulation (2.1), the distance of the left support of the beam to
the load point has been half reduced (150 cm to 75 cm) in order to verify the
assumption of the dependance of the rotation capacity only on the greater
distance of the load point to the supports.
- in the fourth simulation (2.2), the load point has been eccentred and set to
1/5 of the span.
- in the fifth simulation (3.1), the mid-section has been fully restrained except
against the vertical displacement in order to study the rotation capacity in a
plastic hinge occuring near a beam-column joint.
1 ARBED Recherches : ELASTO-PLASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF STEEL FRAMEWORKS - Draft of the
final report. August 1992
196
INTRODUCTION
CTICM has performed 5 numerical simulations of a 3-point bending test in
order to obtain additionnai information on the rotation capacity of a i-section
at plastic hinge location.
Calculations are executed with the ANSYS program on power station HP
9000 (serie 700). The profile is modelled by shell elements. The global
analysis takes into account the material and geometrical non linearities for
reproducing, as far as possible, the real behaviour of the beam.
The first simulation (1.1) has been that of the test S10 (HEB 200 section -
3m span - load at mid-span - global sinusoidal imperfection) performed in a
previous research project1 This simulation has been made in order to
calibrate the ANSYS program and determine the best values of the different
parameters of the global analysis (ANSYS uses the Newton-Raphson
method), and to compare the numerical results with the test results.
For the 4 other simulations, the influence of some structural parameters on
the rotation capacity have been investigated :
- In the second simulation (1.2), the global imperfection has been removed in
order to evaluate its influence on the rotation capacity, and to be taken as
reference for the further simulations.
- in the third simulation (2.1), the distance of the left support of the beam to
the load point has been half reduced (150 cm to 75 cm) in order to verify the
assumption of the dependance of the rotation capacity only on the greater
distance of the load point to the supports.
- in the fourth simulation (2.2), the load point has been eccentred and set to
1/5 of the span.
- in the fifth simulation (3.1), the mid-section has been fully restrained except
against the vertical displacement in order to study the rotation capacity in a
plastic hinge occuring near a beam-column joint.
1 ARBED Recherches : ELASTO-PLASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF STEEL FRAMEWORKS - Draft of the
final report. August 1992
196
! PRESENTATION OF THE MODEL
..1 Geometrical model
The model is automatically generated from a paramtrica! process.
The model contains only one type of element. It is a 4-nodes shell element
with 6 degrees of freedom by node. This element allows the non-linear
material behaviour and large deformations. Shear deformations are taken
into account.
The cross-section has the following dimensions which were measured on the
test specimen :
h
b
tf
tw
re
= 200.4 mm
= 200.4 mm
= 14.6 mm
= 9.6 mm
= 18 mm
In order to simulate the fillets, an overthickness has been used for the
elements near the web to flange connection. Thus the cross-section is
modelled as shown in figure 2.
2.rc+tw
1/5 re |
f
tw
4/5 re
a a
Figure 1
- ... a
D'S. tf
- a
364
12 58 17 59
200 4
Figure 2
a = 0,25 (4,8 r + tw - /)
avec = (4,8 r + tw )2 - 4 (4 - ) r2
197
! PRESENTATION OF THE MODEL
..1 Geometrical model
The model is automatically generated from a paramtrica! process.
The model contains only one type of element. It is a 4-nodes shell element
with 6 degrees of freedom by node. This element allows the non-linear
material behaviour and large deformations. Shear deformations are taken
into account.
The cross-section has the following dimensions which were measured on the
test specimen :
h
b
tf
tw
re
= 200.4 mm
= 200.4 mm
= 14.6 mm
= 9.6 mm
= 18 mm
In order to simulate the fillets, an overthickness has been used for the
elements near the web to flange connection. Thus the cross-section is
modelled as shown in figure 2.
2.rc+tw
1/5 re |
f
tw
4/5 re
a a
Figure 1
- ... a
D'S. tf
- a
364
12 58 17 59
200 4
Figure 2
a = 0,25 (4,8 r + tw - /)
avec = (4,8 r + tw )2 - 4 (4 - ) r2
197
2.2 Material behaviour
The stress-strain relationship can be input point by point. It is different for the
web, the flanges and the stiffeners.
Figure 3
Web
Flanges
Stiffeners
E
(MPa)
205000
205000
205000
V
0,285
0,285
0.285
fy
(MPa)
291
261
350
fu
(MPa)
437
410
517
y
0,00142
0.00127
0,00171
Est
0,0130 '
0,0144
0,0199
0,0475
0,0549
0,0534
Eu
0.156
0,153
0.172
Stress-Strain curves : point coordinates
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Ame
0
0,0014195
0.013
0,03025
0,0475
0,0837
0,11983
0,156
0,228
0
291
291
364
385,9
415,1
429,7
437
437
Semelle
0
0,0012731
0,0144
0,031725
0,04905
0,0837
0,11835
0,153
0,292
0
261
261
335,5
357,85
387,65
402,55
410
410
Raidisseur
0
0,0017073
0,0199
0,03891
0,057925
0,09595
0,133975
0,172
0,318
0
350
350
433
458,55
491,95
508,65
517
517
' Stesi IMP a
FUnce
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 02 Q2 0.3 CUS
198
2.2 Material behaviour
The stress-strain relationship can be input point by point. It is different for the
web, the flanges and the stiffeners.
Figure 3
Web
Flanges
Stiffeners
E
(MPa)
205000
205000
205000
V
0,285
0,285
0.285
fy
(MPa)
291
261
350
fu
(MPa)
437
410
517
y
0,00142
0.00127
0,00171
Est
0,0130 '
0,0144
0,0199
0,0475
0,0549
0,0534
Eu
0.156
0,153
0.172
Stress-Strain curves : point coordinates
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Ame
0
0,0014195
0.013
0,03025
0,0475
0,0837
0,11983
0,156
0,228
0
291
291
364
385,9
415,1
429,7
437
437
Semelle
0
0,0012731
0,0144
0,031725
0,04905
0,0837
0,11835
0,153
0,292
0
261
261
335,5
357,85
387,65
402,55
410
410
Raidisseur
0
0,0017073
0,0199
0,03891
0,057925
0,09595
0,133975
0,172
0,318
0
350
350
433
458,55
491,95
508,65
517
517
' Stesi IMP a
FUnce
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 02 Q2 0.3 CUS
198
2.3 Imperfections
No local imperfection has been introduced in the model.
For the simulation 1.1, a global imperfection has been introduced with a
sinusoidal shape in the plane of the web (a) and in the plane of the flanges
() as shown hereafter.
X
V
ctsin(pi x/L)
\
F'iQure 4
sin(pi x/L)
2.4 Stiffeners
Transverse stiffeners are located at each support and under the point of load
application. The thickness is taken equal to 14.6 mm.
2.5 Support conditions and load application
The application of the load is reproduced by imposing a displacement to the
nodes on the upper flange in the loaded cross-section.
- 0 uz U Displacement uz : imposed uy - U uz * 0
Figure 5
Restraints to lateral displacements are located on the nodes of the lower
flange at both ends.
For the simulation 3.1. all the nodes in the section under the load are fully
restrained except against the vertical displacement.
199
2.3 Imperfections
No local imperfection has been introduced in the model.
For the simulation 1.1, a global imperfection has been introduced with a
sinusoidal shape in the plane of the web (a) and in the plane of the flanges
() as shown hereafter.
X
V
ctsin(pi x/L)
\
F'iQure 4
sin(pi x/L)
2.4 Stiffeners
Transverse stiffeners are located at each support and under the point of load
application. The thickness is taken equal to 14.6 mm.
2.5 Support conditions and load application
The application of the load is reproduced by imposing a displacement to the
nodes on the upper flange in the loaded cross-section.
- 0 uz U Displacement uz : imposed uy - U uz * 0
Figure 5
Restraints to lateral displacements are located on the nodes of the lower
flange at both ends.
For the simulation 3.1. all the nodes in the section under the load are fully
restrained except against the vertical displacement.
199
RESULTS
The following table gives the values of the parameters and the main results
Sum of the rotation at both ends
Rav Available rotation capacity
Rav-
_ -
^
Figure 6
Simul. n
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
3.1
Ll
(cm)
150
150
75
60
150
L2
(cm)
150
150
150
240
150
Imp.
(cm)
0.14
0
0
0
0
Imp.
(cm)
0.07
0
0
0
0
(deg)
1,24
1,24
0,90
1,24
1,24
(deg)
36
34
30
25
Rav
28,0
26,5
32,3
19,16
200
RESULTS
The following table gives the values of the parameters and the main results
Sum of the rotation at both ends
Rav Available rotation capacity
Rav-
_ -
^
Figure 6
Simul. n
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
3.1
Ll
(cm)
150
150
75
60
150
L2
(cm)
150
150
150
240
150
Imp.
(cm)
0.14
0
0
0
0
Imp.
(cm)
0.07
0
0
0
0
(deg)
1,24
1,24
0,90
1,24
1,24
(deg)
36
34
30
25
Rav
28,0
26,5
32,3
19,16
200
Moment (t.m)
25
MZk-
\
20
Mpl-
.
&
^.
\
X-'^
15
\
\
\
\
10
I
0
0
>: Test labo. S10
Simulation 1.1
* Simulation 1.2
Simulation 2.1
Simulation 2.2
10
15 20
Figure 7
Rotation (degrees)
J2
201
Moment (t.m)
25
MZk-
\
20
Mpl-
.
&
^.
\
X-'^
15
\
\
\
\
10
I
0
0
>: Test labo. S10
Simulation 1.1
* Simulation 1.2
Simulation 2.1
Simulation 2.2
10
15 20
Figure 7
Rotation (degrees)
J2
201
A Moment (t.m)
25
-Q-
_B ---- -- - -O
/
20
15
Simulation 1.2
- Simulation 3.1
0
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
Figure 8
40.00
Rotation (degrees)
50.00
60.00
202
A Moment (t.m)
25
-Q-
_B ---- -- - -O
/
20
15
Simulation 1.2
- Simulation 3.1
0
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
Figure 8
40.00
Rotation (degrees)
50.00
60.00
202
,-( E-i co
< *r O
cn ca co

,-< CM M O r-t
m cm o U
^3" 2<vocMvooin
W CM J 1! II II II U
>< o -i cu eu w
coo otnaens^x
2DHjHt<OHn2
<<^CwQco3e-io;q
z
H
Q
Q
cri in i-i
r- r- s:
,- cm
in licrcfi Q
r~ cm m r- m
HHrlrlri 1 INO
II II II II 11 II 11 II II ce
< -i E-
U C/J , 2
>>>[1(^&
*
CM
S!
4J
(0
-M
3
H
en
< o -i cu eu w
coo otnaens^x
2DHjHt<OHn2
<<^CwQco3e-io;q
z
H
Q
Q
cri in i-i
r- r- s:
,- cm
in licrcfi Q
r~ cm m r- m
HHrlrlri 1 INO
II II II II 11 II 11 II II ce
< -i E-
U C/J , 2
>>>[1(^&
*
CM
S!
4J
(0
-M
3
H
en

co m J ii li ii il il
* rr -i Cu Cu Cd CO
W
2DOJv-iE-<3MC/32
<<<:
in
r~
II
<
w
o
2
ca
D
en Q
vo co M
m m en zz
r-
i-to O
,- ih ** en t-t
ih i-i ,- cs
11 11 II II H II II CC
-
CO Cu 2
>>>MDuCjuCi4DIil
XmNOX>iN>U
CM
C
o
<0
E
CO
u
C
U
0)
-
O
204
- E-i
r 2 en
en ,-
en
,- m
m -) m
r Z"voi-(voorr>
co m J ii li ii il il
* rr -i Cu Cu Cd CO
W
2DOJv-iE-<3MC/32
<<<:
in
r~
II
<
w
o
2
ca
D
en Q
vo co M
m m en zz
r-
i-to O
,- ih ** en t-t
ih i-i ,- cs
11 11 II II H II II CC
-
CO Cu 2
>>>MDuCjuCi4DIil
XmNOX>iN>U
CM
C
o
<0
E
CO
u
C
U
0)
-
O
204
205 205
206 206
Annex 7
Document 3263-3-10 (LABEIN) (excerpts)
'Numerical results: Spangemacher tests, clamped-clamped
supported beam, moment gradient and LTB restraints
influence"
(7 pages)
Annex 7
'Numerical results: Spangemacher tests, clamped-clamped
supported beam, moment gradient and LTB restraints
influence"
(7 pages)
o
c
o
208
o
c
o
208
D
i
o
c.
-c
c
o
c
209
D
i
o
c.
-c
c
o
c
209
rH
MOO
J I-
CO
Cr
1
o
w
o
>
u
V.
LO <
O.
LO
C^CLO
+ - o
i- .
210
rH
MOO
J I-
CO
Cr
1
o
w
o
>
u
V.
LO <
O.
LO
C^CLO
+ - o
i- .
210
r- i
I
- C
-* f
ia
c
~ c
Ca
* * I --
%, + -
/
I
i
\
\
\
\
:7
'
1
\
-s.
\
. \
LO
CT"
w
S
o
>
Ij
c
c
c
u
c
o
o
(3
c
o
SXDSbJZH ^--^C ^
> r
211
r- i
I
- C
-* f
ia
c
~ c
Ca
* * I --
%, + -
/
I
i
\
\
\
\
:7
'
1
\
-s.
\
. \
LO
CT"
w
S
o
>
Ij
c
c
c
u
c
o
o
(3
c
o
SXDSbJZH ^--^C ^
> r
211
au
Cl
c
O)
o
c
u
i->
C
c:
212
au
Cl
c
O)
o
c
u
i->
C
c:
212
c
u
c
C'
c
cc
C"
TS
W
-3
O
a;
e
>
~ -I
J -M "*
sosuzh jjc -s
5. .
213
c
u
c
C'
c
cc
C"
TS
W
-3
O
a;
e
>
~ -I
J -M "*
sosuzh jjc -s
5. .
213
4
'3
tn
W
O
s
<<
LO
;
v-I
u
m
a
c
re
en
u
j
c
ai
u
c
o
o
tu
c
03
CO
o
JJ
c
i-l
c
a
I
to
a>
>
c
o
o
U
C
Gl
E
O
" -s "
M V ^ *
* W '
< * ~ .a. h
w ~ - e, *
: *. s. w-
< * A. S
^ V *>
aoswsh -jJC g~
214
4
'3
tn
W
O
s
<<
LO
;
v-I
u
m
a
c
re
en
u
j
c
ai
u
c
o
o
tu
c
03
CO
o
JJ
c
i-l
c
a
I
to
a>
>
c
o
o
U
C
Gl
E
O
" -s "
M V ^ *
* W '
< * ~ .a. h
w ~ - e, *
: *. s. w-
< * A. S
^ V *>
aoswsh -jJC g~
214
Annex 8
Numerical simulations with centered concentrated loads,
distributed loads and biased concrentrated loads"
(3 pages)
Annex 8
Numerical simulations with centered concentrated loads,
distributed loads and biased concrentrated loads"
(3 pages)
iP f
r JTx
S JTX
& J
1^ <\
t '
1 .
in o
CM CM
"
_S
JO
.D *
S? *
rV
tf*
-Pi^"
^,
u
s
* *
O
^ ^. w
]
: J 1
^ ", ** *-
1 1
in o
(DI IQ) W
>
1 0 0 %I| 2 5 %| | 5 0 %| | 7 5 %
<J
<3
*
m
C*
<>
1 ' "
m
Ci
es
tn
^
CS
in
cs
cs
US
CM
o
CM
in
CS
in
cs
OS
( d e
*
e
CC
OS
o
O-
216
iP f
r JTx
S JTX
& J
1^ <\
t '
1 .
in o
CM CM
"
_S
JO
.D *
S? *
rV
tf*
-Pi^"
^,
u
s
* *
O
^ ^. w
]
: J 1
^ ", ** *-
1 1
in o
(DI IQ) W
>
1 0 0 %I| 2 5 %| | 5 0 %| | 7 5 %
<J
<3
*
m
C*
<>
1 ' "
m
Ci
es
tn
^
CS
in
cs
cs
US
CM
o
CM
in
CS
in
cs
OS
( d e
*
e
CC
OS
o
O-
216
J3
E
o
(UIIQ)W
217
J3
E
o
(UIIQ)W
217
INFLUENCE OF MOMENT GRADIENT AND LTB RESTRAINTS
ON AVAILABLE ROTATION CAPACITY
Concentrated load
Distributed toad
* If L
" L- LTB
* If L
Ma
LTB < l;
-* e
ROT 'ROT
- ROT ^- vROT e
II, L llc
- Concentrated load
-> Distributed load
- No lateral restraint at plastic hinge location ( L LTB ^ L )
Ila
ROT ROT Ban
- Lateral restraint at plastic hinge location (L^^L/a)
VROT VROT
218
INFLUENCE OF MOMENT GRADIENT AND LTB RESTRAINTS
ON AVAILABLE ROTATION CAPACITY
Concentrated load
Distributed toad
* If L
" L- LTB
* If L
Ma
LTB < l;
-* e
ROT 'ROT
- ROT ^- vROT e
II, L llc
- Concentrated load
-> Distributed load
- No lateral restraint at plastic hinge location ( L LTB ^ L )
Ila
ROT ROT Ban
- Lateral restraint at plastic hinge location (L^^L/a)
VROT VROT
218
Annex 9
Document 3263-2-12
Required rotation capacity for a 15% redistribution of elastic
peak moment"
(8 pages)
Annex 9
Document 3263-2-12
Required rotation capacity for a 15% redistribution of elastic
peak moment"
(8 pages)
CTICM
YG 14/12/94
ECSC PROJECTS SA 31 9-SA 321
Working Document
Required rotation capacity
for a 15% redistribution of elastic peak moment
Following an elastic analysis, the paragraph 5.2.1.3 of Eurocode 3 allows to redistribute up to
1 5% of the elastic peak moment, provided that
- the internal forces and moments remain in equilibrium with the applied loads
- ail the members in which the moments are reduced have Class 1 or Class 2 cross-
sections
This procedure is equivalent to a plastic analysis, in which the redistribution of moments would
be limited and compatible with the reduced rotation capacity of Class 2 cross-sections.
The question which comes up is : is "this allowance of 15% redistribution always safe for Class 2
cross-sections, that is to say, is the required rotation capacity always small?
The required rotation capacities for two common cases are studied hereafter.
A - Two span continuous beam with an uniform distributed load
I lllllit
I
q
mimimi muli m min
A
L XL
1
nun
1
Figure I
The first plastic hinge always occurs at the centrai support for :
8 MP|
ql =2(2-+1)
and the mechanism (2nd plastic hinge in span 1 ) for :
2 Mp|
qu=-[r-(3 + 2V2)
<1
220
CTICM
YG 14/12/94
ECSC PROJECTS SA 31 9-SA 321
Working Document
for a 15% redistribution of elastic peak moment
Following an elastic analysis, the paragraph 5.2.1.3 of Eurocode 3 allows to redistribute up to
1 5% of the elastic peak moment, provided that
- the internal forces and moments remain in equilibrium with the applied loads
- ail the members in which the moments are reduced have Class 1 or Class 2 cross-
sections
This procedure is equivalent to a plastic analysis, in which the redistribution of moments would
be limited and compatible with the reduced rotation capacity of Class 2 cross-sections.
The question which comes up is : is "this allowance of 15% redistribution always safe for Class 2
cross-sections, that is to say, is the required rotation capacity always small?
The required rotation capacities for two common cases are studied hereafter.
A - Two span continuous beam with an uniform distributed load
I lllllit
I
q
mimimi muli m min
A
L XL
1
nun
1
Figure I
The first plastic hinge always occurs at the centrai support for :
8 MP|
ql =2(2-+1)
and the mechanism (2nd plastic hinge in span 1 ) for :
2 Mp|
qu=-[r-(3 + 2V2)
<1
220
Between these two levels, at q = (1 + ) q\ . the required plastic rotation in the first hinge is
Mp[L
ep.req = 3 0 + ) El
req is plotted versus and .
0.2
0.176S
0.15
0.12
0,1
El
preq MplL
\
\
t
l
!
I
H !
1 _^ 1
k^fcîi
tî^lrri^-
1
L--_
chanisrT
i /^-H
V\ .
f \_^Jr~"~"
- ' i 1
^-1 rî
---
1 1 1 J
! i i
1
i
1
j
, l
0.05
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 a< es o. o.? c. 0.9
Figure 2
Of course, this expression is valid if
q<qu
that is to say if
< j (3 + 2>/2J (2- +1 ) - 1 (dotted line in figure 2)
The limiting value of is plotted versus on the figure below. For example, with
1
1 =0,1765
= 0,85
the valid range of is
< 0,2604 or > 0.7396
(max value allowed by EC3)
221
Between these two levels, at q = (1 + ) q\ . the required plastic rotation in the first hinge is
Mp[L
ep.req = 3 0 + ) El
req is plotted versus and .
0.2
0.176S
0.15
0.12
0,1
El
preq MplL
\
\
t
l
!
I
H !
1 _^ 1
k^fcîi
tî^lrri^-
1
L--_
chanisrT
i /^-H
V\ .
f \_^Jr~"~"
- ' i 1
^-1 rî
---
1 1 1 J
! i i
1
i
1
j
, l
0.05
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 a< es o. o.? c. 0.9
Figure 2
Of course, this expression is valid if
q<qu
that is to say if
< j (3 + 2>/2J (2- +1 ) - 1 (dotted line in figure 2)
The limiting value of is plotted versus on the figure below. For example, with
1
1 =0,1765
= 0,85
the valid range of is
< 0,2604 or > 0.7396
(max value allowed by EC3)
221
0.5 -
0.45 '
TI - . -
1 1 o.* "
0.35
0.3
1 i I 1 I 1 I II
\l
i
I
r-r-J
I
I
I
3 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ' ' ' ' 1
\ 1 /. 1 1 1 1
VI 1 1
I X 1 1
~}--r-W~
1
1 I l: ^-a
I I M
1 1 1:
1 0.2 ) 0.3
I
0.4
--H
0.5
1
O.i
i
1 1
I
1
1
-
1
/
0.7 o.a
1
1/
A
/
f
0.9 1
0.2604 X
Figure 3
The plastic rotation of reference | is given by :
Mp| d
(Ppl= 2 El
0,7396
where
d = d] +02
is assumed to be the distance between zero moment points at the current load level q = (1 +
)
^ÛilJJliiiUU^
A
"ÛUiiiiiiiiJ^1
XL
Figure 4
L 2 - + 1
di=4-TTir-L
and
d -^
d2-
L 1 +3
and d = ^(l+Ti)
with d<d) +XL
The rotation capacity at q = (1 + n).qi is given by
vreq
p.req
222
0.5 -
0.45 '
TI - . -
1 1 o.* "
0.35
0.3
1 i I 1 I 1 I II
\l
i
I
r-r-J
I
I
I
3 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ' ' ' ' 1
\ 1 /. 1 1 1 1
VI 1 1
I X 1 1
~}--r-W~
1
1 I l: ^-a
I I M
1 1 1:
1 0.2 ) 0.3
I
0.4
--H
0.5
1
O.i
i
1 1
I
1
1
-
1
/
0.7 o.a
1
1/
A
/
f
0.9 1
0.2604 X
Figure 3
The plastic rotation of reference | is given by :
Mp| d
(Ppl= 2 El
0,7396
where
d = d] +02
is assumed to be the distance between zero moment points at the current load level q = (1 +
)
^ÛilJJliiiUU^
A
"ÛUiiiiiiiiJ^1
XL
Figure 4
L 2 - + 1
di=4-TTir-L
and
d -^
d2-
L 1 +3
and d = ^(l+Ti)
with d<d) +XL
The rotation capacity at q = (1 + n).qi is given by
vreq
p.req
222
that is to say :
</- ^ = 0+)4(1+)++*.+1
(1 + )
>/2-1 Rreq = 3(1 + 1 + 3
Rreq is plotted on the figure below.
0.6
R
req
Notes :
- The parts of curves above the dotted line are invalid because in this zone, the
mechanism occurs before the load (1 + -qi is reached.
- For < /2- 1 , d2 is limited at XL.
Conclusion
For this sketch, the required rotation capacity is quite limited ( Rreq < 0,6). Therefore,
Class 2 cross-sections may be used in that case.
223
that is to say :
</- ^ = 0+)4(1+)++*.+1
(1 + )
>/2-1 Rreq = 3(1 + 1 + 3
Rreq is plotted on the figure below.
0.6
R
req
Notes :
- The parts of curves above the dotted line are invalid because in this zone, the
mechanism occurs before the load (1 + -qi is reached.
- For < /2- 1 , d2 is limited at XL.
Conclusion
For this sketch, the required rotation capacity is quite limited ( Rreq < 0,6). Therefore,
Class 2 cross-sections may be used in that case.
223
- Two span continuous beam with a point load
L
aL
' ' L XL

Figure 6
Two ranges for a are to be considered :
a < yJ2{X+ 1) - 1 first plastic hinge at loading point
a > ^/2(+lj - 1 first plastic hinge at central support
B.l a < \)2(X +~Y) - 1 first plastic hinge at loading point
The first plastic hinge occurs at
Wpi
F^-f-ffca)
For F = (1 + tiI.Ft :
The plastic rotation in this hinge is given by
MplL
p.req = " *(.).(,)
The distance d between zero moment points each side of the plastic hinge is
d = Lg(aA,Ti)
and the required rotation capacity is given by
1 (,).(,,)
Rreq = 3 g(a.X^)
where :
2(+1)
(.)=(_1)[( +1).2(+
(1+)
9(..) - a(a2-i)
+"2(+1)
(..)= (1-) [2+3(1 - ) +~(1 - )(+1 -)]
224
- Two span continuous beam with a point load
L
aL
' ' L XL

Figure 6
Two ranges for a are to be considered :
a < yJ2{X+ 1) - 1 first plastic hinge at loading point
a > ^/2(+lj - 1 first plastic hinge at central support
B.l a < \)2(X +~Y) - 1 first plastic hinge at loading point
Wpi
F^-f-ffca)
For F = (1 + tiI.Ft :
MplL
p.req = " *(.).(,)
d = Lg(aA,Ti)
1 (,).(,,)
Rreq = 3 g(a.X^)
where :
2(+1)
(.)=(_1)[( +1).2(+
(1+)
9(..) - a(a2-i)
+"2(+1)
(..)= (1-) [2+3(1 - ) +~(1 - )(+1 -)]
224
All these expressions are valid if the mechanism is not reached, that is to say
Fu
and this condition becomes
a(a + l)
^(a-MHl-jTTTT)-]-1
B.2 a>-v/2fX + 11 - 1 first plastic hinge at support
MP|
F^-f-flca)
For F = (1 + ti).Ft :
Mp,L
ep.req = {(.).(,)
d = Lg(a,X.Ti)
,).(,,)
Rreq ~ 3 9(,,)
where :
2(+1)
f(a^=a(l-a2)
1
g(a,M) = ^7^
1+2(+1)(1+)
(1=(1 -a2)
F^1+Tl
(1 +O.V
12
^ - 2(+1)"1
225
Fu
a(a + l)
^(a-MHl-jTTTT)-]-1
B.2 a>-v/2fX + 11 - 1 first plastic hinge at support
MP|
F^-f-flca)
For F = (1 + ti).Ft :
Mp,L
ep.req = {(.).(,)
d = Lg(a,X.Ti)
,).(,,)
Rreq ~ 3 9(,,)
where :
2(+1)
f(a^=a(l-a2)
1
g(a,M) = ^7^
1+2(+1)(1+)
(1=(1 -a2)
F^1+Tl
(1 +O.V
12
^ - 2(+1)"1
225
For the max value of allowed by EC3 [q~c - 1 = 0,1765), Rreq is plotted on the figure below
for the values : 0,1 - 1 - 1 ,5 - 2. The range of a values is limited to [0,2 - 0,8].
R
req
12
11
1U
8
/
b
b
4
3
2
1
n
MUNII I
jilillllll I
in umi
MM 1 1 II I I
>l UN I IN
imi in 1
III URI II 1
Mimmi !
m m im m.
1 1 1 1 Kl \\ IN 1
1 1 1 1 1 M.\! I 1
r
i IMI
1 i l'i
MII
Jill
mi
1 1 m
IMI
Jill
um
INR
i\r\i
I
I
1
1
II
I
li
'
M Ml I
mim
*m
IKK
, l\l
rm
1 ft
1 1
rm

III
fm
Hi
I
III Ml MM II II
II Ml 1 Ml II 1
II MIM I I
M MM I 1
1 MM III 1 1
II Ml II /
" "\|_
m m
M ._ TT
it II
Hl -__._!
I
|| MIM I = 0,1765 (15/oMpeak) | |
Mill
I Mill |v
mn
I HIM I
\. mn
INJIIII' I
mix
illl IU,
V-iUllf.
1 MIHI 1 Tv
**XL/HJ '-.
V^2A >..
rtkK -kl L-
îiiiim4XH43^L ri-
ITU-mil T^^ttK
0Li ii unir - L jrtr
> 1 1
1 L
Il IL
I II
- - .[
1. TrM-.L 1..
|l__i,-rTr7
nimmm. ..iT-:rr-H-w-u-LLMiiimTJi
1 1 1 1 1 I 1 t
0,2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0,4 0.45 0,5 0,55 0.6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8
Figure 7
Conclusion
For values of X land if the point load acts in the left half-span of the first span, the
required rotation capacity may be very large (> 4), and the use of Class 2 cross-
sections with a 15% redistribution of peak moment may be unsafe regarding the
rotation capacity.
226
For the max value of allowed by EC3 [q~c - 1 = 0,1765), Rreq is plotted on the figure below
for the values : 0,1 - 1 - 1 ,5 - 2. The range of a values is limited to [0,2 - 0,8].
R
req
12
11
1U
8
/
b
b
4
3
2
1
n
MUNII I
jilillllll I
in umi
MM 1 1 II I I
>l UN I IN
imi in 1
III URI II 1
Mimmi !
m m im m.
1 1 1 1 Kl \\ IN 1
1 1 1 1 1 M.\! I 1
r
i IMI
1 i l'i
MII
Jill
mi
1 1 m
IMI
Jill
um
INR
i\r\i
I
I
1
1
II
I
li
'
M Ml I
mim
*m
IKK
, l\l
rm
1 ft
1 1
rm

III
fm
Hi
I
III Ml MM II II
II Ml 1 Ml II 1
II MIM I I
M MM I 1
1 MM III 1 1
II Ml II /
" "\|_
m m
M ._ TT
it II
Hl -__._!
I
|| MIM I = 0,1765 (15/oMpeak) | |
Mill
I Mill |v
mn
I HIM I
\. mn
INJIIII' I
mix
illl IU,
V-iUllf.
1 MIHI 1 Tv
**XL/HJ '-.
V^2A >..
rtkK -kl L-
îiiiim4XH43^L ri-
ITU-mil T^^ttK
0Li ii unir - L jrtr
> 1 1
1 L
Il IL
I II
- - .[
1. TrM-.L 1..
|l__i,-rTr7
nimmm. ..iT-:rr-H-w-u-LLMiiimTJi
1 1 1 1 1 I 1 t
0,2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0,4 0.45 0,5 0,55 0.6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8
Figure 7
Conclusion
For values of X land if the point load acts in the left half-span of the first span, the
required rotation capacity may be very large (> 4), and the use of Class 2 cross-
sections with a 15% redistribution of peak moment may be unsafe regarding the
rotation capacity.
226
Example :
Section IPE 270 - L=10m - =1,5 -a = 0,27
Mp| = 11 3,74 kN.m - I = 5790 cm4 - E = 21000 kN/cm? - fy= 235 N/mm2
The first plastic hinge occurs at the loading point for : Ft = l, 95 kN
The second plastic hinge (mechanism) occurs at support for : Fy = 73,3 kN
The peak moment is at the loading point.
The maximum allowable moment redistribution (15% of peak moment) is given for :
F = 61,95/0,85 = 72,88 kN
At this load level F :
plastic rotation : [ep = 0,189 rad
length of equivalent isostatic beam : d = 640 cm
Mpl d
= 2 =003
Rreq = 0,189/0,03 = 6,3
At SLS (F,j/1 ,5), the maximum deflection is in the first span :
fmax = 5,05 cm ( L/200)
a) It should be noted that the available plastic rotation { calculated with the Feldmann's
model for IPE 270 is
= 0,11 rad
which is much lower that req = 0,189 rad
Therefore, the 15% redistribution is not valid in that case, although IPE 270 is a Class 1 cross-
section.
b) It would be possible to find Class 2 (near Class 3) cross-sections with the same
characteristics Mpl and I as IPE 270 for which the rotation capacity or available plastic
rotation could be still lower.
For example : h = 26 cm - b = 1 7,5 - tw = 0,6 - tf = 0,85 - r = 1 ,5
> Class 2 flanges and Class 2 web
227
Example :
Section IPE 270 - L=10m - =1,5 -a = 0,27
Mp| = 11 3,74 kN.m - I = 5790 cm4 - E = 21000 kN/cm? - fy= 235 N/mm2
The first plastic hinge occurs at the loading point for : Ft = l, 95 kN
The second plastic hinge (mechanism) occurs at support for : Fy = 73,3 kN
The peak moment is at the loading point.
The maximum allowable moment redistribution (15% of peak moment) is given for :
F = 61,95/0,85 = 72,88 kN
At this load level F :
plastic rotation : [ep = 0,189 rad
length of equivalent isostatic beam : d = 640 cm
Mpl d
= 2 =003
Rreq = 0,189/0,03 = 6,3
At SLS (F,j/1 ,5), the maximum deflection is in the first span :
fmax = 5,05 cm ( L/200)
a) It should be noted that the available plastic rotation { calculated with the Feldmann's
model for IPE 270 is
= 0,11 rad
which is much lower that req = 0,189 rad
Therefore, the 15% redistribution is not valid in that case, although IPE 270 is a Class 1 cross-
section.
b) It would be possible to find Class 2 (near Class 3) cross-sections with the same
characteristics Mpl and I as IPE 270 for which the rotation capacity or available plastic
rotation could be still lower.
For example : h = 26 cm - b = 1 7,5 - tw = 0,6 - tf = 0,85 - r = 1 ,5
> Class 2 flanges and Class 2 web
227
Annex 10
Document 3263-2-6
Evaluation of the required rotation capacity for various
types of portal frames"
(38 pages)
Annex 10
Document 3263-2-6
Evaluation of the required rotation capacity for various
types of portal frames"
(38 pages)
NOTATIONS
1 Frame n
Load
factors
ULS
=1.0
SLS
= 0.7
1
plastic
hinge
in the
middle
of a beam
plastic
hinge
at the end
of a beam
h
L
Column/R
Column/C
Beam
H
V
CT
1
Nsd
MSdl
Msd2
Tf
deflection
^deflect
M]
>v
Hinge n
ep.d
Td
Rdreq
Su
Tu
*û.req
Hinge n
ep.d
Td
Rdreq
epu
Tu
û.req
Mechanism
Frame height
Length of span
Section for edge column
Section for intermediate column
Section for beam
Horizontal load
Vertical load
Horizontal displacement (elastic analysis)
Critical load factor
Load factor at the first plastic hinge
Load factor at collapse
Axial force in the column to be checked
Bending moment at the basis of the column
Bending moment at the top of the column
Formula EC3 5.5.4
Horizontal displacement at load factor 0.7 (SLS)
Horizontal displacement criterion
Maximum deflection at SLS
Deflection criterion
Plastic moment of the beam
Second moment of area of the beam
Number of the plastic hinge (with maximum rotation)
Plastic rotation in the hinge under load factor 1.00
Shear force at plastic hinge location
Required rotation capacity under load factor 1.00
Plastic rotationjust before collapse
Shear force at plastic hinge location at collapse
Required rotation capacity just before collapse
Plastic rotation just before collapse
Required rotation capacityjust before collapse
Reference to collapse mechanism
Units
cm
cm
daN
daN
cm
daN
daN.cm
daN.cm
cm
cm
daN.cm
cm4
radian
daN
radian
daN
radian
daN
radian
daN
230
NOTATIONS
1 Frame n
Load
factors
ULS
=1.0
SLS
= 0.7
1
plastic
hinge
in the
middle
of a beam
plastic
hinge
at the end
of a beam
h
L
Column/R
Column/C
Beam
H
V
CT
1
Nsd
MSdl
Msd2
Tf
deflection
^deflect
M]
>v
Hinge n
ep.d
Td
Rdreq
Su
Tu
*û.req
Hinge n
ep.d
Td
Rdreq
epu
Tu
û.req
Mechanism
Frame height
Length of span
Section for edge column
Section for intermediate column
Section for beam
Horizontal load
Vertical load
Horizontal displacement (elastic analysis)
Critical load factor
Load factor at the first plastic hinge
Load factor at collapse
Axial force in the column to be checked
Bending moment at the basis of the column
Bending moment at the top of the column
Formula EC3 5.5.4
Horizontal displacement at load factor 0.7 (SLS)
Horizontal displacement criterion
Maximum deflection at SLS
Deflection criterion
Plastic moment of the beam
Second moment of area of the beam
Plastic rotationjust before collapse
Required rotation capacity just before collapse
Plastic rotation just before collapse
Required rotation capacityjust before collapse
Reference to collapse mechanism
Units
cm
cm
daN
daN
cm
daN
daN.cm
daN.cm
cm
cm
daN.cm
cm4
radian
daN
radian
daN
radian
daN
radian
daN
230
SCOPE
The aim of this study is to determine the required plastic rotation 8req and the required
rotation capacity Rreq for a given type of portal frame. First a simplified method has adopted
in order to obtain a realistic design. The assumptions and the method are explained in the
paragraph 2. Then six types of portal frames have been identified, and for each type, a
parametric study has been made.
79 frames have been studied. It must be pointed out that the selected criteria for the design are
somewhat arbitrary. Moreover the chosen types of frame do not cover all the real structures.
However, the results give a good idea of the plastic behaviour of frames and they lead to some
interesting conclusions.
DESIGN METHOD
In order to facilitate the design of the frames, some simple design criteria have been selected.
An elastic analysis is executed in order to check Serviceability Limit State requirements and
to calculate the critical amplification factor. Then a plastic analysis is made in order to check
Ultimate Limit State criteria and to determine required plastic rotations.
The two analyses are made for one reference loading corresponding to ULS loading (weighted
loads) with the program PEP micro.
2.1 Serviceability Limit State (SLS>
The global elastic analysis allows us to calculate the deselections and the horizontal
displacement at the top of the frame.
The following SLS requirements are checked for 0.7 times the reference loading.
- Deflection condition f<L/200
- Horizontal displacement < h / 150
The value of 0,7 is arbitrary. One can consider that it is close to the value corresponding to the
non weighted loads.
2.2 Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
The ULS requirements are checked for the reference loading with the results obtained after the
plastic analysis.
First the critical amplification factor acr is calculated from the results of the elastic analysis,
for the reference loading, as follows :
(H + <PV)h vcr
<*cr- acr~Vsd
231
SCOPE
The aim of this study is to determine the required plastic rotation 8req and the required
rotation capacity Rreq for a given type of portal frame. First a simplified method has adopted
in order to obtain a realistic design. The assumptions and the method are explained in the
paragraph 2. Then six types of portal frames have been identified, and for each type, a
parametric study has been made.
79 frames have been studied. It must be pointed out that the selected criteria for the design are
somewhat arbitrary. Moreover the chosen types of frame do not cover all the real structures.
However, the results give a good idea of the plastic behaviour of frames and they lead to some
interesting conclusions.
DESIGN METHOD
In order to facilitate the design of the frames, some simple design criteria have been selected.
An elastic analysis is executed in order to check Serviceability Limit State requirements and
to calculate the critical amplification factor. Then a plastic analysis is made in order to check
Ultimate Limit State criteria and to determine required plastic rotations.
The two analyses are made for one reference loading corresponding to ULS loading (weighted
loads) with the program PEP micro.
2.1 Serviceability Limit State (SLS>
The global elastic analysis allows us to calculate the deselections and the horizontal
displacement at the top of the frame.
The following SLS requirements are checked for 0.7 times the reference loading.
- Deflection condition f<L/200
- Horizontal displacement < h / 150
The value of 0,7 is arbitrary. One can consider that it is close to the value corresponding to the
non weighted loads.
2.2 Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
The ULS requirements are checked for the reference loading with the results obtained after the
plastic analysis.
First the critical amplification factor acr is calculated from the results of the elastic analysis,
for the reference loading, as follows :
(H + <PV)h vcr
<*cr- acr~Vsd
231
where : H
V
h
Horizontal load
Total vertical load
Frame height
Global imperfection
Horizontal displacement
The value of acr allows us to classify the frame and to deduce the type of analysis
txcr<10
acr> 10
Non sway fame
Sway fame
First order plastic analysis
Second order plastic analysis
The buckling resistance in the plane of the frame can be checked with the non-sway buckling
length for each column in conformity with Eurocode 3. By simplification the buckling length
is taken as the system length (this is conservative) :
= system length
The columns are checked according to the criterion of EC3 5.5.4 :
Nsd i kyMy.sd
XyAfy/ wpl.yVMl"
It necessarily assumed that it is Class 1 cross-sections (plastic analysis).
It is also assumed that no buckling phenomena can occur out of the plane of the frame.
3 REQUIRED ROTATION CAPACITY
3.1 Definition of the available rotation capacity
The available rotation capacity can be determined from a three point bending test. It can be an
experimental test or a numerical simulation. It gives the available plastic rotation 6p-avaii :
Figure 1
p.avail - "{"avail -
(D
232
where : H
V
h
Horizontal load
Total vertical load
Frame height
Global imperfection
The value of acr allows us to classify the frame and to deduce the type of analysis
txcr<10
acr> 10
Non sway fame
Sway fame
First order plastic analysis
Second order plastic analysis
The buckling resistance in the plane of the frame can be checked with the non-sway buckling
length for each column in conformity with Eurocode 3. By simplification the buckling length
is taken as the system length (this is conservative) :
= system length
The columns are checked according to the criterion of EC3 5.5.4 :
Nsd i kyMy.sd
XyAfy/ wpl.yVMl"
It necessarily assumed that it is Class 1 cross-sections (plastic analysis).
It is also assumed that no buckling phenomena can occur out of the plane of the frame.
3 REQUIRED ROTATION CAPACITY
3.1 Definition of the available rotation capacity
The available rotation capacity can be determined from a three point bending test. It can be an
experimental test or a numerical simulation. It gives the available plastic rotation 6p-avaii :
Figure 1
p.avail - "{"avail -
(D
232
where ] : Sum of the rotations at the supports when the theoritical plastic moment
Mpi is reached (increasing part)
1 =
_Mpi
2EI
.L
(2)
"tavail : Sum of the rotations at the supports when the theoritical plastic moment
Mpi is reached (decreasing part)
Mi
pi
,
1/
I
"*" ""**"-
p.avail
T = "ivail
V
y w
^

Figure 2
The available rotation capacity can be defined as follows :
_ ^p.avail _ 2 EI
Ravail ^ M^jT ep.avail
From (2) and (3), and when 9D_avaii is reached, the shear force is equal to
_2Mpi
' ~~ avail ~ L
(3)
(4)
and the available rotation capacity can be also expressed by :
Ravail ~
EI Tavaji 9p_avaji
M
(5)
pl
By making a sufficient number of tests, it is possible to propose an empiric or semi-empiric
formulation of the required rotation capacity, in particular for a given cross-section, in
function of L or (moment gradient). This can be supported by a mechanical model.
This formulation of 6p>ava and RaVaiI is assumed hereafter to be known; therefore, one can
determine for a given cross-section (L is known) :
MpiL
Qp.avail 2 EI availvw
(6)
233
where ] : Sum of the rotations at the supports when the theoritical plastic moment
Mpi is reached (increasing part)
1 =
_Mpi
2EI
.L
(2)
"tavail : Sum of the rotations at the supports when the theoritical plastic moment
Mpi is reached (decreasing part)
Mi
pi
,
1/
I
"*" ""**"-
p.avail
T = "ivail
V
y w
^

Figure 2
The available rotation capacity can be defined as follows :
_ ^p.avail _ 2 EI
Ravail ^ M^jT ep.avail
From (2) and (3), and when 9D_avaii is reached, the shear force is equal to
_2Mpi
' ~~ avail ~ L
(3)
(4)
and the available rotation capacity can be also expressed by :
Ravail ~
EI Tavaji 9p_avaji
M
(5)
pl
By making a sufficient number of tests, it is possible to propose an empiric or semi-empiric
formulation of the required rotation capacity, in particular for a given cross-section, in
function of L or (moment gradient). This can be supported by a mechanical model.
This formulation of 6p>ava and RaVaiI is assumed hereafter to be known; therefore, one can
determine for a given cross-section (L is known) :
MpiL
Qp.avail 2 EI availvw
(6)
233
32 Required rotation capacity in a statically unrleterminate system - Symmetrical local
hendinff configuration
There is a "symmetrical local bending configuration" when the cross-section, the material and
the moment gradient are identical for each side of the plastic hinge. These are the conditions
of the three point bending test.
We consider the equivalent three point bending system that gives the similar conditions
at the plastic hinge location.
Statically
undeterminate
system
Equivalent
3-point
bending system
2.M
-.
E
-* ep.req
(Computed by
PEP micro)
~* "p.avail
(Computed by
an empiric
formula)
Figure 3
The available plastic rotation 6p.avan can be computed from (6) with Ravail determined for
L = Leq calculated from the shear force from (4). GpTeq is directly computed by the
analysis program (here PEP micro).
The configuration in the vicinity of the plastic hinge is similar in the undeterminate system
and in the 3-point bending test, so the following requirement must be checked :
p.req - ^p.avail t7)

Each side of the inequality can be multiplied by and considering (5), we obtain :

Mpl
M:
ep.req < R-avail(Leq)
(8)
pl
The notion of the required rotation capacity Rreq can be introduced as follows
6p-req ^ 9p-req
^req "* 2
H M2
where 1=J
Mpl Leq
EI
(9)
pl
So, the condition (7) can be expressed as :
RreqCD * Ravail(Leq) ên
2 Mpi
Leq -
(10)
234
32 Required rotation capacity in a statically unrleterminate system - Symmetrical local
hendinff configuration
There is a "symmetrical local bending configuration" when the cross-section, the material and
the moment gradient are identical for each side of the plastic hinge. These are the conditions
of the three point bending test.
We consider the equivalent three point bending system that gives the similar conditions
at the plastic hinge location.
Statically
undeterminate
system
Equivalent
3-point
bending system
2.M
-.
E
-* ep.req
(Computed by
PEP micro)
~* "p.avail
(Computed by
an empiric
formula)
Figure 3
The available plastic rotation 6p.avan can be computed from (6) with Ravail determined for
L = Leq calculated from the shear force from (4). GpTeq is directly computed by the
analysis program (here PEP micro).
The configuration in the vicinity of the plastic hinge is similar in the undeterminate system
and in the 3-point bending test, so the following requirement must be checked :
p.req - ^p.avail t7)

Each side of the inequality can be multiplied by and considering (5), we obtain :

Mpl
M:
ep.req < R-avail(Leq)
(8)
pl
The notion of the required rotation capacity Rreq can be introduced as follows
6p-req ^ 9p-req
^req "* 2
H M2
where 1=J
Mpl Leq
EI
(9)
pl
So, the condition (7) can be expressed as :
RreqCD * Ravail(Leq) ên
2 Mpi
Leq -
(10)
234
By definition the required rotation capacity Rreq associated to the frame for a loading
level is the largest one for all the plastic hinges existing at this loading level. This required
rotation capacity could be defined either when at collapse, or under design loads for Ultimate
Limit States checks.
33 Required rotation capacity in a statically undeterminate system - Non symmetrical local
bending configuration
We only consider hereafter the case of a different moment gradient for each side of the plastic
hinge.
Direct approach
We also consider hereafter the equivalent three point bending system that gives the similar
conditions at the plastic hinge location. The length of this equivalent system is given by :
Leq^MplOf + f^)
()
2
ii ii , -
l-e,-Mpl(J-J-)
'1 2
Figure 3 bis
Noticing that the sum of elastic rotations at supports is independent on the load position in
the equivalent system, we also decide to adopt hereafter the definition of Rreq adopted for
symmetrical three-point bending system, that is :
6p.req
Rre<i~
M
where =
MplLeq_Mpi ,
m
! 2
(12)
It yields
Rreq "~
12
.
pi
Tm '"1
where Tm = ai+T2)/2 (13)
235
By definition the required rotation capacity Rreq associated to the frame for a loading
level is the largest one for all the plastic hinges existing at this loading level. This required
rotation capacity could be defined either when at collapse, or under design loads for Ultimate
Limit States checks.
33 Required rotation capacity in a statically undeterminate system - Non symmetrical local
bending configuration
We only consider hereafter the case of a different moment gradient for each side of the plastic
hinge.
Direct approach
We also consider hereafter the equivalent three point bending system that gives the similar
conditions at the plastic hinge location. The length of this equivalent system is given by :
Leq^MplOf + f^)
()
2
ii ii , -
l-e,-Mpl(J-J-)
'1 2
Figure 3 bis
Noticing that the sum of elastic rotations at supports is independent on the load position in
the equivalent system, we also decide to adopt hereafter the definition of Rreq adopted for
symmetrical three-point bending system, that is :
6p.req
Rre<i~
M
where =
MplLeq_Mpi ,
m
! 2
(12)
It yields
Rreq "~
12
.
pi
Tm '"1
where Tm = ai+T2)/2 (13)
235
Rreq is to be compared to Ravail calculated for a length Leq
Rreq(Tl>T2) ^ RavailfLeq)
where Leq given by (1 1) and Rreq by (13)
(13 bis)
Indirect approach
This approach only uses the definition of R adopted for a symmetrical three-point bending
system (expre >sion (9)).
Because of the strain hardening, the moment exceeds Mpj at the loading point.
\/
.
*2
approximation
Figure 4
In the part of strain hardening, there is an increase of the moment :
= Mm - Mpi
The plastic elongations are assumed to be developped on the following distances
(approximativeiy) :
, . ,
1=2TJ- and 2 = 2jj
(14)
The plastic rotation is expressed as a function of the plastic elongation Sp in the extreme
fibres, and by considering 8pj from the part 1 and 2from the part 2 of the plastic zone.
236
Rreq is to be compared to Ravail calculated for a length Leq
Rreq(Tl>T2) ^ RavailfLeq)
where Leq given by (1 1) and Rreq by (13)
(13 bis)
Indirect approach
This approach only uses the definition of R adopted for a symmetrical three-point bending
system (expre >sion (9)).
Because of the strain hardening, the moment exceeds Mpj at the loading point.
\/
.
*2
approximation
Figure 4
In the part of strain hardening, there is an increase of the moment :
= Mm - Mpi
The plastic elongations are assumed to be developped on the following distances
(approximativeiy) :
, . ,
1=2TJ- and 2 = 2jj
(14)
The plastic rotation is expressed as a function of the plastic elongation Sp in the extreme
fibres, and by considering 8pj from the part 1 and 2from the part 2 of the plastic zone.
236
2r 1}
ep.req = J p(xi).dxi + -J p(x2).dx2 1 + 2=
(15)
pl.req 6p2.req
The approximation about the distribution of the plastic elongation leads to
ep2.req = ^2
<
epl.req = K^l and
where : = proportion factor
From the relations (14) and (16),
epl.req-Tl = ^.req^
and from the relations (15) and (17)
ep.req
.req i
\+
T2
(16)
(17)
(18)
"6p2.req ~ ^p.req " ^pl.req
Similarly to the case of a constant shear force for each side of the plastic hinge (in absolute
values), we look for an equivalent 3-point bending system. This equivalence is searched for
each side of the plastic hinge with the corresponding shear force.
eq T,
Figure 5
From (9), and condidering each symmetrical system, it yields
Ri
EiTj epl-req
req
and
M
R2.
Pl
req
EI T2 ep2.req
M:
pl
and taking (17) into account
Rl.req = R-2.req
237
2r 1}
ep.req = J p(xi).dxi + -J p(x2).dx2 1 + 2=
(15)
pl.req 6p2.req
The approximation about the distribution of the plastic elongation leads to
ep2.req = ^2
<
epl.req = K^l and
where : = proportion factor
From the relations (14) and (16),
epl.req-Tl = ^.req^
and from the relations (15) and (17)
ep.req
.req i
\+
T2
(16)
(17)
(18)
"6p2.req ~ ^p.req " ^pl.req
Similarly to the case of a constant shear force for each side of the plastic hinge (in absolute
values), we look for an equivalent 3-point bending system. This equivalence is searched for
each side of the plastic hinge with the corresponding shear force.
eq T,
Figure 5
From (9), and condidering each symmetrical system, it yields
Ri
EiTj epl-req
req
and
M
R2.
Pl
req
EI T2 ep2.req
M:
pl
and taking (17) into account
Rl.req = R-2.req
237
Let us note Rreq the common value of Rl.req ^ R2.req- Taking (18) into account, it yields
2 12
(19) R =
req 2 + P-re<l
M * 2
Pl
Keeping relation (12) in mind, Rreq can also be expressed by :
_ 6p.req
re(l"
where is the sum of elastic rotations at supports for a equivalent beam of length
Leq = (M.eq + L2.eq)/2 = Mpi -- (20)
From the following basic requirement to be checked :
p.req - p.avail
the rotation capacity criterion to be satisfied is :
Rreq(Tl,T2) ^ Ravail(Leq) (21)
where Leq given by (20 or 1 1) and Rreq by (19)
3.4 Summary tabk
Figure 6 a
ep.req * ep.avail or KreqCTi.Tj) Ravailêq)
3p.avail or âvailO-) S'vcn >' formulae or tsbles
2 EI T1T2 n
Rreq(TlT2) ~ , j. + j, 9p.req
Mpl
Leq-Mp^-U+ i-)
Figure 6 b
preq
Mpi
Figure 6 c
p.req - ep.avail or RreqCr) ^ Ravail(Leq)
ep.avail or RavailiL) given by formulae or tables
El
Rreq~'
P-rcq
2M,
M
pl
Pl
-eq
p.reqêp.avail <>r RreqCT) * ^vaild-eq)
ep.avail or Ravail^) given by formulae or tables
2
P-rcq
^req
M
2 M
pi
pi
238
Let us note Rreq the common value of Rl.req ^ R2.req- Taking (18) into account, it yields
2 12
(19) R =
req 2 + P-re<l
M * 2
Pl
Keeping relation (12) in mind, Rreq can also be expressed by :
_ 6p.req
re(l"
where is the sum of elastic rotations at supports for a equivalent beam of length
Leq = (M.eq + L2.eq)/2 = Mpi -- (20)
From the following basic requirement to be checked :
p.req - p.avail
the rotation capacity criterion to be satisfied is :
Rreq(Tl,T2) ^ Ravail(Leq) (21)
where Leq given by (20 or 1 1) and Rreq by (19)
3.4 Summary tabk
Figure 6 a
ep.req * ep.avail or KreqCTi.Tj) Ravailêq)
3p.avail or âvailO-) S'vcn >' formulae or tsbles
2 EI T1T2 n
Rreq(TlT2) ~ , j. + j, 9p.req
Mpl
Leq-Mp^-U+ i-)
Figure 6 b
preq
Mpi
Figure 6 c
p.req - ep.avail or RreqCr) ^ Ravail(Leq)
ep.avail or RavailiL) given by formulae or tables
El
Rreq~'
P-rcq
2M,
M
pl
Pl
-eq
p.reqêp.avail <>r RreqCT) * ^vaild-eq)
ep.avail or Ravail^) given by formulae or tables
2
P-rcq
^req
M
2 M
pi
pi
238
Application to our study on rotation capacity of frames
PEP micro program gives :
9pd : Required plastic rotation for the reference loading (load factor = 1 )
0pU : Required plastic rotation at failure (ay)
The required rotation capacity is computed as follows :
Plastic hinge at mid span
TdlTd2
_ EITdl+Td2ep<i
^ " 2 Mpl2
T(j] : shear force on the left of the plastic hinge
at load factor 1
Tjj2 : shear force on the right of the plastic
hinge at load factor 1
TulTu2
Ru-re
T : Shear force in plastic hinge at load

factor 1 (U.L.S)
^ E 1 Tu 6pU
^.req 2 x. 2
Mpl
Tu : Shear force in plastic hinge at failure
239
Application to our study on rotation capacity of frames
PEP micro program gives :
9pd : Required plastic rotation for the reference loading (load factor = 1 )
0pU : Required plastic rotation at failure (ay)
The required rotation capacity is computed as follows :
Plastic hinge at mid span
TdlTd2
_ EITdl+Td2ep<i
^ " 2 Mpl2
T(j] : shear force on the left of the plastic hinge
at load factor 1
Tjj2 : shear force on the right of the plastic
hinge at load factor 1
TulTu2
Ru-re
T : Shear force in plastic hinge at load

factor 1 (U.L.S)
^ E 1 Tu 6pU
^.req 2 x. 2
Mpl
Tu : Shear force in plastic hinge at failure
239
ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
Six types of portal frame have been studied. They are submitted to concentrated loads as
indicated in Figure 1.
Type
Numbe
r
of
cases
1 J 1 1
1
15
1 1 1
2
19
i 1 J 1
3
14
1 1
1
4
15
1 1 i
5
12
illllii
li 1 1 li 1
lili
6
4
Figure 7
For each type of portal frame, many cases are considered by varying the parameters such as
the height, the span, the profiles ...
The following results are given :
- Table containing all the data and all the results of the design criteria
- Tabic containing the mean values and the maximum values of the plastic rotations
and of the plastic rotation capacities, under the design loads and at collapse.
- Graph of the plastic rotations
- Graph of the plastic rotation capacities
4.1 Portal frames of type 1
r - 1- 1- 1-
Figure 8
240
ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
Six types of portal frame have been studied. They are submitted to concentrated loads as
indicated in Figure 1.
Type
Numbe
r
of
cases
1 J 1 1
1
15
1 1 1
2
19
i 1 J 1
3
14
1 1
1
4
15
1 1 i
5
12
illllii
li 1 1 li 1
lili
6
4
Figure 7
For each type of portal frame, many cases are considered by varying the parameters such as
the height, the span, the profiles ...
The following results are given :
- Table containing all the data and all the results of the design criteria
- Tabic containing the mean values and the maximum values of the plastic rotations
and of the plastic rotation capacities, under the design loads and at collapse.
- Graph of the plastic rotations
- Graph of the plastic rotation capacities
r - 1- 1- 1-
Figure 8
240
PORTAL FRAMES : TYPE 1
<= * s *
BO
| Frame n
h
1 L
|Coiumn/R
j Column/C
Beam
H
V
j aer
al
1 au
Nsd facti
Msd facti
Tf
I Deflect.
1 TDeflect.
I Mpl
iy
| Hinge
9pd
Tdl
Td2
Rd.req
Opu
Tul
Tu2
J Ru.req
|Mechanis
S m
Ll
300
300
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
1325
53000
2,04
4,35
0,939
1,018
13248
639870
0,98
1,69
0,85
0,62
0,41
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00645
4539
8710
0,49
0,00864
4563
8931
0,67
1
1.2
300
400
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
1025
41000
1,92
4,62
0,982
1,046
10101
558780
0,84
L54
0,77
0,89
0,44
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00240
3825
6414
0.15
0,01257
4042
- 6542
0.81
2
1.3
300
500
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
850
34000
1,85
4,79
0,993
1,047
8326
540900
0,79
1,48
0,74
1,25
0,50
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00120
3336
5163
0,06
0.01511
3567
5567
0.85
2
1.4
300
600
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
750
30000
1,86
4,76
0,968
1,014
7377
602870
1,49
0,75
1,75
0,58
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00880
3036
4463
0,41
0,01700
3170
4570
0,82
2
1.5
300
700
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
650
26000
1,81
4,90
0,980
1,022
6343
568020
1,44
0,72
2,26
0,65
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00470
2685
3815
0,19
0,01840
2844
3944
0,79
2
1.6
300
800
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
575
23000
1,78
4,99
0,987
1,024
5614
563850
1,14
0,57
2,83
0,70
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00350
2428
3322
0,13
0,01975
2572
3572
0,76
2
1.7
300
300
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
1600
48000
2,41
4,72
0,983
1,050
12283
616030
0,93
1,93
0,97
0,61
0,40
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00174
4021
7978
0,12
0,00950
3673
8949
0,64
1
1.81
300
400
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220J
1333
40000
2,39J
4,761
0,962|
1,028
10018
627840
0,911
1,92
0,96|
0,96
0,47
6706801
27721
Node 3
0,00510
3549
6451
0,30
0,00920
3601
6705
0,56
2
Table 1.1
241
PORTAL FRAMES : TYPE 1
<= * s *
BO
| Frame n
h
1 L
|Coiumn/R
j Column/C
Beam
H
V
j aer
al
1 au
Nsd facti
Msd facti
Tf
I Deflect.
1 TDeflect.
I Mpl
iy
| Hinge
9pd
Tdl
Td2
Rd.req
Opu
Tul
Tu2
J Ru.req
|Mechanis
S m
Ll
300
300
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
1325
53000
2,04
4,35
0,939
1,018
13248
639870
0,98
1,69
0,85
0,62
0,41
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00645
4539
8710
0,49
0,00864
4563
8931
0,67
1
1.2
300
400
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
1025
41000
1,92
4,62
0,982
1,046
10101
558780
0,84
L54
0,77
0,89
0,44
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00240
3825
6414
0.15
0,01257
4042
- 6542
0.81
2
1.3
300
500
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
850
34000
1,85
4,79
0,993
1,047
8326
540900
0,79
1,48
0,74
1,25
0,50
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00120
3336
5163
0,06
0.01511
3567
5567
0.85
2
1.4
300
600
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
750
30000
1,86
4,76
0,968
1,014
7377
602870
1,49
0,75
1,75
0,58
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00880
3036
4463
0,41
0,01700
3170
4570
0,82
2
1.5
300
700
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
650
26000
1,81
4,90
0,980
1,022
6343
568020
1,44
0,72
2,26
0,65
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00470
2685
3815
0,19
0,01840
2844
3944
0,79
2
1.6
300
800
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
575
23000
1,78
4,99
0,987
1,024
5614
563850
1,14
0,57
2,83
0,70
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00350
2428
3322
0,13
0,01975
2572
3572
0,76
2
1.7
300
300
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
1600
48000
2,41
4,72
0,983
1,050
12283
616030
0,93
1,93
0,97
0,61
0,40
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00174
4021
7978
0,12
0,00950
3673
8949
0,64
1
1.81
300
400
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220J
1333
40000
2,39J
4,761
0,962|
1,028
10018
627840
0,911
1,92
0,96|
0,96
0,47
6706801
27721
Node 3
0,00510
3549
6451
0,30
0,00920
3601
6705
0,56
2
Table 1.1
241
PORTAL FRAMES : Type 1 (continued)
Frame n
h
L
Column/R
Column/C
Beam
H
V
aer
al
au
Nsd facti
Msd facti
Tf
Deflect.
TDeflect.
Mpl
iy
Hinge
6pd
Tdl
Td2
Rd.req
8pu
Tul
Tu2
Ru.req
Mechanis
m
1.9
300
500
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
1133
34000
2,37
4,80
0,957
1,012
8408
625060
0,89
1,90
0,95
1,35
0,54
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00729
3172
5327
0,38
0,01209
3259
5356
0,63
2
1.10
300
600
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
967
29000
2,31
4,93
0,970
1,018
7147
604120
1,84
0,92
1,81
0,60
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00601
2834
4416
0,27
0,01410
2942
4455
0,65
2
1.11
300
700
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
833
25000
2,23
5,10
0,991
1,035
6154
573510
1,77
0,88
2,30
0,66
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00211
2539
3710
0,08
0,01570
2668
3812
0,64
2
1.12
300
800
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
750
22500
2,23
5,10
0,983
1,022
5532
588820
1,77
0.88
2,93
0,73
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00445
2329
3295
0,16
0,01710
2432
3328
0,62
2
1.13
300
400
IPE 270
IPE 160
IPE 220
1050
42000
1,74
5,09
0,981
1,036
10506
615630
0,71
1,38
0,69
0,86
0,43
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00247
4112
6388
0,16
0,00713
4189
6706
0,48
1
1.14
300
500
IPE 270
IPE 160
IPE 220
875
35000
1,72
5,16
0,984
1,030
8696
607680
0,67
1,36
0,68
1,23
0,49
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00256
3564
5186
0,14
0,00876
3673
5358
0,49
2
1.15
350
500
IPE 270
IPE 160
IPE 220
850
34000
2,36
4,39
0,978
1,027
8487
620560J
0,69
1,91
0,82
1,28
0,51
670680
2772
Node 31
0,00362
3329
5170
0,19
0,00864
3385
5362
0,46
2
Table 12
242
Frame n
h
L
Column/R
Column/C
Beam
H
V
aer
al
au
Nsd facti
Msd facti
Tf
Deflect.
TDeflect.
Mpl
iy
Hinge
6pd
Tdl
Td2
Rd.req
8pu
Tul
Tu2
Ru.req
Mechanis
m
1.9
300
500
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
1133
34000
2,37
4,80
0,957
1,012
8408
625060
0,89
1,90
0,95
1,35
0,54
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00729
3172
5327
0,38
0,01209
3259
5356
0,63
2
1.10
300
600
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
967
29000
2,31
4,93
0,970
1,018
7147
604120
1,84
0,92
1,81
0,60
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00601
2834
4416
0,27
0,01410
2942
4455
0,65
2
1.11
300
700
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
833
25000
2,23
5,10
0,991
1,035
6154
573510
1,77
0,88
2,30
0,66
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00211
2539
3710
0,08
0,01570
2668
3812
0,64
2
1.12
300
800
IPE 240
IPE 140
IPE 220
750
22500
2,23
5,10
0,983
1,022
5532
588820
1,77
0.88
2,93
0,73
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00445
2329
3295
0,16
0,01710
2432
3328
0,62
2
1.13
300
400
IPE 270
IPE 160
IPE 220
1050
42000
1,74
5,09
0,981
1,036
10506
615630
0,71
1,38
0,69
0,86
0,43
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00247
4112
6388
0,16
0,00713
4189
6706
0,48
1
1.14
300
500
IPE 270
IPE 160
IPE 220
875
35000
1,72
5,16
0,984
1,030
8696
607680
0,67
1,36
0,68
1,23
0,49
670680
2772
Node 3
0,00256
3564
5186
0,14
0,00876
3673
5358
0,49
2
1.15
350
500
IPE 270
IPE 160
IPE 220
850
34000
2,36
4,39
0,978
1,027
8487
620560J
0,69
1,91
0,82
1,28
0,51
670680
2772
Node 31
0,00362
3329
5170
0,19
0,00864
3385
5362
0,46
2
Table 12
242
For type 1 , one mechanism has been obtained, but plastic hinges can appear in two different ways.
Mechanism n1
Rd mean
0,21
9pd mean
0,00298
Rdmax
0,34
Qpdmax
0,00446
Rumean
0,54
Gpu mean
0,00842
Rumax
0,64
Bpumax
0,00950
5
Rdmean
0,19
Rdmax
0,41
Rujnsaii
0,59
9pd mean
Opdmax
- . .
Mechanism n2
0,00398 0,00880
9pu mean
0,01296
Rumax
0,69
e_u_max.
0,01970
Table 13
These graphs show the required rotation capacities and the plastic rotations for the frames at load
factor 1 .00 and at collapse.
1
1
IiiIIIIjii
'V
IB
I
hi
II
J--4J
IS B g
PM* M1
2
-1- -
1
Graph 1.1 : Required plastic rotation Graph 1.2 : Required rotation capacity
243
For type 1 , one mechanism has been obtained, but plastic hinges can appear in two different ways.
Mechanism n1
Rd mean
0,21
9pd mean
0,00298
Rdmax
0,34
Qpdmax
0,00446
Rumean
0,54
Gpu mean
0,00842
Rumax
0,64
Bpumax
0,00950
5
Rdmean
0,19
Rdmax
0,41
Rujnsaii
0,59
9pd mean
Opdmax
- . .
Mechanism n2
0,00398 0,00880
9pu mean
0,01296
Rumax
0,69
e_u_max.
0,01970
Table 13
1
1
IiiIIIIjii
'V
IB
I
hi
II
J--4J
IS B g
PM* M1
2
-1- -
1
Graph 1.1 : Required plastic rotation Graph 1.2 : Required rotation capacity
243
r - 1- 1- r
Figure 9
244
r - 1- 1- r
Figure 9
244
PORTAL FRAMES : Type 2
| Frame n
h
L
| Column/R
C0lumn/C
| Beam
H
1 v
1 acr
al
1 au
Nsd Central
Msd Central
Tf
Nsd Edge
1 Msd Edge
1 rf

j Deflect.
| rDeflect,
8 Mpl
I ly
H Hinge
I 6pd
1 Tdl
I Td2
} Rd.req
6pu
Tul
Tu2
Ru.req
1 Hingen0
ePd
Td
Rd.req
6pu
Tu
Ru.req
Mechanism
2.1
300
300
IPE 240
IPE 200
IPE 220
1425
5700
1,26
7,04
0,918
1,065
30142
193210
0,93
14400
527290
0,85
0,97
0,49
0,47
0,31
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00159
5297
8953
0,14
0,0219
6284
8928
2,09
Node 5
0,00230
8953
0,53
0,01460
8908
3,37
1
2.2
300
400
LPE240
180
IPE 220
1125
45000
1,26
7,06
0,918
1,042
23435
153200
0,93
11372
569890
0,86
0,97
0,48
0,77
0,39
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00574
4543
6707
0,40
0,0271
5061
6680
2,34
Node 5
0,00452
6707
0.78
0.01753
6664
3,02
1
2.3
300
500
IPE 240
IPE 180
220
950
38000
1,16
7,63
0,889
1,018
19345
159311
0,85
9734
633680
0,93
0,88
0.44
1.13
0,45
670690
2772
Node 3
0,01317
4147
5352
0,80
0,0306
4357
5328
2,11
Node 5
0,00908
5352
126
0,02030
5327
2,80
2
2.4
300
600
IPE 240
IPE 180
IPE 220
800
32000
1,06
8,37
0,898
1,025
16316
133730
0,70
8119
614490
0,88
0,79
0.40
1,53
0,51
670690
2772
Node 3
0,01147
3544
4456
0,59
0,02876
3782
4432
1,65
Node 5
0,00856
4456
0,99
0,01947
4422
2,23
2
2.5
300
700
IPE 240
IPE 180
IPE 220
700
28000
1,00
8,90
0,896
1,015
14166
128970
0,66
7124
635610
0,90
0,75
0,38
2,03
0,58
670690
2772
Node 3
0,01458
3190
3810
0,66
0,02769
3330
3791
1,36
Node 5
0,01054
3810
1,04
0.0189C
3784
1,85
2
261
300
800
IPE 240
IPE 180
IPE 220
600
24000J
0,91
9,75
0,928
1,044
12357
86140
0,50
5965
563920
0,79
0,68
0,34
2,5
0,63
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00376
2659
3340
0,14
0,02716
. 2968
3311
1,16
Node 5
0,00487
3340
0,42
0,01862
3303
1,59
2
Table 2.1
245
| Frame n
h
L
| Column/R
C0lumn/C
| Beam
H
1 v
1 acr
al
1 au
Nsd Central
Msd Central
Tf
Nsd Edge
1 Msd Edge
1 rf

j Deflect.
| rDeflect,
8 Mpl
I ly
H Hinge
I 6pd
1 Tdl
I Td2
} Rd.req
6pu
Tul
Tu2
Ru.req
1 Hingen0
ePd
Td
Rd.req
6pu
Tu
Ru.req
Mechanism
2.1
300
300
IPE 240
IPE 200
IPE 220
1425
5700
1,26
7,04
0,918
1,065
30142
193210
0,93
14400
527290
0,85
0,97
0,49
0,47
0,31
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00159
5297
8953
0,14
0,0219
6284
8928
2,09
Node 5
0,00230
8953
0,53
0,01460
8908
3,37
1
2.2
300
400
LPE240
180
IPE 220
1125
45000
1,26
7,06
0,918
1,042
23435
153200
0,93
11372
569890
0,86
0,97
0,48
0,77
0,39
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00574
4543
6707
0,40
0,0271
5061
6680
2,34
Node 5
0,00452
6707
0.78
0.01753
6664
3,02
1
2.3
300
500
IPE 240
IPE 180
220
950
38000
1,16
7,63
0,889
1,018
19345
159311
0,85
9734
633680
0,93
0,88
0.44
1.13
0,45
670690
2772
Node 3
0,01317
4147
5352
0,80
0,0306
4357
5328
2,11
Node 5
0,00908
5352
126
0,02030
5327
2,80
2
2.4
300
600
IPE 240
IPE 180
IPE 220
800
32000
1,06
8,37
0,898
1,025
16316
133730
0,70
8119
614490
0,88
0,79
0.40
1,53
0,51
670690
2772
Node 3
0,01147
3544
4456
0,59
0,02876
3782
4432
1,65
Node 5
0,00856
4456
0,99
0,01947
4422
2,23
2
2.5
300
700
IPE 240
IPE 180
IPE 220
700
28000
1,00
8,90
0,896
1,015
14166
128970
0,66
7124
635610
0,90
0,75
0,38
2,03
0,58
670690
2772
Node 3
0,01458
3190
3810
0,66
0,02769
3330
3791
1,36
Node 5
0,01054
3810
1,04
0.0189C
3784
1,85
2
261
300
800
IPE 240
IPE 180
IPE 220
600
24000J
0,91
9,75
0,928
1,044
12357
86140
0,50
5965
563920
0,79
0,68
0,34
2,5
0,63
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00376
2659
3340
0,14
0,02716
. 2968
3311
1,16
Node 5
0,00487
3340
0,42
0,01862
3303
1,59
2
Table 2.1
245
Frame n
h
L
Column/R
Column/C
Beam
H
V
a.cr
a.l
a.u
Nsd/C
Msd/C
Tf
I Nsd/R
Msd/R
Tf
Deflect.
rDeflect.
1 Mpl
iy
Hinge
8pd
Tdl
Td2
1 Rd.req
1 pu
Tul
Tu2
Ru.req
1 Hinge
God
Td
Rd.req
9pu
Tu
Ru.req
Mechanism
2.7
350
300
IPE 240
IPE 220
IPE 220
1425
57000
1,69
6,13
0,866
1,044
29682
279530
0,90
14864
577660
0,92
1,32
0,56
0,48
0,32
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00620
5300
8950
0,53
0,02444
5979
8930
2,27
Node 5
0,00573
.8950
1,33
0.0174C
893C
4,02
2.8
400
300
IPE 240
EPE 220
IPE 220
1400
56000
2^8
4,97
0,854
1,017
28956
336720
1,00
14964
625140
0,99
1,91
0,72
0,50
0,33
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00968
5052
8950
0.81
0,01429
5317
8943
1,23
Node5
0,00780
8950
1.81
0.0104C
1 894]
2.41
3
2.9
450
300
IPE 240
IPE 240
EPE 220
1375
55000
2,85
4,67
0,820
1,019
28377
409650
0,90
14939
620760
0,99
231
0.77
0,48
0,32
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00984
4801
8948
0,80
0,01479
5067
8943
U4
Node 5
0,00915
8948
2.12
0.01202
8943
2,71
3
2.10
500
300
EPE 240
PE 240
EPE 220
1325
53000
3,66
4,04
0,823
1,017
27524
440070
0,94
14544
621800
0,99
3,05
0.92
040
033
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00834
4299
8951
0,63
0,01334
4531
8946
1,04
Node 5
0,00854
8951
1,91
0,01 144
8946
2,6
3
2.11
350
400
EPE 240
EPE 200
EPE 220
1125
45000
1,65
6,27
0,875
1,026
23158
221650
0,88
11646
610730
0,92
1,29
0,55
0,77
0,39
670690
2772
Node 3
0,01075
4546
6704
0,75
0,03094
4889
6679
2,26
Node 5
0,00816
6703
1,42
0,02132
, 667S
3.6S
2
2.12
400
400
EPE 240
PE 200
IPE 220
1100
44000
2,31
5,13
0,872
1,014
22651
253890
0,96
11531
631840
0,95
1,84
0,69
0,81
0,41
670690
2772
Node 3
0,01284
4296
6074
0,84
0,0175
4473
6699
Ui
Node 5
0,00936
6704
1,62
0,01165
669S
> 2,:
; ;
2.131
450
400
IPE 240
IPE 200
EPE 220
1050
42000
3,01
4,41
0,891
1,026
22014
250940
0,95J
109251
591850
0,90
2,471
0,82
0,82
0,41
670690
2772
Node 3J
0,00783
3790
6710
0,49
0,017
4096
6702
1.12
Node 5
0,00663
6709
1,15
> 0,01165
) 6702
> 2,02
5 3
Table 22
246
Frame n
h
L
Column/R
Column/C
Beam
H
V
a.cr
a.l
a.u
Nsd/C
Msd/C
Tf
I Nsd/R
Msd/R
Tf
Deflect.
rDeflect.
1 Mpl
iy
Hinge
8pd
Tdl
Td2
1 Rd.req
1 pu
Tul
Tu2
Ru.req
1 Hinge
God
Td
Rd.req
9pu
Tu
Ru.req
Mechanism
2.7
350
300
IPE 240
IPE 220
IPE 220
1425
57000
1,69
6,13
0,866
1,044
29682
279530
0,90
14864
577660
0,92
1,32
0,56
0,48
0,32
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00620
5300
8950
0,53
0,02444
5979
8930
2,27
Node 5
0,00573
.8950
1,33
0.0174C
893C
4,02
2.8
400
300
IPE 240
EPE 220
IPE 220
1400
56000
2^8
4,97
0,854
1,017
28956
336720
1,00
14964
625140
0,99
1,91
0,72
0,50
0,33
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00968
5052
8950
0.81
0,01429
5317
8943
1,23
Node5
0,00780
8950
1.81
0.0104C
1 894]
2.41
3
2.9
450
300
IPE 240
IPE 240
EPE 220
1375
55000
2,85
4,67
0,820
1,019
28377
409650
0,90
14939
620760
0,99
231
0.77
0,48
0,32
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00984
4801
8948
0,80
0,01479
5067
8943
U4
Node 5
0,00915
8948
2.12
0.01202
8943
2,71
3
2.10
500
300
EPE 240
PE 240
EPE 220
1325
53000
3,66
4,04
0,823
1,017
27524
440070
0,94
14544
621800
0,99
3,05
0.92
040
033
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00834
4299
8951
0,63
0,01334
4531
8946
1,04
Node 5
0,00854
8951
1,91
0,01 144
8946
2,6
3
2.11
350
400
EPE 240
EPE 200
EPE 220
1125
45000
1,65
6,27
0,875
1,026
23158
221650
0,88
11646
610730
0,92
1,29
0,55
0,77
0,39
670690
2772
Node 3
0,01075
4546
6704
0,75
0,03094
4889
6679
2,26
Node 5
0,00816
6703
1,42
0,02132
, 667S
3.6S
2
2.12
400
400
EPE 240
PE 200
IPE 220
1100
44000
2,31
5,13
0,872
1,014
22651
253890
0,96
11531
631840
0,95
1,84
0,69
0,81
0,41
670690
2772
Node 3
0,01284
4296
6074
0,84
0,0175
4473
6699
Ui
Node 5
0,00936
6704
1,62
0,01165
669S
> 2,:
; ;
2.131
450
400
IPE 240
IPE 200
EPE 220
1050
42000
3,01
4,41
0,891
1,026
22014
250940
0,95J
109251
591850
0,90
2,471
0,82
0,82
0,41
670690
2772
Node 3J
0,00783
3790
6710
0,49
0,017
4096
6702
1.12
Node 5
0,00663
6709
1,15
> 0,01165
) 6702
> 2,02
5 3
Table 22
246
| Frame n
h
L
Column/R
Clumn/C
Beam
1 v
1 aer
1 ai
au
! Nsd
| Msd
I rf
| Nsd
I Msd
1 rf
1

I Deflect.
j rDeflect.
! Mpl
I ly
| Hinge
1 6pd
1 Tdl
1 Td2
j Rd.req
1 6pu
1 Tul
i Tu2
| Ru.req
| Hinge
| 6pd
Td
Rd.req
8pu
1 Tu
I Ru.req
\ Mechanism
2.14
500
400
IPE 240
IPE 220
IPE 220
1000
40000
337
4,39
0,889
1,065
21411
260350
0,77
10241
508630
0,79
2,77
0,83
0,77
0,38
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00000
3338
6662
0,00
0.0176
3967
6704
1,14
Node 5
0,00317
6662
0.55
0,01349
6704
2.34
3
2.15
300
400
IPE 270
IPE 200
IPE 240
1425
57000
1,09
8,14
0,938
1,063
29 980
171 490
0,88
14 223
681 820
0,80
0,83
0,42
0,69
0,35
861 5101
3891,6
Node 3
0,00150
5661
8589
0.11
0.02340
6592
8554
1,92
Node 5
0.00205
8589
039
0.01520
8554
2.86
1
2.16
300
500
EPE 300
IPE 220
IPE 270
1625
65000
0,94
9,44
0,891
1,018
33 005
266 900
0,92
16 665!
1 086 900
0,95
0,70
0,35
0,94
0,38
1 137 400
5789,8
Node 3
0,01143
7186
9064
0,86
0,02289
7512
9036
1,76
Node 5
0,00765
9064
130
0,01510
9036
2,56
1 2
2.17
300
600
IPE 300
EPE 200
PE 270
1375
55000
0,97
9,14
0,904
1,011
27 852
217 280
0,94
14 047
1 108 600
0,94
0,73
0,37
1,32
0,44
1 137 400
5789,8
Node 3
0,01320
6208
7442
0,84
0,02840
6393
7507
1,84
Node 5
0,00827
7442
1,16
0,01822
7507
2,57
2
2.18
300
700
IPE 330
IPE 200
IPE 300
1500
60000
0,89
9,97
0,946
1,036
30 924
174 020
0,90
14 953
1 283 100
0,85
0,66
0,33
1,55
0,44
1 476 740
8356,1
Node 3
0,00555
6602
8398
0,33
0,02410
7189
8346
1,50
Node 5
0,00384
8398
0,52
0,01466
8346
1,9:
1
2.19|
300
800
EPE 330
IPE 200
IPE 300
1350
54000
0,85
10,44
0,905
1,047
27 656
178 970
0,85
13 451
1 273 000
0,84
0,64
0,32
2,03
0,51
1 476 740
8356,1
Node 3
0,01062
6171
7329
0,57
0,02598
6474
7271
1,43
Node 5
0,00669
7379
0,79
0,01890
7271
2,21
2
Table 23
247
| Frame n
h
L
Column/R
Clumn/C
Beam
1 v
1 aer
1 ai
au
! Nsd
| Msd
I rf
| Nsd
I Msd
1 rf
1

I Deflect.
j rDeflect.
! Mpl
I ly
| Hinge
1 6pd
1 Tdl
1 Td2
j Rd.req
1 6pu
1 Tul
i Tu2
| Ru.req
| Hinge
| 6pd
Td
Rd.req
8pu
1 Tu
I Ru.req
\ Mechanism
2.14
500
400
IPE 240
IPE 220
IPE 220
1000
40000
337
4,39
0,889
1,065
21411
260350
0,77
10241
508630
0,79
2,77
0,83
0,77
0,38
670690
2772
Node 3
0,00000
3338
6662
0,00
0.0176
3967
6704
1,14
Node 5
0,00317
6662
0.55
0,01349
6704
2.34
3
2.15
300
400
IPE 270
IPE 200
IPE 240
1425
57000
1,09
8,14
0,938
1,063
29 980
171 490
0,88
14 223
681 820
0,80
0,83
0,42
0,69
0,35
861 5101
3891,6
Node 3
0,00150
5661
8589
0.11
0.02340
6592
8554
1,92
Node 5
0.00205
8589
039
0.01520
8554
2.86
1
2.16
300
500
EPE 300
IPE 220
IPE 270
1625
65000
0,94
9,44
0,891
1,018
33 005
266 900
0,92
16 665!
1 086 900
0,95
0,70
0,35
0,94
0,38
1 137 400
5789,8
Node 3
0,01143
7186
9064
0,86
0,02289
7512
9036
1,76
Node 5
0,00765
9064
130
0,01510
9036
2,56
1 2
2.17
300
600
IPE 300
EPE 200
PE 270
1375
55000
0,97
9,14
0,904
1,011
27 852
217 280
0,94
14 047
1 108 600
0,94
0,73
0,37
1,32
0,44
1 137 400
5789,8
Node 3
0,01320
6208
7442
0,84
0,02840
6393
7507
1,84
Node 5
0,00827
7442
1,16
0,01822
7507
2,57
2
2.18
300
700
IPE 330
IPE 200
IPE 300
1500
60000
0,89
9,97
0,946
1,036
30 924
174 020
0,90
14 953
1 283 100
0,85
0,66
0,33
1,55
0,44
1 476 740
8356,1
Node 3
0,00555
6602
8398
0,33
0,02410
7189
8346
1,50
Node 5
0,00384
8398
0,52
0,01466
8346
1,9:
1
2.19|
300
800
EPE 330
IPE 200
IPE 300
1350
54000
0,85
10,44
0,905
1,047
27 656
178 970
0,85
13 451
1 273 000
0,84
0,64
0,32
2,03
0,51
1 476 740
8356,1
Node 3
0,01062
6171
7329
0,57
0,02598
6474
7271
1,43
Node 5
0,00669
7379
0,79
0,01890
7271
2,21
2
Table 23
247
*-
2
. .
Mechanism 1
Rd mean
0,24
9pd mean
0,00360
Rd may
0,40
9pdmax
0,00570
Ru mean
1,96
\ mean
0,00241
Ru max
2,34
Opumax
0,0271
-. .
Mechanism n2
Rd mean
0,57
3pd mean
0,0095
RiLmax.
0,86
Rumean
1,58
Rmnax
2,26
9pdmax
0,0140
9pu mean
0,0247
9pu max
0,0310
<--
L L
Mechanism n-3
Rdmean
0,59
9pdmean
0,00810
Rdmax
0,83
Rumean
1,16
Rumax
1,23
gpdmax
0,0128
9pumean
Qpumax
0,0158 0,0170
Table 2.4 : plastic hinge at mid span
a
I li.i.. 1 . 1 1 !
iirmirrprriiirni
r rip 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ir
Graph 2.1 : Plastic rotation for hinge at mid Graph 22 : Required rotation capacity for
span hinge at mid span
248
*-
2
. .
Mechanism 1
Rd mean
0,24
9pd mean
0,00360
Rd may
0,40
9pdmax
0,00570
Ru mean
1,96
\ mean
0,00241
Ru max
2,34
Opumax
0,0271
-. .
Mechanism n2
Rd mean
0,57
3pd mean
0,0095
RiLmax.
0,86
Rumean
1,58
Rmnax
2,26
9pdmax
0,0140
9pu mean
0,0247
9pu max
0,0310
<--
L L
Mechanism n-3
Rdmean
0,59
9pdmean
0,00810
Rdmax
0,83
Rumean
1,16
Rumax
1,23
gpdmax
0,0128
9pumean
Qpumax
0,0158 0,0170
Table 2.4 : plastic hinge at mid span
a
I li.i.. 1 . 1 1 !
iirmirrprriiirni
r rip 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ir
Graph 2.1 : Plastic rotation for hinge at mid Graph 22 : Required rotation capacity for
span hinge at mid span
248
--" 1
Mechanism 1
Mechanism n2
Rdmean
0,55
9pd mean
0,00320
Rd mean
0,97
9pd mean
0,0070
Rdmax
0,78
9pd max
0,00450
Rd max
1,41
9pdmax
0,0105
Rumean
2,81
9pu mean
0,0155
Kiunsan
2,35
Rumas
3,36
9pu max
0,01750
9pu mean
0,0168
Klimax
4,02
9j2u_max.
0,0213
<-
Rdmean
1,54
A .0.
Mechanism n3
Qpdmean
0,0074
RsLmax.
2,12
fpdjnax.
0,0094
Rumean
2,37
Rumax
2,78
9pu mean
0,0118
fipujnax.
0,0135
Table 2.5 : Plastic hinge at beam end
fis
D
jJjLiIii,
flllN II
I III lilil ir
; V \' < \' V li \' V \' '
Graph 2.3 : Plastic rotation at beam end Graph 2.4 : Required rotation capacity at
beam end
249
--" 1
Mechanism 1
Mechanism n2
Rdmean
0,55
9pd mean
0,00320
Rd mean
0,97
9pd mean
0,0070
Rdmax
0,78
9pd max
0,00450
Rd max
1,41
9pdmax
0,0105
Rumean
2,81
9pu mean
0,0155
Kiunsan
2,35
Rumas
3,36
9pu max
0,01750
9pu mean
0,0168
Klimax
4,02
9j2u_max.
0,0213
<-
Rdmean
1,54
A .0.
Mechanism n3
Qpdmean
0,0074
RsLmax.
2,12
fpdjnax.
0,0094
Rumean
2,37
Rumax
2,78
9pu mean
0,0118
fipujnax.
0,0135
fis
D
jJjLiIii,
flllN II
I III lilil ir
; V \' < \' V li \' V \' '
Graph 2.3 : Plastic rotation at beam end Graph 2.4 : Required rotation capacity at
beam end
249
Figure 10
250
Figure 10
250
| Frame n
h
L
| Column /R
| Column /C
| Beam
H
1 v
dx5f=0.7
i
.1
1 a.u
Nsdf=l.
Msdl f=l.
Msd2 f=l.
ft rf
ft dx5f=0.7
1 rdx
j dy3f=0.7
j Tdeflect
Mpl
ly
NHinge
mi trave
1 pd
S Tdl
S Td2
f Rd.req
1 6pu
1 Tul
1 Tu2
J Ru.req
NHinge sur
appuis
I pd
1 Td
] Rd.req
1 6pu
Tu
Ru.req
Mechanism
3.1
300
300
EPE 240
EPE 180
EPE 220
2267
68000
132
8,61
0,860
1,047
16 931
-664 890
657 720
0,98
0,50
035
0,58
0,39
670 690
2 772
Node 3
0,01924
8078
8921
2,11
0,02870
8894
8898
3,30
Node 5
0,00821
8550
0,91
0,01336
8898
1,54
1
33
500
300
EPE 300
EPE 180
EPE 220
2267
68000
3,09
6,13
0,827
1,048
16 983
-977 070
672 100
0,84
130
0,36
0,67
0,45
670 690
2 772
Node 3
0,02193
8072
8928
2,41
0,03111
8908
8913
3,59
Node 5
0,00861
7529
0.84
0.00938
8913
1.0
1
3.3
300
600
EPE 300
PE 200
PE 270
1933
58000
0,89
12,78
0,939
1,046
14 194
-770 160
969 990
0,82
034
0,12
1,13
038
1 137 400
5 790
Node 3
0,00912
6917
7582
0,62
0,01565
7582
7582
1,12
Node 5
0,00475
7352
033
0,01672
7582
MS
3.4
500
600
PE 300
PE 200
PE 270
1933
58000
2,85
6,64
0,884
1,035
14 378
-1 066 500
1 076 800
0,89
1,00
030
1,16
0,39
1 137 400
5 790
Node 3
0,02550
6972
7528
1.74
0,03480
7502
7504
2,45
Node 5
0,00119
9480
0,11
0,01515
7504
> 1,01
1
3.5
500
600
PE 330
PE 220
PE 300
2467
74000
2,64
7,18
0,896
1,053
18 251
-1 293 500
1 341 700
0,87
0,90
037
1,14
0,38
1 476 740
8 356
Node 3.
0,01950
8716
9783
1,45
0,03178
9741
9745
2,49
Node 5
0,00902
9735
0,71
0,0083
974
0,6i
]
3.6
300
600
PE 330
PE 200
PE 300
1850
74000
0,72
12,34
0,960
1,064
17 983
-845 380
1 184 700
0,80
0,17
0,09
1,12
0,37
1 476 740
8 356
Node 3.
0,00505
8661
9838
O37
0,01310
9837
9838
1,04
Node 5
0,00268
9389
03c
0.0127S
> 983S
> 1,01
:
3.71
50|
8001
IPE 360
PE200J
IPE 3301
18001
72000|
1,13
13.09J
0,929|
1,050|
17 585J
-1 272 9001
1 577 7001
0,8 lj
0,52
0,15
130
030!
1 890 1051
11767J
Node 3j
0,013241
8553
9447
0,82
0,02160
9446
9447
1,41
Node 5
0,00861
8502
0,51
l 0,01368
> 9446
0,89
I 2
Table 3.1
251
| Frame n
h
L
| Column /R
| Column /C
| Beam
H
1 v
dx5f=0.7
i
.1
1 a.u
Nsdf=l.
Msdl f=l.
Msd2 f=l.
ft rf
ft dx5f=0.7
1 rdx
j dy3f=0.7
j Tdeflect
Mpl
ly
NHinge
mi trave
1 pd
S Tdl
S Td2
f Rd.req
1 6pu
1 Tul
1 Tu2
J Ru.req
NHinge sur
appuis
I pd
1 Td
] Rd.req
1 6pu
Tu
Ru.req
Mechanism
3.1
300
300
EPE 240
EPE 180
EPE 220
2267
68000
132
8,61
0,860
1,047
16 931
-664 890
657 720
0,98
0,50
035
0,58
0,39
670 690
2 772
Node 3
0,01924
8078
8921
2,11
0,02870
8894
8898
3,30
Node 5
0,00821
8550
0,91
0,01336
8898
1,54
1
33
500
300
EPE 300
EPE 180
EPE 220
2267
68000
3,09
6,13
0,827
1,048
16 983
-977 070
672 100
0,84
130
0,36
0,67
0,45
670 690
2 772
Node 3
0,02193
8072
8928
2,41
0,03111
8908
8913
3,59
Node 5
0,00861
7529
0.84
0.00938
8913
1.0
1
3.3
300
600
EPE 300
PE 200
PE 270
1933
58000
0,89
12,78
0,939
1,046
14 194
-770 160
969 990
0,82
034
0,12
1,13
038
1 137 400
5 790
Node 3
0,00912
6917
7582
0,62
0,01565
7582
7582
1,12
Node 5
0,00475
7352
033
0,01672
7582
MS
3.4
500
600
PE 300
PE 200
PE 270
1933
58000
2,85
6,64
0,884
1,035
14 378
-1 066 500
1 076 800
0,89
1,00
030
1,16
0,39
1 137 400
5 790
Node 3
0,02550
6972
7528
1.74
0,03480
7502
7504
2,45
Node 5
0,00119
9480
0,11
0,01515
7504
> 1,01
1
3.5
500
600
PE 330
PE 220
PE 300
2467
74000
2,64
7,18
0,896
1,053
18 251
-1 293 500
1 341 700
0,87
0,90
037
1,14
0,38
1 476 740
8 356
Node 3.
0,01950
8716
9783
1,45
0,03178
9741
9745
2,49
Node 5
0,00902
9735
0,71
0,0083
974
0,6i
]
3.6
300
600
PE 330
PE 200
PE 300
1850
74000
0,72
12,34
0,960
1,064
17 983
-845 380
1 184 700
0,80
0,17
0,09
1,12
0,37
1 476 740
8 356
Node 3.
0,00505
8661
9838
O37
0,01310
9837
9838
1,04
Node 5
0,00268
9389
03c
0.0127S
> 983S
> 1,01
:
3.71
50|
8001
IPE 360
PE200J
IPE 3301
18001
72000|
1,13
13.09J
0,929|
1,050|
17 585J
-1 272 9001
1 577 7001
0,8 lj
0,52
0,15
130
030!
1 890 1051
11767J
Node 3j
0,013241
8553
9447
0,82
0,02160
9446
9447
1,41
Node 5
0,00861
8502
0,51
l 0,01368
> 9446
0,89
I 2
Table 3.1
251
Frame n
h
L
Column /R
Column IQ.
Beam
H
V
dx5
| a.cr
a.l
a.u
Nsd
Msdl
Msd2
rf
(5)

1 Deflect
\ rDeflect.
t Mpl
1 ly
\ Hinge
I pd
1 Tdl
J Td2
| Rd.req
1 6pu
1 TuI
1 Tu2
| Ru.req
Hinge
pd
Td
Rd.req
9pu
Tu
Ru.req
Mechanism
3.8
300
300
PE240
PE180
PE220
1700
68000
1,10
8,06
0,878
1,048
16 790
-582235
615 100
0,94
0,39
030
0,55
0,37
670 690
2 772
Node 3
0,01680
8070
8930
1.84
0,02498
8906
8910
2,88
Node 5
0,00735
8929
0.85
0,01147
8910
2,65
1
3.9
300
400
IP E 270
PE 180
PE 240
1650
66000
0,94
9,44
0,908
1,036
16228
-664 180
760 340
0,86
038
0,14
0,77
0,38
861 510
3 892
Node 3
0,01330
7936
8564
1,21
0,01860
8544
8547
1,75
Node 5
0,00622
8501
0,58
0,00932
8582
1,76
1
3.10
300
500
PE 270
180
PE 240
1350
54000
0,91
9,75
0,906
1,011
13 370
-649 580
807 040
0,88
035
0,12
1,11
0,44
861 510
3 892
Node 3
0,01543
6666
6833
1,15
0,01711
6825
6827
139
Node 5
0,00859
6857
0,65
0,00999
6853
1,51
3
3.11
300
700
PE 300
PE 180
PE 270
1250
50000
0,79
1133
0,942
1,040
12226
-680 510
963 010
0,80
0,17
0,09
1,17
033
1 137 400
5 790
Node 3
0,00788
6001
6499
0,46
0,01377
6498
6498
0,84
Node 5
0,00458
6498
038
0,00948
6498
1.16
2
3.12
300
800
PE 330
PE 180
PE 300
1375
55000
0,70
12,67
0,980
1,073
13 328
-722 440
1 161000
0,76
0,14
0,07
1,19
0,30
1 476 740
8 356
Node 3.
0,00109
6371
7379
0,06
0,01233
7378
7379
0,73
Node 5
0,00106
7268
0,06
0,00880
7378
1,05
2
3.13
300
700
360
200
PE 330
2100
84000
0,68
13,04
0,936
1,028
20216
-1 103 300
1 578 000
0,83
0,15
0,07
1,14
033
1 890 105
11767
Node 3.
0,00645
10203
10797
0,47
0,01171
10796
10796
0,87
Node 5
0,00346
10797
036
0,00784
10796
1.
2
3.14
300
700
PE 240
180
220
750
30000
0,92
9,64
0,914
1,010
6 922
-440 950
629 760
0,87
032
0,11
2,07
0.59
670 6901
2 272
Node 3
0,01600
3705
3794
0,64
0,01823
3788
3788
0,73
Node 5
0,01076
3810
0,43
0,01260
3806
1,02
3
Table 32
252
Frame n
h
L
Column /R
Column IQ.
Beam
H
V
dx5
| a.cr
a.l
a.u
Nsd
Msdl
Msd2
rf
(5)

1 Deflect
\ rDeflect.
t Mpl
1 ly
\ Hinge
I pd
1 Tdl
J Td2
| Rd.req
1 6pu
1 TuI
1 Tu2
| Ru.req
Hinge
pd
Td
Rd.req
9pu
Tu
Ru.req
Mechanism
3.8
300
300
PE240
PE180
PE220
1700
68000
1,10
8,06
0,878
1,048
16 790
-582235
615 100
0,94
0,39
030
0,55
0,37
670 690
2 772
Node 3
0,01680
8070
8930
1.84
0,02498
8906
8910
2,88
Node 5
0,00735
8929
0.85
0,01147
8910
2,65
1
3.9
300
400
IP E 270
PE 180
PE 240
1650
66000
0,94
9,44
0,908
1,036
16228
-664 180
760 340
0,86
038
0,14
0,77
0,38
861 510
3 892
Node 3
0,01330
7936
8564
1,21
0,01860
8544
8547
1,75
Node 5
0,00622
8501
0,58
0,00932
8582
1,76
1
3.10
300
500
PE 270
180
PE 240
1350
54000
0,91
9,75
0,906
1,011
13 370
-649 580
807 040
0,88
035
0,12
1,11
0,44
861 510
3 892
Node 3
0,01543
6666
6833
1,15
0,01711
6825
6827
139
Node 5
0,00859
6857
0,65
0,00999
6853
1,51
3
3.11
300
700
PE 300
PE 180
PE 270
1250
50000
0,79
1133
0,942
1,040
12226
-680 510
963 010
0,80
0,17
0,09
1,17
033
1 137 400
5 790
Node 3
0,00788
6001
6499
0,46
0,01377
6498
6498
0,84
Node 5
0,00458
6498
038
0,00948
6498
1.16
2
3.12
300
800
PE 330
PE 180
PE 300
1375
55000
0,70
12,67
0,980
1,073
13 328
-722 440
1 161000
0,76
0,14
0,07
1,19
0,30
1 476 740
8 356
Node 3.
0,00109
6371
7379
0,06
0,01233
7378
7379
0,73
Node 5
0,00106
7268
0,06
0,00880
7378
1,05
2
3.13
300
700
360
200
PE 330
2100
84000
0,68
13,04
0,936
1,028
20216
-1 103 300
1 578 000
0,83
0,15
0,07
1,14
033
1 890 105
11767
Node 3.
0,00645
10203
10797
0,47
0,01171
10796
10796
0,87
Node 5
0,00346
10797
036
0,00784
10796
1.
2
3.14
300
700
PE 240
180
220
750
30000
0,92
9,64
0,914
1,010
6 922
-440 950
629 760
0,87
032
0,11
2,07
0.59
670 6901
2 272
Node 3
0,01600
3705
3794
0,64
0,01823
3788
3788
0,73
Node 5
0,01076
3810
0,43
0,01260
3806
1,02
3
Table 32
252
Mechanism 1
Rd mean
1,79
9pu mean
0,0194
Rd max
2,40
Spdjnsx
0,0255
Rumean
2,74
9pu mean
0,0283
Ru max
3,58
firn-m^
0,0348
?.
Mechanism n2
Rd msan
0,46
Rd max
0,82
Rumean
1,01
Ru max
1,41
6pd mean
0,0071
gd-max
0,0132
9pu mean
piunax
0,0147 0,0216
^~-
Mechanism n3
Rdmean
0,89
Rd max
1,14
Rumean
1,01
Ru max
1,28
Qpdmean
0,0157
9pd max
0,0160
9pu mean
0,0176
piLmax
0,0182
Table 33 : Plastic hinge at mid span
l PI 1 1
II I II III I
Graph 3.1 : Plastic rotation at mid span Graph 32 : Requ. rotation capacity at mid span
253
Mechanism 1
Rd mean
1,79
9pu mean
0,0194
Rd max
2,40
Spdjnsx
0,0255
Rumean
2,74
9pu mean
0,0283
Ru max
3,58
firn-m^
0,0348
?.
Mechanism n2
Rd msan
0,46
Rd max
0,82
Rumean
1,01
Ru max
1,41
6pd mean
0,0071
gd-max
0,0132
9pu mean
piunax
0,0147 0,0216
^~-
Mechanism n3
Rdmean
0,89
Rd max
1,14
Rumean
1,01
Ru max
1,28
Qpdmean
0,0157
9pd max
0,0160
9pu mean
0,0176
piLmax
0,0182
Table 33 : Plastic hinge at mid span
l PI 1 1
II I II III I
Graph 3.1 : Plastic rotation at mid span Graph 32 : Requ. rotation capacity at mid span
253
?,
Mechanism nl
Rdmean
1,33
9pd mgan
0,0067
Rdmax
1,81
9pdmax
0,0090
Rumean
2,18
9pu mean
0,0111
Rumax
3,07
9pumax
0,0151
F*!
Mechanism n2
Minean
0,54
Rdmax
1,01
RujnejQ
1,59
Rumax
2,38
9pdmean
0,0041
fpdmax
0,0110
flpu mean
0,0086
9pumax
0,0167
^r-
Mechanism n3
RjLmsan
1,08
Rdmax
1,29
Rumean
1,26
Ru max
1,50
9pd mean
0,0096
9pdmax
0,0107
9pu mean
0,0112
Opumax
0,0126
fc
I ill il 1
I Pilli li I
1 1 1 I I I I
I |: V V I Ivl
uni pr
FI II I Ulf
IF I PI I
Graph 33 : Plastic rotation at beam end Graph 3.4 : Requ. rotat capac at beam end
254
?,
Mechanism nl
Rdmean
1,33
9pd mgan
0,0067
Rdmax
1,81
9pdmax
0,0090
Rumean
2,18
9pu mean
0,0111
Rumax
3,07
9pumax
0,0151
F*!
Mechanism n2
Minean
0,54
Rdmax
1,01
RujnejQ
1,59
Rumax
2,38
9pdmean
0,0041
fpdmax
0,0110
flpu mean
0,0086
9pumax
0,0167
^r-
Mechanism n3
RjLmsan
1,08
Rdmax
1,29
Rumean
1,26
Ru max
1,50
9pd mean
0,0096
9pdmax
0,0107
9pu mean
0,0112
Opumax
0,0126
fc
I ill il 1
I Pilli li I
1 1 1 I I I I
I |: V V I Ivl
uni pr
FI II I Ulf
IF I PI I
Graph 33 : Plastic rotation at beam end Graph 3.4 : Requ. rotat capac at beam end
254
Figure 11
255
Figure 11
255
Frame n
h
L
Column
Beam
H
V
aer
al
au
Nsd.
Msdl.
Msd2
Tf
Deflect.
1 rDeflect.
1 MdI
ly
Hinge
epd
Tdl
Td2
Rd.req
6pu
Tul
Tud
1 Ru.req
S V/H
1 Mechanism
4.1
300
600
IPE 270
IPE 240
562,5
22500
0,12
72,58
0,89
1,019
11337
-475 750
860 100
0,93
0,09
0,04
1.58
0,53
861510
3891,6
Node 3
0,00925
5516
5734
0,57
0,01330
5734
5734
0,84
40
1
4.2
350
600
IPE 270
PE240
562,5
22500
0,12
84,68
0,875
1,019
11340
-494 990
860 100
0,93
0,13
0,06
1,65
0,55
861 510
3891,6
Node 3
0,01154
5516
5734
0,71
0,01590
5734
5734
1.00
40
1
4.3
400
600
PE270
PE240
562,5
22500
037
44,78
0,861
1,019
11342
-513 200
860 090
0,92
0,19
0,07
1,71
0,57
861 510
3891,6
Node 3
0,01399
5516
5734
0,87
0,01870
5734
5734
1.18
40
1
4.4
500
600
PE270
PE240
562,5
22500
0,48
3135
0,836
1,019
11345
-548 290
860 090
0,92
0,34
0,10
1,84
0,61
861 510
3891,6
Node 3.
0,01932
5516
5734
130
0,02480
5734
5734
1.57
40
1
4.5
600
600
PE270
PE240
562,5
22500
0,79
22,78
0,814
1,019
11347
-548 290
860 090
0,92
0,55
0,14
1.95
0,65
861510
3891,6
Node 3.
0,02522
5516
5734
1,56
0,03140
5734
5734
1,98
40
1
4.6
300
600
PE270
IPE 240
1125
22500
O33
7237
0,89
1,019
11335
-559 730
860 080
0,92
0,16
0,08
1,58
0,53
861 510
3891,6
Node 3
0,01134
5516
5734
0,70
0,01540
5734
5734
0,97
20
1
4.7
400
600
IPE 270
IPE 240
1125
22500
0,49
44,72
0,861
1,019
11341
-625 460
860 100
0,92
O34
0,13
1,71
0.57
861 510
3891,6
Node 3
0,01769
5516
5734
1.10
0,02255
5734
5734
1,42
20
1
4.8
500
600
PE270|
IPE 240J
11251
22500J
0,90
30,73
0,836
1,019
11344
-688 700
860 100
0,91
0,62
0,19
1,84
0,61
861 510
3891,6
Node 3
0,02511
5516
5734
1,55
0,03070
5734
5734
1,94
20
1
Table 4.1
256
Frame n
h
L
Column
Beam
H
V
aer
al
au
Nsd.
Msdl.
Msd2
Tf
Deflect.
1 rDeflect.
1 MdI
ly
Hinge
epd
Tdl
Td2
Rd.req
6pu
Tul
Tud
1 Ru.req
S V/H
1 Mechanism
4.1
300
600
IPE 270
IPE 240
562,5
22500
0,12
72,58
0,89
1,019
11337
-475 750
860 100
0,93
0,09
0,04
1.58
0,53
861510
3891,6
Node 3
0,00925
5516
5734
0,57
0,01330
5734
5734
0,84
40
1
4.2
350
600
IPE 270
PE240
562,5
22500
0,12
84,68
0,875
1,019
11340
-494 990
860 100
0,93
0,13
0,06
1,65
0,55
861 510
3891,6
Node 3
0,01154
5516
5734
0,71
0,01590
5734
5734
1.00
40
1
4.3
400
600
PE270
PE240
562,5
22500
037
44,78
0,861
1,019
11342
-513 200
860 090
0,92
0,19
0,07
1,71
0,57
861 510
3891,6
Node 3
0,01399
5516
5734
0,87
0,01870
5734
5734
1.18
40
1
4.4
500
600
PE270
PE240
562,5
22500
0,48
3135
0,836
1,019
11345
-548 290
860 090
0,92
0,34
0,10
1,84
0,61
861 510
3891,6
Node 3.
0,01932
5516
5734
130
0,02480
5734
5734
1.57
40
1
4.5
600
600
PE270
PE240
562,5
22500
0,79
22,78
0,814
1,019
11347
-548 290
860 090
0,92
0,55
0,14
1.95
0,65
861510
3891,6
Node 3.
0,02522
5516
5734
1,56
0,03140
5734
5734
1,98
40
1
4.6
300
600
PE270
IPE 240
1125
22500
O33
7237
0,89
1,019
11335
-559 730
860 080
0,92
0,16
0,08
1,58
0,53
861 510
3891,6
Node 3
0,01134
5516
5734
0,70
0,01540
5734
5734
0,97
20
1
4.7
400
600
IPE 270
IPE 240
1125
22500
0,49
44,72
0,861
1,019
11341
-625 460
860 100
0,92
O34
0,13
1,71
0.57
861 510
3891,6
Node 3
0,01769
5516
5734
1.10
0,02255
5734
5734
1,42
20
1
4.8
500
600
PE270|
IPE 240J
11251
22500J
0,90
30,73
0,836
1,019
11344
-688 700
860 100
0,91
0,62
0,19
1,84
0,61
861 510
3891,6
Node 3
0,02511
5516
5734
1,55
0,03070
5734
5734
1,94
20
1
Table 4.1
256
| Frame n j
h
L
| Column
| Beam
H
1 v
depl
1
.1
a.u
Nsd.
Msdl.
.Msd2
Tf
1
1 Deflect.
| rOeflect
I Mpl
Iy
3 Hinge
| 6pd
I Tdl
1 Td2
| Rd.req
I 8PU
Tul
Tud
Ru.req
| V/H
1 Mechanism
4.9
600
600
PE270
PE240
1125
22500
1,46
22,60
0,814
1,019
11346
-751 280
860 100
0,90
1,02
036
1.95
0,65
861.510
3891,6
Node 3.
0,03355
5516
5734
2,08
0,03994
5734
5734
2,52
20
1
4.10
300
300
PE300
IPE 240
2250
45000
035
66,80
0,856
1,019
22 691
-746 670
860 080
0,80
0,19
0,10
0,70
0,47
861 510
3891,6
Node 3
0,01139
11032
11468
1.41
0,01390
11468
11468
1,76
20
1
4.11
300
400
IPE 270
PE240
1700
34000
0,30
54,64
0,841
1,012
17 076
-675 290
860 100
0,97
031
0,11
0,82
0,41
861 510
3891,6
Node 4
0,01558
8399
8601
1,46
0,01770
8601
8601
1,68
20
1
4.12)
300
500
PE270
PE240
1350
27000
036
63,95
0,871
1,019
13 670
-597 850
860 100
0,94
0,18
0,09
1,16
0,46
861 510
3891,6
Node 5
0,01256
6619
6880
0,93
0,01636
6880
6880
134
20
1
4.13
300
600
PE270
PE240
1125
22500
033
72,37
0,89
1,019
11335
-559 730
860 080
0,92
0,16
0,08
1,58
0,53
861 510
3891,6
Node 3
0,01134
5516
5734
0,70
0,01540
5734
5734
0,97
20
1
4.14
300
700
PE300
IPE 270
1275
25500
037
60,66
0,901
1,02
12 844
-700 890
1 137 400
0,94
0,13
0,07
1,85
0,53
1 137 400
5789,8
Node 3
0,00958
6250
6500
0,57
0,01362
6500
6500
0,83
20
1
4.15J
3001
800
IPE 300
IPE 270
1125
22500
0351
66,001
0,9051
1,0111
11281
-702 400
1 137 400
0,93
0,12
0,06
2,16
0,54
1 137 400
5789,8
Node 3.
0,01070
5563
5686
0,57
0,01319
5686
5686
0,70
20
1
Table 4.2
257
| Frame n j
h
L
| Column
| Beam
H
1 v
depl
1
.1
a.u
Nsd.
Msdl.
.Msd2
Tf
1
1 Deflect.
| rOeflect
I Mpl
Iy
3 Hinge
| 6pd
I Tdl
1 Td2
| Rd.req
I 8PU
Tul
Tud
Ru.req
| V/H
1 Mechanism
4.9
600
600
PE270
PE240
1125
22500
1,46
22,60
0,814
1,019
11346
-751 280
860 100
0,90
1,02
036
1.95
0,65
861.510
3891,6
Node 3.
0,03355
5516
5734
2,08
0,03994
5734
5734
2,52
20
1
4.10
300
300
PE300
IPE 240
2250
45000
035
66,80
0,856
1,019
22 691
-746 670
860 080
0,80
0,19
0,10
0,70
0,47
861 510
3891,6
Node 3
0,01139
11032
11468
1.41
0,01390
11468
11468
1,76
20
1
4.11
300
400
IPE 270
PE240
1700
34000
0,30
54,64
0,841
1,012
17 076
-675 290
860 100
0,97
031
0,11
0,82
0,41
861 510
3891,6
Node 4
0,01558
8399
8601
1,46
0,01770
8601
8601
1,68
20
1
4.12)
300
500
PE270
PE240
1350
27000
036
63,95
0,871
1,019
13 670
-597 850
860 100
0,94
0,18
0,09
1,16
0,46
861 510
3891,6
Node 5
0,01256
6619
6880
0,93
0,01636
6880
6880
134
20
1
4.13
300
600
PE270
PE240
1125
22500
033
72,37
0,89
1,019
11335
-559 730
860 080
0,92
0,16
0,08
1,58
0,53
861 510
3891,6
Node 3
0,01134
5516
5734
0,70
0,01540
5734
5734
0,97
20
1
4.14
300
700
PE300
IPE 270
1275
25500
037
60,66
0,901
1,02
12 844
-700 890
1 137 400
0,94
0,13
0,07
1,85
0,53
1 137 400
5789,8
Node 3
0,00958
6250
6500
0,57
0,01362
6500
6500
0,83
20
1
4.15J
3001
800
IPE 300
IPE 270
1125
22500
0351
66,001
0,9051
1,0111
11281
-702 400
1 137 400
0,93
0,12
0,06
2,16
0,54
1 137 400
5789,8
Node 3.
0,01070
5563
5686
0,57
0,01319
5686
5686
0,70
20
1
Table 4.2
257
Only one mechanism has been obtained.
Mechanism
Rd mean Rdmax Rumean Rumax
1,06
9pd mean
0,0159
2,08
6pd max
0,0330
1,37
9pu mean
0,0202
2,52
Bpu max
0,0399
Table 43
Graph 4.1 : Plastic rotation Graph 42 : Required rotation capacity
258
Only one mechanism has been obtained.
Mechanism
Rd mean Rdmax Rumean Rumax
1,06
9pd mean
0,0159
2,08
6pd max
0,0330
1,37
9pu mean
0,0202
2,52
Bpu max
0,0399
Table 43
Graph 4.1 : Plastic rotation Graph 42 : Required rotation capacity
258
f
r
I
r
a...
Figure 12
I Frame n
h
L
j Column/R
j Beam
H
1 v

9 acr
al
au
Nsd
| Msd
I rf

j
1 Deflect.
f TDeflect.
1 Mpl
ly
| Hinge
i 6pd
1 Tdl
S Td2
| Rd.req
i Qpu
j Tul
1 Tu2
| Ru.req
1 Mechanism
5.1
300
600
IPE 270
IPE 240
500
20000
0,55
16,36
0,969
1,084
10288
728500
0,81
0,39
0,19
1.51
0.50
860100
3891.6
Node 3
0.00237
4700
5300
0.13
0.00905
5093
5743
0,54
1
52
350
600
IPE 270
IPE 240
500
20000
0,83
12,65
0,951
1,074
10340
743500
0.82
0.56
034
1.59
0,53
860100
3891.6
Node 3
0.00421
4650
5350
033
0.01030
4941
. 5743
0.61
1
5.3
400
600
IPE 270
IPE 240
500
20000
1,11
10,81
0,934
1,064
10391
758490
0,84
0,78
039
1.66
0.55
860100
3891.6
Node 3
0.00585
4600
5400
032
0.01 140
4892
5743
0.67
1
5.4
450
600
IPE 270
PE240
500
20000
1,50
9,02
0,915
1,040
10492
793230
0,88
1,12
0,37
1,73
0,58
860100
3891,6
Node 3
0,00798
4500
5500
0,44
0,01170
4677
5723
0,67
1
5.5
500
600
PE270
IPE 240
500
20000
1,95
7,69
0,900
1,028
10559
813020
0,91
1,48
0,44
1,80
0,60
860100
3891,6
Node 3
0,00977
4433
5566
0,53
0,01250
4555
5725
0,70
1
5.6
550
600
PE270
IPE 240
500
20000
2,48
6,65
0,887
1,016
10630
834180
0,93
1,91
0,52
1,86
0,62
860100
3891,6
Node 4
0,01158
4363
5636
0,63
0,01318
4429
5726
0,73
1
5.7
600
600
IPE 270
PE240
500
20000
3,80l
4,74
0,874
1,003
10705
856630
0,96
2,43
0,61
1,92
0,64
860 100
3891,6
Node 3
0,01340
4288
5711
0,73
0,01370
4300
5728
0,74
1
Table 5.1
259
f
r
I
r
a...
Figure 12
I Frame n
h
L
j Column/R
j Beam
H
1 v

9 acr
al
au
Nsd
| Msd
I rf

j
1 Deflect.
f TDeflect.
1 Mpl
ly
| Hinge
i 6pd
1 Tdl
S Td2
| Rd.req
i Qpu
j Tul
1 Tu2
| Ru.req
1 Mechanism
5.1
300
600
IPE 270
IPE 240
500
20000
0,55
16,36
0,969
1,084
10288
728500
0,81
0,39
0,19
1.51
0.50
860100
3891.6
Node 3
0.00237
4700
5300
0.13
0.00905
5093
5743
0,54
1
52
350
600
IPE 270
IPE 240
500
20000
0,83
12,65
0,951
1,074
10340
743500
0.82
0.56
034
1.59
0,53
860100
3891.6
Node 3
0.00421
4650
5350
033
0.01030
4941
. 5743
0.61
1
5.3
400
600
IPE 270
IPE 240
500
20000
1,11
10,81
0,934
1,064
10391
758490
0,84
0,78
039
1.66
0.55
860100
3891.6
Node 3
0.00585
4600
5400
032
0.01 140
4892
5743
0.67
1
5.4
450
600
IPE 270
PE240
500
20000
1,50
9,02
0,915
1,040
10492
793230
0,88
1,12
0,37
1,73
0,58
860100
3891,6
Node 3
0,00798
4500
5500
0,44
0,01170
4677
5723
0,67
1
5.5
500
600
PE270
IPE 240
500
20000
1,95
7,69
0,900
1,028
10559
813020
0,91
1,48
0,44
1,80
0,60
860100
3891,6
Node 3
0,00977
4433
5566
0,53
0,01250
4555
5725
0,70
1
5.6
550
600
PE270
IPE 240
500
20000
2,48
6,65
0,887
1,016
10630
834180
0,93
1,91
0,52
1,86
0,62
860100
3891,6
Node 4
0,01158
4363
5636
0,63
0,01318
4429
5726
0,73
1
5.7
600
600
IPE 270
PE240
500
20000
3,80l
4,74
0,874
1,003
10705
856630
0,96
2,43
0,61
1,92
0,64
860 100
3891,6
Node 3
0,01340
4288
5711
0,73
0,01370
4300
5728
0,74
1
Table 5.1
259
Frame n
h
L
Column/R
Beam
H
V
5
1 acr
al
au
Nsd
Msd
rf
Deflect
rDeflect
Mpl
ly
Hinge
6pd
Td
Rd.req
j 6pu
I Tu
1 Ru.req
| Mechanism
5.8
400
600
PE270
PE240
1750
17500
3,41
1232
0,988
1,026
9964
861500
0,94
239
0,90
1,46
0,49
860 100
3891,6
Node 4
0,00104
5600
0,13
0,00316
5743
0,40
2
5.9
500
600
PE300
PE240
1600
16000
4,57
11,49
0,961
1,064
9391
861500
0,72
330
0,96
138
0,43
860 100
3891,6
Node 4
0,00322
5400
038
0,00849
5743
1,08
2
5.10
500
600
PE330
PE240
1700
17000
434
12,38
0,875
1,001
9979
861500
0,58
2,97
0,89
134
0,41
860 100
3891,6
Node 4
0,01060
5737
134
0,01070
5743
136
2
5.11
600
800
PE330
PE270
1600
16000
5,77
10,92
0,993
1,081
9250
1137400
0,73
4,03
1,01
2,00
0,50
1 137 400
5789,8
Node 4
0,00050
5260
0,05
0,00831
5686
0,89
2
5.12
600
900
PE300
IPE 270
1475
14750
5,70
11,05
0,993
1,071
8398
1137400
0,73
3,99
1,00
2,52
0,56
1 137400
5789,8
Node 4
0,00069
4720
0,06
0,00803
5055
0,76
2
Table 5.2
260
Frame n
h
L
Column/R
Beam
H
V
5
1 acr
al
au
Nsd
Msd
rf
Deflect
rDeflect
Mpl
ly
Hinge
6pd
Td
Rd.req
j 6pu
I Tu
1 Ru.req
| Mechanism
5.8
400
600
PE270
PE240
1750
17500
3,41
1232
0,988
1,026
9964
861500
0,94
239
0,90
1,46
0,49
860 100
3891,6
Node 4
0,00104
5600
0,13
0,00316
5743
0,40
2
5.9
500
600
PE300
PE240
1600
16000
4,57
11,49
0,961
1,064
9391
861500
0,72
330
0,96
138
0,43
860 100
3891,6
Node 4
0,00322
5400
038
0,00849
5743
1,08
2
5.10
500
600
PE330
PE240
1700
17000
434
12,38
0,875
1,001
9979
861500
0,58
2,97
0,89
134
0,41
860 100
3891,6
Node 4
0,01060
5737
134
0,01070
5743
136
2
5.11
600
800
PE330
PE270
1600
16000
5,77
10,92
0,993
1,081
9250
1137400
0,73
4,03
1,01
2,00
0,50
1 137 400
5789,8
Node 4
0,00050
5260
0,05
0,00831
5686
0,89
2
5.12
600
900
PE300
IPE 270
1475
14750
5,70
11,05
0,993
1,071
8398
1137400
0,73
3,99
1,00
2,52
0,56
1 137400
5789,8
Node 4
0,00069
4720
0,06
0,00803
5055
0,76
2
Table 5.2
260

Mechanism
Rd mean
9pd mean
RgLmax.
Opdmax
RiLTJK
9pu mean
Rmnax.
9pu max
Table 53
Id
l li I ; 1^
li l 1^ li
u i
lUil^niMPUHPP
3ffi
i I I
<|4?
Graph 5.1 : Plastic rotation Graph 5.2 : Required rotation capacity
261

Mechanism
Rd mean
9pd mean
RgLmax.
Opdmax
RiLTJK
9pu mean
Rmnax.
9pu max
Table 53
Id
l li I ; 1^
li l 1^ li
u i
lUil^niMPUHPP
3ffi
i I I
<|4?
Graph 5.1 : Plastic rotation Graph 5.2 : Required rotation capacity
261

Ij
il
1
Sfc:
J
^ 3&
Figure 13
Three cases have been treated with full restrained supports and one case has been treated with
pinned supports.
262

Ij
il
1
Sfc:
J
^ 3&
Figure 13
Three cases have been treated with full restrained supports and one case has been treated with
pinned supports.
262
Frame n
h
LI
L2
1-2-5-6
3-4
1-2-7-8
3-4-5-6
V
Full restrained
supports
Pinned supports
! acr
I ai
1 au
1 rf p3
Tf P7
Tf P8
between nodes 1-3
between nodes 2-3

Tdeflect (node 10)
rdeflect (node 9)
| Hinge
j Mpl
Iy
1 6pd
1 Td
j Rd.req
1 6PU
1 Tu
| Ru.req
6.1
300
500
500
PE270
PE270
IPE 300
PE300
75000
7500
X
1,97
31
0,923
1,189
0,99
0,8
0,75
0,97
0,6
038
03
noeud 7
1 137 400
5789
0,0015
7978
0,232
0,0068
9095
1,1"
62
300
500
500
PE 270
PE 270
IPE 300
PE 300
90000
4500
134
25,9
0,922
1,078
0,86
0,7
0,78
0,6
0,33
034
0,36
noeud 7
1 137 400
5789
0,0015
8598
035
0,003"
9099
0,64
63
300
500
500
IPE 270
270
IPE 300
PE 300
84000
2400
1,13
8,54
0,921
1,113
0,89
0,75
0,73
0,99
0,36
031
034
noeud 7
1 137 400
5789
0,002
8415
0,31
' 0,00831
9:
[ 1,4:
6.4
350
700
1000
IPE 300
PE330
IPE 300j
IPE 3301
7200o|
6000
X
2,07
29
0,857
1,008
0,87
0,94
0,78
0,87
0,5
0.51
0,62
noeud 12
1 889 400
11770|
0,0053
7557
0,55
0,0084
! 7557
0,87
Table 6.1
263
Frame n
h
LI
L2
1-2-5-6
3-4
1-2-7-8
3-4-5-6
V
Full restrained
supports
Pinned supports
! acr
I ai
1 au
1 rf p3
Tf P7
Tf P8
between nodes 1-3
between nodes 2-3

Tdeflect (node 10)
rdeflect (node 9)
| Hinge
j Mpl
Iy
1 6pd
1 Td
j Rd.req
1 6PU
1 Tu
| Ru.req
6.1
300
500
500
PE270
PE270
IPE 300
PE300
75000
7500
X
1,97
31
0,923
1,189
0,99
0,8
0,75
0,97
0,6
038
03
noeud 7
1 137 400
5789
0,0015
7978
0,232
0,0068
9095
1,1"
62
300
500
500
PE 270
PE 270
IPE 300
PE 300
90000
4500
134
25,9
0,922
1,078
0,86
0,7
0,78
0,6
0,33
034
0,36
noeud 7
1 137 400
5789
0,0015
8598
035
0,003"
9099
0,64
63
300
500
500
IPE 270
270
IPE 300
PE 300
84000
2400
1,13
8,54
0,921
1,113
0,89
0,75
0,73
0,99
0,36
031
034
noeud 7
1 137 400
5789
0,002
8415
0,31
' 0,00831
9:
[ 1,4:
6.4
350
700
1000
IPE 300
PE330
IPE 300j
IPE 3301
7200o|
6000
X
2,07
29
0,857
1,008
0,87
0,94
0,78
0,87
0,5
0.51
0,62
noeud 12
1 889 400
11770|
0,0053
7557
0,55
0,0084
! 7557
0,87
Table 6.1
263
4 CONCLUSION
1
2
3
4
5
S 6
Type of frame
y
1
1 j
1 1
1 1
1
.
1 j
1 j
1 1
I j
1
I 1 j
1
i
i
1 1
I
r t
.
1
L
i
Ij
^ >
Under design loads
Min
0,06
0,00
0,06
0,57
0,05
0,23
Max
0,49
2,12
2,41
2,08
1,34
0,55
Mean
0,21
1,11
1,10
1,07
0,41
034
At collapse
Min
0,46
1,04
0,66
0,83
0,40
0,64
Max
0,85
4,02
3,59
2,52
1,36
1,42
Mean
0,66
238
1,75
137
0,76
0,90
Table 7 : Summary of the results for the required rotation capacity Rreq
The table 7 shows that the required rotation capacity at collapse can vary from 0,4 to 4. The
values are rather scattered. It is difficult to associate a value of Rreq to a type of frame
because of many reasons.
First in order to be on the safe side, we could keep the maximum value for each type of
structure. This can be too conservative in most of the cases and this does not agree with our
purpose which is to promote the plastic design of steel structures.
This study is not exhaustive and one can easily find cases with greater required rotation
capacities than those found here.
However the values of Rreq are not generally very high. This is to say that some slender
profiles could be used in a plastic design. It could also be sufficient to check the required
rotation capacity under design loads instead of a checking just before collapse.
264
4 CONCLUSION
1
2
3
4
5
S 6
Type of frame
y
1
1 j
1 1
1 1
1
.
1 j
1 j
1 1
I j
1
I 1 j
1
i
i
1 1
I
r t
.
1
L
i
Ij
^ >
Under design loads
Min
0,06
0,00
0,06
0,57
0,05
0,23
Max
0,49
2,12
2,41
2,08
1,34
0,55
Mean
0,21
1,11
1,10
1,07
0,41
034
At collapse
Min
0,46
1,04
0,66
0,83
0,40
0,64
Max
0,85
4,02
3,59
2,52
1,36
1,42
Mean
0,66
238
1,75
137
0,76
0,90
Table 7 : Summary of the results for the required rotation capacity Rreq
The table 7 shows that the required rotation capacity at collapse can vary from 0,4 to 4. The
values are rather scattered. It is difficult to associate a value of Rreq to a type of frame
because of many reasons.
First in order to be on the safe side, we could keep the maximum value for each type of
structure. This can be too conservative in most of the cases and this does not agree with our
purpose which is to promote the plastic design of steel structures.
This study is not exhaustive and one can easily find cases with greater required rotation
capacities than those found here.
However the values of Rreq are not generally very high. This is to say that some slender
profiles could be used in a plastic design. It could also be sufficient to check the required
rotation capacity under design loads instead of a checking just before collapse.
264
Annex 11
Document 3263-1-27 (ProfilARBED)
(revised in December 1995)
'Available rotation capacity of plastic hinges Ravailable - Tests
results and models."
(49 pages)
Annex 11
(revised in December 1995)
'Available rotation capacity of plastic hinges Ravailable - Tests
results and models."
(49 pages)
flange
>>
3
w e b
ts
c
s
>
2
*_
_
**
s
**
3
t i o n
(0
c
>
tn
(ff

c

R e f e
t
*~-
,_,
"
"
,__,
,_,
Tf
LO
00
Tf
00
Tf
-
CM
o
IO
Tf
o
CM
o
o
co
io
o
o
00
o
IO
IO
o
00
m
o
IO
o
Csl
CM
o
o
o
co
CM
m
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
co
ta
IO
-
!
cc
-
IO
Tt
o
to
00
TI
CO
o
IO
Tf
-
CM
o
co
co
o
CM
o
-
CM
io
o
o
CO
o
o
o
o
*
o
co
o
CM
CM
o
IO
Ci
CM
m
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
co
ja
IO
OC
CM
O
CO
O
CO
TT
IO
O
CM
IO
CM
IO
O
Tf
Tf
O
CM
O
Tf
CM
IO
O
O
CO
O
O
<o
o
Tf
m
o
CM
cn
CM
O
Tf
O
CM
CM
m
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
ta
>
Y-
!
cc
CO
en
CM
o
-
-r-
co
IO
o
CM
CO
CO
*
O
00
CM
O
CM
O
IO
O
IO
O
O
CO
o
CO
co
o
CO
en
o
CO
CO
CM
o
CM
m
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tt
CO
o
!
cc
Tf
OJ
CM
O
N-
p-
CO
IO
o
CM
<o
00
Tf
O
-
T-
o
CM
O
en
co
Tf
O
O
to
o
CM
<o
O
Tf
en
o
(O
00
CM
O
CO
N-
CM
CD
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tt
ja
CM
O
D
!
ce
m
o
o
o
-
<o
co
CM
O
IO
CO
-
CM
O
Tf
CM
O
CM
O
"
IO
o
o
co
o
co
(
o
<
en
o
o
cn
CM
O
r-.
00
CM
m
o
CM
CM
LU
o
co
en
o
s
cc
t
o
IO
o
T-
<o
00
CM
o
IO
co
-
CM
O
CO
-
O
CM
O
CM
en
Tf
O
O
00
o
T-
co
o
Tf
en
o
Tf
00
CM
O
Tf
N-
CM
m
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
co
S3
O
o
%
te
N.
O
IO
o
o
00
o
CO
o
IO
CM
00
CM
o
00
N-
en
T_
o
co
T-
IO
o
o
00
o
IO
o
o
IO
N
o
IO
o
CM
CM
O
co
co
o
CM
O
IO
o
o
CO
o
CO
o
IO
CM
00
CM
O
IO
00
en
''-
o
o
CM
IO
O
O
00
o
IO
o
o
IO
N
o
o
o
CM
CM
O
O
en
o
CM
o
IO
o
o
00
o
co
o
IO
CM
co
CM
o
o
o
o
CM
o
o
co
IO
o
o
co
o
o
T_
o
Tf
N-
o
o
-
CM
CM
o
o
T-
CM
IO
CM
O
IO
-
CO
Tf
O
IO
o
CM
Tt
O
IO
Tf
O
CM
O
IO
N-
IO
o
o
00
o
o
-
o
IO
N-
o
IO
IO
CM
CM
O
IO
IO
CM
IO
CM
O
IO
N-
co
Tf
O
IO
o
CM
Tt
O
CO
en
en
-
o
co
CM
m
o
o
co
o
o
"-
o
IO
h-
o
IO
IO
CM
CM
O
CO
O
T
CM
IO
CM
O
IO
s.
CO
Tf
O
IO
o
CM
Tf
O
CO
CO
O
CM
O
<o
<o
IO
o
o
00
o
.
O
o
IO
N-
o
o
CM
CM
CM
O
O
Tf
CM
<<<<<<
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
CM
CO
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
oc
CO
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
co
CO
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
oc
en
o
CM
CM
Ui
Tt
co
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
cc
o
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
CM
Tt
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
oc
T-
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
CO
Tf
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
oc
CM
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tt
Tf
CM
CM
<
UJ
|
ce
co
IO
IO
o
IO
CM
IO
CM
O
IO
00
Tf
CM
O
O
en
IO
CM
o
CM
co
en
o
o
Tf
CM
O
CO
N-
O
en
o
o
co
cn
N-
CM
O
CO
<o
N-
CM
m
o
CO
CM
LU
co
co
CM
m
ui
oc
Tf
IO
IO
o
IO
CM
IO
CM
O
IO
00
Tf
CM
O
CO
Tf
<o
CM
O
co
00
en
o
o
Tf
CM
o
N-
N-
O
00
O
o
o
cn
CM
o
o
CM
CO
CM
m
o
CO
CM
UJ
X
Tf
CO
CO
CM
0
LU
!
CC
in
o
Tf
o
o
cn
CO
io
o
o
en
CO
Tf
o
CD
IO
CO
CM
O
CM
O
O
O
O
Tf
CM
O
Tf
N-
O
IO
-
CO
-
00
CM
O
o
co
00
CM
CO
o
co
CM
LU
CM
Tf
CO
CM
m
LU
!
oc
CO
o
Tf
O
o
en
co
IO
o
o
en
co
Tf
O
CO
co
co
CM
O
Tf
CO
en
o
o
Tf
CM
O
Tf
-
O
Tf
-
CO
co
00
CM
O
CM
-
CM
CO
o
co
CM
LU
CO
Tf
co
CM
m
LU
!
C
r-
o
Tf
O
O
en
co
IO
o
o
en
co
Tf
o
-
N>
CO
CM
O
Tf
CM
O
Tf
N-
O
IO
-
O
Tf
00
CM
O
IO
Tf
oo
CM
ffi
O
CO
CM
UJ
X
Tf
Tf
CO
CM
ffl
LU
!
CC
co
IO
o
IO
r-
T
CO
o
IO
<o
N-
CM
O
IO
CM
Tf
CM
O
CO
T-
oo
o
o
Tf
CM
O
N-
CM
O
CO
N-
O
O
O
CO
CM
O
CM
IO
IO
CM
<
O
CO
CM
LU
X
CM
CO
CO
CM
<
UJ
!
C
cn
io
o
IO
T-
T
CO
O
IO
<o
N-
CM
O
Tf
CO
IO
CM
O
00
CM
en
o
o
Tf
CM
O
CO
CM
O
O
00
o
O
O
oo
CM
O
O
CO
CO
CM
<
O
00
CM
LU
X
CO
IO
O
IO
-
CO
O
IO
CO
N-
CM
O
CM
CO
IO
CM
O
Tf
IO
en
O
o
Tf
CM
O
00
CM
O
IO
n-
o
O
O
CO
CM
O
O
en
CO
CM
<
o
00
CM
LU
X
Tf
CO
00 CO
CM CM
< <
LU
g
CC
o
CM
LU
!
CC
,_
CM
IO
CO
O
O
IO
CO
IO
O
O
Tt
o
IO
o
IO
CO
CO
CM
o
en
CM
o
CM
o
o
Tf
CM
o
CO
CM
o
CO
oo
o
IO
o
00
CM
o
T-
co
N-
CM
<
O
00
CM
LU
X
CM
Tf
co
CM
<
UJ
!
CC
CM
CM
IO
CO
o
o
IO
CO
IO
o
o
Tf
o
IO
o
o
CO
CO
CM
o
Tf
CM
O
CM
O
O
Tf
CM
O
CO
CM
O
O
en
O
o
T~
00
CM
O
CO
IO
-
CM
<
O
00
CM
UJ
co
Tt
00
CM
<
LU
!
cc
co
CM
IO
co
o
O
IO
co
IO
o
O
Tf
o
IO
O
co
CM
co
CM
O
CO
-
CM
O
O
Tf
CM
O
h-
CM
O
CO
en
o
o
T-
00
CM
O
O
to
I
CM
<
O
00
CM
LU
Tf
Tf
00
CM
<
LU
!
C
Tf
CM
O
Tf
O
O
en
CO
IO
o
o
en
00
Tf
o
CM
Tf
co
CM
o
en
00
cn
T_
o
o
Tf
CM
o
CO
CO
>-
'"
O
o
CO
oo
CM
O
IO
-
CM
m
o
00
CM
LU
X
CO
li-
CO
Tf
CO
CM
LU
!
be
in
CM
IO
o
o
CM
O
CO
O
o
IO
N-
CM
O
en
T~
O
Tf
en
Tf
"r~
O
O
CO
"-
O
CO
o
IO
CM
-
O
IO
IO
CM
CM
O
O
CO
O
CM
<
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
ffi
Tt
CO
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
CC
(0
CM
CO
CM
O
IO
00
Tf
Tf
O
IO
O
CO.
Tf
O
CM
N-
cn
-
IO
-
O
oo
-
CO
-
CM
CM
O
CO
CO
O
CM
<
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
ffl
Tt
Tf
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
cc
r-
CM
cn
Tf
o
CO
CM
CO
o
o
CO
Tf
CM
o
o
io
co
co
o
o
o
CM
co
o
o
o
o
o
IO
o
o
o
o
io
o
o
co
o
o
o
io
co
"O
o
<1>
3
co
ro
in
co
ffl
r-
LU
i
ce
co
CM
o
co
o
o
o
en
en
o
o
CD
co
Tf
o
o
IO
co
co
o
o
o
CM
co
o
o
o
o
o
io
o
o
o
o
IO
o
o
co
o
o
o
IO
co
a
(1)
3
co
TT
in
co
ffl
r-
UJ
!
cc
en
CM
IO
o
o
o
CO
-
o
o
-
-
o
IO
co
co
o
o
o
CM
co
o
o
o
o
o
io
o
o
o
'
o
IO
o
o
co
o
o
o
IO
co
rs
3
co
(O
m
co
ca
r-
UJ
!
cc
o
co
CO
o
o
o
cn
CO
cn
o
tn
o
CO
cn
o
o
IO
co
co
o
o
o
CM
co
o
o
o
o
o
io
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
co
o
o
o
IO
co
TD
<1)
3
en
m
co
ffl
LU
!
ce
T-
"
266
flange
>>
3
w e b
ts
c
s
>
2
*_
_
**
s
**
3
t i o n
(0
c
>
tn
(ff

c

R e f e
t
*~-
,_,
"
"
,__,
,_,
Tf
LO
00
Tf
00
Tf
-
CM
o
IO
Tf
o
CM
o
o
co
io
o
o
00
o
IO
IO
o
00
m
o
IO
o
Csl
CM
o
o
o
co
CM
m
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
co
ta
IO
-
!
cc
-
IO
Tt
o
to
00
TI
CO
o
IO
Tf
-
CM
o
co
co
o
CM
o
-
CM
io
o
o
CO
o
o
o
o
*
o
co
o
CM
CM
o
IO
Ci
CM
m
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
co
ja
IO
OC
CM
O
CO
O
CO
TT
IO
O
CM
IO
CM
IO
O
Tf
Tf
O
CM
O
Tf
CM
IO
O
O
CO
O
O
<o
o
Tf
m
o
CM
cn
CM
O
Tf
O
CM
CM
m
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
ta
>
Y-
!
cc
CO
en
CM
o
-
-r-
co
IO
o
CM
CO
CO
*
O
00
CM
O
CM
O
IO
O
IO
O
O
CO
o
CO
co
o
CO
en
o
CO
CO
CM
o
CM
m
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tt
CO
o
!
cc
Tf
OJ
CM
O
N-
p-
CO
IO
o
CM
<o
00
Tf
O
-
T-
o
CM
O
en
co
Tf
O
O
to
o
CM
<o
O
Tf
en
o
(O
00
CM
O
CO
N-
CM
CD
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tt
ja
CM
O
D
!
ce
m
o
o
o
-
<o
co
CM
O
IO
CO
-
CM
O
Tf
CM
O
CM
O
"
IO
o
o
co
o
co
(
o
<
en
o
o
cn
CM
O
r-.
00
CM
m
o
CM
CM
LU
o
co
en
o
s
cc
t
o
IO
o
T-
<o
00
CM
o
IO
co
-
CM
O
CO
-
O
CM
O
CM
en
Tf
O
O
00
o
T-
co
o
Tf
en
o
Tf
00
CM
O
Tf
N-
CM
m
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
co
S3
O
o
%
te
N.
O
IO
o
o
00
o
CO
o
IO
CM
00
CM
o
00
N-
en
T_
o
co
T-
IO
o
o
00
o
IO
o
o
IO
N
o
IO
o
CM
CM
O
co
co
o
CM
O
IO
o
o
CO
o
CO
o
IO
CM
00
CM
O
IO
00
en
''-
o
o
CM
IO
O
O
00
o
IO
o
o
IO
N
o
o
o
CM
CM
O
O
en
o
CM
o
IO
o
o
00
o
co
o
IO
CM
co
CM
o
o
o
o
CM
o
o
co
IO
o
o
co
o
o
T_
o
Tf
N-
o
o
-
CM
CM
o
o
T-
CM
IO
CM
O
IO
-
CO
Tf
O
IO
o
CM
Tt
O
IO
Tf
O
CM
O
IO
N-
IO
o
o
00
o
o
-
o
IO
N-
o
IO
IO
CM
CM
O
IO
IO
CM
IO
CM
O
IO
N-
co
Tf
O
IO
o
CM
Tt
O
CO
en
en
-
o
co
CM
m
o
o
co
o
o
"-
o
IO
h-
o
IO
IO
CM
CM
O
CO
O
T
CM
IO
CM
O
IO
s.
CO
Tf
O
IO
o
CM
Tf
O
CO
CO
O
CM
O
<o
<o
IO
o
o
00
o
.
O
o
IO
N-
o
o
CM
CM
CM
O
O
Tf
CM
<<<<<<
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
CM
CO
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
oc
CO
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
co
CO
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
oc
en
o
CM
CM
Ui
Tt
co
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
cc
o
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
CM
Tt
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
oc
T-
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
CO
Tf
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
oc
CM
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tt
Tf
CM
CM
<
UJ
|
ce
co
IO
IO
o
IO
CM
IO
CM
O
IO
00
Tf
CM
O
O
en
IO
CM
o
CM
co
en
o
o
Tf
CM
O
CO
N-
O
en
o
o
co
cn
N-
CM
O
CO
<o
N-
CM
m
o
CO
CM
LU
co
co
CM
m
ui
oc
Tf
IO
IO
o
IO
CM
IO
CM
O
IO
00
Tf
CM
O
CO
Tf
<o
CM
O
co
00
en
o
o
Tf
CM
o
N-
N-
O
00
O
o
o
cn
CM
o
o
CM
CO
CM
m
o
CO
CM
UJ
X
Tf
CO
CO
CM
0
LU
!
CC
in
o
Tf
o
o
cn
CO
io
o
o
en
CO
Tf
o
CD
IO
CO
CM
O
CM
O
O
O
O
Tf
CM
O
Tf
N-
O
IO
-
CO
-
00
CM
O
o
co
00
CM
CO
o
co
CM
LU
CM
Tf
CO
CM
m
LU
!
oc
CO
o
Tf
O
o
en
co
IO
o
o
en
co
Tf
O
CO
co
co
CM
O
Tf
CO
en
o
o
Tf
CM
O
Tf
-
O
Tf
-
CO
co
00
CM
O
CM
-
CM
CO
o
co
CM
LU
CO
Tf
co
CM
m
LU
!
C
r-
o
Tf
O
O
en
co
IO
o
o
en
co
Tf
o
-
N>
CO
CM
O
Tf
CM
O
Tf
N-
O
IO
-
O
Tf
00
CM
O
IO
Tf
oo
CM
ffi
O
CO
CM
UJ
X
Tf
Tf
CO
CM
ffl
LU
!
CC
co
IO
o
IO
r-
T
CO
o
IO
<o
N-
CM
O
IO
CM
Tf
CM
O
CO
T-
oo
o
o
Tf
CM
O
N-
CM
O
CO
N-
O
O
O
CO
CM
O
CM
IO
IO
CM
<
O
CO
CM
LU
X
CM
CO
CO
CM
<
UJ
!
C
cn
io
o
IO
T-
T
CO
O
IO
<o
N-
CM
O
Tf
CO
IO
CM
O
00
CM
en
o
o
Tf
CM
O
CO
CM
O
O
00
o
O
O
oo
CM
O
O
CO
CO
CM
<
O
00
CM
LU
X
CO
IO
O
IO
-
CO
O
IO
CO
N-
CM
O
CM
CO
IO
CM
O
Tf
IO
en
O
o
Tf
CM
O
00
CM
O
IO
n-
o
O
O
CO
CM
O
O
en
CO
CM
<
o
00
CM
LU
X
Tf
CO
00 CO
CM CM
< <
LU
g
CC
o
CM
LU
!
CC
,_
CM
IO
CO
O
O
IO
CO
IO
O
O
Tt
o
IO
o
IO
CO
CO
CM
o
en
CM
o
CM
o
o
Tf
CM
o
CO
CM
o
CO
oo
o
IO
o
00
CM
o
T-
co
N-
CM
<
O
00
CM
LU
X
CM
Tf
co
CM
<
UJ
!
CC
CM
CM
IO
CO
o
o
IO
CO
IO
o
o
Tf
o
IO
o
o
CO
CO
CM
o
Tf
CM
O
CM
O
O
Tf
CM
O
CO
CM
O
O
en
O
o
T~
00
CM
O
CO
IO
-
CM
<
O
00
CM
UJ
co
Tt
00
CM
<
LU
!
cc
co
CM
IO
co
o
O
IO
co
IO
o
O
Tf
o
IO
O
co
CM
co
CM
O
CO
-
CM
O
O
Tf
CM
O
h-
CM
O
CO
en
o
o
T-
00
CM
O
O
to
I
CM
<
O
00
CM
LU
Tf
Tf
00
CM
<
LU
!
C
Tf
CM
O
Tf
O
O
en
CO
IO
o
o
en
00
Tf
o
CM
Tf
co
CM
o
en
00
cn
T_
o
o
Tf
CM
o
CO
CO
>-
'"
O
o
CO
oo
CM
O
IO
-
CM
m
o
00
CM
LU
X
CO
li-
CO
Tf
CO
CM
LU
!
be
in
CM
IO
o
o
CM
O
CO
O
o
IO
N-
CM
O
en
T~
O
Tf
en
Tf
"r~
O
O
CO
"-
O
CO
o
IO
CM
-
O
IO
IO
CM
CM
O
O
CO
O
CM
<
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
ffi
Tt
CO
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
CC
(0
CM
CO
CM
O
IO
00
Tf
Tf
O
IO
O
CO.
Tf
O
CM
N-
cn
-
IO
-
O
oo
-
CO
-
CM
CM
O
CO
CO
O
CM
<
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
ffl
Tt
Tf
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
cc
r-
CM
cn
Tf
o
CO
CM
CO
o
o
CO
Tf
CM
o
o
io
co
co
o
o
o
CM
co
o
o
o
o
o
IO
o
o
o
o
io
o
o
co
o
o
o
io
co
"O
o
<1>
3
co
ro
in
co
ffl
r-
LU
i
ce
co
CM
o
co
o
o
o
en
en
o
o
CD
co
Tf
o
o
IO
co
co
o
o
o
CM
co
o
o
o
o
o
io
o
o
o
o
IO
o
o
co
o
o
o
IO
co
a
(1)
3
co
TT
in
co
ffl
r-
UJ
!
cc
en
CM
IO
o
o
o
CO
-
o
o
-
-
o
IO
co
co
o
o
o
CM
co
o
o
o
o
o
io
o
o
o
'
o
IO
o
o
co
o
o
o
IO
co
rs
3
co
(O
m
co
ca
r-
UJ
!
cc
o
co
CO
o
o
o
cn
CO
cn
o
tn
o
CO
cn
o
o
IO
co
co
o
o
o
CM
co
o
o
o
o
o
io
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
co
o
o
o
IO
co
TD
<1)
3
en
m
co
ffl
LU
!
ce
T-
"
266
O)
c
co
Ss
3
OKD^T-COOONOOOXOOSO)
CMOOCOIOlOCMIOTtcOCM-r-TflOCO
o
Tf
0(0
IO Tf -

Tf
cn cn
co co
otocnoooocncn
Tfi-COTtTfTtTfCMCM
J3
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
lOOIOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
'COTtCOIOCOCOCjT-T-CMCM<OT--i-CjT--r-T-<OT-CMCM-i-<OCM-r--t-T--r-CMCM
COOOT-COCM<0<OCnCMTf<OCMCMCnTtCMCnCMCMCMTtTtCMCMTtCMCMCMCMCO<0
lOCnoOlOCOCMTtCMTfcOTtTfTtCMCOTtCMTtTtTtCOCOTtTfeOTfTfTfTfTfTf
o o o
O IO IO

-TfooN-N-iOT-iocoiocniOT-coiOT-iocniococoiocncoioioioioioio
enoOCOCON.IOTfCON-OTfON-COON-CON-ON.OON.OON-N.N.N-TfTf
TfcncOTfCMCMTfCVICOCOTfTfcOCMCOCOCMCOTfCOCOCOCOTfcOCOCOCOCOTfTf
s
a
o

oooooocococoocoTtN-cnN.cocoioN.eocncnT-N.T-001-TfTt
o o
co o
lOCMCMCMCMCOTftOCOCOTfcncOIOCOCOCOOCncOCMCMTfcncOCOCOCOCOCOTf
cototococoeocococoeocooocococococococococococoeocococococococo
COCMCMWCMT-T-T-T-T--i-T-T-T-T-T-T-T-T-T--i-T-T--r--r-T-T-T-T--i-
E
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOlOCMCOTfintOOCOCMT-T-CMCnOCOCOCOCncOOTtCDCDCOCn
OTfTfTfTfCMCOlOCMCMCOCOCOIOCOCOOOCnoOCOCMCMCOeOCMCOCMCMCMCMCM
CMTfTfTfTfN-COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCMCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO
COCMC\JCMCMt-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-
o o o o o o
o o o o o
o" o o o o o
ooooooooooooooooooooooooo
cooooooocooooooocooocooooooooocooooooooocooooooooo
OOOOOOT-CON.CD-1-cnN.COlON-lOCOOOCOCOCOCOOOlOOON.COCOOT-
io co co ^ io V ^t ^" n t" ^* V t" * ^* io t" t" ^" ^" t* t" V * ^" ^r* ^ in" m"
IO gggggoooooiooooooog
....OlOtOlOCOTfTfiniOOT-CO-TfCMOOeO
OOOOIOOOO
TfCnCMT-OOCOCM

OOOOOOIOTfCMIOIOCnTftOTteOCO-i-enCMCOCOCOOCOTtCMTfCMCMT-
ooooocM-r-oooT-cnoooocnoenooooooooooT-T-
ooocococooooooocnoooocnocnoooooooooooo
COCJCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMt-CMCMCMCM-t-CMt-CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
OOOOOON-TfOCON-COTflOCMIOt-COIOCOIOlOCniOCOCOCOCMCMCOT-
o
CO
o
00
CM
O
CO
CM
O
CO
CM
O
CO
CM
O
O
CM
en
cn
-
O
CM
CON-CnTfcOOCOCOCOlO
0)0)0)00)00)9)00)
t-t-1-CMt-CMt-t-CMt-
Tf CO N- N- 00
o en en en en
CM - - - T-
TfN-CON-COCOOOCn
00)0)0)0)0)0)0)
CM - - - - - T-
03
c
o
__.___OfflfflnfflnfflnfflnfflmfflfflnfflfflfflfflfflnnfflfflncD

- " JJJJJJOTJOOq
_ _ _
> 5 5 S S UJUJUJLULULULUIUUJLUUJUIUJUJIUUJUJLULULUUJIUUJUJUJ

^^^CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM

<

CO CO CO CO CO __
Tf CO CO Tf CO S
in oo oo co oo ce
OCMNNNN
co co co co _-
H H r- t- H- 2
LU UJ UJ LU LU
ifl(ONeoo)rrrrT,rT.rfl|eiNWO,NNNN
oc
oc oc oc oc oc cc
*
NnlO<ONCOO)OrOinIO(DNOO)OT-(Mn9IO(ONaC40rCI
cocococococococoTfTfTfTtTfTfTfTtTtTtininmininininioinin
267
O)
c
co
Ss
3
OKD^T-COOONOOOXOOSO)
CMOOCOIOlOCMIOTtcOCM-r-TflOCO
o
Tf
0(0
IO Tf -

Tf
cn cn
co co
otocnoooocncn
Tfi-COTtTfTtTfCMCM
J3
lOOIOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
'COTtCOIOCOCOCjT-T-CMCM<OT--i-CjT--r-T-<OT-CMCM-i-<OCM-r--t-T--r-CMCM
COOOT-COCM<0<OCnCMTf<OCMCMCnTtCMCnCMCMCMTtTtCMCMTtCMCMCMCMCO<0
lOCnoOlOCOCMTtCMTfcOTtTfTtCMCOTtCMTtTtTtCOCOTtTfeOTfTfTfTfTfTf
o o o
O IO IO

-TfooN-N-iOT-iocoiocniOT-coiOT-iocniococoiocncoioioioioioio
enoOCOCON.IOTfCON-OTfON-COON-CON-ON.OON.OON-N.N.N-TfTf
TfcncOTfCMCMTfCVICOCOTfTfcOCMCOCOCMCOTfCOCOCOCOTfcOCOCOCOCOTfTf
s
a
o

oooooocococoocoTtN-cnN.cocoioN.eocncnT-N.T-001-TfTt
o o
co o
lOCMCMCMCMCOTftOCOCOTfcncOIOCOCOCOOCncOCMCMTfcncOCOCOCOCOCOTf
cototococoeocococoeocooocococococococococococoeocococococococo
COCMCMWCMT-T-T-T-T--i-T-T-T-T-T-T-T-T-T--i-T-T--r--r-T-T-T-T--i-
E
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOlOCMCOTfintOOCOCMT-T-CMCnOCOCOCOCncOOTtCDCDCOCn
OTfTfTfTfCMCOlOCMCMCOCOCOIOCOCOOOCnoOCOCMCMCOeOCMCOCMCMCMCMCM
CMTfTfTfTfN-COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCMCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO
COCMC\JCMCMt-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-
o o o o o o
o o o o o
o" o o o o o
ooooooooooooooooooooooooo
cooooooocooooooocooocooooooooocooooooooocooooooooo
OOOOOOT-CON.CD-1-cnN.COlON-lOCOOOCOCOCOCOOOlOOON.COCOOT-
io co co ^ io V ^t ^" n t" ^* V t" * ^* io t" t" ^" ^" t* t" V * ^" ^r* ^ in" m"
IO gggggoooooiooooooog
....OlOtOlOCOTfTfiniOOT-CO-TfCMOOeO
OOOOIOOOO
TfCnCMT-OOCOCM

OOOOOOIOTfCMIOIOCnTftOTteOCO-i-enCMCOCOCOOCOTtCMTfCMCMT-
ooooocM-r-oooT-cnoooocnoenooooooooooT-T-
ooocococooooooocnoooocnocnoooooooooooo
COCJCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMt-CMCMCMCM-t-CMt-CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
OOOOOON-TfOCON-COTflOCMIOt-COIOCOIOlOCniOCOCOCOCMCMCOT-
o
CO
o
00
CM
O
CO
CM
O
CO
CM
O
CO
CM
O
O
CM
en
cn
-
O
CM
CON-CnTfcOOCOCOCOlO
0)0)0)00)00)9)00)
t-t-1-CMt-CMt-t-CMt-
Tf CO N- N- 00
o en en en en
CM - - - T-
TfN-CON-COCOOOCn
00)0)0)0)0)0)0)
CM - - - - - T-
03
c
o
__.___OfflfflnfflnfflnfflnfflmfflfflnfflfflfflfflfflnnfflfflncD

- " JJJJJJOTJOOq
_ _ _
> 5 5 S S UJUJUJLULULULUIUUJLUUJUIUJUJIUUJUJLULULUUJIUUJUJUJ

^^^CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM

<

CO CO CO CO CO __
Tf CO CO Tf CO S
in oo oo co oo ce
OCMNNNN
co co co co _-
H H r- t- H- 2
LU UJ UJ LU LU
ifl(ONeoo)rrrrT,rT.rfl|eiNWO,NNNN
oc
oc oc oc oc oc cc
*
NnlO<ONCOO)OrOinIO(DNOO)OT-(Mn9IO(ONaC40rCI
cocococococococoTfTfTfTtTfTfTfTtTtTtininmininininioinin
267
flange
fr
3
w e b
c
%=
>.
t-
S
m.
_
5
ja
t i o n
CO
c
O)
(0
Q
4*
(ff
c
2 ^
oc
CM
***
CM
*-*
^^
,_^
[ m m ][ m m ]
m,
,__,
(ff o
_J z
cn to
CO -

CM CO
Tf CM
CO Tf
O O
O O
CO O)
o o
CO Tf
o o
Tf tn
co 00
co co
-

) Tf
CM -
co co
_ -

co co

-
Tf

Tf
en en

CO CM
o o
o o
CM CM
o o
O) co
- CO
en o
- CM
ffl ffi
o o
o o
CM CM
UJ UJ
X X
en o
CM CO
_ F
tp
CO Tf
to to
o
o
-
)
CM
o
o
T-
<o
CM
o
to
N-
00
-
CM
-
co
-
o
oo
o
co
Tf
o
-
)
o
en
en
en
-
co
o
CM
en
co
o
o
CM
Tf
co
o
o
co
o
co
o
cn
CM
00
Tf
CM
co
-
o
o
co
o
in
Tf
o
-
00
o
co
o
o
CM
o
Tf
N-
cn
-
.
Tf
o
o
in
Tf
CM
o
o
m
Tf
CM
o
N.
co
-
CM
o
Tf
-
CM
O
o
-
CM
O
co
co
o
Tf
O)
O
o
o
O
co
o
o
CM
en
CM
ffi ffl <
o
o
CM
UJ
X
tj-
CO
JE
wS
o
to
to
o
CM
UJ
X
CM
co
_
ffS
o
to
(O
o
o
co
UJ
X
CO Tf
to io to
o o o
o o o
N- io co
i- to co
CM CM CO
o o o
o o o
N- IO tO
- IO CO
CM CM CO
O O O
CM - CO
Tf - CO
- - -
CO CO CM
O O O
Tf Tf CO
Tt cn co
Tt en o
CM CM CM
o o o
o o o
N- N- N-
CM CM CM
o o o
CO CO
CO co
o o 0

o o o
o o o
o o cn
o o cn
CO CO CM
o o o
o o o
o o o
co en en
CO CO CM
< < <
o o o
Tf O O
CO Tf CO
UJ UJ UJ
XXX
CM
CO
Tf
00
Tf
Tf
CM
00
CM
Tf
CM
o
o
-
CM
o
co
IO
o
Tf
o
o
o
O)
O)
CM
o
o
CO
CM
CO
<
o
Tf
co
UJ
X
CM
Tf

-
- -
00 CM

to
- CO
CO CM
o o
co o
O) CD
co co
CO CM
o o
CM
co 00
en .
CM CM
og
$o
? O
^ o
co"
? <=>
1 o
S
o o
o o
- -
Tf
o o
o o
en Tf
oo en
CO CM
<>
O
O
*
CM
t
co
CM
o
o
co
00
CM
o
o
00
-
CM
o
o
o
o
o
00
o
o
IO
o
o
o
IO
o
o
Tf
en
CM
"O
to
o
o
o
to
CM
o
o
-
CO
CM
o
o
en
co
CM
o
o
T-
to
CM
o
o
o
o
o
00
o
o
to
o
o
o
to
o
o
N-
N-
CM
m
to
o
o
CM
in
CM
o
o
-
co
CM
o
o
to
co
CM
o
o
co
IO
CM
o
o
o
o
o
co
o
o
IO
o
o
o
to
o
o
Tf
N-
CM
IO IO IO
to co co to
o o o o
o o o o
O CM CM CM
CO IO to to
CM CM CM CM
O O O o
o o o o
- - N. N-
00 00 00 co
CM CM CM CM
o o o o
o o o o
N. 00 00 N-
CO 00 00 00
CM CM CM CM
o o o o
o o o o
cn o o
IO 00 CO N-
CM CM CM CM
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
co 00 CO CO
o o o o
o o o o
Tf IO IO IO
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
<o co co to
o o o o
o o o o
to to to IO
N- en en en
CM CM CM CM
TJ TJ T3

" -

IO
IO
o
o
-
CM
o
o
to
co
CM
o
o
-
co
CM
o
o
en
N-
CM
o
o
o
o
o
co
o
o
IO
o
o
o
N-
o
o
IO
cn
CM
o
IO
IO
o
o
-
CM
o
o
to
co
CM
o
o
to
00
CM
o
o
co
.
CM
o
o
o
o
o
00
o
to
to
o
o
CM
co
o
o
Tf
en
CM
Tf
o o
o o
N- cn
i- O
CM -
o o
o o
co co
co co
CM CO
o o
o co
CO O)
00 Tf
CM CM
o o
o to
oo en
N- CO
CM CM
o o
o o
o o
g
00*
o o
to to
IO IO
o o
o o
O -
) Tf
O O
O o
Tf O
cn to
CM CM
73 ~Z

Tf
o
o
cn
o
N-
o
o
CO
CO
CO
o
o
O)
Tf
CM
o
o
O)
CO
CM
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
IO
IO
o
o
o
IO
o
o
O)
IO
CM
Tf
o
o
cn
o
N-
o
o
co
co
co
o
to
-
Tf
CM
o
CM
-
co
CM
o
o
o
o
Tf
o
o
to
IO
o
o
o
to
o
o
oo
IO
CM
Tf Tf Tf Tf
o o o o
o o o o
en en en cn
O O O Tf
N- N- N- CO
o o o o
o o o o
CO CO CO CO
CO CO CO CO
CO CO CO CO
o o o o
00 o o o
00 O O) 00
IO - N- 00
- CM CM CM
o o o o
to o o o
oo o cn eo
Tf O CO N-
i- CM CM CM
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
CM O O
O O O O
O O O O
to io to o
IO IO IO CO
o o o o
o o o o
O O - O
co to CO to
o o o o
o o o o
cn o o co
to cm oo en
- CM CM CM
TJ

3 TJ 3

Tf
o
o
cn
Tf
co
o
o
co
co
co
o
o
cn
00
Cvl
o
o
en
N-
CM
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
<o
o
o
o
to
o
o
cn
O)
CM
o
TJ
Tf Tf
o o
o o
cn cn
Tf Tf
CO CO
o o
o o
CO CO
CO CO
CO CO
o o
o o
O) O)
CO 00
CM CM
o o
o o
cn cn
N- N-
CM CM
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
CO (D
o o
o o
o o
CO N-
o o
o o
en en
en en
CM CM
a

T3 "D

!"55555555$555555
<<<<<<
o
o
co
UJ
X
(ff
^
Q.
o o o
Tt O O
CO Tf CO
UJ UJ Ul
XXX
CCC

(ff (fl (ff
W m. m.

. . .
oo cn
( (
o
Tf
co
LU
<)
(ff
m.
.
mm
-
Tt
c -c
3
(ff m.
im

-!
oc
CM CO
-
CM
3
m.
o9
c
o
oc
Tf
Tf
3
*
C
"
oc
m
-
m
JC
3
m.
00
e
o
oc
to
to oo en

f f
3 3 3 3
* imi mt\ mt

m< m* C m*
' : : :
oc oc oc oc
N- co cn o
- - - 00
o
3
mC
m<
o
oc
-
3
m
oc
CM
co
CM CO

3 3
m. m
S
m<
' '
oc cc
CO Tf
00 oo
Tf
3
mt
S
lm
o
oc
in
00
m
3
mt
S
o
cc
(O
00
to co en

3 3 3 3
:****

*-*-<-<
" ' ' "
oc oc cc oc
co cn o
co co oo en
o
CM
3
m.
e8
m<
mm
o
te
-
)
- CM
CM CM

3 3
m -m

-<
"
oc oc
CM CO
en en
268
flange
fr
3
w e b
c
%=
>.
t-
S
m.
_
5
ja
t i o n
CO
c
O)
(0
Q
4*
(ff
c
2 ^
oc
CM
***
CM
*-*
^^
,_^
[ m m ][ m m ]
m,
,__,
(ff o
_J z
cn to
CO -

CM CO
Tf CM
CO Tf
O O
O O
CO O)
o o
CO Tf
o o
Tf tn
co 00
co co
-

) Tf
CM -
co co
_ -

co co

-
Tf

Tf
en en

CO CM
o o
o o
CM CM
o o
O) co
- CO
en o
- CM
ffl ffi
o o
o o
CM CM
UJ UJ
X X
en o
CM CO
_ F
tp
CO Tf
to to
o
o
-
)
CM
o
o
T-
<o
CM
o
to
N-
00
-
CM
-
co
-
o
oo
o
co
Tf
o
-
)
o
en
en
en
-
co
o
CM
en
co
o
o
CM
Tf
co
o
o
co
o
co
o
cn
CM
00
Tf
CM
co
-
o
o
co
o
in
Tf
o
-
00
o
co
o
o
CM
o
Tf
N-
cn
-
.
Tf
o
o
in
Tf
CM
o
o
m
Tf
CM
o
N.
co
-
CM
o
Tf
-
CM
O
o
-
CM
O
co
co
o
Tf
O)
O
o
o
O
co
o
o
CM
en
CM
ffi ffl <
o
o
CM
UJ
X
tj-
CO
JE
wS
o
to
to
o
CM
UJ
X
CM
co
_
ffS
o
to
(O
o
o
co
UJ
X
CO Tf
to io to
o o o
o o o
N- io co
i- to co
CM CM CO
o o o
o o o
N- IO tO
- IO CO
CM CM CO
O O O
CM - CO
Tf - CO
- - -
CO CO CM
O O O
Tf Tf CO
Tt cn co
Tt en o
CM CM CM
o o o
o o o
N- N- N-
CM CM CM
o o o
CO CO
CO co
o o 0

o o o
o o o
o o cn
o o cn
CO CO CM
o o o
o o o
o o o
co en en
CO CO CM
< < <
o o o
Tf O O
CO Tf CO
UJ UJ UJ
XXX
CM
CO
Tf
00
Tf
Tf
CM
00
CM
Tf
CM
o
o
-
CM
o
co
IO
o
Tf
o
o
o
O)
O)
CM
o
o
CO
CM
CO
<
o
Tf
co
UJ
X
CM
Tf

-
- -
00 CM

to
- CO
CO CM
o o
co o
O) CD
co co
CO CM
o o
CM
co 00
en .
CM CM
og
$o
? O
^ o
co"
? <=>
1 o
S
o o
o o
- -
Tf
o o
o o
en Tf
oo en
CO CM
<>
O
O
*
CM
t
co
CM
o
o
co
00
CM
o
o
00
-
CM
o
o
o
o
o
00
o
o
IO
o
o
o
IO
o
o
Tf
en
CM
"O
to
o
o
o
to
CM
o
o
-
CO
CM
o
o
en
co
CM
o
o
T-
to
CM
o
o
o
o
o
00
o
o
to
o
o
o
to
o
o
N-
N-
CM
m
to
o
o
CM
in
CM
o
o
-
co
CM
o
o
to
co
CM
o
o
co
IO
CM
o
o
o
o
o
co
o
o
IO
o
o
o
to
o
o
Tf
N-
CM
IO IO IO
to co co to
o o o o
o o o o
O CM CM CM
CO IO to to
CM CM CM CM
O O O o
o o o o
- - N. N-
00 00 00 co
CM CM CM CM
o o o o
o o o o
N. 00 00 N-
CO 00 00 00
CM CM CM CM
o o o o
o o o o
cn o o
IO 00 CO N-
CM CM CM CM
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
co 00 CO CO
o o o o
o o o o
Tf IO IO IO
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
<o co co to
o o o o
o o o o
to to to IO
N- en en en
CM CM CM CM
TJ TJ T3

" -

IO
IO
o
o
-
CM
o
o
to
co
CM
o
o
-
co
CM
o
o
en
N-
CM
o
o
o
o
o
co
o
o
IO
o
o
o
N-
o
o
IO
cn
CM
o
IO
IO
o
o
-
CM
o
o
to
co
CM
o
o
to
00
CM
o
o
co
.
CM
o
o
o
o
o
00
o
to
to
o
o
CM
co
o
o
Tf
en
CM
Tf
o o
o o
N- cn
i- O
CM -
o o
o o
co co
co co
CM CO
o o
o co
CO O)
00 Tf
CM CM
o o
o to
oo en
N- CO
CM CM
o o
o o
o o
g
00*
o o
to to
IO IO
o o
o o
O -
) Tf
O O
O o
Tf O
cn to
CM CM
73 ~Z

Tf
o
o
cn
o
N-
o
o
CO
CO
CO
o
o
O)
Tf
CM
o
o
O)
CO
CM
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
IO
IO
o
o
o
IO
o
o
O)
IO
CM
Tf
o
o
cn
o
N-
o
o
co
co
co
o
to
-
Tf
CM
o
CM
-
co
CM
o
o
o
o
Tf
o
o
to
IO
o
o
o
to
o
o
oo
IO
CM
Tf Tf Tf Tf
o o o o
o o o o
en en en cn
O O O Tf
N- N- N- CO
o o o o
o o o o
CO CO CO CO
CO CO CO CO
CO CO CO CO
o o o o
00 o o o
00 O O) 00
IO - N- 00
- CM CM CM
o o o o
to o o o
oo o cn eo
Tf O CO N-
i- CM CM CM
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
CM O O
O O O O
O O O O
to io to o
IO IO IO CO
o o o o
o o o o
O O - O
co to CO to
o o o o
o o o o
cn o o co
to cm oo en
- CM CM CM
TJ

3 TJ 3

Tf
o
o
cn
Tf
co
o
o
co
co
co
o
o
cn
00
Cvl
o
o
en
N-
CM
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
<o
o
o
o
to
o
o
cn
O)
CM
o
TJ
Tf Tf
o o
o o
cn cn
Tf Tf
CO CO
o o
o o
CO CO
CO CO
CO CO
o o
o o
O) O)
CO 00
CM CM
o o
o o
cn cn
N- N-
CM CM
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
CO (D
o o
o o
o o
CO N-
o o
o o
en en
en en
CM CM
a

T3 "D

!"55555555$555555
<<<<<<
o
o
co
UJ
X
(ff
^
Q.
o o o
Tt O O
CO Tf CO
UJ UJ Ul
XXX
CCC

(ff (fl (ff
W m. m.

. . .
oo cn
( (
o
Tf
co
LU
<)
(ff
m.
.
mm
-
Tt
c -c
3
(ff m.
im

-!
oc
CM CO
-
CM
3
m.
o9
c
o
oc
Tf
Tf
3
*
C
"
oc
m
-
m
JC
3
m.
00
e
o
oc
to
to oo en

f f
3 3 3 3
* imi mt\ mt

m< m* C m*
' : : :
oc oc oc oc
N- co cn o
- - - 00
o
3
mC
m<
o
oc
-
3
m
oc
CM
co
CM CO

3 3
m. m
S
m<
' '
oc cc
CO Tf
00 oo
Tf
3
mt
S
lm
o
oc
in
00
m
3
mt
S
o
cc
(O
00
to co en

3 3 3 3
:****

*-*-<-<
" ' ' "
oc oc cc oc
co cn o
co co oo en
o
CM
3
m.
e8
m<
mm
o
te
-
)
- CM
CM CM

3 3
m -m

-<
"
oc oc
CM CO
en en
268
flange
3
<-
S
*^
C
>.
S
1
+m
S
ja
i o n
co
c
CT
(ff
O
o
Z
U
C
R e f e r e
*
Ol
-**-
z
CM
,_,
"
m-.
m-.
(ff o
_l Z
Tf
)
Tf
co
O
O
co
co
co
o
N-
00
co
CM
O
Tf
co
N-
CM
O
O
O
O
CO
O
o
o
co
o
o
CO
co
-
o
o
en
en
CM
o
Tf
O
O
en
Tf
co
o
o
co
co
co
o
co
00
CO
CM
o
to
00
-
CM
o
o
o
o
CM
o
o
o
to
o
o
o
en
-
o
en
cn
CM

co
CM
3
m.
00
-m
'
cc
Tf
O)
Tf
CM
3
mm
m<
oc
m
O
to
to
IO
CM
en
o
co
IO
en
Tf
co
CM
Tf
CO
en
co
CM
Tf
co
co
o
CM
o
o
o
o
C0
(_)
IO
to
.
IO
Tf
co
o
CM
Tf
Tf
o
io
CM
0)
O
ce
-
<
>
m
3
-J
en
IO
IO
IO
CM
en
o
co
IO
en
Tf
00
CM
Tf
to
O)
co
CM
Tf
co
00
o
CM
o
o
o
o
00
<_)
IO
to
-
CM
o
co
-
~~~
Tf
Tf
O
IO
CM
"O
o
ce
CM
<
>
C
3
-J
f
O)
O
co
co
Tf
CO
en
co
CM
O
co
-
co
-
N-
Tf
en
en
Tf
O)
CO
o
o
o
00
CM
IO
IO
Tf
Tf
O
O
CO
O
IO
o
o
o
CM
0)
o
oc
>
m<
3
-I
CO
en
o
co
to
Tf
co
en
co
CM
o
co
-
co
-
-
Tf
en
co
Tf
en
to
o
o
o
co
CM
IO
IO
Tf
Tf
en
co
-
to
o
o
o
CM
o
cc
CM
ffl
5
3
_l
O)
o
o
CO
to
Tf
co
O)
co
CM
O
co
N-
CO
N-
N-
Tf
en
CO
Tf
en
co
o
o
o
00
CM
IO
IO
Tf
Tf
-
co
to
o
o
o
CM
"O
o
oe
co
ffi
>
-<
3
_l
o
o
o
co
(O
Tf
co
en
co
CM
o
co
N-
CO
N.
N-
Tt
en
en
Tf
en
co
o
o
o
co
CM
IO
in
Tf
Tt
00
cn
co
O)
m
o
o
o
CM
o
o
cc
Tf
o
co
to
Tf
to
O)
co
CM
O
CO
N-
CO
N-
N-
Tf
O)
en
Tf
en
co
o
o
o
00
CM
IO
IO
Tf
Tf
-
-
CO
en
to
o
o
o
CM
o
fl>
o
ce
m
Tf
O)
en
m
co
en
co
-
co
00
m
Tf
CM
CM
O)
en
CM
O
O
O
CO
CM
m
o
co
Tf
m
co
-
"*-
Tf
Tf
O
m
CM
o
oc
o
Tf
en
en
-
m
co
O)
co
-
co
en
in
Tf
CM
co
o
O)
CM
O
O
O
to
CM
IO
O
CO
Tf
to
to
co
-
Tf
Tf
O
IO
CM
(I)
O
cc
CM
O
Tf
O)
en
-
CO
en
CO
N-
co
en
IO
Tf
CM
CO
cn
en
CM
O
O
o
co
CM
IO
O
CO
Tt
to
CO
to
00
Tf
Tf
O
IO
CM
O
OC
*
o
Tf
en
en
IO
CO
O)
co
N-
CO
00
IO
Tf
CM
CM
en
en
CM
O
O
O
to
CM
IO
O
to
Tf
N-
Tf
CO
O)
Tf
Tf
O
to
CM
O
ce
Tt
o
Tf ,
cn o
en o
- N-
IO co
co co
cn o
co o
N- CM
co co
en o
IO o
Tf 00
co o
cn to
en Tt
- co
o o
o o
o 00
to o
CM
O)
o o
CO CO
Tf -
SiS
ss
Tf O
Tf O
O O
io en
<
?o
O <M
oe UJ
X
m
fflfflOOOOO10
>
-<
3
_J
-
c
3
-1
CM
O
>
mm
3
_J
CO
O
>
-<
3
_l
Tf
O
>
m
3
-J
m
o
>
C
3
-J
t
O
1
o
o
CM
-
00
o
o
to
en
CM
to
to
en
N-
o
T-
Tf
co
o
o
00
tO
IO
en
o
CM
N-
IO
Tt
o
o
CM
o
CM
en
00
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
CO
m
1
o
o
m
Tt
co
o
in
co
o
co
N
to
en
N-
Tf
T-
Tf
CO
o
o
00
co
IO
en
o
CM
IO
o
o
CM
o
CM
en
00
<
o
o
CM
UJ
o
to
I
o
o
CO
co
co
o
o
}
CM
-
00
Tf
Tf
Tf
CO
O
O
00
00
to
en
O
to
N-
o
-
o
CM
o
CO
en
00
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
-
t
O
o
Tf
N-
CO
O
O
O
-
o
oo
o
00
o
-
CO
o
o
00
o
N-
o
o
Tf
N-
IO
CO
-
CM
o
to
O
en
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
CM
tt)
frs s s s s
t
3 F
-l u
-
o o
o
o
en
o
o
5
o
O
5
mm
CJ
0
CM
1
O
O
to
Tf
CO
o
to
-
CO
to
to
cn
N-
o
-
Tf
CO
o
o
CO
to
IO
cn
o
o
N.
o
Tf
o
o
CM
o
CM
en
oo
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
m
t
I
o
o
N.
CM
CO
O
IO
to
-
O
00
cn
N-
o
CM
Tf
CO
O
O
00
o
CO
en
o
CM
N-
o
CO
o
o
CM
o
Tf
O)
CO
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
to
to
1
o
o
O)
Tf
CO
o
to
CM
CO
IO
Tf
cn
N-
o
en
CO
CO
o
o
00
io
to
O)
o
T-
N-
O
00
O)
en
o
en
CO
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
o
-
I
o
o
o
Tf
CO
o
o
en
o
CO
CM
CO
o
co
Tf
N-
Tf
CO
o
o
00
00
m
O)
o
T-
N-
O
en
o
o
CM
o
cn
en
CO
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
T-
N.
1 1
o o
o o
CM O)
Tf N-
CO CO
O O
O O
o m
-
co
CM CM
co
o en
OO -
Tf Tf
Tf T-
Tf Tf
CO CO
o o
o o
00 00
co CO
m to
en en
o o
-i- CO
N- N-
in tn
to o
-
O
CM CM
O O
to tn
en en
co oo
< <
o o
o o
CM CM
UJ LU
X X
CM tO
f
I
o
o
in
to
CO
o
IO
CO
o
CO
IO
to
en
N-
o
00
CO
CO
o
o
00
IO
N-
en
o
CM
N-
o
to
o
o
CM
o
CO
en
oo
<
o
o
CM
LU
X
N-
N-
t 1
o o
o o
00 Tf
co en
CO CM
o o
o o
N- CO
en en
CM CM
o o
CM O
o o
00 o
o o
to o
Tt CO
CO 00
s
o o"
s
O) w
o o
CO o
N- CO
IO o
00 o
O Tf
O CM
CM CM
O O
O) o
en cm
CO 1-
<
8*
o =
CM o
UJ CC
X
<
1
o
o
00
CM
to
o
o
-
00
Tf
o
o
-
CM
o
o
en
00
o
o
o
o
o
CM
o
o
00
o
o
Tf
CM
CM
o
o
CO
CM
o
oc
<
_ CO Tf
2 < <
CO x
UJ
S2222SS2X
o
5
CO
cj
Tt
U
5
m
O
t
U <_>
n>
\j
E
o
<- ET
5
O T-
CM CM
>
UJ
l
cc
CM
CM
1 1

o iri
- o
en 3
CM tri
o o
o
en -ir
to o
CM tO
o o
o
Tf CM
co to
CM CM
o o
o
IO Tf
Tt Tf
CM CJ
o o
o
o o
o o
IO o
en co
-
o
to o
* o
o o
o o
o en
co N-
CM CM
o o
o
Tf O
00 00
CM CM
T3 "O

o o
ce cc
< <
CO Tt
ffi ffi
X X
> >
UJ UJ

L' L
cc oe
CO Tf
CM CM
269
flange
3
<-
S
*^
C
>.
S
1
+m
S
ja
i o n
co
c
CT
(ff
O
o
Z
U
C
R e f e r e
*
Ol
-**-
z
CM
,_,
"
m-.
m-.
(ff o
_l Z
Tf
)
Tf
co
O
O
co
co
co
o
N-
00
co
CM
O
Tf
co
N-
CM
O
O
O
O
CO
O
o
o
co
o
o
CO
co
-
o
o
en
en
CM
o
Tf
O
O
en
Tf
co
o
o
co
co
co
o
co
00
CO
CM
o
to
00
-
CM
o
o
o
o
CM
o
o
o
to
o
o
o
en
-
o
en
cn
CM

co
CM
3
m.
00
-m
'
cc
Tf
O)
Tf
CM
3
mm
m<
oc
m
O
to
to
IO
CM
en
o
co
IO
en
Tf
co
CM
Tf
CO
en
co
CM
Tf
co
co
o
CM
o
o
o
o
C0
(_)
IO
to
.
IO
Tf
co
o
CM
Tf
Tf
o
io
CM
0)
O
ce
-
<
>
m
3
-J
en
IO
IO
IO
CM
en
o
co
IO
en
Tf
00
CM
Tf
to
O)
co
CM
Tf
co
00
o
CM
o
o
o
o
00
<_)
IO
to
-
CM
o
co
-
~~~
Tf
Tf
O
IO
CM
"O
o
ce
CM
<
>
C
3
-J
f
O)
O
co
co
Tf
CO
en
co
CM
O
co
-
co
-
N-
Tf
en
en
Tf
O)
CO
o
o
o
00
CM
IO
IO
Tf
Tf
O
O
CO
O
IO
o
o
o
CM
0)
o
oc
>
m<
3
-I
CO
en
o
co
to
Tf
co
en
co
CM
o
co
-
co
-
-
Tf
en
co
Tf
en
to
o
o
o
co
CM
IO
IO
Tf
Tf
en
co
-
to
o
o
o
CM
o
cc
CM
ffl
5
3
_l
O)
o
o
CO
to
Tf
co
O)
co
CM
O
co
N-
CO
N-
N-
Tf
en
CO
Tf
en
co
o
o
o
00
CM
IO
IO
Tf
Tf
-
co
to
o
o
o
CM
"O
o
oe
co
ffi
>
-<
3
_l
o
o
o
co
(O
Tf
co
en
co
CM
o
co
N-
CO
N.
N-
Tt
en
en
Tf
en
co
o
o
o
co
CM
IO
in
Tf
Tt
00
cn
co
O)
m
o
o
o
CM
o
o
cc
Tf
o
co
to
Tf
to
O)
co
CM
O
CO
N-
CO
N-
N-
Tf
O)
en
Tf
en
co
o
o
o
00
CM
IO
IO
Tf
Tf
-
-
CO
en
to
o
o
o
CM
o
fl>
o
ce
m
Tf
O)
en
m
co
en
co
-
co
00
m
Tf
CM
CM
O)
en
CM
O
O
O
CO
CM
m
o
co
Tf
m
co
-
"*-
Tf
Tf
O
m
CM
o
oc
o
Tf
en
en
-
m
co
O)
co
-
co
en
in
Tf
CM
co
o
O)
CM
O
O
O
to
CM
IO
O
CO
Tf
to
to
co
-
Tf
Tf
O
IO
CM
(I)
O
cc
CM
O
Tf
O)
en
-
CO
en
CO
N-
co
en
IO
Tf
CM
CO
cn
en
CM
O
O
o
co
CM
IO
O
CO
Tt
to
CO
to
00
Tf
Tf
O
IO
CM
O
OC
*
o
Tf
en
en
IO
CO
O)
co
N-
CO
00
IO
Tf
CM
CM
en
en
CM
O
O
O
to
CM
IO
O
to
Tf
N-
Tf
CO
O)
Tf
Tf
O
to
CM
O
ce
Tt
o
Tf ,
cn o
en o
- N-
IO co
co co
cn o
co o
N- CM
co co
en o
IO o
Tf 00
co o
cn to
en Tt
- co
o o
o o
o 00
to o
CM
O)
o o
CO CO
Tf -
SiS
ss
Tf O
Tf O
O O
io en
<
?o
O <M
oe UJ
X
m
fflfflOOOOO10
>
-<
3
_J
-
c
3
-1
CM
O
>
mm
3
_J
CO
O
>
-<
3
_l
Tf
O
>
m
3
-J
m
o
>
C
3
-J
t
O
1
o
o
CM
-
00
o
o
to
en
CM
to
to
en
N-
o
T-
Tf
co
o
o
00
tO
IO
en
o
CM
N-
IO
Tt
o
o
CM
o
CM
en
00
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
CO
m
1
o
o
m
Tt
co
o
in
co
o
co
N
to
en
N-
Tf
T-
Tf
CO
o
o
00
co
IO
en
o
CM
IO
o
o
CM
o
CM
en
00
<
o
o
CM
UJ
o
to
I
o
o
CO
co
co
o
o
}
CM
-
00
Tf
Tf
Tf
CO
O
O
00
00
to
en
O
to
N-
o
-
o
CM
o
CO
en
00
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
-
t
O
o
Tf
N-
CO
O
O
O
-
o
oo
o
00
o
-
CO
o
o
00
o
N-
o
o
Tf
N-
IO
CO
-
CM
o
to
O
en
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
CM
tt)
frs s s s s
t
3 F
-l u
-
o o
o
o
en
o
o
5
o
O
5
mm
CJ
0
CM
1
O
O
to
Tf
CO
o
to
-
CO
to
to
cn
N-
o
-
Tf
CO
o
o
CO
to
IO
cn
o
o
N.
o
Tf
o
o
CM
o
CM
en
oo
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
m
t
I
o
o
N.
CM
CO
O
IO
to
-
O
00
cn
N-
o
CM
Tf
CO
O
O
00
o
CO
en
o
CM
N-
o
CO
o
o
CM
o
Tf
O)
CO
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
to
to
1
o
o
O)
Tf
CO
o
to
CM
CO
IO
Tf
cn
N-
o
en
CO
CO
o
o
00
io
to
O)
o
T-
N-
O
00
O)
en
o
en
CO
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
o
-
I
o
o
o
Tf
CO
o
o
en
o
CO
CM
CO
o
co
Tf
N-
Tf
CO
o
o
00
00
m
O)
o
T-
N-
O
en
o
o
CM
o
cn
en
CO
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
T-
N.
1 1
o o
o o
CM O)
Tf N-
CO CO
O O
O O
o m
-
co
CM CM
co
o en
OO -
Tf Tf
Tf T-
Tf Tf
CO CO
o o
o o
00 00
co CO
m to
en en
o o
-i- CO
N- N-
in tn
to o
-
O
CM CM
O O
to tn
en en
co oo
< <
o o
o o
CM CM
UJ LU
X X
CM tO
f
I
o
o
in
to
CO
o
IO
CO
o
CO
IO
to
en
N-
o
00
CO
CO
o
o
00
IO
N-
en
o
CM
N-
o
to
o
o
CM
o
CO
en
oo
<
o
o
CM
LU
X
N-
N-
t 1
o o
o o
00 Tf
co en
CO CM
o o
o o
N- CO
en en
CM CM
o o
CM O
o o
00 o
o o
to o
Tt CO
CO 00
s
o o"
s
O) w
o o
CO o
N- CO
IO o
00 o
O Tf
O CM
CM CM
O O
O) o
en cm
CO 1-
<
8*
o =
CM o
UJ CC
X
<
1
o
o
00
CM
to
o
o
-
00
Tf
o
o
-
CM
o
o
en
00
o
o
o
o
o
CM
o
o
00
o
o
Tf
CM
CM
o
o
CO
CM
o
oc
<
_ CO Tf
2 < <
CO x
UJ
S2222SS2X
o
5
CO
cj
Tt
U
5
m
O
t
U <_>
n>
\j
E
o
<- ET
5
O T-
CM CM
>
UJ
l
cc
CM
CM
1 1

o iri
- o
en 3
CM tri
o o
o
en -ir
to o
CM tO
o o
o
Tf CM
co to
CM CM
o o
o
IO Tf
Tt Tf
CM CJ
o o
o
o o
o o
IO o
en co
-
o
to o
* o
o o
o o
o en
co N-
CM CM
o o
o
Tf O
00 00
CM CM
T3 "O

o o
ce cc
< <
CO Tt
ffi ffi
X X
> >
UJ UJ

L' L
cc oe
CO Tf
CM CM
269
.
S
>.
>
<
<
_
g
co
co
3
LU
CO
W E BF L A N G E
tir
^~
t i o n
co
c
CT
(ff
Q
T e s tr e n c eR e f e
(0
Ij
co
co
fi
co
co
5
o
o
.m]
CM
CM
'~~'
mmt
''
1_|
CO
CM
CM
Tf
-
-
CM
O)
CO
en
.
o
Tf
CO
CM
to
to
O)
00
o
o
CM
-
-
5
en
"
-
00
m
ffl
CM
CM
LU
co
ta
to
-
o
!
c
-
CO
CM
CO
-
CM
-
CO
en
-
00
co
CM
CO
00
en
o
o
CM
-
-
5
-
CM
tn
oo
-
)
-
O
CO
Tf
CM
-
00
CM
en
co
IO
-
-
CM
CO
to
O
O)
o
o
CM
T-
CM
5
CM
CO
Tf
CM
OO
Tf
O
CM
to
o
Tf
O
IO
co
CM
O
00
CM
IO
CO
CM
en
CO
CM
en
o
o
to
CO
5
-
o
-
CM
CO
en
-
-
en
co
Tf
CM
CO
CM
en
00
00
.
CM
IO
-
CM
en
en
o
en
o
o
IO
co
T-
5
-
co
co
CM
Tf
en
-
en
CM
CM
co
CM
Tf
to
o
00
co
o
00
CM
Tf
o
CM
en
o
o
IO
co
-
5
-
CM
-
-
to
Tf
-
Tf
CM
CM
cn
cn
N-
CM
IO
IO
co
-
o
IO
-
CM
-
o
en
o
o
to
co
-
5
-
"
-
-
Tf
-
CM
IO
-
)
-
co
-
00
tO
IO
o
Tf
CM
CO
CO
to
O
O
CM
-
5
co
o
-
00
CM
CM
O
CO
CM
CM
to
T-
to
CD
00
-
cn
to
IO
Tf
-
CM
00
O
CO
to
O
O
O
co
co
5
co
O
CM
co
CM
N-
en
CM
CM
o
to
T-
T
CO
en
-
IO
CM
O)
CO
IO
CO
O
O
o
Tf
CO
5
co
-
CO
CO
CM
CO
O
CM
CM
co
Tf
CM
IO
O
CM
Tf
CO
CO
IO
00
O
CM
CM
O
O)
to
to
O
O
CM
-
00
5
co
to
to
oo
CM
CM
Tf
-
-
-
Tf
CM
IO
O
CM
IO
-
IO
IO
en
to
CM
IO
to
t
O
O
o
co
co
5
co
-
-
CM
CM
Tf
-
CM
-
CO
CM
Tf
to
cn
T-
N-
O)
IO
m
00
CO
CM
CO
N.
Tf
to
o
o
o
Tf
co
5
co
O)
Tf
co
CM
m
-
-
CM
to
to
co
co
N-
Tt
to
CM
00
to
CO
CM
-
Tf
.
CO
O
CO
O
O
O
CO
-
5
-
CO
OO
-
Tt
to
CM
N-
CO
to
Tf
to
CO
en
CO
cn
Tf
Tf
CO
O
CO
o
o
o
Tf
-
5
-
(0
O
en
-
_
CM
to
m
Tf
to
Tf
to
to
Tf
en
Tf
CO
CO
Tf
00
CO
CO
-
O
CM
-
5
co
co
co
to
CM
CM
CO
CO
CM
CO
Tf
N.
Tf
O
to
to
to
CO
CM
cn
N.
CO
CO
Tf
CM
to
-
o
o
co
co
5
co
to
co
t
CM
en
Tf
co
CM
to
IO
-
co
IO
to
to
o
IO
00
O)
o
Tf
Tf
O)
Tf
CM
co
-
o
o
Tf
co
5
co
to
m
t
CM
Tf
m
co
CM
Tf
N.
CM
CO
IO
to
Tt
N-
Tf
00
to
cn
O)
CM
en
cn
CO
cn
o
o
CM
-
5
co
co
00
to
CM
en
CO
CM
N- CM
co en
CM CM
to cn
- CO
to to
Tt Tf
- CO
CM Tf
cn co
CM CO
to o
CM CO
- O
CO CO
N- CO
N- CO
Tt Tf
cn cn
o o
o o
o o
CO Tf
CO co
5 5
co co
IO o
- O
- O
CM CO
o co
- .
Tf CO
CM CM
-
IO
CM
Tf
t
Tf
o
IO
Tf
CO
T-
Tf
00
N.
-
en
o
o
CM
T--
Tf
5
Tf
cn
N-
Tf
CO
o
to
CM
CO
coN-encotoin^SS
lOlOCOTfTftTrî^
lOION.T-CMTf0.^^
N-TfinT-TftOtOtDCO
tOOTfN-CMCOCOCOlO
tN-IOCn-r-N-N-N-N
TtTfcOT-CMCOtOtOCD
CMN-l0.0irxOOOCO
t-i-N*0000)
TfTtenrJcocoooN.
tOCOTfCOtOOOOO
tTtCMtOCOOOOO
TflOCOOT-CMCMCMCM
COCOTfCMCMCOCOCOCO
cnco>coIO,0,
SenS^^CMCMCMS
OOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOO
COTfcOTtTtcOCOCOCO
TtTfeOCOCOCMCOTfTf
$55555555
TfTfCOCOCOCMCOTfTf
COT-TftT-CMCOCMCO
cnN-ioco-T-iototoen
CO W CO CO O) ^
COCOCMCMCMCOCOtOtO
COOOCOOCOt-IOCO
tOTftOtOIOIOCOCOTf
CMCMCOCON-OCON-O
COCOCMCMCMCMCMCOTf
fflfflfflfflffiffl<<<<<<fflffifflffiffi<<<<<<ffi<<T3.aT3T3
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
co
t
-
o
t
C
CM
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tf
(0
O)
-
C
co
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tf
CO
-
!
ce
Tf
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tt
CM
O
!
ce
m
CM
CM
UJ
X
co
co
o
o
75
!
e
to
CM
CM
UJ
co
O
-
!
C
-
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
CM
CO
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
cc
CO
o
CM
CM
LU
co
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tt
CO o
CM CM
CM CM
< <
UJ uj
!
cc
o
!
oc
o
CM
CM
UJ
1
CM
Tf
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
ce
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
CO
Tf
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
cc
CM
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tf
Tf
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
C
CO
o
co
CM
LU
CO
co
co
CM
ffl
UJ
!
DC
Tt
O
CO
CM
UJ
X
Tf
CO
CO
CM
ffl
UJ
!
cc
in
O
CO
CM
UJ
X
CM
Tf
CO
CM
ffl
UJ
!
C
to
o
00
CM
UJ
co
Tf
.00
CM
ffl
UJ
!
Se
N
o
00
CM
UI
Tf
Tf
00
CM
ffl
UJ
!
CC
00
o
00
CM
UJ
X
CM
CO
CO
CM
<
UJ
!
oc
en
o o
CO 00
CM CM
LU LU

CO Tt
CO CO
co oo
CM CM
< <
LU UI
H
oc oc
-
CM CM
o
oo
CM
UJ
X
CM
Tf
co
CM
<
UJ
!
be
CM
CM
00COCOCMCMOT3OT3
CMCMCMCMCM-J-J-J^
U1UJU1UJUJ5555
X X
m .SPfflfflcocococo
Z-lUTfTfCOTftOCO
SSwTfioioioin
;!ScMCMmmfflcQ
mmffl<<l-'-f-"
""JjjUJUJUJUJUJUJ
ululili
OCOCOCCCCCflCXOCOC
coTfwtoN-cocnoT-
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCOCOl
270
.
S
>.
>
<
<
_
g
co
co
3
LU
CO
W E BF L A N G E
tir
^~
t i o n
co
c
CT
(ff
Q
T e s tr e n c eR e f e
(0
Ij
co
co
fi
co
co
5
o
o
.m]
CM
CM
'~~'
mmt
''
1_|
CO
CM
CM
Tf
-
-
CM
O)
CO
en
.
o
Tf
CO
CM
to
to
O)
00
o
o
CM
-
-
5
en
"
-
00
m
ffl
CM
CM
LU
co
ta
to
-
o
!
c
-
CO
CM
CO
-
CM
-
CO
en
-
00
co
CM
CO
00
en
o
o
CM
-
-
5
-
CM
tn
oo
-
)
-
O
CO
Tf
CM
-
00
CM
en
co
IO
-
-
CM
CO
to
O
O)
o
o
CM
T-
CM
5
CM
CO
Tf
CM
OO
Tf
O
CM
to
o
Tf
O
IO
co
CM
O
00
CM
IO
CO
CM
en
CO
CM
en
o
o
to
CO
5
-
o
-
CM
CO
en
-
-
en
co
Tf
CM
CO
CM
en
00
00
.
CM
IO
-
CM
en
en
o
en
o
o
IO
co
T-
5
-
co
co
CM
Tf
en
-
en
CM
CM
co
CM
Tf
to
o
00
co
o
00
CM
Tf
o
CM
en
o
o
IO
co
-
5
-
CM
-
-
to
Tf
-
Tf
CM
CM
cn
cn
N-
CM
IO
IO
co
-
o
IO
-
CM
-
o
en
o
o
to
co
-
5
-
"
-
-
Tf
-
CM
IO
-
)
-
co
-
00
tO
IO
o
Tf
CM
CO
CO
to
O
O
CM
-
5
co
o
-
00
CM
CM
O
CO
CM
CM
to
T-
to
CD
00
-
cn
to
IO
Tf
-
CM
00
O
CO
to
O
O
O
co
co
5
co
O
CM
co
CM
N-
en
CM
CM
o
to
T-
T
CO
en
-
IO
CM
O)
CO
IO
CO
O
O
o
Tf
CO
5
co
-
CO
CO
CM
CO
O
CM
CM
co
Tf
CM
IO
O
CM
Tf
CO
CO
IO
00
O
CM
CM
O
O)
to
to
O
O
CM
-
00
5
co
to
to
oo
CM
CM
Tf
-
-
-
Tf
CM
IO
O
CM
IO
-
IO
IO
en
to
CM
IO
to
t
O
O
o
co
co
5
co
-
-
CM
CM
Tf
-
CM
-
CO
CM
Tf
to
cn
T-
N-
O)
IO
m
00
CO
CM
CO
N.
Tf
to
o
o
o
Tf
co
5
co
O)
Tf
co
CM
m
-
-
CM
to
to
co
co
N-
Tt
to
CM
00
to
CO
CM
-
Tf
.
CO
O
CO
O
O
O
CO
-
5
-
CO
OO
-
Tt
to
CM
N-
CO
to
Tf
to
CO
en
CO
cn
Tf
Tf
CO
O
CO
o
o
o
Tf
-
5
-
(0
O
en
-
_
CM
to
m
Tf
to
Tf
to
to
Tf
en
Tf
CO
CO
Tf
00
CO
CO
-
O
CM
-
5
co
co
co
to
CM
CM
CO
CO
CM
CO
Tf
N.
Tf
O
to
to
to
CO
CM
cn
N.
CO
CO
Tf
CM
to
-
o
o
co
co
5
co
to
co
t
CM
en
Tf
co
CM
to
IO
-
co
IO
to
to
o
IO
00
O)
o
Tf
Tf
O)
Tf
CM
co
-
o
o
Tf
co
5
co
to
m
t
CM
Tf
m
co
CM
Tf
N.
CM
CO
IO
to
Tt
N-
Tf
00
to
cn
O)
CM
en
cn
CO
cn
o
o
CM
-
5
co
co
00
to
CM
en
CO
CM
N- CM
co en
CM CM
to cn
- CO
to to
Tt Tf
- CO
CM Tf
cn co
CM CO
to o
CM CO
- O
CO CO
N- CO
N- CO
Tt Tf
cn cn
o o
o o
o o
CO Tf
CO co
5 5
co co
IO o
- O
- O
CM CO
o co
- .
Tf CO
CM CM
-
IO
CM
Tf
t
Tf
o
IO
Tf
CO
T-
Tf
00
N.
-
en
o
o
CM
T--
Tf
5
Tf
cn
N-
Tf
CO
o
to
CM
CO
coN-encotoin^SS
lOlOCOTfTftTrî^
lOION.T-CMTf0.^^
N-TfinT-TftOtOtDCO
tOOTfN-CMCOCOCOlO
tN-IOCn-r-N-N-N-N
TtTfcOT-CMCOtOtOCD
CMN-l0.0irxOOOCO
t-i-N*0000)
TfTtenrJcocoooN.
tOCOTfCOtOOOOO
tTtCMtOCOOOOO
TflOCOOT-CMCMCMCM
COCOTfCMCMCOCOCOCO
cnco>coIO,0,
SenS^^CMCMCMS
OOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOO
COTfcOTtTtcOCOCOCO
TtTfeOCOCOCMCOTfTf
$55555555
TfTfCOCOCOCMCOTfTf
COT-TftT-CMCOCMCO
cnN-ioco-T-iototoen
CO W CO CO O) ^
COCOCMCMCMCOCOtOtO
COOOCOOCOt-IOCO
tOTftOtOIOIOCOCOTf
CMCMCOCON-OCON-O
COCOCMCMCMCMCMCOTf
fflfflfflfflffiffl<<<<<<fflffifflffiffi<<<<<<ffi<<T3.aT3T3
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
co
t
-
o
t
C
CM
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tf
(0
O)
-
C
co
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tf
CO
-
!
ce
Tf
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tt
CM
O
!
ce
m
CM
CM
UJ
X
co
co
o
o
75
!
e
to
CM
CM
UJ
co
O
-
!
C
-
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
CM
CO
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
cc
CO
o
CM
CM
LU
co
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tt
CO o
CM CM
CM CM
< <
UJ uj
!
cc
o
!
oc
o
CM
CM
UJ
1
CM
Tf
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
ce
O
CM
CM
UJ
X
CO
Tf
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
cc
CM
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tf
Tf
CM
CM
<
UJ
!
C
CO
o
co
CM
LU
CO
co
co
CM
ffl
UJ
!
DC
Tt
O
CO
CM
UJ
X
Tf
CO
CO
CM
ffl
UJ
!
cc
in
O
CO
CM
UJ
X
CM
Tf
CO
CM
ffl
UJ
!
C
to
o
00
CM
UJ
co
Tf
.00
CM
ffl
UJ
!
Se
N
o
00
CM
UI
Tf
Tf
00
CM
ffl
UJ
!
CC
00
o
00
CM
UJ
X
CM
CO
CO
CM
<
UJ
!
oc
en
o o
CO 00
CM CM
LU LU

CO Tt
CO CO
co oo
CM CM
< <
LU UI
H
oc oc
-
CM CM
o
oo
CM
UJ
X
CM
Tf
co
CM
<
UJ
!
be
CM
CM
00COCOCMCMOT3OT3
CMCMCMCMCM-J-J-J^
U1UJU1UJUJ5555
X X
m .SPfflfflcocococo
Z-lUTfTfCOTftOCO
SSwTfioioioin
;!ScMCMmmfflcQ
mmffl<<l-'-f-"
""JjjUJUJUJUJUJUJ
ululili
OCOCOCCCCCflCXOCOC
coTfwtoN-cocnoT-
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCOCOl
270
CnÔCMCDN.COCON-CON.N.COCOtON.tOCON-N.N.N.tON-tOTftDinC010
oo^^T-wtocotocococotocotooocotocotococococotocococococooooo
OO^^N-tTt-CMt-CMt-CMCMCNIt-t-CMt-CMCMCMt-t-CMCMt-CMCMCMCMCMCM
o
cococococoTteocMOiocoN.iocococMT-N.TfoocncntoN.tocncncncoo
lOCOOOOOeOCMtOtON-COtOCON-tOTfN.COTtN.COIOIOOON.TtcOtOCOCOTf
NIOIOIOIOO)00)0)0)00)aO)0)0)0)00)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0
COtOtOCO<OT-CMT-T-T-CMT-T-T-T-T-T-CMT-T-T-T-T-T-T-T-T-T-T-CM
oo to CO CO to
coocntototOT-OTfcocnocoT-cocoototo
encocococotJ'-',JJWajaj'r"
S,oS,oSooeoiocoioo)N.
cn io to io to
co
CMtOIOTfcOtOOOTf
N-coincncococncocoT-N-Tf
lOCOTftOTfOOTfCOCOIOCOCO
O Tf N- CM N- CO
00 O IO Tf O) CM
Tf Tf Tf Tf m to
^^,,^
>
<

OOOOOOOlON-CnTfCOlOCMOCOOT-TtTfCMCOCOIOTfOCMTtT-CMN-lO
OTtTfTfTtTfN.C0TtT-t0t7)t0N-l0C0T-C0CnOT-T-0)0)C0ON-N.t0CMT-
CMTfTtTtTftOIOlOIOTtlOlOIOIOTtTttOtOtOIOTfTfTflOTttOTfTtTfiniO
COCMOJCMCMt-CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
o o o o o
O CM CM CM CM
CM IO IO IO tO
CM CM CM CM CM
Tf Tf
O N-
CM O)
N- N-
cotoioioiotocococoTfeoeneneocococMN-iototOT-Tfio
N-tOt-tON-N-tOi-OTtmcOIOOOlO
N-N-tOCncON-N-tON-N-OOON-tOCON-
TfCOtOCnCOCMCOO
coinN-toN-N-coen
N-N-N-N-N-N-N-N-

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooeocooo
COCOCTCOCOCOCOCOCOCMCMCMCMCMCMCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO
2 co
CO
CO Tf CO CM
m co
UJ < 5555555555555555555555555555555
Sg co
3 o
CO Tf CO CM
s
lOCOOTtT-T-ON-OOIOT-TfTfiniOOOT-
coenTfootOTtN-cocDT-cocoN-oocoioo
00 O) IO to 00
Tf Tf Tf CO CM
oeniocococncncoioN-entoN-
CMt-t-t-t-t-1-t-t-t-t-t-t-
enoiOTfTfooN-toN-T-cMCMtn
CMO)cOT-T-tocnencOTt<oN.otM
o" o
CM CM
cncncococncnN.cncnencn
oo en Tt m o o
oo N- oo en cn
CO - O O) CO O
CO Tf CM tO CO N-
CMooeni-CMCMCMcnoooo
CMTftOCMlOIOCOOIOlO
co cn o o o
CO CO - CM -
) tO CO
O Tf CO
co - cn - to io
CM CO CM CM - T-
eOTfN.IOeON.N.TfinN.TftON.N.IOlON.N.lON.N.N.N-0000
o
ro
c
2>
to
o
fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffifflfflfflfflfflfflfflffiffifflfflfflfflffl

^^J^-J^CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
3 5 5 5 5 3UJUJUJUJUJUJLUUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJJ
( _

CO CO CO CO CO ^m
Tf CO CO Tf CO S
IO 00 00 00 00 oc
ffl ffl ffl ffl ffl _
HHHHHg
UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ
- CM CO IO 00 enoT-cMcoTfintN.00
T-CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
o
c
o

oc
oe oc oe cc ce oc
J2 Sm,
CMCOTfiO(ON-OOCnOT-CMCOTriOt0N-COO>OT-CMCOTtintON>OOO)OT-CM
cococoeococococoTfTfTtTtTfTtTtTfTfTfinmininininmininioiototo
271
CnÔCMCDN.COCON-CON.N.COCOtON.tOCON-N.N.N.tON-tOTftDinC010
oo^^T-wtocotocococotocotooocotocotococococotocococococooooo
OO^^N-tTt-CMt-CMt-CMCMCNIt-t-CMt-CMCMCMt-t-CMCMt-CMCMCMCMCMCM
o
cococococoTteocMOiocoN.iocococMT-N.TfoocncntoN.tocncncncoo
lOCOOOOOeOCMtOtON-COtOCON-tOTfN.COTtN.COIOIOOON.TtcOtOCOCOTf
NIOIOIOIOO)00)0)0)00)aO)0)0)0)00)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0
COtOtOCO<OT-CMT-T-T-CMT-T-T-T-T-T-CMT-T-T-T-T-T-T-T-T-T-T-CM
oo to CO CO to
coocntototOT-OTfcocnocoT-cocoototo
encocococotJ'-',JJWajaj'r"
S,oS,oSooeoiocoioo)N.
cn io to io to
co
CMtOIOTfcOtOOOTf
N-coincncococncocoT-N-Tf
lOCOTftOTfOOTfCOCOIOCOCO
O Tf N- CM N- CO
00 O IO Tf O) CM
Tf Tf Tf Tf m to
^^,,^
>
<

OOOOOOOlON-CnTfCOlOCMOCOOT-TtTfCMCOCOIOTfOCMTtT-CMN-lO
OTtTfTfTtTfN.C0TtT-t0t7)t0N-l0C0T-C0CnOT-T-0)0)C0ON-N.t0CMT-
CMTfTtTtTftOIOlOIOTtlOlOIOIOTtTttOtOtOIOTfTfTflOTttOTfTtTfiniO
COCMOJCMCMt-CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
o o o o o
O CM CM CM CM
CM IO IO IO tO
CM CM CM CM CM
Tf Tf
O N-
CM O)
N- N-
cotoioioiotocococoTfeoeneneocococMN-iototOT-Tfio
N-tOt-tON-N-tOi-OTtmcOIOOOlO
N-N-tOCncON-N-tON-N-OOON-tOCON-
TfCOtOCnCOCMCOO
coinN-toN-N-coen
N-N-N-N-N-N-N-N-

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooeocooo
COCOCTCOCOCOCOCOCOCMCMCMCMCMCMCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO
2 co
CO
CO Tf CO CM
m co
UJ < 5555555555555555555555555555555
Sg co
3 o
CO Tf CO CM
s
lOCOOTtT-T-ON-OOIOT-TfTfiniOOOT-
coenTfootOTtN-cocDT-cocoN-oocoioo
00 O) IO to 00
Tf Tf Tf CO CM
oeniocococncncoioN-entoN-
CMt-t-t-t-t-1-t-t-t-t-t-t-
enoiOTfTfooN-toN-T-cMCMtn
CMO)cOT-T-tocnencOTt<oN.otM
o" o
CM CM
cncncococncnN.cncnencn
oo en Tt m o o
oo N- oo en cn
CO - O O) CO O
CO Tf CM tO CO N-
CMooeni-CMCMCMcnoooo
CMTftOCMlOIOCOOIOlO
co cn o o o
CO CO - CM -
) tO CO
O Tf CO
co - cn - to io
CM CO CM CM - T-
eOTfN.IOeON.N.TfinN.TftON.N.IOlON.N.lON.N.N.N-0000
o
ro
c
2>
to
o
fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffifflfflfflfflfflfflfflffiffifflfflfflfflffl

^^J^-J^CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
3 5 5 5 5 3UJUJUJUJUJUJLUUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJJ
( _

CO CO CO CO CO ^m
Tf CO CO Tf CO S
IO 00 00 00 00 oc
ffl ffl ffl ffl ffl _
HHHHHg
UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ
- CM CO IO 00 enoT-cMcoTfintN.00
T-CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
o
c
o

oc
oe oc oe cc ce oc
J2 Sm,
CMCOTfiO(ON-OOCnOT-CMCOTriOt0N-COO>OT-CMCOTtintON>OOO)OT-CM
cococoeococococoTfTfTtTtTfTtTtTfTfTfinmininininmininioiototo
271
_
s
>
>
<
<
-I
3
UJ
co
ffl
*
F U N G E
^^
s
73
tu'
C
*m**
t i o n
CO
c
o
to
**
m
u
c
>-
oc
co
co
co
co
<
_
W
5
,__,
CM
-*

I-J
""^
_
00
00
**
to
en
-
co
co
in
-
m
Tf
CM
CM
CO
-
O
O
00
CO
5
"
.
-
CM
-
m
CM
UJ
CM
CO
to
co
to
CM
CO
CM
O
CM
Tf
en
CO
m
Tf
en
m
CM
Tf
in
cn
N-
CO
CO
T
5
-
00
to
O)
-
)
Tf
N-
-
.
O
O
CM
UJ
X
o
co
_
f
O
Tf
t
co
to
-
-
en
to
Tf
IO
to
en
en
Tf
CM
T
N-
IO
N-
O
O
00
CO
T
5
-
00
N-
to
-
N-
Tt
ffl
o
O
CM
UJ
X
-
t
m
t
to
CO
Tf
en
-
00
-
to
-
en
CO
CM
CM
IO
to
N-
o
o
o
CM
^
5
T-
to
CO
CO
T"
en
to
io
"
-
-
to
en
en
io
to
N.
en
N-
Tf
to
en
CO
o
1
o
o
o
IO
co
5
co
CD
tn
CM
CM
co
o
co
CM
00
-
CO
CM
CM
-
CO
CT)
to
CM
to
N-
Tf
en
N-
CO
o
o
o
to
5
-
00
CM
CM
to
CM
CO
-
IO
CM
t
IO
CM
00
IO
IO
Tf
Tf
-
CO
O
CO
-
00
IO
o
o
o
IO
-
5
"
CM
CO
CM
CO
en
co
Tf
Tf
to
en
o
00
-
00
o
O)
CO
Tf
CO
CM
o
O
O
IO
CO
5
CO
T-
T
N-
CM
O
T-
to
CM
-
CM
(
en
to
Tf
CO
to
CM
N-
T-
N-
Tf
Tf
O
CO
O
O
O
IO
CO
5
CO
Tf
T-
T-
CO
to
in
tn
CM
Tf
to
O)
CO
CO
00
00
O
Tf
O
co
Tf
to
Tf
-
co
CM
Tf
m
co
O
o
o
in
5
-
CM
en
o
co
o
to
en
ffl < < < < < <

O
o
CM
UJ
X
CM
CO
-
flC
O
to
to
O
o
CO
UJ
<
o
o
CO
UJ
X
(0
.
-
(
Tf
CO
UJ
X
Tf
UJ
< <
o
Tf
CO
UJ
X
r
o
I
t
o
o
Tf
UJ
X
f"
(ff
m.
CL
en
(O
O
O
CO
UJ
X
<
O
O
CO
UJ
X
f-
(0
m.
Tf
CO
UJ
X
<
Tf
CO
UJ
X
f-
(0
1_
O.
-
-
o
Tf
UJ
<
o
o
TT
UJ
X
f
(ff
m.
a.
CM
-
O)
en
Tf
-
CO
O
m
m
en
co
to
Tf
to
co
Tf
O
Tf
CO
5
-
Tf
CO
to
o
-
-
73
73
Tf
O
O
IO
Tf
Tf
O
00
IO
O
en
CO
o
en
N-
CO
Tf
o
N-
00
5
-
Tf
CO
IO
o
00
00
T-
73
73
00
CM
-
Tf
IO
mm
CM
IO
IO
t
to
IO
to
CM
Tf
Tf
IO
CM
CO
5
CO
to
N-
to
Tf
O
CM
CM
73
73
CM
CM
to
IO
Tf
CM
IO
O
en
CM
o
IO
co
co
co
co
co
CM
co
5
co
co
Tf
co
IO
o
CM
CM
73
73
-
-
CO
00
Tf
-
to
co
o
to
en
IO
co
to
-
CM
CO
5
co
-
00
to
o
CM
CM
73
73
Tf
CO
to
Tf
CM
CM
to
Tf
O
CO
O)
co
co
cn
N-
-
5
co
en
en
o
CM
CM
73
73
Tf
CO
to
Tf
IO
Tf
CM
CM
to
O
O
Tf
O
to
O)
CO
to
O)
-
CM
CO
5
co
en
en
o
CM
CM
73
73
00
co
to
co
)
IO
en
co
IO
IO
cn
co
co
cn
IO
CM
co
5
co
co
N-
N-
IO
o
CM
CM
73
73
to
-
to
to
-
O
to
co
IO
cn
co
IO
T-
Tf
CM
O
co
CM
CM
5
CM
CM
to
CO
to
O
CO
-
73
73
co
CM
Tf
O
00
Tf
en
to
en
CM
IO
_
Tf
Tf
Tf
CM
O
O
CO
CM
5
CM
OO
Tf
O
00
T-
CM
73
73
CO
CM
IO
en
co
o
CM
N-
O)
CM
IO
en
t
io
Tf
O
Tf
CO
CM
5
CM
N-
IO
00
Tf
O
CO
-
73
73
to
Tf
-
-
Tf
O
CM
-
co
-
00
Tt
en
Tf
O
O
O
CO
5
CM
5
CM
-
to
IO
N-
O
to
to
73
73
00
to
IO
00
-
CM
IO
IO
-
IO
~
co
Tf
O
O
CM
CO
5
CM
5
CM
00
Tf
IO
-
O
en
N-
73
73
00
to
o
to
O
CO
CO
CO
to
Tf
00
O
IO
co
5
CM
5
CM
-
Tf
.
O
CO
CO
73
73
to
en
-
en
to
mm
CM
CM
-
CO
T_
00
O
Tf
Tf
O
CO
CM
^
5
CO
en
to
Tf
o
N-
CO
73
73
O CO CM CO CO CM
co co en en en o
co to co co co en
oo en co oo co
to to to co co co
- - CM 00
cn CO - - - co
00 - - - - -
CO - - - - 00
00 Tf Tf Tt
O 00 CO - - -
- Tf CO tO CO tO
O O .00 Tf Tf Tf
O O CO - - -
CO - 00 00 00
Tf Tf Tf Tf Tf
Tf O O CM Tf CD
O O O O O O
CM - O Tf CO Tf
CM CM CM CM CM CM
5
*" m - - - d
5 5 5 5 5 5
- CO - - - r-
CO IO CO - - -
- en Tf co co to
CO Tf co co co to
CO CO IO IO IO IO
O O O O O O
O 00 O O O CM
en - en cn en o
73 73 73 73 73 73

73 73 73 73 73 73

555555553ssS555sS55B:
-
3
m.
OC
co
-
CM
3
m.
O
oc
Tt
N-
Tf
3
m-
oc
m
-
3
mt
'
te
(
-
IO
3
*
c
o
OC
N-
N-
-
3
*
m<
:
OC
CO
-
00
3
m.
S
e
o
cc
co
-
en
3
m.
m<
'
oc
o
co
O
3
mm
m<
:
oc
m.
CO
-
3
*
ce
CM
00
CM
3
m-
00
J
'
cc
co
co
CO
3
ari
8
j
'S
oc
Tf
CO
Tf
3
mm
00
J
'
te
ta
00
3
mt
0
J
'
te
to
co
to
3
J
00
J
:
cc
-
co
- > - cm

3 3 3 3 3 3
- J J J J S
CO OO CO * ^ ***
J -m J J JO J
'3 '5 'o 'o " "
oc cc cc cc cc cc
co cn o - cm co
oo oo cn ) o o>
272
_
s
>
>
<
<
-I
3
UJ
co
ffl
*
F U N G E
^^
s
73
tu'
C
*m**
t i o n
CO
c
o
to
**
m
u
c
>-
oc
co
co
co
co
<
_
W
5
,__,
CM
-*

I-J
""^
_
00
00
**
to
en
-
co
co
in
-
m
Tf
CM
CM
CO
-
O
O
00
CO
5
"
.
-
CM
-
m
CM
UJ
CM
CO
to
co
to
CM
CO
CM
O
CM
Tf
en
CO
m
Tf
en
m
CM
Tf
in
cn
N-
CO
CO
T
5
-
00
to
O)
-
)
Tf
N-
-
.
O
O
CM
UJ
X
o
co
_
f
O
Tf
t
co
to
-
-
en
to
Tf
IO
to
en
en
Tf
CM
T
N-
IO
N-
O
O
00
CO
T
5
-
00
N-
to
-
N-
Tt
ffl
o
O
CM
UJ
X
-
t
m
t
to
CO
Tf
en
-
00
-
to
-
en
CO
CM
CM
IO
to
N-
o
o
o
CM
^
5
T-
to
CO
CO
T"
en
to
io
"
-
-
to
en
en
io
to
N.
en
N-
Tf
to
en
CO
o
1
o
o
o
IO
co
5
co
CD
tn
CM
CM
co
o
co
CM
00
-
CO
CM
CM
-
CO
CT)
to
CM
to
N-
Tf
en
N-
CO
o
o
o
to
5
-
00
CM
CM
to
CM
CO
-
IO
CM
t
IO
CM
00
IO
IO
Tf
Tf
-
CO
O
CO
-
00
IO
o
o
o
IO
-
5
"
CM
CO
CM
CO
en
co
Tf
Tf
to
en
o
00
-
00
o
O)
CO
Tf
CO
CM
o
O
O
IO
CO
5
CO
T-
T
N-
CM
O
T-
to
CM
-
CM
(
en
to
Tf
CO
to
CM
N-
T-
N-
Tf
Tf
O
CO
O
O
O
IO
CO
5
CO
Tf
T-
T-
CO
to
in
tn
CM
Tf
to
O)
CO
CO
00
00
O
Tf
O
co
Tf
to
Tf
-
co
CM
Tf
m
co
O
o
o
in
5
-
CM
en
o
co
o
to
en
ffl < < < < < <

O
o
CM
UJ
X
CM
CO
-
flC
O
to
to
O
o
CO
UJ
<
o
o
CO
UJ
X
(0
.
-
(
Tf
CO
UJ
X
Tf
UJ
< <
o
Tf
CO
UJ
X
r
o
I
t
o
o
Tf
UJ
X
f"
(ff
m.
CL
en
(O
O
O
CO
UJ
X
<
O
O
CO
UJ
X
f-
(0
m.
Tf
CO
UJ
X
<
Tf
CO
UJ
X
f-
(0
1_
O.
-
-
o
Tf
UJ
<
o
o
TT
UJ
X
f
(ff
m.
a.
CM
-
O)
en
Tf
-
CO
O
m
m
en
co
to
Tf
to
co
Tf
O
Tf
CO
5
-
Tf
CO
to
o
-
-
73
73
Tf
O
O
IO
Tf
Tf
O
00
IO
O
en
CO
o
en
N-
CO
Tf
o
N-
00
5
-
Tf
CO
IO
o
00
00
T-
73
73
00
CM
-
Tf
IO
mm
CM
IO
IO
t
to
IO
to
CM
Tf
Tf
IO
CM
CO
5
CO
to
N-
to
Tf
O
CM
CM
73
73
CM
CM
to
IO
Tf
CM
IO
O
en
CM
o
IO
co
co
co
co
co
CM
co
5
co
co
Tf
co
IO
o
CM
CM
73
73
-
-
CO
00
Tf
-
to
co
o
to
en
IO
co
to
-
CM
CO
5
co
-
00
to
o
CM
CM
73
73
Tf
CO
to
Tf
CM
CM
to
Tf
O
CO
O)
co
co
cn
N-
-
5
co
en
en
o
CM
CM
73
73
Tf
CO
to
Tf
IO
Tf
CM
CM
to
O
O
Tf
O
to
O)
CO
to
O)
-
CM
CO
5
co
en
en
o
CM
CM
73
73
00
co
to
co
)
IO
en
co
IO
IO
cn
co
co
cn
IO
CM
co
5
co
co
N-
N-
IO
o
CM
CM
73
73
to
-
to
to
-
O
to
co
IO
cn
co
IO
T-
Tf
CM
O
co
CM
CM
5
CM
CM
to
CO
to
O
CO
-
73
73
co
CM
Tf
O
00
Tf
en
to
en
CM
IO
_
Tf
Tf
Tf
CM
O
O
CO
CM
5
CM
OO
Tf
O
00
T-
CM
73
73
CO
CM
IO
en
co
o
CM
N-
O)
CM
IO
en
t
io
Tf
O
Tf
CO
CM
5
CM
N-
IO
00
Tf
O
CO
-
73
73
to
Tf
-
-
Tf
O
CM
-
co
-
00
Tt
en
Tf
O
O
O
CO
5
CM
5
CM
-
to
IO
N-
O
to
to
73
73
00
to
IO
00
-
CM
IO
IO
-
IO
~
co
Tf
O
O
CM
CO
5
CM
5
CM
00
Tf
IO
-
O
en
N-
73
73
00
to
o
to
O
CO
CO
CO
to
Tf
00
O
IO
co
5
CM
5
CM
-
Tf
.
O
CO
CO
73
73
to
en
-
en
to
mm
CM
CM
-
CO
T_
00
O
Tf
Tf
O
CO
CM
^
5
CO
en
to
Tf
o
N-
CO
73
73
O CO CM CO CO CM
co co en en en o
co to co co co en
oo en co oo co
to to to co co co
- - CM 00
cn CO - - - co
00 - - - - -
CO - - - - 00
00 Tf Tf Tt
O 00 CO - - -
- Tf CO tO CO tO
O O .00 Tf Tf Tf
O O CO - - -
CO - 00 00 00
Tf Tf Tf Tf Tf
Tf O O CM Tf CD
O O O O O O
CM - O Tf CO Tf
CM CM CM CM CM CM
5
*" m - - - d
5 5 5 5 5 5
- CO - - - r-
CO IO CO - - -
- en Tf co co to
CO Tf co co co to
CO CO IO IO IO IO
O O O O O O
O 00 O O O CM
en - en cn en o
73 73 73 73 73 73

73 73 73 73 73 73

555555553ssS555sS55B:
-
3
m.
OC
co
-
CM
3
m.
O
oc
Tt
N-
Tf
3
m-
oc
m
-
3
mt
'
te
(
-
IO
3
*
c
o
OC
N-
N-
-
3
*
m<
:
OC
CO
-
00
3
m.
S
e
o
cc
co
-
en
3
m.
m<
'
oc
o
co
O
3
mm
m<
:
oc
m.
CO
-
3
*
ce
CM
00
CM
3
m-
00
J
'
cc
co
co
CO
3
ari
8
j
'S
oc
Tf
CO
Tf
3
mm
00
J
'
te
ta
00
3
mt
0
J
'
te
to
co
to
3
J
00
J
:
cc
-
co
- > - cm

3 3 3 3 3 3
- J J J J S
CO OO CO * ^ ***
J -m J J JO J
'3 '5 'o 'o " "
oc cc cc cc cc cc
co cn o - cm co
oo oo cn ) o o>
272
.
S
^
>.
>
<
<
_J
R CO

"
o
^
E
CM
CM
W E B
C U S S
F U N G E
C U S S
^m y
**
73
"ST
>_
i o n
co
c
CT
(ff
Q
o

c
2

^
OC
(ff o
-J z
CM
CM
CO
IO
-
-
00
)
00
-
to
Tf
CM
CM
5
CM
IO
IO
to
IO
o
73
73
io
CM
CM
-
to
-
-
-
to
-
)
CM
00
-
CM
00
5
co
en
IO
to
IO
o
CM
CM
CM
73
<n
5
co
CM
3
o
J
'
OC
Tt
en
Tt
CM
3
JC*
00
J
CC
en
Tf
00
-
-
00
-
-
C0
-
CO
CM
to
O
00
Tf
CO
CM
5
CM
Tf
CO
-
Tf
N-
O
CM
73
O
OC
-
co
00
Tf
co
co
to
Tf
co
-
00
co
to
IO
to
Tf
en
CM
5
-
Tf
CO
-
IO
en
-
'*
73
O
OC
CM
<o
IO
to
cn
00
io
co
co
IO
o
-
-
CM
IO
CO
5
co
-
Tf
O)
Tf
co
IO
Tf
CM
73
O
OC
-
< < ffl
>
J
3
_l
(f)
O)
>
J
3
-1
N-
O
J
3
-J
ro
O)
IO
Tf
to
CO
-
CO
O
CO
IO
O
O
T-
N-
-
co
O
5
-
N-
Tf
en
Tf
00
to
-
"I
73
O
ce
CM
ffl
J
3
_l
en
en
o
LO
en
co
-
00
IO
o
en
co
co
-
IO
CM
CM
5
CM
N-
Tt
en
Tf
co
IO
o
CM
73
O
CC
co
CO
IO
00
-
-
to
CM
00
IO
CM
CM
O)
"
co
en
co
co
5
co
N-
Tf
cn
Tf
CO
Tf
CM
CM
73
O
CC
Tf
Tf
IO
O
CO
to
O)
CM
00
IO
O
^_
IO
en
-
Tf
Tf
CO
5
CO
N-
Tf
en
Tf
cn
O
CO
CM
73
O
CC
m
co
N-
co
en
en
to
CM
CM
cn
-
00
^_
CO
oo
oo
CM
N-
00
CO
5
CO
-
00
IO
O
Tf
Tf
CM
73
"
ce
o
CO
IO
co
CM
-
00
-
00
-
co
to
O)
-
co
O)
5
IO
IO
co
io
to
to
-
73
"
ce
CM
<n
CO
to
IO
IO
o
o
CM
co
-
00
CM
O)
CM
CO
to
CM
5
CM
IO
IO
CO
IO
00
IO
o
CM
73
"
CC
r>
<>
to
CM
-
to
CM
CM
en
-
00
co
-
-
CM
to
O)
CM
CO
5
CO
-
CO
to
en
CO
CM
CM
73
ce
Tt
ro m
s w
CD
Tf CM
to CO
)
CO
CD
CM CO
CO Tf
T- Tf
co cn
Tf Tf
CO CO
T- Tf
CM IO
o o
Tf O
CM O
CM CO
5 5
CM CO
IO CO
IO O
00 CM
IO CM
IO IO
IO CM
- Tf
CM CM
CM
-
00
CM
C0
-
)
,_
co
00
CM
co
5
co
CO
Tf
-
to
IO
co
CM
< <
T3o

CC ui
in
mcQfflOoooo10
j
3
_l
O
o
J
3
-I
-
>>
j
3
-J
CM
O
>
J
3
_l
CO
O
tl)
J
3
-i
Tt
O
>
J
3
_)
IO
>
j
3
(O
o
o
o
CM
UJ
00
IO
Tf
CM
Tf
co
CM
to
to
m
co
IO
-
)
to
CM
CO
IO
o
o
o
oo
co
5
co
-
IO
oo
CM
CM
en
CO
CM
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
o
to
-
00
to
O)
CM
CM
CO
IO
en
en
N-
Tf
o
o
o
CM
co
5
00
-
00
-
o
Tf
00
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
-
CM
co
co
CM
co
Tf
cn
IO
co
IO
co
cn
CD
IO
o
o
o
CM
co
5
co
co
o
co
oo
00
00
co
CM
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
CM
(O
00
CM
co
co
CM
^_
to
IO
co
en
-
co
to
en
CM
to
o
o
o
CM
co
5
co
to
CM
co
CM
-
-
co
CM
<
o
o
CM
UJ
IO
t
en N-
00 CM
Tf CM
O) -
CM CM
Tf -
en -
IO
CO 00
00 to
- en
O) 00
-
o
co co
IO IO
o o
o o
o o
CM CM
CO 00
5 5
co co
cn co
en cn
- OO
CM CM
IO co
CM T-
Tf Tf
CM co
< <
o o
o o
CM CM
UJ UJ
X X
to o
(O N-
N-N-CON-TfOOCOCMlO
CMCMCOCMCMCOO-n-Tf
N-CM-n-TtooenenN-N-
cnT-T-T-T-TfTfcoT-
CMCOCOCOCOCMCMT-tn
0 0)--(?
t-ooocoiocmoozl:
lOtOtOCOtOCOOOi^L
OOCOCOCOOOIOlO^j^
OOT-cnCMCOOCON-O
OOCOCMTfOON.00
encncnenentocoN-to
ocMCMoocnocoSm
TtlOT-T-T-00C0S_r
C0COTfTfTfC0C03 3
ifltoiowmo^"
OOOOOCOCMlOtO
OOOOOCMCOIOO
OOOOOOCOOTf
CMCMCMCMOOinTftOin
C0COCOCOCOCMCOT-C0
555555553
OOCOOOCOCOCMCOt-OO
COTfTfTtOCOT-N-T-
COCOCOCOT-OOTfCntD
CMCMCOCMCMCOIOIOIO
CMCMCMCMCMCMCOCMCO
lOCOIOOOCOtOT-tOCO
-ococMenN-ootD
TfTfTfCOCOOCDlOCM
CMCMCMCMCMCMCM-r-CM
< < < < <
_____73737373
2 2 2 2 2
00000 = = = =
MMNWOO
UjUjUjUjljjGCCCCCCC
X X X X X
< < < <
*. m. _ mm CO Tf CO Tf
~^^--
UJ UJ UJ UJ
^SSSSSSSSSSSSSXXXX
J o
35
-

Cv
en
o
g
o
o
0
-
j
5
CM
o
co
o
55
Tf m
uoobeececeoe
lON-COCnOT-CMCOTf
273
.
S
^
>.
>
<
<
_J
R CO

"
o
^
E
CM
CM
W E B
C U S S
F U N G E
C U S S
^m y
**
73
"ST
>_
i o n
co
c
CT
(ff
Q
o

c
2

^
OC
(ff o
-J z
CM
CM
CO
IO
-
-
00
)
00
-
to
Tf
CM
CM
5
CM
IO
IO
to
IO
o
73
73
io
CM
CM
-
to
-
-
-
to
-
)
CM
00
-
CM
00
5
co
en
IO
to
IO
o
CM
CM
CM
73
<n
5
co
CM
3
o
J
'
OC
Tt
en
Tt
CM
3
JC*
00
J
CC
en
Tf
00
-
-
00
-
-
C0
-
CO
CM
to
O
00
Tf
CO
CM
5
CM
Tf
CO
-
Tf
N-
O
CM
73
O
OC
-
co
00
Tf
co
co
to
Tf
co
-
00
co
to
IO
to
Tf
en
CM
5
-
Tf
CO
-
IO
en
-
'*
73
O
OC
CM
<o
IO
to
cn
00
io
co
co
IO
o
-
-
CM
IO
CO
5
co
-
Tf
O)
Tf
co
IO
Tf
CM
73
O
OC
-
< < ffl
>
J
3
_l
(f)
O)
>
J
3
-1
N-
O
J
3
-J
ro
O)
IO
Tf
to
CO
-
CO
O
CO
IO
O
O
T-
N-
-
co
O
5
-
N-
Tf
en
Tf
00
to
-
"I
73
O
ce
CM
ffl
J
3
_l
en
en
o
LO
en
co
-
00
IO
o
en
co
co
-
IO
CM
CM
5
CM
N-
Tt
en
Tf
co
IO
o
CM
73
O
CC
co
CO
IO
00
-
-
to
CM
00
IO
CM
CM
O)
"
co
en
co
co
5
co
N-
Tf
cn
Tf
CO
Tf
CM
CM
73
O
CC
Tf
Tf
IO
O
CO
to
O)
CM
00
IO
O
^_
IO
en
-
Tf
Tf
CO
5
CO
N-
Tf
en
Tf
cn
O
CO
CM
73
O
CC
m
co
N-
co
en
en
to
CM
CM
cn
-
00
^_
CO
oo
oo
CM
N-
00
CO
5
CO
-
00
IO
O
Tf
Tf
CM
73
"
ce
o
CO
IO
co
CM
-
00
-
00
-
co
to
O)
-
co
O)
5
IO
IO
co
io
to
to
-
73
"
ce
CM
<n
CO
to
IO
IO
o
o
CM
co
-
00
CM
O)
CM
CO
to
CM
5
CM
IO
IO
CO
IO
00
IO
o
CM
73
"
CC
r>
<>
to
CM
-
to
CM
CM
en
-
00
co
-
-
CM
to
O)
CM
CO
5
CO
-
CO
to
en
CO
CM
CM
73
ce
Tt
ro m
s w
CD
Tf CM
to CO
)
CO
CD
CM CO
CO Tf
T- Tf
co cn
Tf Tf
CO CO
T- Tf
CM IO
o o
Tf O
CM O
CM CO
5 5
CM CO
IO CO
IO O
00 CM
IO CM
IO IO
IO CM
- Tf
CM CM
CM
-
00
CM
C0
-
)
,_
co
00
CM
co
5
co
CO
Tf
-
to
IO
co
CM
< <
T3o

CC ui
in
mcQfflOoooo10
j
3
_l
O
o
J
3
-I
-
>>
j
3
-J
CM
O
>
J
3
_l
CO
O
tl)
J
3
-i
Tt
O
>
J
3
_)
IO
>
j
3
(O
o
o
o
CM
UJ
00
IO
Tf
CM
Tf
co
CM
to
to
m
co
IO
-
)
to
CM
CO
IO
o
o
o
oo
co
5
co
-
IO
oo
CM
CM
en
CO
CM
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
o
to
-
00
to
O)
CM
CM
CO
IO
en
en
N-
Tf
o
o
o
CM
co
5
00
-
00
-
o
Tf
00
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
-
CM
co
co
CM
co
Tf
cn
IO
co
IO
co
cn
CD
IO
o
o
o
CM
co
5
co
co
o
co
oo
00
00
co
CM
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
CM
(O
00
CM
co
co
CM
^_
to
IO
co
en
-
co
to
en
CM
to
o
o
o
CM
co
5
co
to
CM
co
CM
-
-
co
CM
<
o
o
CM
UJ
IO
t
en N-
00 CM
Tf CM
O) -
CM CM
Tf -
en -
IO
CO 00
00 to
- en
O) 00
-
o
co co
IO IO
o o
o o
o o
CM CM
CO 00
5 5
co co
cn co
en cn
- OO
CM CM
IO co
CM T-
Tf Tf
CM co
< <
o o
o o
CM CM
UJ UJ
X X
to o
(O N-
N-N-CON-TfOOCOCMlO
CMCMCOCMCMCOO-n-Tf
N-CM-n-TtooenenN-N-
cnT-T-T-T-TfTfcoT-
CMCOCOCOCOCMCMT-tn
0 0)--(?
t-ooocoiocmoozl:
lOtOtOCOtOCOOOi^L
OOCOCOCOOOIOlO^j^
OOT-cnCMCOOCON-O
OOCOCMTfOON.00
encncnenentocoN-to
ocMCMoocnocoSm
TtlOT-T-T-00C0S_r
C0COTfTfTfC0C03 3
ifltoiowmo^"
OOOOOCOCMlOtO
OOOOOCMCOIOO
OOOOOOCOOTf
CMCMCMCMOOinTftOin
C0COCOCOCOCMCOT-C0
555555553
OOCOOOCOCOCMCOt-OO
COTfTfTtOCOT-N-T-
COCOCOCOT-OOTfCntD
CMCMCOCMCMCOIOIOIO
CMCMCMCMCMCMCOCMCO
lOCOIOOOCOtOT-tOCO
-ococMenN-ootD
TfTfTfCOCOOCDlOCM
CMCMCMCMCMCMCM-r-CM
< < < < <
_____73737373
2 2 2 2 2
00000 = = = =
MMNWOO
UjUjUjUjljjGCCCCCCC
X X X X X
< < < <
*. m. _ mm CO Tf CO Tf
~^^--
UJ UJ UJ UJ
^SSSSSSSSSSSSSXXXX
J o
35
-

Cv
en
o
g
o
o
0
-
j
5
CM
o
co
o
55
Tf m
uoobeececeoe
lON-COCnOT-CMCOTf
273
(0 en
*
S A
^
~ s
&
M 5
ce ,_
jsn
to CT
c
i
>
ja
> mS
a
VI
ja
>
o
to
>
7
s
en oo o
- to
CM CM co
CO
CO
-
IO
CM
N-
N-
IO
en
oo
N-
CM
Tf
CO
to
Tf
-
IO
Tf CO
m
>
c
o
o
(0
(0
(0
o
TJ
SE O
. O
m, mm.
)
O)
>
VI
COtOCOtON-OOCON-N-T-Tf
COtOOOCMCMCMCMCOCMCMN-
O O O C3 O CO O
en -
CM CM
OOi-N-OOlO-n-N-N-TftON-OCMCMN-IOTf
TfCOCncOCMOOCOOOCOCOCMCOCMCMtOCOtOtO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
73
ce
Q.
>
CM
N-
Tf
N-
IO
CO
en
- co en co to
en - co N-
o m en n- . o en
N-
CM
to
-
CO CO CD 00 CM
N- IO Tf CO Tf
N- Tf
Tf
O
tococoeoenio^^to
O
co
CD 00
N- N-
COlOOOOOOOlOTflOOT-
tO - O __
cm -- -
N- en
n- cm en
__ tn oo oo -~
^ S co co
en en
r-.coN.TftoiococoeoiOTfioOT-r:ir:cotOTfpr-"cr
ioooooco'n-'n-cococoioioioiotD^""ioioioTiTiTiT:
co
N-
to
O
- Tf CM
to -
IO Tf
O Tf LO
N- en Tf
o o co
oo io en
CO CM -
- -
to
to to en
CO IO
to
Tf
o
Tf
00
o
O) CM
CM
to
o
c
co
<n
(0
oc
a.
> m-
CD
co
co
co
en
-
co
.
co
-
co
CO
o
o
o
co
-
en
CM
Tf
-
00
CM
o
o
CO
to
CM
CM
CD
CO
CO
CM
-
00
CO
co
co
IO
CM
CO
co
IO
-
8 0 0 5 0
-
to
to
CM
Tt
CO
CO
CO
o
to
-
o
IO
00
-
-
CO
Tf
Tf
CM
O
o
o
to
00
-
-
CD
CO
Tf
CM
OOON-OOOO
OOOIOOOOO
CMOO-n-T-tO-n-N-
IO CO . - CO 00 CO
en N- to en -- - to
TtOOTfT-T-CnCOCM
co
to
co
00 CM
N- en
IO
CM
cn
CM
CM
o
o
-
-
Tf
Tf
-
CM
to
Tf
-
- * - co co en ^_
<^
h.__N-oencnio_.cococniOTfT-
^T-N-T-lOOOÎOTfCOlOlOCM
Tf IO IO CM
- - CM -
,rtirt'T-<ON.COCO-rCMN.TtcOIOOCOOTtT-1>"cntOtOO)OTtoOCON.COO
^"T-CMCMT-T-^CMCMT-COTtT-T-T-CMCO^T-CMT-COlOOOCMTfT-TfN-
cMiocotoioenT-TfocoT-to
OOCOOOCOlOTflOIOIOlOCOtO
IO
00
c
o
ro
c
CT
(O
a
73 73 73 73

fflfflfflfflfflfflffl<<<<<<ffiffifflfflffl<<<<<<ffl<<
- - _ _
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM0O0O0O00QO0O0OCO00COCOCOCMCM73737373
CMOMCMCMCMCMCMOMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM-^-JJ-JJ
ujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujuj 3 5 5 5
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
|122
(O o
z
Tf Tt
m o f
CO Tf
co co ^
co
Tf Tf
CO Tt
m w
CM
CO
Tf
COCOTfTfTfcOCO<52f5^^^SSTf2,2LCOrrTf2L2;
BC0CMSCM2SSSSSco2S20C)S2eoS2S
IOtOCT-CMO)OCMS??CM23ScM2;SCM22;CM5S
1-T-T-OOOT-rf<<rf< # f m* m* _ m* -+
73 73 73 73 73 73 73 uj '" "
N N M n w
<<3<<<<<<<<<<
uju2ujujujujJ2uiuj2ujuj2ujujgS3
.S^ffifflcocococo
ScoTfininmin
S CM CM CO CO CO CO
W CM CM ffl ffl ffl ffl
H H \- r-
UJ LU LU UJ
mm
OC
ococccocococoeocccocococoeoeccccceoeccccocccococccocccccccccoc
_
T-CMCOTflOCON-COO)
cMcoTfintoN-ooenoT-cMcoTfmioN.oocnoT-
T-T-T-T-T-T-T-T-CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCOCO
274
(0 en
*
S A
^
~ s
&
M 5
ce ,_
jsn
to CT
c
i
>
ja
> mS
a
VI
ja
>
o
to
>
7
s
en oo o
- to
CM CM co
CO
CO
-
IO
CM
N-
N-
IO
en
oo
N-
CM
Tf
CO
to
Tf
-
IO
Tf CO
m
>
c
o
o
(0
(0
(0
o
TJ
SE O
. O
m, mm.
)
O)
>
VI
COtOCOtON-OOCON-N-T-Tf
COtOOOCMCMCMCMCOCMCMN-
O O O C3 O CO O
en -
CM CM
OOi-N-OOlO-n-N-N-TftON-OCMCMN-IOTf
TfCOCncOCMOOCOOOCOCOCMCOCMCMtOCOtOtO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
73
ce
Q.
>
CM
N-
Tf
N-
IO
CO
en
- co en co to
en - co N-
o m en n- . o en
N-
CM
to
-
CO CO CD 00 CM
N- IO Tf CO Tf
N- Tf
Tf
O
tococoeoenio^^to
O
co
CD 00
N- N-
COlOOOOOOOlOTflOOT-
tO - O __
cm -- -
N- en
n- cm en
__ tn oo oo -~
^ S co co
en en
r-.coN.TftoiococoeoiOTfioOT-r:ir:cotOTfpr-"cr
ioooooco'n-'n-cococoioioioiotD^""ioioioTiTiTiT:
co
N-
to
O
- Tf CM
to -
IO Tf
O Tf LO
N- en Tf
o o co
oo io en
CO CM -
- -
to
to to en
CO IO
to
Tf
o
Tf
00
o
O) CM
CM
to
o
c
co
<n
(0
oc
a.
> m-
CD
co
co
co
en
-
co
.
co
-
co
CO
o
o
o
co
-
en
CM
Tf
-
00
CM
o
o
CO
to
CM
CM
CD
CO
CO
CM
-
00
CO
co
co
IO
CM
CO
co
IO
-
8 0 0 5 0
-
to
to
CM
Tt
CO
CO
CO
o
to
-
o
IO
00
-
-
CO
Tf
Tf
CM
O
o
o
to
00
-
-
CD
CO
Tf
CM
OOON-OOOO
OOOIOOOOO
CMOO-n-T-tO-n-N-
IO CO . - CO 00 CO
en N- to en -- - to
TtOOTfT-T-CnCOCM
co
to
co
00 CM
N- en
IO
CM
cn
CM
CM
o
o
-
-
Tf
Tf
-
CM
to
Tf
-
- * - co co en ^_
<^
h.__N-oencnio_.cococniOTfT-
^T-N-T-lOOOÎOTfCOlOlOCM
Tf IO IO CM
- - CM -
,rtirt'T-<ON.COCO-rCMN.TtcOIOOCOOTtT-1>"cntOtOO)OTtoOCON.COO
^"T-CMCMT-T-^CMCMT-COTtT-T-T-CMCO^T-CMT-COlOOOCMTfT-TfN-
cMiocotoioenT-TfocoT-to
OOCOOOCOlOTflOIOIOlOCOtO
IO
00
c
o
ro
c
CT
(O
a
73 73 73 73

fflfflfflfflfflfflffl<<<<<<ffiffifflfflffl<<<<<<ffl<<
- - _ _
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM0O0O0O00QO0O0OCO00COCOCOCMCM73737373
CMOMCMCMCMCMCMOMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM-^-JJ-JJ
ujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujujuj 3 5 5 5
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
|122
(O o
z
Tf Tt
m o f
CO Tf
co co ^
co
Tf Tf
CO Tt
m w
CM
CO
Tf
COCOTfTfTfcOCO<52f5^^^SSTf2,2LCOrrTf2L2;
BC0CMSCM2SSSSSco2S20C)S2eoS2S
IOtOCT-CMO)OCMS??CM23ScM2;SCM22;CM5S
1-T-T-OOOT-rf<<rf< # f m* m* _ m* -+
73 73 73 73 73 73 73 uj '" "
N N M n w
<<3<<<<<<<<<<
uju2ujujujujJ2uiuj2ujuj2ujujgS3
.S^ffifflcocococo
ScoTfininmin
S CM CM CO CO CO CO
W CM CM ffl ffl ffl ffl
H H \- r-
UJ LU LU UJ
mm
OC
ococccocococoeocccocococoeoeccccceoeccccocccococccocccccccccoc
_
T-CMCOTflOCON-COO)
cMcoTfintoN-ooenoT-cMcoTfmioN.oocnoT-
T-T-T-T-T-T-T-T-CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCOCO
274
co
(ff
O
**
CJ
s t a m
5
^m.
.
2
S
to
>
00
o
0)
>
O
t i o nt
(
(
(0
o
.
o
o
o
c
CO
i s tR e s
en
(
m.
73
-
CT
Je
o
cc
>
o
a
a.
>
-o
to
>
73
OC
o.
>
TJ
tn
>
c
C
O
CO
c
CT
(0
Q
-*
(0
m.
i.
OC
*
<
_
TJ
ja O
> mZ
TJ
" VI
>
tj
GC
ja
>
O
o_
VI
-^
o.
2
3s.
o
I
^^
^^
'
p^^
s
^
fl
|BBBJ
1
1
in
to
CO
CO
tn
cn
-
)
en
00
CM
en
m
co
co
73
73
5
co
Tf
m
co
ffl
<
oc
CM
CO
I 1
I 1
in co
O T-
Tf CO
-
IO
- N-
O O
to to
en
-
CD CD
00 Tf
00 -
-
00 -
-
-
Tf
-
) co
-
- -

73 73

~

5 5
co co
00 to
co co
CM CM
ffl ffl

UJ UJ
3 ^C
Wt Wt
< <
oc oc
CO Tt
co co
1
1
CM
cn
to
co
IO
O
co
-
Tf
io
N-
N-
co
CM
co
N-
Tf
io
co
IO
CM
73
73
5
co
Tf
co
CM
ffl
J-
Ul
3C
<
oe
IO
co
1
1
CM
Tf
CM
CO
O
-
O
IO
IO
Tf
O
Tf
CM
-
CM
OO
CO
CO
T3
73
5
00
co
00
CM
ffl
f-
UJ
^Q
fe
cc
t
co
I
I
1
Tf
Tf
O
CM
CM
IO
en
CO
CM
N-
O
CM
Tf
O
co
CD
CO
T3
73
5
S
cc
Tf
^Q
<
oc
-
co
1
lili
1 I 1 I
co io io en
CM CM CM CO
O
00 N CM CO
) N-
en - -- co
to -n- en to
CO CO -
Tf CD Tf
CO 00 O
CO CO O
- 00 O co
- N-
en - to oo
no)N
l . . en
;>"
cd n ffl m

Q O O O
CM CM CM CM
LU LU LU LU
X X X X
CM CO Tf m
^^ ^^ ^ ^^
S S 5 S
pe ce ce ce

co en -
CO Tt Tf

CM CM CO CO
Tf Tf CO CO
O O O O
IO IO IO IO
cn - Tt
Tt CM Tf -
Tt 00 -
00 CO CM CO
CO CO IO Tf
O O O O
O O O O
CO - 00
- - IO
00 CO CO to
- o to _
- 00 Tf 2
Tf oo cm co
co m

CM CM CM CM
LU UJ UJ UJ
X X X X
co n- oo en
mm mm mm m-m
S 5 S 5
ce oc oc ce
O Q O O
iN co ^ IO
^r t
IIIIIII11III1IIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
llltlltllllllllll
OOCDIOIOCOIOIOIOCDOOIOCOIOT-T-CMCM
OOCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMOOOOOOCMCMCM
ooooooooooooooooo
coN-oococoenTfTfcocotocnoococniOTf
CON-t-t-OMt-OOIOCOIOt-CMCOOIOt-
n-N-cocMOT-inininoN-T-comcoT-N-
TfCMCOOCOCOlOtOCOOOCncOT-OCO-n-O
COOCOTfcOON-N-OCON-OOOenN-N-
TflOTtCOCOCOTtTftOCOTftOCDtOmcOtO
N-N-N-N-oocoN-ON-oooco-n-ooen
tncocotooococootoooomcomco
COOTtOTtOtn-n-CMCMCOtOOOlOT-N-
TfN-T-N.N-COTfTfCON-TfN.lOTtCOCnCn
COlOT-lON-lOCMOOlON-CMIOIOCMOaTtTf
COlON.CnTtCMTfTfOOTtOCMO)T-COOOtD
tOTfOtOCMCMlOlOCMCMtOOOCOCOtOCOlO
COCOCMtOOCOTtTfCOOTfCOCOCMCMCDtD
ffi ffi ffl ffl ffl ffl fflfflffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffl
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
LUUJUJUIUJUJLUUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJ
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
OT-CMcoioN-oocnOT-cMcoTtinioN-eo
*-- mw tum mm mm? mm mm mm wm mm mm mm mm mm ^m mm
S n S S ff ff ff ff ss ff ff s ff is
oc oc oc pc pc pc pc pc pc pc pc pc pc pc pc pc
UOOOOOOOCJU
(NC9CDOrMCOÛ)(DNQO)OrN
^Û)IOIOIOIOIAU)U}IOU)(D(0(0
275
co
(ff
O
**
CJ
s t a m
5
^m.
.
2
S
to
>
00
o
0)
>
O
t i o nt
(
(
(0
o
.
o
o
o
c
CO
i s tR e s
en
(
m.
73
-
CT
Je
o
cc
>
o
a
a.
>
-o
to
>
73
OC
o.
>
TJ
tn
>
c
C
O
CO
c
CT
(0
Q
-*
(0
m.
i.
OC
*
<
_
TJ
ja O
> mZ
TJ
" VI
>
tj
GC
ja
>
O
o_
VI
-^
o.
2
3s.
o
I
^^
^^
'
p^^
s
^
fl
|BBBJ
1
1
in
to
CO
CO
tn
cn
-
)
en
00
CM
en
m
co
co
73
73
5
co
Tf
m
co
ffl
<
oc
CM
CO
I 1
I 1
in co
O T-
Tf CO
-
IO
- N-
O O
to to
en
-
CD CD
00 Tf
00 -
-
00 -
-
-
Tf
-
) co
-
- -

73 73

~

5 5
co co
00 to
co co
CM CM
ffl ffl

UJ UJ
3 ^C
Wt Wt
< <
oc oc
CO Tt
co co
1
1
CM
cn
to
co
IO
O
co
-
Tf
io
N-
N-
co
CM
co
N-
Tf
io
co
IO
CM
73
73
5
co
Tf
co
CM
ffl
J-
Ul
3C
<
oe
IO
co
1
1
CM
Tf
CM
CO
O
-
O
IO
IO
Tf
O
Tf
CM
-
CM
OO
CO
CO
T3
73
5
00
co
00
CM
ffl
f-
UJ
^Q
fe
cc
t
co
I
I
1
Tf
Tf
O
CM
CM
IO
en
CO
CM
N-
O
CM
Tf
O
co
CD
CO
T3
73
5
S
cc
Tf
^Q
<
oc
-
co
1
lili
1 I 1 I
co io io en
CM CM CM CO
O
00 N CM CO
) N-
en - -- co
to -n- en to
CO CO -
Tf CD Tf
CO 00 O
CO CO O
- 00 O co
- N-
en - to oo
no)N
l . . en
;>"
cd n ffl m

Q O O O
CM CM CM CM
LU LU LU LU
X X X X
CM CO Tf m
^^ ^^ ^ ^^
S S 5 S
pe ce ce ce

co en -
CO Tt Tf

CM CM CO CO
Tf Tf CO CO
O O O O
IO IO IO IO
cn - Tt
Tt CM Tf -
Tt 00 -
00 CO CM CO
CO CO IO Tf
O O O O
O O O O
CO - 00
- - IO
00 CO CO to
- o to _
- 00 Tf 2
Tf oo cm co
co m

CM CM CM CM
LU UJ UJ UJ
X X X X
co n- oo en
mm mm mm m-m
S 5 S 5
ce oc oc ce
O Q O O
iN co ^ IO
^r t
IIIIIII11III1IIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
llltlltllllllllll
OOCDIOIOCOIOIOIOCDOOIOCOIOT-T-CMCM
OOCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMOOOOOOCMCMCM
ooooooooooooooooo
coN-oococoenTfTfcocotocnoococniOTf
CON-t-t-OMt-OOIOCOIOt-CMCOOIOt-
n-N-cocMOT-inininoN-T-comcoT-N-
TfCMCOOCOCOlOtOCOOOCncOT-OCO-n-O
COOCOTfcOON-N-OCON-OOOenN-N-
TflOTtCOCOCOTtTftOCOTftOCDtOmcOtO
N-N-N-N-oocoN-ON-oooco-n-ooen
tncocotooococootoooomcomco
COOTtOTtOtn-n-CMCMCOtOOOlOT-N-
TfN-T-N.N-COTfTfCON-TfN.lOTtCOCnCn
COlOT-lON-lOCMOOlON-CMIOIOCMOaTtTf
COlON.CnTtCMTfTfOOTtOCMO)T-COOOtD
tOTfOtOCMCMlOlOCMCMtOOOCOCOtOCOlO
COCOCMtOOCOTtTfCOOTfCOCOCMCMCDtD
ffi ffi ffl ffl ffl ffl fflfflffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffl
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
LUUJUJUIUJUJLUUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJ
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
OT-CMcoioN-oocnOT-cMcoTtinioN-eo
*-- mw tum mm mm? mm mm mm wm mm mm mm mm mm ^m mm
S n S S ff ff ff ff ss ff ff s ff is
oc oc oc pc pc pc pc pc pc pc pc pc pc pc pc pc
UOOOOOOOCJU
(NC9CDOrMCOÛ)(DNQO)OrN
^Û)IOIOIOIOIAU)U}IOU)(D(0(0
275
m.
ta
s h e
o
**
c
I s t a
to
m.
5
^m^
2
S
co
>
00
TJ
co
>
O
*
C
S e c t i o
(0
o
m.
O
^
R e s i s t a n c eo
cn
(O
*-
73
^
CT
c
j
TJ
a.
:
2
TJ
a.
>
TJ
to
>
73
OC
.
>
TJ
to
>
<
C
O
*
ta
c
CT
(0
Q
**
<0
t-
m.
CS
cc
.j
TJ
ja O
TJ
VI
>
TJ
ce
J5
>
O
O
^
VI
.
2
z
z
z
*^
^ '
E
"
2
I
ll
wm.
1111
lili
o cm en
CM CM CM CO
o
IO IO Tf CM
o O 00 co
en en co -
N- en oo
00 CO - -
Tf CO Tf Tf
SI!
cm en co en
O CM Tf O
00 Tf io o
- OM - -
ffl ffl ffl
o o o o
o o o o
CM CM CM CM
LU UJ UJ UJ
X X X X
en - cm
CM co co co
_ -
5 S
co Tt m to
to to to to
1
1
CO
CM
-
-
CO
CO
IO
co
co
CM
CO
o
IO
CM
<
O
o
co
UJ
X
CM
)
Tf
-
en
to
co
co
IO
CM
-
00
-
00
CM
Tf
CM
OO
CO
co
CO
CO
co
O
O
IO
CM
to
IO
o
CM
< <
O
Tf
CO
UJ
O
o
Tf
UJ
< < <

o
o
co
UJ
X
c
(ff
im
.
-
(
O
Tf
CO
UI
(0
m.
.
00
(
o
o
Tf
UJ
X
c
(0
w
.
cn
to
co
CM
O
CM
CM
O
CO
IO
-
CM
co
1

)
CM CM
O O
O) 00
cn --
CO to
CO o
CO CO
- CO
Tf O
CO CM
-
to IO
CO CO
CM CO
O T-
lO CM
- O
Tf CO
< < <
co
UJ
O o
Tf O
CO Tf
UJ UJ
X
< < <
co
UJ
(ff
im
-
O o
Tf O
CO Tf
UJ LU
X X
C c

(ff (0
1- im

. .

. .
- CM
- -
co
co
o
co
Tf
Tf
-
-
CM
CO
IO
ID
CM
CO
Tf
73
73
I
t
CM
CO
o
CD
Tf
-
-
-
"
Tf
Tf
to
IO
-
Tf
CD
Tf
73
73
I
I
co
-
O
Tf
-
O
IO
co
OM
CM
O
en
o
o
m
in
-
00
73
73
I
O)
Tf
O
m
co
io
-
co
-
IO
CM
CM
)
CO
-
Tf
73
73
Tf
to
co
IO
-
IO
Tf
73
73
CM
-
)
00
co
co
o
CM
00
co
o
Tf
-
)
o
o
co
73
73
I
co
CM
-
ID
en
co
IO
co
o
CM
CM
-
en
CM
CM
CO
to
co
73
73
I
co
co
"
-
oo
to
en
CM
o
oo
CM
CO
to
CM
o
^_
CO
CM
Tf
73
73
I
-
Tf
O
co
-
-
Tf
Tf
CM
co
CO
en
IO
co
73
73
I
I
co
-
O
-
IO
-
)
-
00
CM
CO
CM
CO
to
CO
73
73
cn co oo
o" o* o"
en co
- --
, en -- N-
00 CO i-
T
IO to IO
1 1 1 1
cn oo N- N-
CO - - -
O O
i- o en -
CO OO N- CM
Tf
- en co --
en co co co
- to to io
CM - 00
O 00 co o
- cm o en
N- Tf CM
N- en en en
Tf - o
- CD CM -
- -- co en
Tf Tf Tf Tf
73 73 73 73

73 73 73 73

I
I
in
CM
o
in
to
IO
Tf
CO
CO
)
CO
CO
CO
en
oo
ID
CM
73
73
CM
, co
o
-
-
m
' CD
CO
IO
1 1
co en
CM CM
o o
-
- CM
CM CD
IO
IO o
Tf CO
CM CM

- O
CO Tf
- N-
00 CO
IO Tf
- CO
CO CO
73 73

73 73

-
CO
O
Tf
cn
O
co
CO
CO
o
CM
en
_
en
en
CM
73
73
CO
Tf
co
O
co
N.
CO
co
CO
co
IO
o
co
co
co
73
73
I I
I 1
- O
Tf IO
O O
CO CO
O O
co co
- -
CO CO
CO CO
- CD
CO -
co
- CO
CO IO
IO 00
N- CO
O IO
Tf CO
73 73

73 73

555555555555555555555
-
3
mi.
o
j
!
OC
CO
-
CM
3
mt
00
J
:
ce
Tf
-
Tf
3
mt
00
J
!
oe
m
-
3
mi.
00
J
!
oe
to
-
(
3
J
00
J
:
cc
-
-
>
3
JC*
00
j
!
oc
co
-
00
3
mC
J
!
oc
en
-
O)
3
J
00
J
'
oc
o
co
O
3
mt
00
J
!
oe
-
00
-
3
J
O
J
:
cc
CM
CO
CM CO Tf

3 3 3 3
* * mm m
00 c o o
J J J J
" ' " "
oc ce oc oe
co Tt m to
00 00 CO 00
to
3
mi.
00
J
'
cc
-
oo
- 00

3 3
mt
00 e
J J
o e5
cc cc
CO o
co co
en
S
mi.
J
:
oc
O
en
O
CM
3
mi.
00
J
O
CC
-
)
- CM
CM CM

3 3
j J

J J
! :
ce oe
CM CO
en en
276
m.
ta
s h e
o
**
c
I s t a
to
m.
5
^m^
2
S
co
>
00
TJ
co
>
O
*
C
S e c t i o
(0
o
m.
O
^
R e s i s t a n c eo
cn
(O
*-
73
^
CT
c
j
TJ
a.
:
2
TJ
a.
>
TJ
to
>
73
OC
.
>
TJ
to
>
<
C
O
*
ta
c
CT
(0
Q
**
<0
t-
m.
CS
cc
.j
TJ
ja O
TJ
VI
>
TJ
ce
J5
>
O
O
^
VI
.
2
z
z
z
*^
^ '
E
"
2
I
ll
wm.
1111
lili
o cm en
CM CM CM CO
o
IO IO Tf CM
o O 00 co
en en co -
N- en oo
00 CO - -
Tf CO Tf Tf
SI!
cm en co en
O CM Tf O
00 Tf io o
- OM - -
ffl ffl ffl
o o o o
o o o o
CM CM CM CM
LU UJ UJ UJ
X X X X
en - cm
CM co co co
_ -
5 S
co Tt m to
to to to to
1
1
CO
CM
-
-
CO
CO
IO
co
co
CM
CO
o
IO
CM
<
O
o
co
UJ
X
CM
)
Tf
-
en
to
co
co
IO
CM
-
00
-
00
CM
Tf
CM
OO
CO
co
CO
CO
co
O
O
IO
CM
to
IO
o
CM
< <
O
Tf
CO
UJ
O
o
Tf
UJ
< < <

o
o
co
UJ
X
c
(ff
im
.
-
(
O
Tf
CO
UI
(0
m.
.
00
(
o
o
Tf
UJ
X
c
(0
w
.
cn
to
co
CM
O
CM
CM
O
CO
IO
-
CM
co
1

)
CM CM
O O
O) 00
cn --
CO to
CO o
CO CO
- CO
Tf O
CO CM
-
to IO
CO CO
CM CO
O T-
lO CM
- O
Tf CO
< < <
co
UJ
O o
Tf O
CO Tf
UJ UJ
X
< < <
co
UJ
(ff
im
-
O o
Tf O
CO Tf
UJ LU
X X
C c

(ff (0
1- im

. .

. .
- CM
- -
co
co
o
co
Tf
Tf
-
-
CM
CO
IO
ID
CM
CO
Tf
73
73
I
t
CM
CO
o
CD
Tf
-
-
-
"
Tf
Tf
to
IO
-
Tf
CD
Tf
73
73
I
I
co
-
O
Tf
-
O
IO
co
OM
CM
O
en
o
o
m
in
-
00
73
73
I
O)
Tf
O
m
co
io
-
co
-
IO
CM
CM
)
CO
-
Tf
73
73
Tf
to
co
IO
-
IO
Tf
73
73
CM
-
)
00
co
co
o
CM
00
co
o
Tf
-
)
o
o
co
73
73
I
co
CM
-
ID
en
co
IO
co
o
CM
CM
-
en
CM
CM
CO
to
co
73
73
I
co
co
"
-
oo
to
en
CM
o
oo
CM
CO
to
CM
o
^_
CO
CM
Tf
73
73
I
-
Tf
O
co
-
-
Tf
Tf
CM
co
CO
en
IO
co
73
73
I
I
co
-
O
-
IO
-
)
-
00
CM
CO
CM
CO
to
CO
73
73
cn co oo
o" o* o"
en co
- --
, en -- N-
00 CO i-
T
IO to IO
1 1 1 1
cn oo N- N-
CO - - -
O O
i- o en -
CO OO N- CM
Tf
- en co --
en co co co
- to to io
CM - 00
O 00 co o
- cm o en
N- Tf CM
N- en en en
Tf - o
- CD CM -
- -- co en
Tf Tf Tf Tf
73 73 73 73

73 73 73 73

I
I
in
CM
o
in
to
IO
Tf
CO
CO
)
CO
CO
CO
en
oo
ID
CM
73
73
CM
, co
o
-
-
m
' CD
CO
IO
1 1
co en
CM CM
o o
-
- CM
CM CD
IO
IO o
Tf CO
CM CM

- O
CO Tf
- N-
00 CO
IO Tf
- CO
CO CO
73 73

73 73

-
CO
O
Tf
cn
O
co
CO
CO
o
CM
en
_
en
en
CM
73
73
CO
Tf
co
O
co
N.
CO
co
CO
co
IO
o
co
co
co
73
73
I I
I 1
- O
Tf IO
O O
CO CO
O O
co co
- -
CO CO
CO CO
- CD
CO -
co
- CO
CO IO
IO 00
N- CO
O IO
Tf CO
73 73

73 73

555555555555555555555
-
3
mi.
o
j
!
OC
CO
-
CM
3
mt
00
J
:
ce
Tf
-
Tf
3
mt
00
J
!
oe
m
-
3
mi.
00
J
!
oe
to
-
(
3
J
00
J
:
cc
-
-
>
3
JC*
00
j
!
oc
co
-
00
3
mC
J
!
oc
en
-
O)
3
J
00
J
'
oc
o
co
O
3
mt
00
J
!
oe
-
00
-
3
J
O
J
:
cc
CM
CO
CM CO Tf

3 3 3 3
* * mm m
00 c o o
J J J J
" ' " "
oc ce oc oe
co Tt m to
00 00 CO 00
to
3
mi.
00
J
'
cc
-
oo
- 00

3 3
mt
00 e
J J
o e5
cc cc
CO o
co co
en
S
mi.
J
:
oc
O
en
O
CM
3
mi.
00
J
O
CC
-
)
- CM
CM CM

3 3
j J

J J
! :
ce oe
CM CO
en en
276
co
(ff
O
-*
u
c
co
to
(ff
1_
,.
5
^m.
.
2
TJ
co
00
TJ
co
>
O
-*
C
o
-3
s e c
o
>_
o
*-
O
i s t a m
oe
en
to
A
^-v
s
**
73
fr
CT
C_
U
3
TJ
CC
>
2
TJ
cc
a.
>
TJ
co
>
73
OC
.
>
co
>
<rf
C
co
c
J?
(ff
Q
(0
l-
OC
(0
-
TJ
ja O
> -'
TJ
> VI
>
TJ
cc
(0
ja
>
O
VI
^^
".
2
%-*
w
^^^
*""*
"
2
*
CM
m
co
-
m
CO
co
co
en
co
cn
in
N-
T_
CM
tn
co
73
73
I
o
IO
o
en
-
00
IO
co
co
.
-
-
CO
CD
IO
-
co
73
73
Ol
5 5
co
CM
Tf
CM
3 3
mi. mt
00
J
!
oc
Tf
en
00
J
!
CC
in
en
t
co
CM
CO
CM
-
00
CO
CD
O)
to
in
o
o
-
)
CM
73
"
oc
<
J
3
-1
to
en
I
O)
CM
o
CO
CM
-
00
CO
en
-
CM
CM
73
"
ce
CM
<
J
3
-J
-
en
I
I
o
co
o
CM
CM
Tf
CM
00
CO
CM
N-
CD
CM
en
Tf
73
o"
OC
-
J
3
-J
00
en
I I
III
1 1 1
CO CO -
CO CO
o o o
CM CM -
CM CM T-
CM CM CM
CM CM OO
Tf Tf Tf
CM CM CM
00 CO CO
- -
CO IO
N- cn io
ca s s
Tf 00
Tf -
- IO
CO Tf Tf
73 73 73

" " "
cc cc CC
I 1
1 1
1 t
-
CO Tf
O O
- CO
- CM
CM O
CM CO
Tf CO
CM CM
-I
rt o
CO Tf
in oo
CO T-
Tf in
73 73

te te
I I I
1 1 1
1 1 1
IO CM O
Tf Tf Tf
O O O
O) O) to
CO CO CM
00 00 o
- - 00
co to to
CM CM CM
m m in
CO CM N-
- co en
Tf CM CO
CM -
- CO Tf
cn -- cm
oo in en
CO Tf Tf
73 73 73

" " "
OC OC OC
CMCOTfinT-CMCOTf
fflfflfflfflOOOO

J J J
3 3 3
1 1 I
O)
> >

J J
3 3
-1 _l
CM CO
O O
>> > >

J J J
3 3 3
I J 1
Tt m to
o o o
I
I I
1 1
- m
- co
o o
en Tt
00 Tf
C0 T-
N- CO
-
CM CO
CM
- en
-
O) CM
o co
en -
o
. CO
<
8
o <*
OC uj
X
m
CO
CO
CM
O
IO
Tf
CO
O
CM
en
en
io
N-
co
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
00
m
1 1 t I I I I I I 1
llllllllll
llllllllll
COTfT-COtOCOTfTfT-CM
OOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO
oooooooooo
N-TfC0OOCnT-C0N-C0
Oi-mmtDcoT-coTfo
TfTfCOTfT-OlOCOCOCn
T-enTfinoocMcoiOTfco
COCOCMN-COCON-N-CMO)
COCOTfCOCOCOCOCOTfCO
OOOOOOOOOO
N-COIOOCMIOt-COIOCO
CMTfCMCMtOCnCOTflOT-
TtT-OOCOCOCDCDN-CMN-
CMCOCOCMCMCMCMCMCOCM
CMincOCOT-COCMN-Tfin
COCDOOtDOCMCnCnCMOO
NNNNNSOS
<<<<<<<<<<
OOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOO
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
UJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJ
xxxxxxxxxx
-CMintOOT-CMtON
lDCOCOlOlONN.N-N.N-
I 1
I 1
I 1
CO -
co oo
O O
co co
OM 00
- IO
) -
- -
CO CM
i"
Sff
io co
- -
CO
<
si
CM o
uj cc
CM
Tf
oo
-
en
Tf
IO
Tf
Tf
oo
CO
cn
CO
IO
73
"
te
t 1
I 1
I 1
- 10
co co
O o
co m
O 00
co O
CO
IO IO
Tf N-
cn --
co o
)
IO
-
) -
-
CM CO
CM Tf
73 73
im lm

oe cc
< < < <
<
LU
*2222222222222^
J O
3
-J
- CO

o
g
en
o
ojoouujuuij
5555555555
OT-cMcoTftntoN-oocn
sc ^
oc
-
CM CM
Tt
<
>
UJ
t
cc
CM
CM
CO Tf
ffl ffl
X X
> >
UJ UJ

t t
cc cc
00 Tt
CM CM
277
co
(ff
O
-*
u
c
co
to
(ff
1_
,.
5
^m.
.
2
TJ
co
00
TJ
co
>
O
-*
C
o
-3
s e c
o
>_
o
*-
O
i s t a m
oe
en
to
A
^-v
s
**
73
fr
CT
C_
U
3
TJ
CC
>
2
TJ
cc
a.
>
TJ
co
>
73
OC
.
>
co
>
<rf
C
co
c
J?
(ff
Q
(0
l-
OC
(0
-
TJ
ja O
> -'
TJ
> VI
>
TJ
cc
(0
ja
>
O
VI
^^
".
2
%-*
w
^^^
*""*
"
2
*
CM
m
co
-
m
CO
co
co
en
co
cn
in
N-
T_
CM
tn
co
73
73
I
o
IO
o
en
-
00
IO
co
co
.
-
-
CO
CD
IO
-
co
73
73
Ol
5 5
co
CM
Tf
CM
3 3
mi. mt
00
J
!
oc
Tf
en
00
J
!
CC
in
en
t
co
CM
CO
CM
-
00
CO
CD
O)
to
in
o
o
-
)
CM
73
"
oc
<
J
3
-1
to
en
I
O)
CM
o
CO
CM
-
00
CO
en
-
CM
CM
73
"
ce
CM
<
J
3
-J
-
en
I
I
o
co
o
CM
CM
Tf
CM
00
CO
CM
N-
CD
CM
en
Tf
73
o"
OC
-
J
3
-J
00
en
I I
III
1 1 1
CO CO -
CO CO
o o o
CM CM -
CM CM T-
CM CM CM
CM CM OO
Tf Tf Tf
CM CM CM
00 CO CO
- -
CO IO
N- cn io
ca s s
Tf 00
Tf -
- IO
CO Tf Tf
73 73 73

" " "
cc cc CC
I 1
1 1
1 t
-
CO Tf
O O
- CO
- CM
CM O
CM CO
Tf CO
CM CM
-I
rt o
CO Tf
in oo
CO T-
Tf in
73 73

te te
I I I
1 1 1
1 1 1
IO CM O
Tf Tf Tf
O O O
O) O) to
CO CO CM
00 00 o
- - 00
co to to
CM CM CM
m m in
CO CM N-
- co en
Tf CM CO
CM -
- CO Tf
cn -- cm
oo in en
CO Tf Tf
73 73 73

" " "
OC OC OC
CMCOTfinT-CMCOTf
fflfflfflfflOOOO

J J J
3 3 3
1 1 I
O)
> >

J J
3 3
-1 _l
CM CO
O O
>> > >

J J J
3 3 3
I J 1
Tt m to
o o o
I
I I
1 1
- m
- co
o o
en Tt
00 Tf
C0 T-
N- CO
-
CM CO
CM
- en
-
O) CM
o co
en -
o
. CO
<
8
o <*
OC uj
X
m
CO
CO
CM
O
IO
Tf
CO
O
CM
en
en
io
N-
co
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
00
m
1 1 t I I I I I I 1
llllllllll
llllllllll
COTfT-COtOCOTfTfT-CM
OOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO
oooooooooo
N-TfC0OOCnT-C0N-C0
Oi-mmtDcoT-coTfo
TfTfCOTfT-OlOCOCOCn
T-enTfinoocMcoiOTfco
COCOCMN-COCON-N-CMO)
COCOTfCOCOCOCOCOTfCO
OOOOOOOOOO
N-COIOOCMIOt-COIOCO
CMTfCMCMtOCnCOTflOT-
TtT-OOCOCOCDCDN-CMN-
CMCOCOCMCMCMCMCMCOCM
CMincOCOT-COCMN-Tfin
COCDOOtDOCMCnCnCMOO
NNNNNSOS
<<<<<<<<<<
OOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOO
CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM
UJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJ
xxxxxxxxxx
-CMintOOT-CMtON
lDCOCOlOlONN.N-N.N-
I 1
I 1
I 1
CO -
co oo
O O
co co
OM 00
- IO
) -
- -
CO CM
i"
Sff
io co
- -
CO
<
si
CM o
uj cc
CM
Tf
oo
-
en
Tf
IO
Tf
Tf
oo
CO
cn
CO
IO
73
"
te
t 1
I 1
I 1
- 10
co co
O o
co m
O 00
co O
CO
IO IO
Tf N-
cn --
co o
)
IO
-
) -
-
CM CO
CM Tf
73 73
im lm

oe cc
< < < <
<
LU
*2222222222222^
J O
3
-J
- CO

o
g
en
o
ojoouujuuij
5555555555
OT-cMcoTftntoN-oocn
sc ^
oc
-
CM CM
Tt
<
>
UJ
t
cc
CM
CM
CO Tf
ffl ffl
X X
> >
UJ UJ

t t
cc cc
00 Tt
CM CM
277
a b l ea v a l
ce
5
73
i e tr e d
cu
73
O
r e d
CL
e s t s
-
9-
ce
9-
*>
9-
9-
"5
o
TS >
a l - t o r
u c k l i i
S *
L a t
t i o n
co
c
CT
(0
Q
T e s t r e n eR e f e
_l
C
C
eldma
U.
73
l i f i e
Cl
e
(ff
Q.
K e r n
CL
UJ
II
.
Ill
h-
Ui
(
(
2
ce
.
73
U.
OC
2
cc
cl
cc
-i
2
mm
-S-
1-
-1
jm^
c*
2
-*-.
--,
--,
--1
f* i
73
co
k
,_,
73
CO
m.
73
CO
>_
T3
CO
Tf
O
O
to
"* "> "* Tf CO - P.

*~* - n* n~ *
Tf Tf CM "^ ^ - T-
". . m cm o "* <">-
<o CO r __- .j- to Tf
Tt Tf m ^ "* - T-
1 1 1 , 9
116,3
37,4
10,1
9,8
27,8
27,0
Tf N- 1
' ' ' to" N-" * "
T-
N- CO CM -
to to en T-
, , , CD CM CD N-
CM CO CO CO
o o o o
CM CO - CO
IO - IO IO
, , , - CO CO IO
- - CO CO
o o o o
en m co o
N- en oo en
, , , - CO -
CM CM CO CO
o o o o
CM CM CM - en - CO
oo oo in - - co co
- Tf Tf CM CM
o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o
cn en oo - - oo --
O - CO CO CM CM
O O O O O O O
to in o oo co cn co
IO CD - CO - - CM
- - CO Tf Tf
- - - Tf Tf CO CO
N-
Tf
oo
o
N*
oo
-
in
co
o
to
o
O)
CM
CM
o
co
co
CM
CM
o
o
IO
co
CM
o
Tf
co
o
o
o
en
o
o
to
o
CM
-
CO
cn
00
o
IO
co
IO
o
co
Tf
CM
CM
o
co
IO
oo
CM
o
co
to
Tf
CM
o
en
o
CM
o
o
_
CM
o
Tf
CM
o
00
Tf
-
o
00
-
O)
co
cn
oo
00
IO
CM
o
en
CM
CM
o
en
Tf
CM
o
N-
N-
CM
o
o
oo
CM
o
co
00
en
00
en
T~
CD
o
IO
IO
CM
co
CM
'
-
CM
-
co
-
CM
-
co
en
co
-
o
CM
-
o
o
-
Tf
-
CM
Tf
00
Tf
CM
N-
CM
CM
Tf
O)
co
o
o
IO
CM
CO
-
Tf
co
to
-
00
o
co
o
o
IO
CM
o
IO
co
N.
CM
CM
CO
IO
Tf
CM
CM
Tt
cn
00
o
o
co
-
CM
-
-
-
co
-
00
Tf
co
o
o
-
co
Tf
o
to
CM
N.
CO
CM
N-
CM
to
-
co
Tf
Tf
o
CO
CO
CO
CO
o
CO
-
Tf
CO
o
o
Tf
-
o
CO
-
CM
en
-
l ' Tf co
? S >" <*
W. - CO
io" co*
"* - K- co
**- - *
CM Tf - "^
"1 "1 co cn
S "* *1" CM -
) O O T-
CM O - O
co o Tf cn
CO - CM CM
o o o o
Tf N- Tf CM
en en co
- co co co
CO - - -
O O O
co co en io
IO O CO Tf
CO IO CO -
CO - - -
O O O
co en io co
CO - CO
- - CM CO
o o o o
o o o o
o en cm en
OO O CM OO
O O O o
i- Tt -
00 CO IO N-
O) CM O O
CM - CO Tf
N.
o
CO
CM
CO
CM
CO
CM
to
IO
CO
Tf
CO
CO
CO
-
CO
co
CO
-
CM
CO
cn
-
to
to
o
o
o
-
o
o
IO
en
ffi ffi ffi ffl ffl ffl ffl ^C *o ^C ^C ^C ^C ffl ffl ffl ffl ffl ^c
O O O O O O O
CM CM CM CM CM CM CM
UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ
X X X X X X X

CO CO Tf Tt Tf CO 00
ta co co co
tn to cn - cm cn o
- - - O O O T-
73 73 73 73 73 73 73
mnn
te te cc cc cc cc cc
- CM CO Tf m to N>
CM
CM
UJ
X
CM
t \ 2 2 3
UJ
!
cc
00
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
co
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tf
A 2 2 3
A 2 2 3
UJ
!
OC
en
UJ
!
ce
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
CM
A 2 2 4
UJ
!
cc
T-
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
CO
A 2 2 4
UJ
!
oc
CM
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tf
o
co
CM
UI
CO
A 2 2 4
B 2 8 3
UJ
!
oc
CO
UJ
!
oc
Tf
O O O O
00 OO OO 00
CM CM CM CM
UJ UJ UJ UJ
X X X X
Tf CO Tf
B 2 8 3
B 2 8 4
B 2 8 4
B 2 8 4
UJ yj UJ LU
iiii
ce ce cc cc
tn to N- oo
o
00
CM
UJ
X
CM
4 2 8 3
UJ
!
ce
en
00
-
00
-
IO
o
U)
'
to
-
Tf
CM
o
o
o
CO
-
en
IO
en
-
en
IO
-
-
00
co
CM
m
00
o
00
00
o
O)
00
to
CM
en
co
CM
-
CO
-
en
o
CM
o
o
CM
CM
o
to
oo
o
co
Tf
cm"
tn
N-
-
CM
CO
CD
*~
00
IO
o
o
CO
CO
CO
o
o
oo
Tf
O)
o
o
o
en
o
o
IO
N-
CM
-
00
Tf
-
00
IO
IO
CM
IO
CO
-
T-
CD
00
o
o
o
Tf
-
-
en
-
CM
o
o
co
CM
o
00
co
-
00
co
Tf
CM
O)
oo
o
co
IO
-
co
o
en
o
o
N-
N-
CM
-
Tf
N.
00
o
o
o
00
o
o
to
CM
Tf
CO - - . CO Tf -
Cn to" CM ^ Tf - -
CM CM "* CM ) (
it) co w co o" o"
"l cm en . cn -- co
"I en --* 2 Tt cm" t-
""". to cn """L co en to
en cm " o o" o*
OO 00 CO N- O CD -
CM Tf Tf N- CM CD
00 CO CM CO IO CO 00
CM CM - - O O O
o o o o o o o
O) i- Tf N- CO Tf CO
N- IO Tf Tf CO Tf CD
CO CM 00 O) CO CO CM
- CM - - O O O
o o o o o o o
Tf tO O CO - CO CM
IO CM - O - O
CO IO N- O O N- N-
T- CM - OJ - O O
o o o o o o o
io to to co co oo cn
N- N- CM - IO N- CO
CM CM Tf - CM CO Tf
o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o
CM N- CO IO CM N- O)
CM CM CO - CM CM CM
o o o o o o o
O 00 - N- Tf CM IO
CD IO - CD O) IO N-
O CO 00 O 00 N- o
CO CO Tf CO CM CO Tf
<<<<<03<<
o
CO
CM
UJ
X
CO
o
co
CM
UJ
Tf
CO (7)
00 co
CM CM
< <
UJ
!
ce
o
CM
UJ
!
ce
-
CM
oo
CM
UJ
X
CM
4 2 8 4
UJ
!
oc
CM
CM
o
00
CM
UJ
co
A 2 8 4
LU
I
cc
co
CM
o
oo
CM
UJ
X
Tf
A 2 8 4
LU
!
cc
Tf
CM
o O
CO CM CM 73 73 73 73
NNW,
UJ lu uj 5 3 5 3
XXX
f? ffl ffl CO CO co co
S: Tf Tt co Tf to co
2 co tt tn to tn m
5 CM CM co co co co
SJ CM CM ffl ffl ffl ffl
m < < H H H- r-
jjj UJ LU LU LU LU UJ
num
te te te te te te te
w co n to en -
CM CM CM CM CM CO CO
278
a b l ea v a l
ce
5
73
i e tr e d
cu
73
O
r e d
CL
e s t s
-
9-
ce
9-
*>
9-
9-
"5
o
TS >
a l - t o r
u c k l i i
S *
L a t
t i o n
co
c
CT
(0
Q
T e s t r e n eR e f e
_l
C
C
eldma
U.
73
l i f i e
Cl
e
(ff
Q.
K e r n
CL
UJ
II
.
Ill
h-
Ui
(
(
2
ce
.
73
U.
OC
2
cc
cl
cc
-i
2
mm
-S-
1-
-1
jm^
c*
2
-*-.
--,
--,
--1
f* i
73
co
k
,_,
73
CO
m.
73
CO
>_
T3
CO
Tf
O
O
to
"* "> "* Tf CO - P.

*~* - n* n~ *
Tf Tf CM "^ ^ - T-
". . m cm o "* <">-
<o CO r __- .j- to Tf
Tt Tf m ^ "* - T-
1 1 1 , 9
116,3
37,4
10,1
9,8
27,8
27,0
Tf N- 1
' ' ' to" N-" * "
T-
N- CO CM -
to to en T-
, , , CD CM CD N-
CM CO CO CO
o o o o
CM CO - CO
IO - IO IO
, , , - CO CO IO
- - CO CO
o o o o
en m co o
N- en oo en
, , , - CO -
CM CM CO CO
o o o o
CM CM CM - en - CO
oo oo in - - co co
- Tf Tf CM CM
o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o
cn en oo - - oo --
O - CO CO CM CM
O O O O O O O
to in o oo co cn co
IO CD - CO - - CM
- - CO Tf Tf
- - - Tf Tf CO CO
N-
Tf
oo
o
N*
oo
-
in
co
o
to
o
O)
CM
CM
o
co
co
CM
CM
o
o
IO
co
CM
o
Tf
co
o
o
o
en
o
o
to
o
CM
-
CO
cn
00
o
IO
co
IO
o
co
Tf
CM
CM
o
co
IO
oo
CM
o
co
to
Tf
CM
o
en
o
CM
o
o
_
CM
o
Tf
CM
o
00
Tf
-
o
00
-
O)
co
cn
oo
00
IO
CM
o
en
CM
CM
o
en
Tf
CM
o
N-
N-
CM
o
o
oo
CM
o
co
00
en
00
en
T~
CD
o
IO
IO
CM
co
CM
'
-
CM
-
co
-
CM
-
co
en
co
-
o
CM
-
o
o
-
Tf
-
CM
Tf
00
Tf
CM
N-
CM
CM
Tf
O)
co
o
o
IO
CM
CO
-
Tf
co
to
-
00
o
co
o
o
IO
CM
o
IO
co
N.
CM
CM
CO
IO
Tf
CM
CM
Tt
cn
00
o
o
co
-
CM
-
-
-
co
-
00
Tf
co
o
o
-
co
Tf
o
to
CM
N.
CO
CM
N-
CM
to
-
co
Tf
Tf
o
CO
CO
CO
CO
o
CO
-
Tf
CO
o
o
Tf
-
o
CO
-
CM
en
-
l ' Tf co
? S >" <*
W. - CO
io" co*
"* - K- co
**- - *
CM Tf - "^
"1 "1 co cn
S "* *1" CM -
) O O T-
CM O - O
co o Tf cn
CO - CM CM
o o o o
Tf N- Tf CM
en en co
- co co co
CO - - -
O O O
co co en io
IO O CO Tf
CO IO CO -
CO - - -
O O O
co en io co
CO - CO
- - CM CO
o o o o
o o o o
o en cm en
OO O CM OO
O O O o
i- Tt -
00 CO IO N-
O) CM O O
CM - CO Tf
N.
o
CO
CM
CO
CM
CO
CM
to
IO
CO
Tf
CO
CO
CO
-
CO
co
CO
-
CM
CO
cn
-
to
to
o
o
o
-
o
o
IO
en
ffi ffi ffi ffl ffl ffl ffl ^C *o ^C ^C ^C ^C ffl ffl ffl ffl ffl ^c
O O O O O O O
UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ
X X X X X X X

CO CO Tf Tt Tf CO 00
ta co co co
tn to cn - cm cn o
- - - O O O T-
73 73 73 73 73 73 73
mnn
te te cc cc cc cc cc
- CM CO Tf m to N>
CM
CM
UJ
X
CM
t \ 2 2 3
UJ
!
cc
00
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
co
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tf
A 2 2 3
A 2 2 3
UJ
!
OC
en
UJ
!
ce
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
CM
A 2 2 4
UJ
!
cc
T-
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
CO
A 2 2 4
UJ
!
oc
CM
o
CM
CM
UJ
X
Tf
o
co
CM
UI
CO
A 2 2 4
B 2 8 3
UJ
!
oc
CO
UJ
!
oc
Tf
O O O O
00 OO OO 00
CM CM CM CM
UJ UJ UJ UJ
X X X X
Tf CO Tf
B 2 8 3
B 2 8 4
B 2 8 4
B 2 8 4
UJ yj UJ LU
iiii
ce ce cc cc
tn to N- oo
o
00
CM
UJ
X
CM
4 2 8 3
UJ
!
ce
en
00
-
00
-
IO
o
U)
'
to
-
Tf
CM
o
o
o
CO
-
en
IO
en
-
en
IO
-
-
00
co
CM
m
00
o
00
00
o
O)
00
to
CM
en
co
CM
-
CO
-
en
o
CM
o
o
CM
CM
o
to
oo
o
co
Tf
cm"
tn
N-
-
CM
CO
CD
*~
00
IO
o
o
CO
CO
CO
o
o
oo
Tf
O)
o
o
o
en
o
o
IO
N-
CM
-
00
Tf
-
00
IO
IO
CM
IO
CO
-
T-
CD
00
o
o
o
Tf
-
-
en
-
CM
o
o
co
CM
o
00
co
-
00
co
Tf
CM
O)
oo
o
co
IO
-
co
o
en
o
o
N-
N-
CM
-
Tf
N.
00
o
o
o
00
o
o
to
CM
Tf
CO - - . CO Tf -
Cn to" CM ^ Tf - -
CM CM "* CM ) (
it) co w co o" o"
"l cm en . cn -- co
"I en --* 2 Tt cm" t-
""". to cn """L co en to
en cm " o o" o*
OO 00 CO N- O CD -
CM Tf Tf N- CM CD
00 CO CM CO IO CO 00
CM CM - - O O O
o o o o o o o
O) i- Tf N- CO Tf CO
N- IO Tf Tf CO Tf CD
CO CM 00 O) CO CO CM
- CM - - O O O
o o o o o o o
Tf tO O CO - CO CM
IO CM - O - O
CO IO N- O O N- N-
T- CM - OJ - O O
o o o o o o o
io to to co co oo cn
N- N- CM - IO N- CO
CM CM Tf - CM CO Tf
o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o
CM N- CO IO CM N- O)
CM CM CO - CM CM CM
o o o o o o o
O 00 - N- Tf CM IO
CD IO - CD O) IO N-
O CO 00 O 00 N- o
CO CO Tf CO CM CO Tf
<<<<<03<<
o
CO
CM
UJ
X
CO
o
co
CM
UJ
Tf
CO (7)
00 co
CM CM
< <
UJ
!
ce
o
CM
UJ
!
ce
-
CM
oo
CM
UJ
X
CM
4 2 8 4
UJ
!
oc
CM
CM
o
00
CM
UJ
co
A 2 8 4
LU
I
cc
co
CM
o
oo
CM
UJ
X
Tf
A 2 8 4
LU
!
cc
Tf
CM
o O
CO CM CM 73 73 73 73
NNW,
UJ lu uj 5 3 5 3
XXX
f? ffl ffl CO CO co co
S: Tf Tt co Tf to co
2 co tt tn to tn m
5 CM CM co co co co
SJ CM CM ffl ffl ffl ffl
m < < H H H- r-
jjj UJ LU LU LU LU UJ
num
te te te te te te te
w co n to en -
CM CM CM CM CM CO CO
278
a i l a b l e
>
co
cc
"5
c
f)
r s i- t o
co
L a t
g
73
i e tr e d
CL
73
73
CL
e s t s
r-
9-
(
9-
&.
9-
9-
C
u c k l i
t i o n
co
c
CT
(ff
Q
T e s tR e f e r e n c e
.j
c
c
eldma
u.
TJ
CL
fc
(0
K e r n
CL
LU
TJ
F e l
TJ
F e l
.
UJ
UJ
to
C M 6
O
"
o
oc
73
U.
oc
R K sx p .
oc
2
w
-
<-<c
^,
CM
J
,_,
I
*
, ,
JMM^
73
co
1
^,^
73
CO
1
_
73
CO
-
73
CO
V.
~
Tt
o
to
en
Tf
Tf
CO
CO
in
co
co
co
Tf
N-
o
cn
co
N-
o
CD
O)
CTI
O
O
-
CM
OJ
O
O
CM
T
-
)
CM
73
73
CO
Tt
B 3 5
r-
LU
!
ce
CM
CO
CM
N-
o
en
CM
m
N-
CO
00
OO
en
CO
o
o
CM
CD
en
o
o
m
CD
io
o
o
-
O
CD
CM
CM
Tf
TJ
73
i
CO
00
B 2 8
H
UJ
!
oc
CO
co
IO
CM
O
-
N.
CO
IO
-
CM
-
O
O
-
CO
Tf
O
O
-
00
en
o
-
en
Tf
o
o
cn
oo
o
CD
CD
CJ)
co
71
73
-e
co
to
B 2 8
1-
LU
!
bc
Tt
co
cn
co
N-
Tf
N-
O
-
IO
co
co
co
-
cn
00
CM
-
CM
CO
IO
-
Tf
N-
CM
O
O
CM
O
00
-
)
CM
TJ
73
=:
co
Tf
B 2 8
UJ
CC
tn
CO
co
CM
O
to
N-
N-
CM
O
O
CM
CM
Tf
CM
CO
O
00
en
io
CM
O
m.
CO
CM
O
00
CO
-
O
CO
-
-
Tf
CM
CM
TJ
73
CO
CO
B 2 8
t-
LU
!
oc
to
co
cn
o
CM
Tf
en
IO
-
CM
CM
en
'
-
O)
co
o
Tf
o
-
Tf
O
CO
-
00
Tf
O
-
-
CM
O
O
-
O
co
co
O
co
TJ
73
SS
&
D 4 C R
!
cc
-
co
CO
T-
to
CM
Tf
-
)
Tf
0J
in
co
co
CM
CM
O
N-
N-
IO
CM
O
CO
CO
O
O
CO
CM
O
00
IO
O
CM
UJ
X
CM
g
00
co
Tf
0J
OJ
N-
OJ
00
Tf
CO
Tf
CO
CM
CO
en
Tf
O
en
CD
Tf
O
CM
CM
CO
Tf
O
CO
T
CM
O
O
CM
CM
O
CD
Tf
-
ffl
O
o
CM
UJ
X
00
g
en
co
T-
CM
-
en
-
00
IO
T
N
CO
O
CD
N
CO
CM
CD
00
T
00
o
o
-
o
o
co
CM
o
CO
CD
N-
CO
ffl
O
o
CM
UJ
X
Tf
g
o
Tf
co
CM
CM
CO
CM
CO
Tf
Tf
Tf
00
IM
CO
N-
Tf
co
co
o
N-
Tf
to
CO
co
co
co
CM
OJ
ffl
O
o
CM
UJ
X
to
T-
Tf
en
CO
-
)
-
Tf
CM
-
-
'
O)
CM
CM
Tf
O
-
en
CM
O
-
CO
Tf
CM
O
O
Tf
CM
O
O
O)
O
Tf
O
N-
CM
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
X
to
g
CM
Tf
N-
-
00
CD
CM
N-
CM
N-
N-
'
O
cn
N-
co
O
m
-
CM
O
T-
10
IO
CM
O
CO
-
CM
O
O
en
O
ID
CM
CO
CM
ffi
O
O
CM
UJ
X
N-
m
CO
Tf
N-
00
en
co
f
-
-
00
co
co
IM
IO
CO
N-
Tf
O
00
CM
O
O
O
CO
o
to
o
CM
CO
O
ID
O
IO
CM
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
X
GO
g
Tf
Tf
O
Tf
O)
-
CM
O
to
Tf
O
Tf
N-
O
O
en
IO
Tf
O
O
CO
CO
Tf
O
CM
Tf
-
O
IO
O
co
en
CM
ffl
o
CM
UJ
en
g
tn
Tf
N
IO
O
IO
CD
N-
OO
00
IO
-
CM
IO
00
O
en
N-
Tf
00
o
CM
N-
CO
CO
co
CM
CM
CM
CM
Tf
-
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
o
g
to
Tf
CM
CM
to
00
CD
N-
-
Tf
N-
CO
Tf
CO
CO
CO
CO
CM
O
-
)
CM
00
CO
CM
to
Tf
-
CO
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
-
g
-
Tf
O
OJ
CO
CM
CM
CO
CO
O
CM
IM
CM
CO
IO
Tf
O
oo
N-
Tf
Tf
O
CO
CO
CO
Tf
O
O
CM
O
O
CM
CM
O
IO
CO
-
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
X
CM
g
oo
Tf
CO
CO
CO
O
Tf
o
CM
Tf
CO
-
co
Tf
IO
CO
CM
CO
O
CM
N-
to
CO
O
-
O
CO
O
O
CO
CM
O
CO
to
-
CO
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
X
CO
g
cn
Tf
N-
CM
N.
CO
IO
-
)
-
to
O
co
O
IO
co
co
co
o
co
IO
IO
CM
o
co
CM
co
o
o
-
CM
O
CO
Tf
en
00
ffi
O
CM
UJ
IO
g
O
m
CO
CM
OO
CO
cn
N-
T-
00
T-
T
in
CO
co
O
co
T-
N-
CM
O
Tf
CM
O
CO
O
co
O
CO
O
O
CO
CM
O
OO
-
CO
ffl
O
o
CM
UI
-
g
m-
m
O)
Tf
m
co
m
CM
co
-
'
CM
CM
en
CM
o
in
oo
co
co
o
io
co
co
co
o
o
IO
CM
o
o
co
CM
o
CO
co
ffl
o
o
CM
UI
00
g
CM
tn
en
co
-
CM
-
00
-
io
CM
CO
IO
CO
CO
CO
o
Tf
CO
CO
co
o
o
IO
CO
o
o
co
CM
o
CO
co
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
en
g
co
tn
co
CM
N-
CO
00
N-
-
N-
m
t_
N-
O)
CM
Tf
oo
co
CM
en
CM
o
N-
o
co
o
o
to
CM
o
in
-
co
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
o
CM
g
Tf
tn
N-
00
N-
00
in
-
)
CO
CM
CD
00
CM
m
co
co
OJ
o
co
in
CD
CM
o
00
CM
00
o
o
N-
CM
o
T-
Tf
en
co
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
T-
CM
g
m
tn
N-
Tf
N-
00
o
w
CM
IO
Tf
Tf
co
CD
co
o
to
co
Tf
co
o
co
co
co
co
o
o
IO
CM
o
o
co
CM
o
co
co
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
CM
CM
g
to
to
CO
CM
oo
CO
cn
N-
-
CO
-
CM
CO
o
Tf
o
IO
-
CM
o
co
CM
o
00
o
co
o
co
o
o
to
CM
o
Tf
Tf
-
co
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
CO
CM
g
.
IO
CM
CM
-
CO
-
-
-
to
CM
io
CO
00
o
-
00
co
CM
o
o
cn
en
CM
O
O
O
00
O
O
to
CM
O
CD
Tf
-
CO
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
Tf
CM
g
00
tn
IO
en
co
co
o
00
-
00
00
o
to
CO
co
o
co
CM
o
Tf
Tf
O
CO
O
-
)
co
O
O
CM
CO
O
Tf
00
-
Tf
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
tn
CM
g
O)
m
tn
en"
en
CM
T-
N.
en
CM
Tf
co
co
O
O
co
to
CM
O
-
00
O
00
O
-
)
co
O
o
CM
CO
o
-
CO
N-
Tf
ffl
O
O
OM
UI
t
CM
g
O
to
CO
CO
N-
-
-
-
00
<o
co
-
OJ
o
CO
IO
CM
O
-
CD
CM
O
00
tn
Tf
o
o
Tf
CO
o
o
Tf
T-
lO
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
N-
CM
g
-
10
O)
to
to
Tf
CM
O
-
)
<
-
O
-
-
-
O
CM
-
IO
CM
O
Tf
O
Tf
CO
o
Tf
CO
-
00
o
o
CM
UJ
00
CM
CM
te
>l
279
a i l a b l e
>
co
cc
"5
c
f)
r s i- t o
co
L a t
g
73
i e tr e d
CL
73
73
CL
e s t s
r-
9-
(
9-
&.
9-
9-
C
u c k l i
t i o n
co
c
CT
(ff
Q
T e s tR e f e r e n c e
.j
c
c
eldma
u.
TJ
CL
fc
(0
K e r n
CL
LU
TJ
F e l
TJ
F e l
.
UJ
UJ
to
C M 6
O
"
o
oc
73
U.
oc
R K sx p .
oc
2
w
-
<-<c
^,
CM
J
,_,
I
*
, ,
JMM^
73
co
1
^,^
73
CO
1
_
73
CO
-
73
CO
V.
~
Tt
o
to
en
Tf
Tf
CO
CO
in
co
co
co
Tf
N-
o
cn
co
N-
o
CD
O)
CTI
O
O
-
CM
OJ
O
O
CM
T
-
)
CM
73
73
CO
Tt
B 3 5
r-
LU
!
ce
CM
CO
CM
N-
o
en
CM
m
N-
CO
00
OO
en
CO
o
o
CM
CD
en
o
o
m
CD
io
o
o
-
O
CD
CM
CM
Tf
TJ
73
i
CO
00
B 2 8
H
UJ
!
oc
CO
co
IO
CM
O
-
N.
CO
IO
-
CM
-
O
O
-
CO
Tf
O
O
-
00
en
o
-
en
Tf
o
o
cn
oo
o
CD
CD
CJ)
co
71
73
-e
co
to
B 2 8
1-
LU
!
bc
Tt
co
cn
co
N-
Tf
N-
O
-
IO
co
co
co
-
cn
00
CM
-
CM
CO
IO
-
Tf
N-
CM
O
O
CM
O
00
-
)
CM
TJ
73
=:
co
Tf
B 2 8
UJ
CC
tn
CO
co
CM
O
to
N-
N-
CM
O
O
CM
CM
Tf
CM
CO
O
00
en
io
CM
O
m.
CO
CM
O
00
CO
-
O
CO
-
-
Tf
CM
CM
TJ
73
CO
CO
B 2 8
t-
LU
!
oc
to
co
cn
o
CM
Tf
en
IO
-
CM
CM
en
'
-
O)
co
o
Tf
o
-
Tf
O
CO
-
00
Tf
O
-
-
CM
O
O
-
O
co
co
O
co
TJ
73
SS
&
D 4 C R
!
cc
-
co
CO
T-
to
CM
Tf
-
)
Tf
0J
in
co
co
CM
CM
O
N-
N-
IO
CM
O
CO
CO
O
O
CO
CM
O
00
IO
O
CM
UJ
X
CM
g
00
co
Tf
0J
OJ
N-
OJ
00
Tf
CO
Tf
CO
CM
CO
en
Tf
O
en
CD
Tf
O
CM
CM
CO
Tf
O
CO
T
CM
O
O
CM
CM
O
CD
Tf
-
ffl
O
o
CM
UJ
X
00
g
en
co
T-
CM
-
en
-
00
IO
T
N
CO
O
CD
N
CO
CM
CD
00
T
00
o
o
-
o
o
co
CM
o
CO
CD
N-
CO
ffl
O
o
CM
UJ
X
Tf
g
o
Tf
co
CM
CM
CO
CM
CO
Tf
Tf
Tf
00
IM
CO
N-
Tf
co
co
o
N-
Tf
to
CO
co
co
co
CM
OJ
ffl
O
o
CM
UJ
X
to
T-
Tf
en
CO
-
)
-
Tf
CM
-
-
'
O)
CM
CM
Tf
O
-
en
CM
O
-
CO
Tf
CM
O
O
Tf
CM
O
O
O)
O
Tf
O
N-
CM
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
X
to
g
CM
Tf
N-
-
00
CD
CM
N-
CM
N-
N-
'
O
cn
N-
co
O
m
-
CM
O
T-
10
IO
CM
O
CO
-
CM
O
O
en
O
ID
CM
CO
CM
ffi
O
O
CM
UJ
X
N-
m
CO
Tf
N-
00
en
co
f
-
-
00
co
co
IM
IO
CO
N-
Tf
O
00
CM
O
O
O
CO
o
to
o
CM
CO
O
ID
O
IO
CM
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
X
GO
g
Tf
Tf
O
Tf
O)
-
CM
O
to
Tf
O
Tf
N-
O
O
en
IO
Tf
O
O
CO
CO
Tf
O
CM
Tf
-
O
IO
O
co
en
CM
ffl
o
CM
UJ
en
g
tn
Tf
N
IO
O
IO
CD
N-
OO
00
IO
-
CM
IO
00
O
en
N-
Tf
00
o
CM
N-
CO
CO
co
CM
CM
CM
CM
Tf
-
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
o
g
to
Tf
CM
CM
to
00
CD
N-
-
Tf
N-
CO
Tf
CO
CO
CO
CO
CM
O
-
)
CM
00
CO
CM
to
Tf
-
CO
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
-
g
-
Tf
O
OJ
CO
CM
CM
CO
CO
O
CM
IM
CM
CO
IO
Tf
O
oo
N-
Tf
Tf
O
CO
CO
CO
Tf
O
O
CM
O
O
CM
CM
O
IO
CO
-
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
X
CM
g
oo
Tf
CO
CO
CO
O
Tf
o
CM
Tf
CO
-
co
Tf
IO
CO
CM
CO
O
CM
N-
to
CO
O
-
O
CO
O
O
CO
CM
O
CO
to
-
CO
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
X
CO
g
cn
Tf
N-
CM
N.
CO
IO
-
)
-
to
O
co
O
IO
co
co
co
o
co
IO
IO
CM
o
co
CM
co
o
o
-
CM
O
CO
Tf
en
00
ffi
O
CM
UJ
IO
g
O
m
CO
CM
OO
CO
cn
N-
T-
00
T-
T
in
CO
co
O
co
T-
N-
CM
O
Tf
CM
O
CO
O
co
O
CO
O
O
CO
CM
O
OO
-
CO
ffl
O
o
CM
UI
-
g
m-
m
O)
Tf
m
co
m
CM
co
-
'
CM
CM
en
CM
o
in
oo
co
co
o
io
co
co
co
o
o
IO
CM
o
o
co
CM
o
CO
co
ffl
o
o
CM
UI
00
g
CM
tn
en
co
-
CM
-
00
-
io
CM
CO
IO
CO
CO
CO
o
Tf
CO
CO
co
o
o
IO
CO
o
o
co
CM
o
CO
co
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
en
g
co
tn
co
CM
N-
CO
00
N-
-
N-
m
t_
N-
O)
CM
Tf
oo
co
CM
en
CM
o
N-
o
co
o
o
to
CM
o
in
-
co
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
o
CM
g
Tf
tn
N-
00
N-
00
in
-
)
CO
CM
CD
00
CM
m
co
co
OJ
o
co
in
CD
CM
o
00
CM
00
o
o
N-
CM
o
T-
Tf
en
co
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
T-
CM
g
m
tn
N-
Tf
N-
00
o
w
CM
IO
Tf
Tf
co
CD
co
o
to
co
Tf
co
o
co
co
co
co
o
o
IO
CM
o
o
co
CM
o
co
co
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
CM
CM
g
to
to
CO
CM
oo
CO
cn
N-
-
CO
-
CM
CO
o
Tf
o
IO
-
CM
o
co
CM
o
00
o
co
o
co
o
o
to
CM
o
Tf
Tf
-
co
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
CO
CM
g
.
IO
CM
CM
-
CO
-
-
-
to
CM
io
CO
00
o
-
00
co
CM
o
o
cn
en
CM
O
O
O
00
O
O
to
CM
O
CD
Tf
-
CO
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
Tf
CM
g
00
tn
IO
en
co
co
o
00
-
00
00
o
to
CO
co
o
co
CM
o
Tf
Tf
O
CO
O
-
)
co
O
O
CM
CO
O
Tf
00
-
Tf
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
tn
CM
g
O)
m
tn
en"
en
CM
T-
N.
en
CM
Tf
co
co
O
O
co
to
CM
O
-
00
O
00
O
-
)
co
O
o
CM
CO
o
-
CO
N-
Tf
ffl
O
O
OM
UI
t
CM
g
O
to
CO
CO
N-
-
-
-
00
<o
co
-
OJ
o
CO
IO
CM
O
-
CD
CM
O
00
tn
Tf
o
o
Tf
CO
o
o
Tf
T-
lO
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
N-
CM
g
-
10
O)
to
to
Tf
CM
O
-
)
<
-
O
-
-
-
O
CM
-
IO
CM
O
Tf
O
Tf
CO
o
Tf
CO
-
00
o
o
CM
UJ
00
CM
CM
te
>l
279
a b l ea v a l
oc
2
73
l e t e
73
CL
73
r e d
CL
e s t s
t-
9-
CS
9-
r o t
9-
_
9-
o n a la l - t o r s i
u c k l i n g
S
L a t i
t i o n
co
c
CT
D e s i
-
o
c
1_
CC
(ff
~j
c
dman
LU
TJ
l i f i e
CL
L U I
(0
CL
K e r n
CL
UJ
TJ
1?
TJ
LU
a
LU
H-
8
UJ
to
t
2
U
z
z
z
2.
o
oc
73
LU
cc
R K sx p .
oc
<-m
2
+m
2.
1-
-I
<<
"
CM
L / (
rl
mm.
Jmt
F^
_
Jmt
73
03
&.
73
CO
73
03
m.
73
ce
*_
o
Tf
O
O
t
CO
-
)
-
CO
-
00
00
to
CM
O
O)
CO
Tf
00
o
IO
o
co
co
o
co
-
o
o
en
CM
o
CM
Tf
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
O)
CM
_
Mm
K
CO
(O
O)
m
00
IO
t
T^
00
IO
cn
io
CO
CM
o
CM
N.
00
CM
O
Tf
00
N-
CM
O
,_
Tf
O
O
00
CO
O
o
N-
cn
o
o
CM
UJ
X
o
CO
_
eS
o
Tt
t
oo
to
en
CM
CM
to
to
00
IO
o
Tf
o
CO
Tf
o
en
N-
00
Tf
o
N-
ID
oo
o
o
N-
CM
O
O
O)
en
00
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
-
.
^m
"j
IO
to
IO
CM*
CM
en
O)
IO
CO
00
CM
CM
CO
N-
Tf
O
N-
T
00
00
o
Tf
00
Tf
00
O
O
to
-
-
CO
CM
CM
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
X
CM
CO
_
eCm
o
to
to
CO
N.
Tf
O
T-
T-
O
CO
-
00
CO
CO
-
00
O
to
en
oo
CM
o
o
-
O
o
Tf
CM
O
CO
N-
Tf
CO
<
o
O
co
UJ
X
<
O
o
co
UJ
X
c
(1)
(ff
m.
.
-
to
co
co
-
CM
-
en
co
-
co
N-
00
CM
O
N-
IO
CM
O
CO
00
to
CM
O
-
CO
-
O
co
CM
O
00
to
CM
CO
<
O
Tf
CO
UJ
X
<
Tf
CO
UJ
X
c
w
im
0-
00
to
00
co
co
CM
o
to
Tf
CM
Tf
CM
-
O
00
.
CM
O
CM
Tf
CM
CM
O
en
to
-
o
IO
CM
O
IO
O
to
00
IO
to
co
co
ro
co
N.
o
-
to
-
Tf
to
to
-
O
O
en
CM
O
O
CO
CM
o
CM
IO
o
Tf
00
00
CM
en
Tf
00
CM
co
o
o
CM
-
co
Tf
Tf
o
Tf
CM
co
o
o
oo
co
o
00
co
IO
Tf
co
Tf
00
<
-
00
00
co
o
en
Tf
CM
o
o
o
00
o
CM
CM
co
Tf
< < < <
O
O
Tf
UJ
<
o
o
Tf
UJ
X
c
0)
(ff
m.
o.
c
(O
o
o
co
UJ
X
o
Tf
co
UJ
< <
o
o
co
UJ
X
c
(0
_
-
o
Tf
co
UI
r;
()
(ff
>-
-*
.
-
-
o
o
Tf
LU
<
o
o
Tf
UJ
X
rr
(ff
Jte
.
CM
-
-
Tf
-
en
Tf
o
co
Tf
OJ
O)
-
o
o
Tf
oo
oo
o
ID
Tf
-
o
ID
CO
o
IO
oo
co
IO
73
73
OM
CD
co
co
Tf
Tf
o
-
Tf
IO
o
-
CO
to
o
o
Tf
CM
CM
O
00
IO
-
o
-
CO
o
Tf
00
co
io
73
73
m
Tf
00
CM
-
-
CO
-
CM
'
IO
IO
-
-
O)
o
o
o
o
IO
-
o
Tf
-
o
N-
CM
O
to
IO
CO
co
73
73
cl)
OM
CT)
CM
co
CO
Tf
Tf
CM
-
to
O)
CO
o
o
CM
Tf
O
O
IO
Tf
o
o
N.
CM
O
to
to
00
CO
73
73
ffi
co
IO
Tf
Tf
-
to
O
O
on
en
-
o
o
to
Tf
O)
o
o
oo
Tf
-
o
N-
CM
O
O
IO
00
CO
73
73
ffi
00
en
-
00
-
CO
co
en
IO
CM
00
O
O
-
en
CM
en
o
o
en
-
CM
CM
73
73
m
CO
m
co
-
-
)
CM
-
CM
00
00
00
)
CM
-
-
00
CM
CM
CO
73
73
m
CM
co
oo
to
-
co
-
CD
CM
O
-
CO
CM
00
O
O
CM
CO
O)
O
O
Tf
00
-
O
N-
CM
O
CM
CO
CO
CO
73
73
00
-
00
CO
IO
co
I
I
CD
00
O
o
CO
CM
00
co
73
73
)
to
IO
00
CM
IO
en
co
co
-
-
o
en
co
o
o
to
-
o
-
CM
-
O
IO
CM
O
to
CO
to
CO
73
73
CO
IO
IO
-
CO
IO
CD
N-
00
N-
O
-
O
co
o
o
Tf
CM
OO
CO
Tf
-
o
N-
00
N-
O
CO
CO
73
73
to
-
Tt
IO
CM
Tf
CO
00
Tf
CM
co
co
o
IO
O)
CM
IO
73
73
IO CO . O) W. Tf -
co* to ^ O) co s co"
oocncoeocoN.Ttioco
tOTfCON-N-N-lOIOtO
CMO-CnCOlOCOTftO
Tf Tf. 5 <o" li) (O
CO CO "l li) <0 "". CO .
cocoento^coN.^
Cn-n-CM-r-TtCOIOT-O
cncMiocnocococMiO
coenN-cooTfCMCMTf
OOCMt-t-t-t-t-t-
ooooooooo
oenTfcoenenioioto
ooiON-ioooooocn
T-T-ocoo)cno)cnco
OOOOOOOOO
-------
TtO)T-TfT-CMTfN-00
COCOCMIOt-OOOO
OOOOOOOOO
N-cocniococncMiocM
T-COCON-CMT-TftDTf
CMCMCMt-t-t-t-t-t-
OOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOO
CON.TfCOCOCMN.T-m
COOOCMCMCMCMCMCOCM
OOOOOOOOO
coojcncMoocoenooTf
N-coT-en-n-N-T-tniD
CMCOCOCMCMT-COTfin
inmoocococoooTfco
737373737373737373
737373737373737373
*"""""
-
3
m.
00
-m
R o
co
N>
CM
3
*
lm
R o
Tf
-
Tf
3
m
lm
R o
tn
-
to
3
mH
S
R o
to
N-
t
3
m
R o
-
-
-
3
m.
R o
00
00
3
m.
R O
>
-
on
3
m.
R o
oo
3
*
R 0
-
00
~
3
*
00
R o
CM
CO
CM
3
mH
00
R o
co
co
CO
3
*
00
R o
Tt
CO
TfintoN-cocnoT-cM
EEEEEEEEE
333333333
*********
eeeoooeoe
Kmm-mKK-mmmlmK
' ' ' 'o '5 " ' " "
ccceococGCGCccccce
intoN-cocnOT-CMco
oooocooooooncncncn
280
a b l ea v a l
oc
2
73
l e t e
73
CL
73
r e d
CL
e s t s
t-
9-
CS
9-
r o t
9-
_
9-
o n a la l - t o r s i
u c k l i n g
S
L a t i
t i o n
co
c
CT
D e s i
-
o
c
1_
CC
(ff
~j
c
dman
LU
TJ
l i f i e
CL
L U I
(0
CL
K e r n
CL
UJ
TJ
1?
TJ
LU
a
LU
H-
8
UJ
to
t
2
U
z
z
z
2.
o
oc
73
LU
cc
R K sx p .
oc
<-m
2
+m
2.
1-
-I
<<
"
CM
L / (
rl
mm.
Jmt
F^
_
Jmt
73
03
&.
73
CO
73
03
m.
73
ce
*_
o
Tf
O
O
t
CO
-
)
-
CO
-
00
00
to
CM
O
O)
CO
Tf
00
o
IO
o
co
co
o
co
-
o
o
en
CM
o
CM
Tf
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
O)
CM
_
Mm
K
CO
(O
O)
m
00
IO
t
T^
00
IO
cn
io
CO
CM
o
CM
N.
00
CM
O
Tf
00
N-
CM
O
,_
Tf
O
O
00
CO
O
o
N-
cn
o
o
CM
UJ
X
o
CO
_
eS
o
Tt
t
oo
to
en
CM
CM
to
to
00
IO
o
Tf
o
CO
Tf
o
en
N-
00
Tf
o
N-
ID
oo
o
o
N-
CM
O
O
O)
en
00
ffl
o
o
CM
UJ
X
-
.
^m
"j
IO
to
IO
CM*
CM
en
O)
IO
CO
00
CM
CM
CO
N-
Tf
O
N-
T
00
00
o
Tf
00
Tf
00
O
O
to
-
-
CO
CM
CM
ffl
O
O
CM
UJ
X
CM
CO
_
eCm
o
to
to
CO
N.
Tf
O
T-
T-
O
CO
-
00
CO
CO
-
00
O
to
en
oo
CM
o
o
-
O
o
Tf
CM
O
CO
N-
Tf
CO
<
o
O
co
UJ
X
<
O
o
co
UJ
X
c
(1)
(ff
m.
.
-
to
co
co
-
CM
-
en
co
-
co
N-
00
CM
O
N-
IO
CM
O
CO
00
to
CM
O
-
CO
-
O
co
CM
O
00
to
CM
CO
<
O
Tf
CO
UJ
X
<
Tf
CO
UJ
X
c
w
im
0-
00
to
00
co
co
CM
o
to
Tf
CM
Tf
CM
-
O
00
.
CM
O
CM
Tf
CM
CM
O
en
to
-
o
IO
CM
O
IO
O
to
00
IO
to
co
co
ro
co
N.
o
-
to
-
Tf
to
to
-
O
O
en
CM
O
O
CO
CM
o
CM
IO
o
Tf
00
00
CM
en
Tf
00
CM
co
o
o
CM
-
co
Tf
Tf
o
Tf
CM
co
o
o
oo
co
o
00
co
IO
Tf
co
Tf
00
<
-
00
00
co
o
en
Tf
CM
o
o
o
00
o
CM
CM
co
Tf
< < < <
O
O
Tf
UJ
<
o
o
Tf
UJ
X
c
0)
(ff
m.
o.
c
(O
o
o
co
UJ
X
o
Tf
co
UJ
< <
o
o
co
UJ
X
c
(0
_
-
o
Tf
co
UI
r;
()
(ff
>-
-*
.
-
-
o
o
Tf
LU
<
o
o
Tf
UJ
X
rr
(ff
Jte
.
CM
-
-
Tf
-
en
Tf
o
co
Tf
OJ
O)
-
o
o
Tf
oo
oo
o
ID
Tf
-
o
ID
CO
o
IO
oo
co
IO
73
73
OM
CD
co
co
Tf
Tf
o
-
Tf
IO
o
-
CO
to
o
o
Tf
CM
CM
O
00
IO
-
o
-
CO
o
Tf
00
co
io
73
73
m
Tf
00
CM
-
-
CO
-
CM
'
IO
IO
-
-
O)
o
o
o
o
IO
-
o
Tf
-
o
N-
CM
O
to
IO
CO
co
73
73
cl)
OM
CT)
CM
co
CO
Tf
Tf
CM
-
to
O)
CO
o
o
CM
Tf
O
O
IO
Tf
o
o
N.
CM
O
to
to
00
CO
73
73
ffi
co
IO
Tf
Tf
-
to
O
O
on
en
-
o
o
to
Tf
O)
o
o
oo
Tf
-
o
N-
CM
O
O
IO
00
CO
73
73
ffi
00
en
-
00
-
CO
co
en
IO
CM
00
O
O
-
en
CM
en
o
o
en
-
CM
CM
73
73
m
CO
m
co
-
-
)
CM
-
CM
00
00
00
)
CM
-
-
00
CM
CM
CO
73
73
m
CM
co
oo
to
-
co
-
CD
CM
O
-
CO
CM
00
O
O
CM
CO
O)
O
O
Tf
00
-
O
N-
CM
O
CM
CO
CO
CO
73
73
00
-
00
CO
IO
co
I
I
CD
00
O
o
CO
CM
00
co
73
73
)
to
IO
00
CM
IO
en
co
co
-
-
o
en
co
o
o
to
-
o
-
CM
-
O
IO
CM
O
to
CO
to
CO
73
73
CO
IO
IO
-
CO
IO
CD
N-
00
N-
O
-
O
co
o
o
Tf
CM
OO
CO
Tf
-
o
N-
00
N-
O
CO
CO
73
73
to
-
Tt
IO
CM
Tf
CO
00
Tf
CM
co
co
o
IO
O)
CM
IO
73
73
IO CO . O) W. Tf -
co* to ^ O) co s co"
oocncoeocoN.Ttioco
tOTfCON-N-N-lOIOtO
CMO-CnCOlOCOTftO
Tf Tf. 5 <o" li) (O
CO CO "l li) <0 "". CO .
cocoento^coN.^
Cn-n-CM-r-TtCOIOT-O
cncMiocnocococMiO
coenN-cooTfCMCMTf
OOCMt-t-t-t-t-t-
ooooooooo
oenTfcoenenioioto
ooiON-ioooooocn
T-T-ocoo)cno)cnco
OOOOOOOOO
-------
TtO)T-TfT-CMTfN-00
COCOCMIOt-OOOO
OOOOOOOOO
N-cocniococncMiocM
T-COCON-CMT-TftDTf
CMCMCMt-t-t-t-t-t-
OOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOO
CON.TfCOCOCMN.T-m
COOOCMCMCMCMCMCOCM
OOOOOOOOO
coojcncMoocoenooTf
N-coT-en-n-N-T-tniD
CMCOCOCMCMT-COTfin
inmoocococoooTfco
737373737373737373
737373737373737373
*"""""
-
3
m.
00
-m
R o
co
N>
CM
3
*
lm
R o
Tf
-
Tf
3
m
lm
R o
tn
-
to
3
mH
S
R o
to
N-
t
3
m
R o
-
-
-
3
m.
R o
00
00
3
m.
R O
>
-
on
3
m.
R o
oo
3
*
R 0
-
00
~
3
*
00
R o
CM
CO
CM
3
mH
00
R o
co
co
CO
3
*
00
R o
Tt
CO
TfintoN-cocnoT-cM
EEEEEEEEE
333333333
*********
eeeoooeoe
Kmm-mKK-mmmlmK
' ' ' 'o '5 " ' " "
ccceococGCGCccccce
intoN-cocnOT-CMco
oooocooooooncncncn
280
a b l ea v a l
ce
s
73
73
m.
CL
73
73
.
CL
)
**
(0
m
9-
ce
9-
w
9-
9-
"5
e?
o r s i o i
l i n g
2 -5
CO 3
<5 -
L a t
i o n
~*
co
c
CT
(ff
O
T e s t
u
c
OC
(0
*J
C
C
co
73
LU
TJ
CL
h
(0
Cl
LU
TJ
I?
TJ
u.
.
UJ
H
8
UJ
(O
to
2
O
Z
z
z
|
oc
,
73
IJ-
CC
0)
Ni!
oe
CL
OC
-=
2
2.
5
?
*
CM
J
I .
_.
n
_
73
CO
m. |
" 1
73
CD
^
" 1
n
m
i_
73
CD
m.
O
Tf
O
A
o
t
A
en
N-
oo
CD
N-
CD
N-
CO
IO
o
o
-
co
o
en
o
o
o
to
o
-
to
Tf
-
Tf
CM
CO
CO
CO
CO
73
73
on
to
to
io
O)
io
CM
IO
en
oo
00
o
o
CM
en
CO
o
o
o
io
o
-
CO
IO
-
IO
CM
IO
o
IO
oo
73
73
5
CO
CM
3
*
00
O
ce
Tf
en
Tf
CM
E
3
*
o
O
oc
If)
o>
to
00
CM
00
O)
00
co
-
"~
Tf
CM
CO
Tf
.
-
)
-
CM
-
-
0J
00
co
CO
00
73
oc
-
<
>
3
_1
en
-
-
en
_
to
CO
'
CD
00
IO
CM
O
O
00
-
-
-
co
O)
-
.
CM
00
CO
00
73
DC
CM
<
3
_1
t.
)
en
co
-
Tf
o
Tf
en
CM
IO
-
Tf
O
O
co
N-
O
O
CO
CO
00
o
o
co
IO
-
o
o
co
o
IO
-
Tf
Tf
73
O
cc
ffl
>
3
-I
co
en
-
-
-
CO
co
Tf_
o"
'
co
-
-
00
-
CM
Tf
co
O
O
Tf
O
-
O
o
co
o
to
o
IO
Tf
73
O
cc
CM
ffl
3
_l
O)
en
oo
IO
OJ
IO
en
o
o
-
CM
-
CM
00
CM
-
co
Tf
73
"
oc
co
ffl
3
_
-
Tf
CM
IO
CD
Tf
1
o
CM
-
O
O
cn
IO
co
o
o
00
co
-
o
o
co
o
o
o
IO
Tf
73
01)
"
ce
Tf
ffl
>>
3
_l
-
Tf
Tf
O
IO
Tf
Tf
I
I
00
N.
O
O
_
co
00
O
O
00
Tf
-
o
o
co
o
oo
o
IO
Tf
73
O
oc
CM
IO
-
CO
00
CM
Tf
-
N-
Tf
O
O
O
O
O
to
O
O
CO
O
-
O
co
CM
O
CM
to
CM
Tf
73
"
cc
IO
en
-
00*
'
Tf
CM
CO
CO
O
O
IO
-
O
O
O
CO
CM
O
Tf
O
IO
Tt
73
"
OC
m
CM
co
-
O
O
O)
O
O
O
o
o
-
)
o
o
o
en
00
o
to
o
io
Tf
73
"
OC
)
Tf
oo
Tf
CM
IO
Tf
O
O
IO
O
O
CO
o
o
-
o
o
O)
CM
O
to
CO
Tt
Tf
73
"
oc
co
to
CM
<
CM
CO
>
)
CM
to
Tf
73
"
oc
tn - cm co Tt
ffl o U O O
>
3
_l
CM
>
3
_l
CO
O
>
3
_
Tf
>
.
3
_1
>
3
_
(
>
3
-
00
CM
CM
00
-
co
CM
CO
o
-
OJ
-
O
O
O
00
CM
O
CM
CM
CO
CO
CM
Tf
Tf
00
O
CM
CD
00
T
00
CM
CO
CM
O
O
T
00
CM
O
O
N-
Tf
CM
O
O
to
-
o
co
o
-
CO
CM
CM
to
co
cn
co
00
N-
T-
CO
io
o
co
o
co
in
CM
CM
o
CM
CM
Tf
CM
CO
CO
-
O
co
o
m
-
00
CO
Tt
00
00
00
co
co
CD
co
en
CM
o
00
o
00
CM
o
IO
-
Tf
CM
o
CM
-
-
CM
CO
CO
CM
Tf
CO
IO
co
N.
co
-
cn
cn
oo
co
o
-
)
CM
CM
O
CM
CO
Tf
OO
O
o
N-
-
o
N-
o
CO
OO
00
CM
< < < < <
o
CM
LU
X
m
m
o
CM
UI
CO
IO
o
o
CM
UJ
X
o
(O
CM
UJ
-
to
2 2 2 2
CO
o
Cj
0
cn
o
J
s
o
o
o
CM
UJ
X
CM
(0
CO
00
CO
CO
o
Tf
1
00
CM
to
CM
O
(O
CO
-
o
T-
lO
CO
CM
O
IO
CO
-
O
to
o
o
00
CM
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
m
(O
- in
CM CM
cm cn
00 N-
Tf Tf
CD Tf
T-
CO -
CM
cn to
CM CM
o o
00 CO
- CM
- -
CM
o o
co cn
co cn
CM CM
CM CM
O o
O O
N- N-
-
O
O o
-
O O
T- Tf
to in
00 00
00 OO
< <
O O
O o
CM CM
UJ UJ
X X
to o
t
00
CM
Tf
oo
Tf
O)
T
CO
to
Tf
00
o
en
CO
-
o
to
o
00
CM
O
N-
CD
-
o
CO
o
N-
CM
CO
CM
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
T-
N
2 2 2 2 2
u u
65
y-
CM CO Tt m
CJ
5
to
N-
CM
00
00
en
T-
N-
CO
CM
O
CO
CO
-
CM
O
Tf
O
CO
CM
O
CO
ID
-
o
to
o
o
CM
OO
CM
<
O
o
CM
UJ
X
CM
N-
2
O
00
CM
en
N-
o
m
CM
00
-
CM
O
-
-
00
)
CO
CM
O
Tf
-
-
O
-
00
<
CM
UJ
(
-
2
-
00
to
en
-
CM
to
CO
O
CO
CO
CM
CM
O
O
IO
Tf
CM
O
O
co
O
IO
O
co
CM
<
O
O
CM
UJ
X
-
.
2
O
to
Tf
CO
O
CM
CO
CO
to
o
O)
oo
o
o
.
00
CM
O
CO
co
IO
CM
O
CM
CO
-
o
CO
o
CM
CM
<
O
o
CM
UJ
o
00
2
O
febfeb
N- 00 en o
CM
CO
CO
CM
-
-
CO
OO
O
-
N-
00
CM
O
CO
Tf
N-
CM
O
IO
N-
00
O
O
Tf
CO
O
O
00
en
Tf
73
"
CC
t_
CM
-
00
CD
IO
N-
en
o
o
CO
CM
CM
-
co
-
00
-
IO
en
IO
o
o
cm
Tf
co
c*>
to
73
"
cc
CM
en
co
00
00
T-
T
00
to
co
co
o
CM
co
co
CM
O
Tf
en
o
CM
-
00
"L
CD
Tf
Tf
73
"
cc
CM
CM
in
Tf
CM
CM
O
ID
Tf
CD
CO
-
en
-
m
o
o
00
oo_
o
to
Tf
IO
73
DC
< < < <
CO
<
X
>
UJ
X
[i
CC
T-
CM
TT
<
>
UJ
a*
ce
CM
CM
CT
ffi
>
UJ
L
oc
co
CM
-3T
TT
ffl
X
>
UJ
cc
Tt
CN
281
a b l ea v a l
ce
s
73
73
m.
CL
73
73
.
CL
)
**
(0
m
9-
ce
9-
w
9-
9-
"5
e?
o r s i o i
l i n g
2 -5
CO 3
<5 -
L a t
i o n
~*
co
c
CT
(ff
O
T e s t
u
c
OC
(0
*J
C
C
co
73
LU
TJ
CL
h
(0
Cl
LU
TJ
I?
TJ
u.
.
UJ
H
8
UJ
(O
to
2
O
Z
z
z
|
oc
,
73
IJ-
CC
0)
Ni!
oe
CL
OC
-=
2
2.
5
?
*
CM
J
I .
_.
n
_
73
CO
m. |
" 1
73
CD
^
" 1
n
m
i_
73
CD
m.
O
Tf
O
A
o
t
A
en
N-
oo
CD
N-
CD
N-
CO
IO
o
o
-
co
o
en
o
o
o
to
o
-
to
Tf
-
Tf
CM
CO
CO
CO
CO
73
73
on
to
to
io
O)
io
CM
IO
en
oo
00
o
o
CM
en
CO
o
o
o
io
o
-
CO
IO
-
IO
CM
IO
o
IO
oo
73
73
5
CO
CM
3
*
00
O
ce
Tf
en
Tf
CM
E
3
*
o
O
oc
If)
o>
to
00
CM
00
O)
00
co
-
"~
Tf
CM
CO
Tf
.
-
)
-
CM
-
-
0J
00
co
CO
00
73
oc
-
<
>
3
_1
en
-
-
en
_
to
CO
'
CD
00
IO
CM
O
O
00
-
-
-
co
O)
-
.
CM
00
CO
00
73
DC
CM
<
3
_1
t.
)
en
co
-
Tf
o
Tf
en
CM
IO
-
Tf
O
O
co
N-
O
O
CO
CO
00
o
o
co
IO
-
o
o
co
o
IO
-
Tf
Tf
73
O
cc
ffl
>
3
-I
co
en
-
-
-
CO
co
Tf_
o"
'
co
-
-
00
-
CM
Tf
co
O
O
Tf
O
-
O
o
co
o
to
o
IO
Tf
73
O
cc
CM
ffl
3
_l
O)
en
oo
IO
OJ
IO
en
o
o
-
CM
-
CM
00
CM
-
co
Tf
73
"
oc
co
ffl
3
_
-
Tf
CM
IO
CD
Tf
1
o
CM
-
O
O
cn
IO
co
o
o
00
co
-
o
o
co
o
o
o
IO
Tf
73
01)
"
ce
Tf
ffl
>>
3
_l
-
Tf
Tf
O
IO
Tf
Tf
I
I
00
N.
O
O
_
co
00
O
O
00
Tf
-
o
o
co
o
oo
o
IO
Tf
73
O
oc
CM
IO
-
CO
00
CM
Tf
-
N-
Tf
O
O
O
O
O
to
O
O
CO
O
-
O
co
CM
O
CM
to
CM
Tf
73
"
cc
IO
en
-
00*
'
Tf
CM
CO
CO
O
O
IO
-
O
O
O
CO
CM
O
Tf
O
IO
Tt
73
"
OC
m
CM
co
-
O
O
O)
O
O
O
o
o
-
)
o
o
o
en
00
o
to
o
io
Tf
73
"
OC
)
Tf
oo
Tf
CM
IO
Tf
O
O
IO
O
O
CO
o
o
-
o
o
O)
CM
O
to
CO
Tt
Tf
73
"
oc
co
to
CM
<
CM
CO
>
)
CM
to
Tf
73
"
oc
tn - cm co Tt
ffl o U O O
>
3
_l
CM
>
3
_l
CO
O
>
3
_
Tf
>
.
3
_1
>
3
_
(
>
3
-
00
CM
CM
00
-
co
CM
CO
o
-
OJ
-
O
O
O
00
CM
O
CM
CM
CO
CO
CM
Tf
Tf
00
O
CM
CD
00
T
00
CM
CO
CM
O
O
T
00
CM
O
O
N-
Tf
CM
O
O
to
-
o
co
o
-
CO
CM
CM
to
co
cn
co
00
N-
T-
CO
io
o
co
o
co
in
CM
CM
o
CM
CM
Tf
CM
CO
CO
-
O
co
o
m
-
00
CO
Tt
00
00
00
co
co
CD
co
en
CM
o
00
o
00
CM
o
IO
-
Tf
CM
o
CM
-
-
CM
CO
CO
CM
Tf
CO
IO
co
N.
co
-
cn
cn
oo
co
o
-
)
CM
CM
O
CM
CO
Tf
OO
O
o
N-
-
o
N-
o
CO
OO
00
CM
< < < < <
o
CM
LU
X
m
m
o
CM
UI
CO
IO
o
o
CM
UJ
X
o
(O
CM
UJ
-
to
2 2 2 2
CO
o
Cj
0
cn
o
J
s
o
o
o
CM
UJ
X
CM
(0
CO
00
CO
CO
o
Tf
1
00
CM
to
CM
O
(O
CO
-
o
T-
lO
CO
CM
O
IO
CO
-
O
to
o
o
00
CM
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
m
(O
- in
CM CM
cm cn
00 N-
Tf Tf
CD Tf
T-
CO -
CM
cn to
CM CM
o o
00 CO
- CM
- -
CM
o o
co cn
co cn
CM CM
CM CM
O o
O O
N- N-
-
O
O o
-
O O
T- Tf
to in
00 00
00 OO
< <
O O
O o
CM CM
UJ UJ
X X
to o
t
00
CM
Tf
oo
Tf
O)
T
CO
to
Tf
00
o
en
CO
-
o
to
o
00
CM
O
N-
CD
-
o
CO
o
N-
CM
CO
CM
<
o
o
CM
UJ
X
T-
N
2 2 2 2 2
u u
65
y-
CM CO Tt m
CJ
5
to
N-
CM
00
00
en
T-
N-
CO
CM
O
CO
CO
-
CM
O
Tf
O
CO
CM
O
CO
ID
-
o
to
o
o
CM
OO
CM
<
O
o
CM
UJ
X
CM
N-
2
O
00
CM
en
N-
o
m
CM
00
-
CM
O
-
-
00
)
CO
CM
O
Tf
-
-
O
-
00
<
CM
UJ
(
-
2
-
00
to
en
-
CM
to
CO
O
CO
CO
CM
CM
O
O
IO
Tf
CM
O
O
co
O
IO
O
co
CM
<
O
O
CM
UJ
X
-
.
2
O
to
Tf
CO
O
CM
CO
CO
to
o
O)
oo
o
o
.
00
CM
O
CO
co
IO
CM
O
CM
CO
-
o
CO
o
CM
CM
<
O
o
CM
UJ
o
00
2
O
febfeb
N- 00 en o
CM
CO
CO
CM
-
-
CO
OO
O
-
N-
00
CM
O
CO
Tf
N-
CM
O
IO
N-
00
O
O
Tf
CO
O
O
00
en
Tf
73
"
CC
t_
CM
-
00
CD
IO
N-
en
o
o
CO
CM
CM
-
co
-
00
-
IO
en
IO
o
o
cm
Tf
co
c*>
to
73
"
cc
CM
en
co
00
00
T-
T
00
to
co
co
o
CM
co
co
CM
O
Tf
en
o
CM
-
00
"L
CD
Tf
Tf
73
"
cc
CM
CM
in
Tf
CM
CM
O
ID
Tf
CD
CO
-
en
-
m
o
o
00
oo_
o
to
Tf
IO
73
DC
< < < <
CO
<
X
>
UJ
X
[i
CC
T-
CM
TT
<
>
UJ
a*
ce
CM
CM
CT
ffi
>
UJ
L
oc
co
CM
-3T
TT
ffl
X
>
UJ
cc
Tt
CN
281
1 . Ravailable for beams submitted to My.Sd according to
Feldmann's model
t
I
tf
y"
,-y
- X
*
M
y.Sd
282
1 . Ravailable for beams submitted to My.Sd according to
Feldmann's model
t
I
tf
y"
,-y
- X
*
M
y.Sd
282
Summarv of formulas from Feldman's model
to evaluate plastic rotations (= ) of
I or steel profiles for different load cases.
I
a
--1-I -
CpO-
4k, f4Ebw} r-~ 5 \
---1-i --
I
Him
(pi)
2t
(h-2t)w"f
- 1
b3 (fy*Ao)
JP JP
- -tUeff \_-
J^., L
(p0=
(f7HTAo)bh\ 5h" Y "^ ^ ^ J
H /
---H .2
t
1/2f- 1/2-
1 _ ^Mp^ _ -(Nh-P)!
h p_ha P h ;
"=(^+^W)2+4f^hA-f^
Jk^, Acr-^-irJ/î,
iv -
1,4
LOI
.'t4L f.
*f*
yL ^VX
^40*. i/4,0 ^
/ \0J5
K. - W - 0,38() y
^/^
Pc =
4Ebw'
Sh2
283
Summarv of formulas from Feldman's model
to evaluate plastic rotations (= ) of
I or steel profiles for different load cases.
I
a
--1-I -
CpO-
4k, f4Ebw} r-~ 5 \
---1-i --
I
Him
(pi)
2t
(h-2t)w"f
- 1
b3 (fy*Ao)
JP JP
- -tUeff \_-
J^., L
(p0=
(f7HTAo)bh\ 5h" Y "^ ^ ^ J
H /
---H .2
t
1/2f- 1/2-
1 _ ^Mp^ _ -(Nh-P)!
h p_ha P h ;
"=(^+^W)2+4f^hA-f^
Jk^, Acr-^-irJ/î,
iv -
1,4
LOI
.'t4L f.
*f*
yL ^VX
^40*. i/4,0 ^
/ \0J5
K. - W - 0,38() y
^/^
Pc =
4Ebw'
Sh2
283
1.1) Presentation of Feldmann's model:
1.1.1)
Kav.
Mi
Mp/
/
>---
>-
available
Rotations can be evaluated from the following formulas :
where
SP-
5,6
-^Sl+0,25 (fvJ1+a).h.b
400 ) yM
4.E.O.
5.h
.3 J 2
i -/^..^] +4.fyW.h.b.tf.tw.Ao ^.
with = 150 N/mm2

R
a.
=<
1 2- .
9l+9r
Li Li
1.1.2) Limitations : Class 4 sections (which mean elastic local buckling) should not be
evaluated with Feldmann's model but the present tables do.
1.2) Legend of tables and graphs :
1.2.1) "Class" = classification of cross-section submitted to pure bending, according to
Eurocode 3 (" = class 1; "3w" = class 3 web; "2f' = class 2 flange)"
1.2.2) "S 235, S 355, S 460" = Steel grades (fy = 235, 355 or 460 Mpa)
1.2.3) "b/tf."
"a.d/tw.E"
".? trad]"
= flange slendemess
= web slendemess with = 0,5 (pure bending) ;
=^235/ f y (fy in [Mpa])
= available - (in radians) (^ written as "Phirot.pi" in tables)
1.2.4) "RavaLxLM"
= available rotation capacity multiplied by the span (that value is given in
meters).
=> to obtain the available rotation capacity for a given span, the number
furnished in the table shall be divided by that span [given in meters].
284
1.1) Presentation of Feldmann's model:
1.1.1)
Kav.
Mi
Mp/
/
>---
>-
available
Rotations can be evaluated from the following formulas :
where
SP-
5,6
-^Sl+0,25 (fvJ1+a).h.b
400 ) yM
4.E.O.
5.h
.3 J 2
i -/^..^] +4.fyW.h.b.tf.tw.Ao ^.
with = 150 N/mm2

R
a.
=<
1 2- .
9l+9r
Li Li
1.1.2) Limitations : Class 4 sections (which mean elastic local buckling) should not be
evaluated with Feldmann's model but the present tables do.
1.2) Legend of tables and graphs :
1.2.1) "Class" = classification of cross-section submitted to pure bending, according to
Eurocode 3 (" = class 1; "3w" = class 3 web; "2f' = class 2 flange)"
1.2.2) "S 235, S 355, S 460" = Steel grades (fy = 235, 355 or 460 Mpa)
1.2.3) "b/tf."
"a.d/tw.E"
".? trad]"
= flange slendemess
= web slendemess with = 0,5 (pure bending) ;
=^235/ f y (fy in [Mpa])
= available - (in radians) (^ written as "Phirot.pi" in tables)
1.2.4) "RavaLxLM"
= available rotation capacity multiplied by the span (that value is given in
meters).
=> to obtain the available rotation capacity for a given span, the number
furnished in the table shall be divided by that span [given in meters].
284
1.2.5) Particular case 1:
1.2.5.1)
"(ULS, SLS) Lmax maximum span [in meters] allowable according to ULS and SLS criteria
of Eurocode 3, for 3 point-bending beams, (with partial safety factors
=1,0 for SLS and yp =1,5 for ULS):
, SLS criterion: arbitrary limitation of the maximal deflection : (here,
elastic deflection)
P.LJ L
48E.I 250
L^
250.P
, ULS criterion: limitation of the maximal bending moment :
Class land 2:
M
1,5-P.L
max
<Mpf =
_ Wpf.fy 4.Wpf.fy
YmO
max '
l,5.L.Ym0
_i c 12-E-LYmO
250.Wpf.fy
tables)
Class 3 and 4:
(where jmQ is taken equal to 1,0 in the
M
max
. lvlrtf -'fm -
V
TfrnO
max
l>5-L.Ym0
_i c 12.E.LYm0
Hnax 1-~,- ,.
250.Wef.fy
1.2.5.2) 'Ravail. min
minimum available rotation capacity related to the maximum span (=
"Lrnax J'
1.2.6.1) "LmaxKemp"
equals to the minimum of:
- Lmax = '-^ (see Part 2, items 2.2.2 and 2.3.6).
- Lmax ULS, SLS according to ULS and SLS criteria of EC3 (see above
item 1.23.1)
1.2.6.2) "RavaiL (Lmax Kemp)" was introduced here to easily compare Feldmann's model with Kemp's
model (see Part 2, item2.3.6).
1.2.7) According to ECCS recommendations concerning graphs on pages 18-25, we introduce
Li / (iz . ) = 60, which is maximum distance of distance between two adjacent lateral bracing
in order to avoid LTB of 3-point bending beams.
285
1.2.5.1)
"(ULS, SLS) Lmax maximum span [in meters] allowable according to ULS and SLS criteria
, SLS criterion: arbitrary limitation of the maximal deflection : (here,
elastic deflection)
P.LJ L
48E.I 250
L^
250.P
, ULS criterion: limitation of the maximal bending moment :
Class land 2:
M
1,5-P.L
max
<Mpf =
_ Wpf.fy 4.Wpf.fy
YmO
max '
l,5.L.Ym0
_i c 12-E-LYmO
250.Wpf.fy
tables)
Class 3 and 4:
(where jmQ is taken equal to 1,0 in the
M
max
. lvlrtf -'fm -
V
TfrnO
max
l>5-L.Ym0
_i c 12.E.LYm0
Hnax 1-~,- ,.
250.Wef.fy
1.2.5.2) 'Ravail. min
minimum available rotation capacity related to the maximum span (=
"Lrnax J'
1.2.6.1) "LmaxKemp"
equals to the minimum of:
- Lmax = '-^ (see Part 2, items 2.2.2 and 2.3.6).
- Lmax ULS, SLS according to ULS and SLS criteria of EC3 (see above
item 1.23.1)
1.2.6.2) "RavaiL (Lmax Kemp)" was introduced here to easily compare Feldmann's model with Kemp's
model (see Part 2, item2.3.6).
1.2.7) According to ECCS recommendations concerning graphs on pages 18-25, we introduce
Li / (iz . ) = 60, which is maximum distance of distance between two adjacent lateral bracing
in order to avoid LTB of 3-point bending beams.
285
2 . R available for beams submitted to My.Sd according to Kemp's
model
tf
X
*
M
y.Sd
286
2 . R available for beams submitted to My.Sd according to Kemp's
model
tf
X
*
M
y.Sd
286
2.1. Presentation of Kemp's theoretical model (extract from the paper of Kemp and
Dekker "Available rotation capacity in steel and composite beams", The
Structural Engineer/Volume 69/N" 5/5 March 1991)
X : lolcrot restraint
177! It,
Lb
li t
Ar
-
.lp lg.
pHp
(cl tetero! restraint)
HpV./Cli-lp)
Strain el etnt/ of ,
compression nan t
rty.<Lp/(ti-lp)
Curvature - strain r" a* dt
fig. 7
Actual cuvelcM
strut Unetfc Cj l
'. tottrat ceil.
lettre! ri-ai cquv. strut
T~V
Stoetxmoouka
el elasticity. E
Cn&ct of
stratn-hcrdennq
locx strain-
horcwnina mocutvs. Ej
<*Ei,
fig. 8
Strain
Appendix A. Theoretical model for predicting available rotation
capacity due io local and lateral buckling of steel elioni
Local bueillnt
The theoretical models proposed in this section refer to the ease or linear
moment tradicnt shown in Fij 7, representnx approximately the rejion
adjacent to an internai support ora continuous beam or to an caves joint
in portal frames. Foltowint the proposals of Lay & Galambos", the local
buckle is assumed to develop when the length of plastic rcjion of the ftanje
287
2.1. Presentation of Kemp's theoretical model (extract from the paper of Kemp and
Dekker "Available rotation capacity in steel and composite beams", The
Structural Engineer/Volume 69/N" 5/5 March 1991)
X : lolcrot restraint
177! It,
Lb
li t
Ar
-
.lp lg.
pHp
(cl tetero! restraint)
HpV./Cli-lp)
Strain el etnt/ of ,
compression nan t
rty.<Lp/(ti-lp)
Curvature - strain r" a* dt
fig. 7
Actual cuvelcM
strut Unetfc Cj l
'. tottrat ceil.
lettre! ri-ai cquv. strut
T~V
Stoetxmoouka
el elasticity. E
Cn&ct of
stratn-hcrdennq
locx strain-
horcwnina mocutvs. Ej
<*Ei,
fig. 8
Strain
Appendix A. Theoretical model for predicting available rotation
capacity due io local and lateral buckling of steel elioni
Local bueillnt
The theoretical models proposed in this section refer to the ease or linear
moment tradicnt shown in Fij 7, representnx approximately the rejion
adjacent to an internai support ora continuous beam or to an caves joint
in portal frames. Foltowint the proposals of Lay & Galambos", the local
buckle is assumed to develop when the length of plastic rcjion of the ftanje
287
Piper: Kemp/Dekker
(1 in fix 7(o)) extends sufficiently fir to accommodate the futi
wavelength of the cucile. Xerap* is rearranged the expressions and -
modified the assumption! of Lay it Gabmooi, Southwsrd . xnd
Stowtll". resulting n the following formulae which may be solved
jccraiivcly to give the plxstie length L^ at which fiante buekling would
occur theoretically in the absence of membrane restraint:
on the strain condition in the compression flange are evaluated separately
and thea coeibincd.
The maximum vertical out-of-planc deflection *, of the extreme fibre
of the flange due to local buckling may be assessed as:
'r " V U-5S-C/.["/ji
....{.
where
l-/t Is the flange widih-to-ihiekaess ratio
C 0-3 for no web restraint or 1-0 for optimum web restraint
, is the longitudinal strain at buckling in the comprcssoo fiante at the
aire of the buckled length and may be determined from ?7 M as:
.,,(,+0-3 i-)
....(A J)
3 and e are the strain-hardening characteristics in
_< is the yield strain of the flange
"Web slendemess his been observed in tests as not causing significant strain-
weakening in isolation and having only a secondary effect ea strain*
weakening behaviour due to local buckling of the liante aad distortion
of the cross-section. From an assessment of test results it is proposed that
he intencin between web aad fiante budini be considered by deiinint
C, in eqn. (A.I) as:
C,- l-0-{eVJ0rO< out > 0 (A-3)
where *, is the clear depth of web in compression, as defined ia Table
2. and t. is web thickness.
i-Urehtersienai AucJtnr
LatcraJ-tonional buckling is considered' in terms of the lateral buckling
of a strut comprising the compression flange and portion of the web in
compression over the length'Q/*). between lateral restraints ia Tig 7.
The results are adjusted nominally to allow for the cahaaccacnt of
resistance due to torsional rigidity. This length is subdivided Into elastic
and plasticportions as shown in Hg7(d) which are adjusted to effceive
lengths X-, and Lm allowing for moment gradient In the normal way and
for the reduction from elastic modulus JTto strain-hardening modulus ,
sn the plastic region as follows:
-slist: _ ,îmm--Jo-6*9-*e L,'- CL, ....(.)
(m-1)
Plastic - L,- ^~ ' J dp-Sta+0-4) L, - C/m ,...(AJ)
where at is the ratio of maximum moment to resistance moment
M_/Mr L/Um, L) for Ener moment gradient In fig 7 and t E/E,
uriti.
These two lengths are combined to reflect an elastic dement subjected
to a uniformaxial force equal to that required to fullyyield this strut. The
critical buckling length i, between sections of maximumand zero moment
is obtained by determining the value of L{ at which this equivalent strut
reaches Its elastic buckling load: .
.(A.)
C, - 1-0 + 0-07 11-33 -if. hot > 1-0
*.<-
0-014
Xi-tL/LJHm/LJi
....(A.1)
where the initial imperfceon is assumed to be 0-Ol. ^ is the full wse-
fcigth of the local buckle given by eqn. (Al), and L> is the length bcr-c:a
seesior-s of maximum and aero moment at which lateral buckSngis predicted
by eejn. (At) for a denned length of the plastic region ,. This reflects
the common observation, confirmed in "Dekker'j tests" and described
above, that local buckSng Itnot itself an unstable strain-weakening process
n the absence of lateral buckling which, nierai!. , release the membrane
restraints to local buckling.
. The shortening In length of a strut with a deflected shape represented
by * sin(aVZOIs given approximately by A7*. in which L. a the half
wavelength. The buckling of a flange with maximum veniea amplitude
*, in eqn. <A) and a half wavelength of X. - 0-3L, therefor produ:
a shorteninginlength of th extreme fibre of the flange rdadv to the atre
of the flsnge of A,'/!, over a full wavelength L,. This obviously
amplifies the lateral buckling of the compression flange. It is modelled
approximately by considering an additional maximum amplitude of lateral
dcilccson , over lh wavelength C-i. of the equivalent stmt from eqn.
(AS) which gives the same shortening of th extreme fibre the fiante
relative to Its centre, because of equal nd routions of -r*yCij, I.e.
where lm the radius of gyration of the flange and portion of web in
compression and C, a the enhancement due to distortion-! restraint by the
web and based en the analyses of Svensson", and the second author is
given by:
la which i Is the overall depth of the section.
.(A.7)
Interaction btttttn /oca/ nef aleni bueiUnt
To define the onset of strain-weakening. It Is necessary to Identify those
regions la the beamwhere local flange and lateral buckling displacements
cause a significant change m tb strains resisting major-axis bendine. The
requirement that the minimumstrain at the critical section should not fall
belowthe yield strain has been adopted as a conservative criterion of strain
weakening. The effects of deformations due to local and lateral buckling
SG
fc*,<P-36y<cu, - A.Vjy
Je.i -.-i-S-h.
....(A.S)
(A.10)
This reflects theinteraction between local and lateral bucking and should
be added to th ntaximumamplitude of sinusoidal deflection of the flange
due to lateral buckling t^ which is assessed as:
. _ .-caiLfi-e-i
*. U-(L/Lfl
in -which the initial imperfection is assumed to be -CtJlL-fi) and L%
is again given by eqn. (A4).
.The lateral curvature* a,* across the width of the flange due to these
dfierions at distane:: fromthe yielded end of the equivalent strut Is given
.by:
-A.+ ajrintrce/Â^1 ..'..(A.!!.
At the entre of thelocal buckle in the equivalent strut a: - 0-3,, from
oqa. (A3) and the criterion of failure Is the lowest value 0f ct
iii irAfr from"fig 7 at which the minimumstrain on one extreme fibre
of the flange A falls below the yield strain ,. Le.
. *.C---3Mf-.. " ....(.)
in which , Is the average strain in the flange at this section given by cqa.
(A2).
Alternatively, In eases of relatively compact flanges and large lateral
slendemess ratios, the criterion or eqn. (A12) is applied at the centre
the equivalent strut where - 0-3<î, from eqn. (A) to give a lower
value of iândm.
Rotation capacity
Assuming the idealised stress-strain curve for steel shown In Fig t and
simplifying the elasto-plastic transition, it is convenient to adopt trilinear
moment-strain and moment-curvature relationships Illustrated In Figs 7(b)
and (c) along each length i, between sections of maximum and aero
moment. These distributions are based oa Lay's discontinuous yield
theory"' and reflect the conditions at maximum load prior to the onset of
strain-weakening behaviour. The following relationship between available
rotation capacity and length of the plastic region Lf may then be derived
from the area under the simplified curvature distribution in Fig 7(c).
assumine the rotation capacity at which the moment falls below M, in
"Fig 1 Is twice that at maximum moment:
'V-^;1
(A-)
where
' is the proportion of the depth of section in compression between the
centres of th two flanges
The Structural Engineer/Volume 60/No.S/S March 1301
288
Piper: Kemp/Dekker
(1 in fix 7(o)) extends sufficiently fir to accommodate the futi
wavelength of the cucile. Xerap* is rearranged the expressions and -
modified the assumption! of Lay it Gabmooi, Southwsrd . xnd
Stowtll". resulting n the following formulae which may be solved
jccraiivcly to give the plxstie length L^ at which fiante buekling would
occur theoretically in the absence of membrane restraint:
on the strain condition in the compression flange are evaluated separately
and thea coeibincd.
The maximum vertical out-of-planc deflection *, of the extreme fibre
of the flange due to local buckling may be assessed as:
'r " V U-5S-C/.["/ji
....{.
where
l-/t Is the flange widih-to-ihiekaess ratio
C 0-3 for no web restraint or 1-0 for optimum web restraint
, is the longitudinal strain at buckling in the comprcssoo fiante at the
aire of the buckled length and may be determined from ?7 M as:
.,,(,+0-3 i-)
....(A J)
3 and e are the strain-hardening characteristics in
_< is the yield strain of the flange
"Web slendemess his been observed in tests as not causing significant strain-
weakening in isolation and having only a secondary effect ea strain*
weakening behaviour due to local buckling of the liante aad distortion
of the cross-section. From an assessment of test results it is proposed that
he intencin between web aad fiante budini be considered by deiinint
C, in eqn. (A.I) as:
C,- l-0-{eVJ0rO< out > 0 (A-3)
where *, is the clear depth of web in compression, as defined ia Table
2. and t. is web thickness.
i-Urehtersienai AucJtnr
LatcraJ-tonional buckling is considered' in terms of the lateral buckling
of a strut comprising the compression flange and portion of the web in
compression over the length'Q/*). between lateral restraints ia Tig 7.
The results are adjusted nominally to allow for the cahaaccacnt of
resistance due to torsional rigidity. This length is subdivided Into elastic
and plasticportions as shown in Hg7(d) which are adjusted to effceive
lengths X-, and Lm allowing for moment gradient In the normal way and
for the reduction from elastic modulus JTto strain-hardening modulus ,
sn the plastic region as follows:
-slist: _ ,îmm--Jo-6*9-*e L,'- CL, ....(.)
(m-1)
Plastic - L,- ^~ ' J dp-Sta+0-4) L, - C/m ,...(AJ)
where at is the ratio of maximum moment to resistance moment
M_/Mr L/Um, L) for Ener moment gradient In fig 7 and t E/E,
uriti.
These two lengths are combined to reflect an elastic dement subjected
to a uniformaxial force equal to that required to fullyyield this strut. The
critical buckling length i, between sections of maximumand zero moment
is obtained by determining the value of L{ at which this equivalent strut
reaches Its elastic buckling load: .
.(A.)
C, - 1-0 + 0-07 11-33 -if. hot > 1-0
*.<-
0-014
Xi-tL/LJHm/LJi
....(A.1)
where the initial imperfceon is assumed to be 0-Ol. ^ is the full wse-
fcigth of the local buckle given by eqn. (Al), and L> is the length bcr-c:a
seesior-s of maximum and aero moment at which lateral buckSngis predicted
by eejn. (At) for a denned length of the plastic region ,. This reflects
the common observation, confirmed in "Dekker'j tests" and described
above, that local buckSng Itnot itself an unstable strain-weakening process
n the absence of lateral buckling which, nierai!. , release the membrane
restraints to local buckling.
. The shortening In length of a strut with a deflected shape represented
by * sin(aVZOIs given approximately by A7*. in which L. a the half
wavelength. The buckling of a flange with maximum veniea amplitude
*, in eqn. <A) and a half wavelength of X. - 0-3L, therefor produ:
a shorteninginlength of th extreme fibre of the flange rdadv to the atre
of the flsnge of A,'/!, over a full wavelength L,. This obviously
amplifies the lateral buckling of the compression flange. It is modelled
approximately by considering an additional maximum amplitude of lateral
dcilccson , over lh wavelength C-i. of the equivalent stmt from eqn.
(AS) which gives the same shortening of th extreme fibre the fiante
relative to Its centre, because of equal nd routions of -r*yCij, I.e.
where lm the radius of gyration of the flange and portion of web in
compression and C, a the enhancement due to distortion-! restraint by the
web and based en the analyses of Svensson", and the second author is
given by:
la which i Is the overall depth of the section.
.(A.7)
Interaction btttttn /oca/ nef aleni bueiUnt
To define the onset of strain-weakening. It Is necessary to Identify those
regions la the beamwhere local flange and lateral buckling displacements
cause a significant change m tb strains resisting major-axis bendine. The
requirement that the minimumstrain at the critical section should not fall
belowthe yield strain has been adopted as a conservative criterion of strain
weakening. The effects of deformations due to local and lateral buckling
SG
fc*,<P-36y<cu, - A.Vjy
Je.i -.-i-S-h.
....(A.S)
(A.10)
This reflects theinteraction between local and lateral bucking and should
be added to th ntaximumamplitude of sinusoidal deflection of the flange
due to lateral buckling t^ which is assessed as:
. _ .-caiLfi-e-i
*. U-(L/Lfl
in -which the initial imperfection is assumed to be -CtJlL-fi) and L%
is again given by eqn. (A4).
.The lateral curvature* a,* across the width of the flange due to these
dfierions at distane:: fromthe yielded end of the equivalent strut Is given
.by:
-A.+ ajrintrce/Â^1 ..'..(A.!!.
At the entre of thelocal buckle in the equivalent strut a: - 0-3,, from
oqa. (A3) and the criterion of failure Is the lowest value 0f ct
iii irAfr from"fig 7 at which the minimumstrain on one extreme fibre
of the flange A falls below the yield strain ,. Le.
. *.C---3Mf-.. " ....(.)
in which , Is the average strain in the flange at this section given by cqa.
(A2).
Alternatively, In eases of relatively compact flanges and large lateral
slendemess ratios, the criterion or eqn. (A12) is applied at the centre
the equivalent strut where - 0-3<î, from eqn. (A) to give a lower
value of iândm.
Rotation capacity
Assuming the idealised stress-strain curve for steel shown In Fig t and
simplifying the elasto-plastic transition, it is convenient to adopt trilinear
moment-strain and moment-curvature relationships Illustrated In Figs 7(b)
and (c) along each length i, between sections of maximum and aero
moment. These distributions are based oa Lay's discontinuous yield
theory"' and reflect the conditions at maximum load prior to the onset of
strain-weakening behaviour. The following relationship between available
rotation capacity and length of the plastic region Lf may then be derived
from the area under the simplified curvature distribution in Fig 7(c).
assumine the rotation capacity at which the moment falls below M, in
"Fig 1 Is twice that at maximum moment:
'V-^;1
(A-)
where
' is the proportion of the depth of section in compression between the
centres of th two flanges
The Structural Engineer/Volume 60/No.S/S March 1301
288
2.2 Presentation of Kemp's simplified model
2.2.1)
vav
= 2a.
<Pe
2.2.1.1)
* Equivalence of svmbols (Kemp - Feldmanni:
(pa (Kemp) = <pJ5 (Feldmann)
<pe (Kemp) = (ppfFeldmann)
1
R
-
<Pe=9L+<PR =
Mpf.Rd-L
2.E.I
2.2.1.2) Stress-strain curve
1
Yield
Onset of
strain-hardening
, . Slope = modulus
j of elasticity, E
Slope = strain-
hardening modulus, E s
e=E/Es
s=Ss/6y
s Strain
Kemp assumes the following values of e and s:
2.2.1.3) Kemp proposes to evaluate Rav as follows:
e = 50 , s = 10.
where (Lambda e) is the effective lateral slendemess :
where = ^235/fy (fy in [Mpa])
Xe-Kf.Kw.
f L ^
Ct, Kw are empirical factors :
Kf =
^f->
20
for class 1 and 2 flanges,
289
2.2 Presentation of Kemp's simplified model
2.2.1)
vav
= 2a.
<Pe
2.2.1.1)
* Equivalence of svmbols (Kemp - Feldmanni:
(pa (Kemp) = <pJ5 (Feldmann)
<pe (Kemp) = (ppfFeldmann)
1
R
-
<Pe=9L+<PR =
Mpf.Rd-L
2.E.I
2.2.1.2) Stress-strain curve
1
Yield
Onset of
strain-hardening
, . Slope = modulus
j of elasticity, E
Slope = strain-
hardening modulus, E s
e=E/Es
s=Ss/6y
s Strain
Kemp assumes the following values of e and s:
2.2.1.3) Kemp proposes to evaluate Rav as follows:
e = 50 , s = 10.
where (Lambda e) is the effective lateral slendemess :
where = ^235/fy (fy in [Mpa])
Xe-Kf.Kw.
f L ^
Ct, Kw are empirical factors :
Kf =
^f->
20
for class 1 and 2 flanges,
289
KW2=-
txd
OJalnf.tr
Kwl = 460-
f L, |WKw2
{izc.z)} 400
for class 2 web,
for class 1 web.
a' is the propotion of the depth of section in compression between the centres of two
flanges ; here a' = 0,5 .
2.2.2) Limitations of the simplified model:
a) applicable to class 1 and 2 only, according to the old EC3 (1988).
b)
^<: 20 < -- < 100 , L = for 3 - points bending beams
2c c
,. * 2
2.3) T^?end of tables and graphs :
2.3.1) "Class EC3"
"Class Kemp"
= classification of cross-section submitted to pure bending, according to
Eurocode 3 ("1" = class 1; "3w" = class 3 web; "2f" = class 2 flange)
= class of sections according to the ancient Eurocode 3 (1988) used in
Kemp's model ("l/2f ' = class 1, 2 flange; "3/4f' = class 3, 4 flange;
"lw" = class 1 web; "2w" = class 2 web; "3w" = class 3 web).
. Type of section
Web in pure bending
Flange in pure bending
Code
Eurocode 3 (1988) - Kemp
present Eurocode 3 (1992)
Maximumwidth/thickness ratio
Classi
66.
72.
20.
20.
Class 2
76.
83.
22.
22.
Class 3
Elastic form
124.
30.
30.
2.3.2)"S 235, S 355, S 460" = Steel grades (fy = 235, 355 or 460 Mpa)
= flange slendemess 2.3.3) "b/tf. "
"./,."
2.3.4)Particularcase 1:
"(ULS,SLS)Lmax[m]"
web slendemess with = 0,5 (pure bending) ; =J235/fy [Mpa]
: maximum span [in meters] allowable according to ULS and SLS criteria
. SLS criterion: arbitrary limitation of the maximal deflection : (here,
elastic deflection)
P.L3 ^ L
48 E.I 250
=>L2<48-EJ
250.P
290
KW2=-
txd
OJalnf.tr
Kwl = 460-
f L, |WKw2
{izc.z)} 400
for class 2 web,
for class 1 web.
a' is the propotion of the depth of section in compression between the centres of two
flanges ; here a' = 0,5 .
2.2.2) Limitations of the simplified model:
a) applicable to class 1 and 2 only, according to the old EC3 (1988).
b)
^<: 20 < -- < 100 , L = for 3 - points bending beams
2c c
,. * 2
2.3) T^?end of tables and graphs :
2.3.1) "Class EC3"
"Class Kemp"
= classification of cross-section submitted to pure bending, according to
Eurocode 3 ("1" = class 1; "3w" = class 3 web; "2f" = class 2 flange)
= class of sections according to the ancient Eurocode 3 (1988) used in
Kemp's model ("l/2f ' = class 1, 2 flange; "3/4f' = class 3, 4 flange;
"lw" = class 1 web; "2w" = class 2 web; "3w" = class 3 web).
. Type of section
Web in pure bending
Flange in pure bending
Code
Maximumwidth/thickness ratio
Classi
66.
72.
20.
20.
Class 2
76.
83.
22.
22.
Class 3
Elastic form
124.
30.
30.
2.3.2)"S 235, S 355, S 460" = Steel grades (fy = 235, 355 or 460 Mpa)
= flange slendemess 2.3.3) "b/tf. "
"./,."
2.3.4)Particularcase 1:
"(ULS,SLS)Lmax[m]"
web slendemess with = 0,5 (pure bending) ; =J235/fy [Mpa]
: maximum span [in meters] allowable according to ULS and SLS criteria
. SLS criterion: arbitrary limitation of the maximal deflection : (here,
elastic deflection)
P.L3 ^ L
48 E.I 250
=>L2<48-EJ
250.P
290
. ULS criterion: limitation of the maximal bending moment :
- Class 1 and 2 :
Mm =
1.5.P.L
max
WDf.fv 4-Wpr.fy
YmO
max
l,5.L.7mo
_ 12.E.LYm0
250.Wpf.fy
(where 7m0 is taken equal to 1,0 in the
tables)
Class 3 and 4:
1.5.P.L Wci-.fv
Mmax = i27^^Mpf=-^ =>P
4 TmO
max '
_ 4-Wef.fy
l,5.L.YmO
250.Wcf.fy
2.3.5)
n -
.
= lateral slendemess of beam
where izc is the radius of gyration about minor axis z-z
= ^235/ f y (fy in [Mpa])
2.Lj = L in case of 3-points bending beams.
< 60 (ECCS recommendations to avoid LTB)
. 2.3.6) Lmax Kemp equals to the minimum of:
- L
jmax
*J-c' (see limitations of Kemp's model in present item
'R-avail. min
2.3.7) "Lp"
2.2.2)
- Lmax ULS SLS according to ULS and SLS criteria of EC3 (see present
item4)
= minimum available rotation capacity related to the maximum span (=
"Lmax Kemp")
= the length of plastified region of the beam
TMp
Mrn=m.MD
* =MpJLi/(Li-Lp)
291
. ULS criterion: limitation of the maximal bending moment :
- Class 1 and 2 :
Mm =
1.5.P.L
max
WDf.fv 4-Wpr.fy
YmO
max
l,5.L.7mo
_ 12.E.LYm0
250.Wpf.fy
(where 7m0 is taken equal to 1,0 in the
tables)
Class 3 and 4:
1.5.P.L Wci-.fv
Mmax = i27^^Mpf=-^ =>P
4 TmO
max '
_ 4-Wef.fy
l,5.L.YmO
250.Wcf.fy
2.3.5)
n -
.
= lateral slendemess of beam
where izc is the radius of gyration about minor axis z-z
= ^235/ f y (fy in [Mpa])
2.Lj = L in case of 3-points bending beams.
< 60 (ECCS recommendations to avoid LTB)
. 2.3.6) Lmax Kemp equals to the minimum of:
- L
jmax
*J-c' (see limitations of Kemp's model in present item
'R-avail. min
2.3.7) "Lp"
2.2.2)
- Lmax ULS SLS according to ULS and SLS criteria of EC3 (see present
item4)
= minimum available rotation capacity related to the maximum span (=
"Lmax Kemp")
= the length of plastified region of the beam
TMp
Mrn=m.MD
* =MpJLi/(Li-Lp)
291
* Ravailable for beams submitted to My sd according to CRM model (Ref. 4).
in [radians]
_ Mpl.L
Ravailable = - 1 . where 1 = ^
(ppl F 2.E.I
292
* Ravailable for beams submitted to My sd according to CRM model (Ref. 4).
in [radians]
_ Mpl.L
Ravailable = - 1 . where 1 = ^
(ppl F 2.E.I
292
4.3 Reliability of models (R experiments vs. Rmodels)
Rotation capacities according to Kemp's simplified model which are presented
in these graphs respect its limitations (see chapter 2.2.2).
293
4.3 Reliability of models (R experiments vs. Rmodels)
Rotation capacities according to Kemp's simplified model which are presented
in these graphs respect its limitations (see chapter 2.2.2).
293
+m+
C
Q.
.
vi
>
"
mod
to
>
te
o
l .
e
E
\_
expe
m
tn
>
, |
"O
o
E
o
_
pli sim
to
'o.
E
mt
<
ment
%
Ol
.
<0
>
--m
nn's
LL
3
t
C
<
a-
co
o
00
IO
CJ
o
CM
. mode
c%
oc
IO
IO
IO
<o
o
<D
IO
IO
O
to
IO
*
O
IO
co
co
IO
evi
o
CM
IO
-

-
IO
294
+m+
C
Q.
.
vi
>
"
mod
to
>
te
o
l .
e
E
\_
expe
m
tn
>
, |
"O
o
E
o
_
pli sim
to
'o.
E
mt
<
ment
%
Ol
.
<0
>
--m
nn's
LL
3
t
C
<
a-
co
o
00
IO
CJ
o
CM
. mode
c%
oc
IO
IO
IO
<o
o
<D
IO
IO
O
to
IO
*
O
IO
co
co
IO
evi
o
CM
IO
-

-
IO
294
+m*
C
<0
>
15
mod
<
>
CE
.
c
U
expe
m
tn
>

3
O
F
3
^
pli sim
w
a.
E
rnt
<
ment
k.
Q.
.
tn
>
---
L
nn's
CS
F
"
u.
m.
* .
CM >
CO <
CM CC
CM
CM
CM
O
CM
en
CO
h-
CD
IO
*
CO
CM
en
co
h-
co
io
co
CM
295
+m*
C
<0
>
15
mod
<
>
CE
.
c
U
expe
m
tn
>

3
O
F
3
^
pli sim
w
a.
E
rnt
<
ment
k.
Q.
.
tn
>
---
L
nn's
CS
F
"
u.
m.
* .
CM >
CO <
CM CC
CM
CM
CM
O
CM
en
CO
h-
CD
IO
*
CO
CM
en
co
h-
co
io
co
CM
295
rnprn^
C
Q.
vi
>
"
mod
tn
>
OC
expe
tn
>

XJ
o
F
TJ
pli sim
tn
CL
-C
<
ment
k.
.
tn
>
M
TJ
o
nn's
CO
TJ
"
<
CO
CM
en
CO
co
-- io
co
CM
t-
CO CM -
CO CO IO CO CM - O
296
rnprn^
C
Q.
vi
>
"
mod
tn
>
OC
expe
tn
>

XJ
o
F
TJ
pli sim
tn
CL
-C
<
ment
k.
.
tn
>
M
TJ
o
nn's
CO
TJ
"
<
CO
CM
en
CO
co
-- io
co
CM
t-
CO CM -
CO CO IO CO CM - O
296
4.4. Influence of beam length and lateral slendemess on available rotation
capacity
In some graphs, beside curves corresponding to nominal cross sections,
there are "" (black points) which equal to Rav calculated for measured
sections of experimental beams.
297
4.4. Influence of beam length and lateral slendemess on available rotation
capacity
In some graphs, beside curves corresponding to nominal cross sections,
there are "" (black points) which equal to Rav calculated for measured
sections of experimental beams.
297
CRM Lige: Tests N 2,6,27,28
Feldmann model nom
Kemp simplified model
Kemp theory model
Feldmann - measured profile
40 60 80
Li/(2*epsylon)
1 1
1 t
4 6
100
I
I
8
120
|
1
10
L span == 2*Li (m)
Kemp application range
HE 200B, fyf = 445 MPa, fyw = 462 MPa, class 1 (EC3)
298
CRM Lige: Tests N 2,6,27,28
Feldmann model nom
Kemp theory model
40 60 80
Li/(2*epsylon)
1 1
1 t
4 6
100
I
I
8
120
|
1
10
L span == 2*Li (m)
HE 200B, fyf = 445 MPa, fyw = 462 MPa, class 1 (EC3)
298
CRM Lige: Tests N3, 9, 31
Feldmann model nom
Kemp theory model
CRM tests
100 120
1
1
0
I
1
2
I
1
4
Li/(iz*epsylon)
I
I
6
Lspan = 2*Li {ml
1
1
8
t
I
10
I
1
12
HE200B, fyfi = 261.0 MPa, fyw = 291.0 MPa, class 1 (EC3)
299
CRM Lige: Tests N3, 9, 31
Feldmann model nom
Kemp theory model
CRM tests
100 120
1
1
0
I
1
2
I
1
4
Li/(iz*epsylon)
I
I
6
Lspan = 2*Li {ml
1
1
8
t
I
10
I
1
12
HE200B, fyfi = 261.0 MPa, fyw = 291.0 MPa, class 1 (EC3)
299
CRM Lige: TestN7, 15
40
35
30
25
ja
5 20
>
a
15
10
O -r
T"
0
Feldmann model nom
Kemp theory
* CRM tests
20 40 60 80
Li/(iz"epsylon)
2 4 6
Lspan = 2 Li {m)
100 120
10
HE200B, fyf=404MPa,fyw = 426MPa, class 1 (EC3)
300
CRM Lige: TestN7, 15
40
35
30
25
ja
5 20
>
a
15
10
O -r
T"
0
Feldmann model nom
Kemp theory
* CRM tests
20 40 60 80
Li/(iz"epsylon)
2 4 6
Lspan = 2 Li {m)
100 120
10
HE200B, fyf=404MPa,fyw = 426MPa, class 1 (EC3)
300
CRM Lige: Tests N4, 8, 17, 25, 26
40
35
30
25
S3
5 20
15
10
0 -r
Feldmann model nom
Kemp theory model
CRM tests
0
I
1
0
20
1
1
2
40 60 80
Li/(iz*epsyIon)
I
4 6
L span = 2* Li {m}
100
1
1
8
120
1
I
10
HE200B, fyf=375MPa, fyw= 421 MPa, class 1 (EC3)
301
CRM Lige: Tests N4, 8, 17, 25, 26
40
35
30
25
S3
5 20
15
10
0 -r
Feldmann model nom
Kemp theory model
CRM tests
0
I
1
0
20
1
1
2
40 60 80
Li/(iz*epsyIon)
I
4 6
L span = 2* Li {m}
100
1
1
8
120
1
I
10
HE200B, fyf=375MPa, fyw= 421 MPa, class 1 (EC3)
301
CRM Lige: Tests N10, 18, 19,29,32
o -
Feldmann model
Kemp simplified "model nom
Kemp theory model
CRM tests
Kemp s. - measured profile
20

40 60 80
Li/Uz'epsylon)
100 120
1
4
I
8
-1_
Lspan = 2 Li (m)
I
10 12
HE200B, fyfl = 303MPa, fyw = 342MPa, class 1 (EC3)
302
CRM Lige: Tests N10, 18, 19,29,32
o -
Feldmann model
Kemp simplified "model nom
Kemp theory model
CRM tests
Kemp s. - measured profile
20

40 60 80
Li/Uz'epsylon)
100 120
1
4
I
8
-1_
Lspan = 2 Li (m)
I
10 12
HE200B, fyfl = 303MPa, fyw = 342MPa, class 1 (EC3)
302
RWTH Aachen: Tests EA2243, EA2244
4 6
Lspan = 2*Li {m)
10
HE 220A, fyf = 420.5 MPa, fyw= 437.5 MPa, class 3f (EC3)
303
4 6
Lspan = 2*Li {m)
10
HE 220A, fyf = 420.5 MPa, fyw= 437.5 MPa, class 3f (EC3)
303
RWTH Aachen: Tests EA 2833, EA2834
20
1
1
2
1
4
40 60
Li/{iz*epsylon]
! 1
I
6 8
Lspan = 2* Li
Kemp application
80
1
I
10
(m)
range
100
1
1
12
'
I
14
120
t
1
16
HE 280A, fyf = 276.5 MPa, fyw = 31 1.5 MPa, class 3f (EC3)
304
RWTH Aachen: Tests EA 2833, EA2834
20
1
1
2
1
4
40 60
Li/{iz*epsylon]
! 1
I
6 8
Lspan = 2* Li
Kemp application
80
1
I
10
(m)
range
100
1
1
12
'
I
14
120
t
1
16
HE 280A, fyf = 276.5 MPa, fyw = 31 1.5 MPa, class 3f (EC3)
304
RWTH Aachen: Tests EB 2843, EB2844
40
Feldmann model
Kemp theory model
0
I
-i
0
20
2
40
I
I
4
60
L5/(z*epsylon)
1
I
6
Lspan = 2* Li
Kemp application
80
I
1
8
Im)
range
100
I
I
10

120
12
HE280B, fyf=489MPa, fyw = 539MPa, class 3f(EC3)
305
RWTH Aachen: Tests EB 2843, EB2844
40
Feldmann model
Kemp theory model
0
I
-i
0
20
2
40
I
I
4
60
L5/(z*epsylon)
1
I
6
Lspan = 2* Li
Kemp application
80
I
1
8
Im)
range
100
I
I
10

120
12
HE280B, fyf=489MPa, fyw = 539MPa, class 3f(EC3)
305
RWTH Aachen: Tests EB2833, EB2834
60
Li/{iz*epsylon]
i i 1
6 8 10
Lspan = 2* Li {m)
12 14 16
HE280B, fyf= 248.5 MPa, fyw = 252.5 MPa, class 1 (EC3)
306
RWTH Aachen: Tests EB2833, EB2834
60
Li/{iz*epsylon]
i i 1
6 8 10
Lspan = 2* Li {m)
12 14 16
306
HE220A, fyf= 282.5 MPa, fyw = 308.0 MPa, class 3f (EC3)
307
HE220A, fyf= 282.5 MPa, fyw = 308.0 MPa, class 3f (EC3)
307
RWTH Aachen: Testd09a3m
308
RWTH Aachen: Testd09a3m
308
RWTH Aachen: Test d01a4m
1
1
0
1
i
2
Li/lizêpsylon)

i 1
4 6
Lspan = 2*Li (m)
1
1
8
I
10
309
RWTH Aachen: Test d01a4m
1
1
0
1
i
2
Li/lizêpsylon)

i 1
4 6
Lspan = 2*Li (m)
1
1
8
I
10
309
RWTH Aachen: Tests EA 2843, EA 2844
Feldmann model
Kemp theory model
40 60 80
L/(iz*epsylon)
>
468
L span = 2eLi lm)
10 12
HE 280A, fyf = 504 MPa, fyw = 535 MPa, class 4f (EC3)
310
RWTH Aachen: Tests EA 2843, EA 2844
Feldmann model
Kemp theory model
40 60 80
L/(iz*epsylon)
>
468
L span = 2eLi lm)
10 12
HE 280A, fyf = 504 MPa, fyw = 535 MPa, class 4f (EC3)
310
Lukey - Adams: Test NAl
20
-i 1
40 60
Li/Uz'epsylon)
80
4 6
L span = 2* Li (m)
8
100
10
fyf=285MPa, fyw = 309.3 MPa, class 2f(EC3)
311
Lukey - Adams: Test NAl
20
-i 1
40 60
Li/Uz'epsylon)
80
4 6
L span = 2* Li (m)
8
100
10
fyf=285MPa, fyw = 309.3 MPa, class 2f(EC3)
311
Annex 12
Document 3263-1-48 (ProfilARBED-RWTH)
'Background document to Eurocode 3 about ductility evaluation
of plastic hinges"
(66 pages)
Annex 12
Document 3263-1-48 (ProfilARBED-RWTH)
'Background document to Eurocode 3 about ductility evaluation
of plastic hinges"
(66 pages)
1. Analysis models and limiting b/t-ratios of Eurocode 3 - 1.1
(1) Eurocode 3 - Part 1 . 1 (ENV 1 993-1-1) presents a classification systemfor cross-sections
according to the slendemess b/t of cross sectional parts in compression, that allows to
take profit of plastic reserves of the cross-section or the plastic reserves of systems as
for as moment redistribution may have an effect, see fig. 1.
M
Mpl
M
el
b/t

Definition of the classification of cross-section
ûjjjj^
21
Class Behaviour model
M
Mp/j--/
kxal^"^
buckling
iM
Mpi,
local
budding <P
Design resistance
PLASTIC
across full section
f
PLASTIC
across full section
Availablerotation
capacity of plastic
hinge
important
limited
f
M
Mp</c
" f bc
local
buckling?
Uit]
M
local
buckling?
ELASTIC
across full section
r
ELASTIC
across effective
section
none
none
'
Global
analysis
of
structures'
elastic
or.
plastic
elastic
elastic
elastic
Fig. 1: Plastic reserves of beams ace. to EC 3
314
1. Analysis models and limiting b/t-ratios of Eurocode 3 - 1.1
(1) Eurocode 3 - Part 1 . 1 (ENV 1 993-1-1) presents a classification systemfor cross-sections
according to the slendemess b/t of cross sectional parts in compression, that allows to
take profit of plastic reserves of the cross-section or the plastic reserves of systems as
for as moment redistribution may have an effect, see fig. 1.
M
Mpl
M
el
b/t

Definition of the classification of cross-section
ûjjjj^
21
Class Behaviour model
M
Mp/j--/
kxal^"^
buckling
iM
Mpi,
local
budding <P
Design resistance
PLASTIC
across full section
f
PLASTIC
across full section
Availablerotation
capacity of plastic
hinge
important
limited
f
M
Mp</c
" f bc
local
buckling?
Uit]
M
local
buckling?
ELASTIC
across full section
r
ELASTIC
across effective
section
none
none
'
Global
analysis
of
structures'
elastic
or.
plastic
elastic
elastic
elastic
Fig. 1: Plastic reserves of beams ace. to EC 3
314
(2) So far the sections allowing for moment redistribution due to the formation of plastic
hinges are class 1 -section. The strength level is the full plastic moment M^ ofthe cross-
section.
(3) Class 2 sections need to consider the maximum bending moments from an elastic
analysis without moment redistribution but allowto exploit the plastic resistances of the
cross-section as for class 1-sections.
(4) For class 3-sections yielding in the extreme fibre of the full cross-section is limiting the
resistance, whereas for class 4-sections yielding in the extreme fibre may only be
allowed when local buckling to teken into account by reducing the cross-sections to the
effective zone.
(5) As the controlling parameter for the classification of a cross section the b/t-ratio of its
compressed parts is considered. The numerical values for the b/t-ratios for the different
cross sectional classes as presented in Eurocode 3 are given in fig. 2.
(6) The values have been determined for 235 N/mm2 only. An adjustment to other steel
Classification of cross-section: limiting widuVto-thickness ratios for class I .class2 J cross-sections
Types
of
"comiiprcssion
Mv
M,
Stresses
distribution for
classi &. classi
i + I fy
3

--7
rttjnm, " My
iL_ljL~J"
U-^
Class 1
Web
d/twS
33
72
C J
+ : Stiesses incompression R= rolled sections
- : Stresses in tension
e=^235/f,
Flange
c/tfS
W
W
W
cofAS:
396e
13a-l
10
9
10
9
10
Class 2
Web
d/twS
38
83
Flange
C/tf
W
W
9
W
W= welded sections
10e
9
>0,5:
456
13-1
11
10e
lie
10
11
W
W
10
11
10e
fy (H/mm2)
fif t 40 mm)
(jf 40 mm<t 100 mm)
235 275
0,92
355
0,81
0,96 0.84
420
0.75
0,78
460
0,71
0,74
Fig. 2: b/t-ratios for different cross-sectional classes ace. to Eurocode 3
315
(2) So far the sections allowing for moment redistribution due to the formation of plastic
hinges are class 1 -section. The strength level is the full plastic moment M^ ofthe cross-
section.
(3) Class 2 sections need to consider the maximum bending moments from an elastic
analysis without moment redistribution but allowto exploit the plastic resistances of the
cross-section as for class 1-sections.
(4) For class 3-sections yielding in the extreme fibre of the full cross-section is limiting the
resistance, whereas for class 4-sections yielding in the extreme fibre may only be
allowed when local buckling to teken into account by reducing the cross-sections to the
effective zone.
(5) As the controlling parameter for the classification of a cross section the b/t-ratio of its
compressed parts is considered. The numerical values for the b/t-ratios for the different
cross sectional classes as presented in Eurocode 3 are given in fig. 2.
(6) The values have been determined for 235 N/mm2 only. An adjustment to other steel
Classification of cross-section: limiting widuVto-thickness ratios for class I .class2 J cross-sections
Types
of
"comiiprcssion
Mv
M,
Stresses
distribution for
classi &. classi
i + I fy
3

--7
rttjnm, " My
iL_ljL~J"
U-^
Class 1
Web
d/twS
33
72
C J
+ : Stiesses incompression R= rolled sections
- : Stresses in tension
e=^235/f,
Flange
c/tfS
W
W
W
cofAS:
396e
13a-l
10
9
10
9
10
Class 2
Web
d/twS
38
83
Flange
C/tf
W
W
9
W
W= welded sections
10e
9
>0,5:
456
13-1
11
10e
lie
10
11
W
W
10
11
10e
fy (H/mm2)
fif t 40 mm)
(jf 40 mm<t 100 mm)
235 275
0,92
355
0,81
0,96 0.84
420
0.75
0,78
460
0,71
0,74
Fig. 2: b/t-ratios for different cross-sectional classes ace. to Eurocode 3
315
grades may be performed by factoring with
e =
235
*
values which were derived fromthe Euler-buckling formula.
"ki =fy =
2
/t\2
12 (1 - 2)
lb
(7) The transition from plastic cross sectional resistances Mp, to elastic resistances M^, is
stepwise. Only for class 4-sections, where local elastic buckling reduces the cross-
sectional resistance, the influence of such local buckling an "effective" cross-sections
by the reduction factor is continuous:
MR=a4ff M^cc^ WeI i;
where
aeff= <_ 1.0
(8) The classification in fig. 1 is justified by moment rotation curves of three point loaded
beams ace, to fig. 3.
Fig. 3: Justification of cross-sectional classification by tests
316
grades may be performed by factoring with
e =
235
*
values which were derived fromthe Euler-buckling formula.
"ki =fy =
2
/t\2
12 (1 - 2)
lb
(7) The transition from plastic cross sectional resistances Mp, to elastic resistances M^, is
stepwise. Only for class 4-sections, where local elastic buckling reduces the cross-
sectional resistance, the influence of such local buckling an "effective" cross-sections
by the reduction factor is continuous:
MR=a4ff M^cc^ WeI i;
where
aeff= <_ 1.0
(8) The classification in fig. 1 is justified by moment rotation curves of three point loaded
beams ace, to fig. 3.
Fig. 3: Justification of cross-sectional classification by tests
316
(9) The moment-rotation curves as shown in fig. 3 are the result of bending tests. These
tests are able to give information about which level of resistance can be achieved and
how great is the rotation. As aforementioned the certain sorts of moment-rotation-
characteristics gave rise for the classification system. Inparticular the b/t-limits for class
1 are such that they guarantee a certain plastic rotation on ,,,-level so that plastic
zones, which can be modeled as plastic hinges, are able to rotate.
(10) One can introduce a value which is able to describe the ability of a plastic hinge which
may be the inelastic rotation of aplastic hinge, <pav , which is that rotation on ,,,-level
up to the point of intersection ofthe moment-rotation curve after that it drops belowthe
,-level. We also can introduce the rotation capacity R, which compares the magnitude
of the inelastic rotation ^withthe elastic rotation <pp] related to Mp, of a beam.
p _ <Pav _ <Prot - <Ppl _ <Prot 1
âvailable ~ ~~ x

(1 1) Introducing a general value for the rotation requirement, coming out from the static
analysis, and which might be in the range of R^, = 3.0, one can identify those section
allowing for moment redistribution along the structure, i.e. those sections with
R * 3,0
(12) The sectional rotation capacity depends on the geometry, slendemess and the steel grade
ofthe cross-section and also depends on the loading arrangement Slendemess limits in
terms of b/t should comprise all these demands to allow for plastic analyis.
(13) However the design models used in Eurocode 3 - part 1 .1 are in some parts extremely
safe sided and not realistic. The diagrams in fig. 4 showthe rotation capacities of a great
amount of so called "Three-Point-Bending"-tests (both rolled and welded sections)
versus the b/t-slendemess as well as the present b/t-regulations of Eurocode 3 (for hot
rolled sections) , see also annex (3) in which the data are given in detail.
(14) In fig. 4a to fig.4e the test results are presented. The conclusions for the present EC 3 -
rules are as follows:
The presentation of the available rotation capacities terms of angles ("<p-
values") gives more information on the actual inelastic behaviour rather than the
presentation interms ofnondimensional "R-values" which is the the comparison
of the rotation of inelastic deformation of the plastic hinge and the elastic
deformation of the beam.
The slendemess limits for both the flange and the web are not realistic by far.
One can identify available rotation capacities for cross-sections which are ace.
EC 3 at present not allowed for moment redistribution or even not allowed for
plastic resistance or even not allowed for full elastic resistance, see fig. 4d.
317
(9) The moment-rotation curves as shown in fig. 3 are the result of bending tests. These
tests are able to give information about which level of resistance can be achieved and
how great is the rotation. As aforementioned the certain sorts of moment-rotation-
characteristics gave rise for the classification system. Inparticular the b/t-limits for class
1 are such that they guarantee a certain plastic rotation on ,,,-level so that plastic
zones, which can be modeled as plastic hinges, are able to rotate.
(10) One can introduce a value which is able to describe the ability of a plastic hinge which
may be the inelastic rotation of aplastic hinge, <pav , which is that rotation on ,,,-level
up to the point of intersection ofthe moment-rotation curve after that it drops belowthe
,-level. We also can introduce the rotation capacity R, which compares the magnitude
of the inelastic rotation ^withthe elastic rotation <pp] related to Mp, of a beam.
p _ <Pav _ <Prot - <Ppl _ <Prot 1
âvailable ~ ~~ x

(1 1) Introducing a general value for the rotation requirement, coming out from the static
analysis, and which might be in the range of R^, = 3.0, one can identify those section
allowing for moment redistribution along the structure, i.e. those sections with
R * 3,0
(12) The sectional rotation capacity depends on the geometry, slendemess and the steel grade
ofthe cross-section and also depends on the loading arrangement Slendemess limits in
terms of b/t should comprise all these demands to allow for plastic analyis.
(13) However the design models used in Eurocode 3 - part 1 .1 are in some parts extremely
safe sided and not realistic. The diagrams in fig. 4 showthe rotation capacities of a great
amount of so called "Three-Point-Bending"-tests (both rolled and welded sections)
versus the b/t-slendemess as well as the present b/t-regulations of Eurocode 3 (for hot
rolled sections) , see also annex (3) in which the data are given in detail.
(14) In fig. 4a to fig.4e the test results are presented. The conclusions for the present EC 3 -
rules are as follows:
The presentation of the available rotation capacities terms of angles ("<p-
values") gives more information on the actual inelastic behaviour rather than the
presentation interms ofnondimensional "R-values" which is the the comparison
of the rotation of inelastic deformation of the plastic hinge and the elastic
deformation of the beam.
The slendemess limits for both the flange and the web are not realistic by far.
One can identify available rotation capacities for cross-sections which are ace.
EC 3 at present not allowed for moment redistribution or even not allowed for
plastic resistance or even not allowed for full elastic resistance, see fig. 4d.
317
The present classification rules for the web slendemess show little more
correlation than the present classification rules for the flange slendemess,
however not satisfying at all, see fig. 4ax and fig. 4b.d.
The present consideration ace. to EC 3 of the higher yield stresses than fy =235
MPa by introducing e = (235/fy) os shows only tendencies but not more and is
also not satisfying, see fig. 4ax and fig. 4b.d.
Having the most tests in the steelgrade range from 235 N/mm2 up to more than
500 N/mm2 and also some up to more than 950 N/mm2 it is visible that even in
the higher steelgrade ranges sufficient rotation capacities in most cases can be
provided, see fig. 4e.
318
The present classification rules for the web slendemess show little more
correlation than the present classification rules for the flange slendemess,
however not satisfying at all, see fig. 4ax and fig. 4b.d.
The present consideration ace. to EC 3 of the higher yield stresses than fy =235
MPa by introducing e = (235/fy) os shows only tendencies but not more and is
also not satisfying, see fig. 4ax and fig. 4b.d.
Having the most tests in the steelgrade range from 235 N/mm2 up to more than
500 N/mm2 and also some up to more than 950 N/mm2 it is visible that even in
the higher steelgrade ranges sufficient rotation capacities in most cases can be
provided, see fig. 4e.
318
Rex
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
m S
\
!
3-
^4
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
b/t
25.0
20.0
15.0
Rex
10.0
5.0
0.0
I
%
J

t
'-"
?:
:
*
-
f

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
(h-2t)/w
Fig. 4a: Rotation Capacities R of three point bending tests versus simple siendemesses
319
Rex
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
m S
\
!
3-
^4
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
b/t
25.0
20.0
15.0
Rex
10.0
5.0
0.0
I
%
J

t
'-"
?:
:
*
-
f

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
(h-2t)/w
Fig. 4a: Rotation Capacities R of three point bending tests versus simple siendemesses
319
25.0
20.0
15.0
Rex
10.0
5.0
0.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
Rex
10.0
5.0
0.0
J_L
-i+
i
*"
.w
1
\-
:*v
_
m~.
4- R
m
j
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
b/t * (fy/235)*0.5
I
1
1
1
ta
I
m
!
,7
% _
_
f
l
I
m.
.
1
1
B
B
fl
'.
a
S
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
(h-2t)/w*(fy/235)'0.5
Note: 1 = class 1
2 = class 2
3 = class 3
Fig. 4b: Rotation Capacities R of three point bending tests versus siendemesses ace. EC3
320
25.0
20.0
15.0
Rex
10.0
5.0
0.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
Rex
10.0
5.0
0.0
J_L
-i+
i
*"
.w
1
\-
:*v
_
m~.
4- R
m
j
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
b/t * (fy/235)*0.5
I
1
1
1
ta
I
m
!
,7
% _
_
f
l
I
m.
.
1
1
B
B
fl
'.
a
S
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
(h-2t)/w*(fy/235)'0.5
Note: 1 = class 1
2 = class 2
3 = class 3
Fig. 4b: Rotation Capacities R of three point bending tests versus siendemesses ace. EC3
320
0.6
0.5
0.4
phi av 0.3
0.2
0.1
I
*
I
1
a
a
BB
h
V -,
fl
f
I
li
s-.'-

b Y
'i j'
, ^
W
S-
\
d
c *
0.6
0.5
0.4
phi av 0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
b/t
fl
.
m
,m
i
ki
li
1
!"

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
(h-2t)/w
Fig. 4c: Rotation Capacities of three point bending tests versus simple siendemesses
321
0.6
0.5
0.4
phi av 0.3
0.2
0.1
I
*
I
1
a
a
BB
h
V -,
fl
f
I
li
s-.'-

b Y
'i j'
, ^
W
S-
\
d
c *
0.6
0.5
0.4
phi av 0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
b/t
fl
.
m
,m
i
ki
li
1
!"

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
(h-2t)/w
Fig. 4c: Rotation Capacities of three point bending tests versus simple siendemesses
321
0.6
0.5
0.4
phi av 0.3
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.5
0.4
phi av 0.3
0.2
0.1
fl
'Tf
I
Ai
1,
U
V
fl
-e
A
11
't-
rÂ
' u
I
3,
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
b/t * (fy/235)"0.5
1 !
i
1
I*
t.
%
;,
af
"1
IJ*
V

2,:
>
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
(h-2t)/w* (fy/235) '0.5
Note: 1 = class 1
2 = class 2
3 = class 3
Fig. 4d: Rotation Capacities of three point bending tests versus siendemesses ace. EC3
322
0.6
0.5
0.4
phi av 0.3
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.5
0.4
phi av 0.3
0.2
0.1
fl
'Tf
I
Ai
1,
U
V
fl
-e
A
11
't-
rÂ
' u
I
3,
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
b/t * (fy/235)"0.5
1 !
i
1
I*
t.
%
;,
af
"1
IJ*
V

2,:
>
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
(h-2t)/w* (fy/235) '0.5
Note: 1 = class 1
2 = class 2
3 = class 3
Fig. 4d: Rotation Capacities of three point bending tests versus siendemesses ace. EC3
322
25.0
20.0
1S.0
Rex
10.0
5.0
0.0
0.6
0.5
0.4
phi av 0.3
02.
0.1
'--
li
-4c
W4
^
'.
m
m -
200 400 600 800 1000
fy [N/mm2] (mean of flange and web)
fl
- 1
'
"f..
! l
mt
I
k't
m
I
*

200 400 600 800 1000
Fig. 4e: Rotation Capacities of three point bending tests versus yield stress
323
25.0
20.0
1S.0
Rex
10.0
5.0
0.0
0.6
0.5
0.4
phi av 0.3
02.
0.1
'--
li
-4c
W4
^
'.
m
m -
200 400 600 800 1000
fl
- 1
'
"f..
! l
mt
I
k't
m
I
*

200 400 600 800 1000
Fig. 4e: Rotation Capacities of three point bending tests versus yield stress
323
(14) Not only b/t-regulations are unrealistic, but also the maximum resistance is limited to
MpI. Many tests have shown, that sections often exhibit more resistance than Mp, even
Mp,, depending on moment shape, slendemess, ect., see fig. 5
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
Mu/Mp!
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
1
ffl
A
1
1
;
0
t>
!
1
!
;
-ll-
I
1
i
t
!
i
; 3
t>
/
b
t '
*
4t-
1
/ -
I
Jc
d
4r
.1
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
b/t*(fy/23S)A0.5
40.00 45.00
1 60
1 40 -
1 20 .
1 00
Mu/MpI
0 80
0 60 -
040
0 20
0.00-
No
I
te: 1
-
= cias
2 = cla<
JU-
t'
;sl
:s 2
:s3
1
1
1
I
i
i
1
1

__
*
! 1,
. fll
. 2t>

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00
h/w* (fy/235)A0.5
Fig. 5: Ultimate resistance of bending tests versus slendemess
(15) The causes of the safesidenesses are:
324
(14) Not only b/t-regulations are unrealistic, but also the maximum resistance is limited to
MpI. Many tests have shown, that sections often exhibit more resistance than Mp, even
Mp,, depending on moment shape, slendemess, ect., see fig. 5
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
Mu/Mp!
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
1
ffl
A
1
1
;
0
t>
!
1
!
;
-ll-
I
1
i
t
!
i
; 3
t>
/
b
t '
*
4t-
1
/ -
I
Jc
d
4r
.1
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
b/t*(fy/23S)A0.5
40.00 45.00
1 60
1 40 -
1 20 .
1 00
Mu/MpI
0 80
0 60 -
040
0 20
0.00-
No
I
te: 1
-
= cias
2 = cla<
JU-
t'
;sl
:s 2
:s3
1
1
1
I
i
i
1
1

__
*
! 1,
. fll
. 2t>

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00
h/w* (fy/235)A0.5
Fig. 5: Ultimate resistance of bending tests versus slendemess
(15) The causes of the safesidenesses are:
324
(15) The causes of the conservativisms are:
1 . The b/t- and h/w- values are developed from elastic theory basis with extension
to plasticity which originally are intended to have a criterion for resistance but
with poor consideration of the rotation capacity.
2. The important interaction between flange and web has not been considered in
the present rules.
3. Resistances are limited to Mp,, though the moment rotation curves show that
higher resistances are possible.
4. The magnitude of resistances is defined stepwise neglecting the actual
continuous resistance distribution.
5. The minimumrotation requirements for class 1 -section has been assumed to R
= 3.0 for usual buildings without taking into account the actual rotation
requirements which are often smaller.
2. Experimental and numerical investigations on cross-sectional
resistance and rotation capacities of beams in bending
(1) In order to overcome the shortcomings of the present b/t- and h/w- rules of Eurocode
3, Part 1.1, bending tests, which were performed in the past have been re-evaluated and
also new test series on bending tests have been established. Single span beams with
several kinds of loading were tested.
Three-Point-Bending tests with bending about the strong axis.
Three-Point-Bending tests with bending about the weak axis.
Bending tests with normal forces, with bending about the strong axis.
Four-Point-Bending tests with bending about the strong axis.
The test-setup, the test-procedure and the test-evaluating of typical three-point-bending
tests are described in annex (1) of this background document.
(2) Additionally a lot of computer-simulations were carried out to obtain more and
"synthetic" results of the plastic behaviour of beams in bending, in particular for high
strength steels the computer-simulations are described in annex (2). The simulations are
welcome for those investigations for which experiments would produce much effort,
e.g. for the question of the influence of the load position along the span of the three
point bending beam. The simulated rotation capacities for this question are also shown
in annex (2).
325
(15) The causes of the conservativisms are:
1 . The b/t- and h/w- values are developed from elastic theory basis with extension
to plasticity which originally are intended to have a criterion for resistance but
with poor consideration of the rotation capacity.
2. The important interaction between flange and web has not been considered in
the present rules.
3. Resistances are limited to Mp,, though the moment rotation curves show that
higher resistances are possible.
4. The magnitude of resistances is defined stepwise neglecting the actual
continuous resistance distribution.
5. The minimumrotation requirements for class 1 -section has been assumed to R
= 3.0 for usual buildings without taking into account the actual rotation
requirements which are often smaller.
2. Experimental and numerical investigations on cross-sectional
resistance and rotation capacities of beams in bending
(1) In order to overcome the shortcomings of the present b/t- and h/w- rules of Eurocode
3, Part 1.1, bending tests, which were performed in the past have been re-evaluated and
also new test series on bending tests have been established. Single span beams with
several kinds of loading were tested.
Three-Point-Bending tests with bending about the strong axis.
Three-Point-Bending tests with bending about the weak axis.
Bending tests with normal forces, with bending about the strong axis.
Four-Point-Bending tests with bending about the strong axis.
The test-setup, the test-procedure and the test-evaluating of typical three-point-bending
tests are described in annex (1) of this background document.
(2) Additionally a lot of computer-simulations were carried out to obtain more and
"synthetic" results of the plastic behaviour of beams in bending, in particular for high
strength steels the computer-simulations are described in annex (2). The simulations are
welcome for those investigations for which experiments would produce much effort,
e.g. for the question of the influence of the load position along the span of the three
point bending beam. The simulated rotation capacities for this question are also shown
in annex (2).
325
3. Improved design models for accounting of plastic cross-
sectional resistances
(1) The most realistic and homogeneous procedure to predict the strength capacity of a
structure is to introduce the true moment-rotation curve of the section, depending on
moment shape, type of loading, geometry, slendemess and steel grade, see fig. 6a. No
further concern about slendemess of section or rotation capacity must be made.
However this may increase evaluation time due to strong nonlinearities not only due to
nonlinearities in the hinge but also in cases of large and complicated structures.
(2) Alternatively a uniform definition of the cross-sectional for all b/t- and h/w- ratios can
be achieved by applying the format of class 4-sections:
MR=a ,, = Wd ,
where M is the elastic moment resistance is a modification factor that may attain
values cc>1.0e.g.
or values a<1.0e.g.
(3) In general the behaviour of plastic hinges in statically nondetenninated structures is
deformation controlled as a function of the rotation capacity, except for the last plastic
hinge that leads to a completion of the plastic mechanism, the behaviour of which is
force controlled reaching the ultimate load of the frame. Due to this fact not only the
stable plastic part ofthe --curve, but also the instable part ofthat curve may be used
in the design, see fig. 3. By the choice of resistances cc < , the rotation capacities can
be significantly increased thus allowing for complete moment redistribution on a
reduced level cc. This concept is applicable to all cross-sectional classes, e.g. also for
class 4-sections.
(4) In the present Eurocode 3, Part 1 the plastic hinge method is only allowed and defined
for = , for class 1 -sections. For this case one can reduce the spectrum of -cases,
described in clause 3(2), to one case = with an a priori nonlimited deformation
of plastic hinges on Mp, -level, but with an a posteriori check of the ductility by
slendemes limits (class 1 sections only, see EC 3, 5.3.3 (4)).
aP>
eff
=
=
see fig. 6b.
326
3. Improved design models for accounting of plastic cross-
sectional resistances
(1) The most realistic and homogeneous procedure to predict the strength capacity of a
structure is to introduce the true moment-rotation curve of the section, depending on
moment shape, type of loading, geometry, slendemess and steel grade, see fig. 6a. No
further concern about slendemess of section or rotation capacity must be made.
However this may increase evaluation time due to strong nonlinearities not only due to
nonlinearities in the hinge but also in cases of large and complicated structures.
(2) Alternatively a uniform definition of the cross-sectional for all b/t- and h/w- ratios can
be achieved by applying the format of class 4-sections:
MR=a ,, = Wd ,
where M is the elastic moment resistance is a modification factor that may attain
values cc>1.0e.g.
or values a<1.0e.g.
(3) In general the behaviour of plastic hinges in statically nondetenninated structures is
deformation controlled as a function of the rotation capacity, except for the last plastic
hinge that leads to a completion of the plastic mechanism, the behaviour of which is
force controlled reaching the ultimate load of the frame. Due to this fact not only the
stable plastic part ofthe --curve, but also the instable part ofthat curve may be used
in the design, see fig. 3. By the choice of resistances cc < , the rotation capacities can
be significantly increased thus allowing for complete moment redistribution on a
reduced level cc. This concept is applicable to all cross-sectional classes, e.g. also for
class 4-sections.
(4) In the present Eurocode 3, Part 1 the plastic hinge method is only allowed and defined
for = , for class 1 -sections. For this case one can reduce the spectrum of -cases,
described in clause 3(2), to one case = with an a priori nonlimited deformation
of plastic hinges on Mp, -level, but with an a posteriori check of the ductility by
slendemes limits (class 1 sections only, see EC 3, 5.3.3 (4)).
aP>
eff
=
=
see fig. 6b.
326
Fig. 6a,b,c: Different design models for accouting realistic behaviour of plastic zones
(5) To obtain the true --curve of a beam in bending either experiments are necessary or
sophisticated Finite Element simulations have to be performed. Furthermore the use of
the whole --curve in the global plastic analysis of a structure costs time, as
indicated.
(6) Thus the use of modelized --curves as they are in fig. 6b and in fig. 6c will be
necessary. In the following a new rotation check of plastic hinges is presented using
constant Mpl-level of the plastic hinges,see fig. 6c.
4. The procedure of the rotation capacity check
(1) The verification of the rotation capacity comprises the comparison of the rotation
requirement with the available rotation capacity in the plastic hinges or plastic zones.
Both the rotation requirements and the rotation capacities are to be obtained using the
defined ,-resistance level.
(2) The rotation requirement results from the global analysis of a structure.
(3) The rotation capacity results from experiments or, if not available, from computer
simulations or, if also not available, from engineering models.
(4) Fig. 7 illustrates th procedure of the rotation assessment Having a two-span-
continuous beam with distributed load it is visible that the first plastic hinge occurs
327
Fig. 6a,b,c: Different design models for accouting realistic behaviour of plastic zones
(5) To obtain the true --curve of a beam in bending either experiments are necessary or
sophisticated Finite Element simulations have to be performed. Furthermore the use of
the whole --curve in the global plastic analysis of a structure costs time, as
indicated.
(6) Thus the use of modelized --curves as they are in fig. 6b and in fig. 6c will be
necessary. In the following a new rotation check of plastic hinges is presented using
constant Mpl-level of the plastic hinges,see fig. 6c.
4. The procedure of the rotation capacity check
(1) The verification of the rotation capacity comprises the comparison of the rotation
requirement with the available rotation capacity in the plastic hinges or plastic zones.
Both the rotation requirements and the rotation capacities are to be obtained using the
defined ,-resistance level.
(2) The rotation requirement results from the global analysis of a structure.
(3) The rotation capacity results from experiments or, if not available, from computer
simulations or, if also not available, from engineering models.
(4) Fig. 7 illustrates th procedure of the rotation assessment Having a two-span-
continuous beam with distributed load it is visible that the first plastic hinge occurs
327
above the support, whilst the load-deformation curve is still increasing to ultimate load
at that point where the second plastic hinge forms in the span.
Beyond the last hinge the system becomes kinematic. From the beginning of
plastification of the first hinge up to the last hinge the first hinge has to rotate. This
rotation ,^can be mathematically determined either by hand for simple cases or by
computers.
(5) The required rotation in terms of dimensionless R, can be calculated by deriving rcq
by the sum ofthe plastic rotations at the ends of the single equivalent beam. The length
of this equivalent beam can be taken as the distance either between the points of
inflexion (points of zero moment) ofeach side of the relevant plastic hinge (1st option)
or the tangents to each side ofthe plastic hinge's moment peak in the moment diagram
(see fig. 7. 2nd option) in the ultimate limit state:
^
rq
M

, lrtPbutlcHinge . 2ndPUiticHinge
1 it Plaide Hinge
2nd PlasticHinge "*
opfionl
/
Equivalent single beami
-*3
-
Fig. 7: Obtaining the required rotation

(6) The shape of the moment distribution can vary from "peakshaped" to "parabolic-
smooth". However the determination of the rotation capacity is based on having
constant moment gradient byside the plastic hinges, that means also with moment peak.
If no lateral buckling phenomenae occur the peakmoment-hinges are to be assumed to
produce the smallest available rotation capacities for I- and H-sections.
328
above the support, whilst the load-deformation curve is still increasing to ultimate load
at that point where the second plastic hinge forms in the span.
Beyond the last hinge the system becomes kinematic. From the beginning of
plastification of the first hinge up to the last hinge the first hinge has to rotate. This
rotation ,^can be mathematically determined either by hand for simple cases or by
computers.
(5) The required rotation in terms of dimensionless R, can be calculated by deriving rcq
by the sum ofthe plastic rotations at the ends of the single equivalent beam. The length
of this equivalent beam can be taken as the distance either between the points of
inflexion (points of zero moment) ofeach side of the relevant plastic hinge (1st option)
or the tangents to each side ofthe plastic hinge's moment peak in the moment diagram
(see fig. 7. 2nd option) in the ultimate limit state:
^
rq
M

, lrtPbutlcHinge . 2ndPUiticHinge
1 it Plaide Hinge
2nd PlasticHinge "*
opfionl
/
Equivalent single beami
-*3
-
Fig. 7: Obtaining the required rotation

(6) The shape of the moment distribution can vary from "peakshaped" to "parabolic-
smooth". However the determination of the rotation capacity is based on having
constant moment gradient byside the plastic hinges, that means also with moment peak.
328
(7) The rotation check can be performed by the comparison
</
or
Rfeq<Rav/YM())
(the partial safety factors are described in chapter "Safety evaluation").
Byside the verification of full ,-level this rotation check should be performed for all
plastic hinges whichhave to fulfill certain rotations up to ultimate load except the last
one having structures with more than one plastic hinge.
5. Determination of the available rotation capacity of plastic
hinges
(1) The determination of the rotation requirement is the individual result of the global
analysis, whereas the rotation capacity depends on the cross-section to be used.
(2) As aforementioned the rotation capacity can be determined by experiments, computer
simulations and by engineering models.
(3) The demand for useable and practical tools gave rise to suggest the development of a
simple model which does not make much effort to use. Such an engineering model
might be the following formulae for I- and -shaped sections for different kind of
loadings. The basis of these formulae is the modelling of the nonlinear buckling
phenomena in the yielding zones by a plastic folding mechanism that allows to
determine the rotation capacity in a reliable way. The formulae have been developed for
the rotation capacity of I- and -profiles in bending about the strong and the weak axis,
for bending about the strong axis with axial forces. The reliability of this formulae is
proved by the comparison with test results, see fig. 8 and annex (3).
(4) However infig. 8 the comparison is given interms of Rwhereas the following formulae
are expressing the available inelastic rotation in terms of angles .^. That is no problem
considering the relationship Rav = <pav / ^(where (Dp, = Mp, tf (2E1) for pure three point
bending). Infig. 8 for any pair of values both the experimental values and the theoretical
values are diveded by the identic same angle <ppl. So no further uncertaincies are
disturbing the presentation.
329
(7) The rotation check can be performed by the comparison
</
or
Rfeq<Rav/YM())
(the partial safety factors are described in chapter "Safety evaluation").
Byside the verification of full ,-level this rotation check should be performed for all
plastic hinges whichhave to fulfill certain rotations up to ultimate load except the last
one having structures with more than one plastic hinge.
5. Determination of the available rotation capacity of plastic
hinges
(1) The determination of the rotation requirement is the individual result of the global
analysis, whereas the rotation capacity depends on the cross-section to be used.
(2) As aforementioned the rotation capacity can be determined by experiments, computer
simulations and by engineering models.
(3) The demand for useable and practical tools gave rise to suggest the development of a
simple model which does not make much effort to use. Such an engineering model
might be the following formulae for I- and -shaped sections for different kind of
loadings. The basis of these formulae is the modelling of the nonlinear buckling
phenomena in the yielding zones by a plastic folding mechanism that allows to
determine the rotation capacity in a reliable way. The formulae have been developed for
the rotation capacity of I- and -profiles in bending about the strong and the weak axis,
for bending about the strong axis with axial forces. The reliability of this formulae is
proved by the comparison with test results, see fig. 8 and annex (3).
(4) However infig. 8 the comparison is given interms of Rwhereas the following formulae
are expressing the available inelastic rotation in terms of angles .^. That is no problem
considering the relationship Rav = <pav / ^(where (Dp, = Mp, tf (2E1) for pure three point
bending). Infig. 8 for any pair of values both the experimental values and the theoretical
values are diveded by the identic same angle <ppl. So no further uncertaincies are
disturbing the presentation.
329
(5) Thus the following formulae can be used for the determination of the rotation capacity
R of a beam and also for the determination of the available inelastic rotation <pav of a
plastic hinge.
(6) As the rigid plastic model describes the whole instable part of the --curve, it also
can be used for further plastic approaches with non constant Mpf-level, ace to fig. 6a and
fig. 6b.
(7) For pure bending about the strong axis the available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges
(given in radians) can be determined as:
Tav
4kfy 4Ebw3
(fy.Fi+Aa)
bh ^ 5h:
w3 ff \2
+VWwebhwJ +4y.webbtwhA<y " ^.webhw
with = 150 N/mm2 (for all cases) and with
1,3
kfv=
r^Fj/ 400 + 0,25
(yield stress in N/mm2)
(8) For three point bending with about the weak axis with a load introduction stiffener the
available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges (given in radians) can be determined with
Mp, and with Las the whole span of the simple beam as:
f
0,2_ , 2t
2b
L
4
(9) For bending with normal for as about the strong axis the available inelastic rotation of
plastic hinges (given in radians) can be determined as given in sentence (5) if the
amount of axial load fulfills:
Npl A
with Aweb = A- 2bt. If the axial load is greater (/ , > Aweb / a) then the following
formula applies:
330
(5) Thus the following formulae can be used for the determination of the rotation capacity
R of a beam and also for the determination of the available inelastic rotation <pav of a
plastic hinge.
(6) As the rigid plastic model describes the whole instable part of the --curve, it also
can be used for further plastic approaches with non constant Mpf-level, ace to fig. 6a and
fig. 6b.
(7) For pure bending about the strong axis the available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges
(given in radians) can be determined as:
Tav
4kfy 4Ebw3
(fy.Fi+Aa)
bh ^ 5h:
w3 ff \2
+VWwebhwJ +4y.webbtwhA<y " ^.webhw
with = 150 N/mm2 (for all cases) and with
1,3
kfv=
r^Fj/ 400 + 0,25
(yield stress in N/mm2)
(8) For three point bending with about the weak axis with a load introduction stiffener the
available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges (given in radians) can be determined with
Mp, and with Las the whole span of the simple beam as:
f
0,2_ , 2t
2b
L
4
(9) For bending with normal for as about the strong axis the available inelastic rotation of
plastic hinges (given in radians) can be determined as given in sentence (5) if the
amount of axial load fulfills:
Npl A
with Aweb = A- 2bt. If the axial load is greater (/ , > Aweb / a) then the following
formula applies:
330
<Pav = 2
tM. t(Nn-Pc) i
h bt^ + AaJh2 bt(fyF1+Aa)h
pl,N
withMp, N acc. e.g. EC 3, 5.4.8.1 (4) and withNn as the part of the axial load which is
in "the flange:
Nn =
t
2b
1-
N
N.
pi
\^
JJ
Wy.n
and withthe web restraint influence Pc:
_ 4Ebw3
C 5h2
(10) In fig. 9 sample values of the theoretical available inelastic rotation <pav (given in
radiants) are presented varying slendemess and yield stress.
(1 1) In annex (3) of this Background Document all necessary information on all available
bending tests being properly documented for rotation capacity evaluation are given.
These are three point bending test with bending about both the strong and the weak axis
and bending tests with bending about the strong axis with axial forces.
(12) All steel grades available in Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 can be applied in the proposed
engineering model: 235 N/mm2 fy 460 N/mm2. Indeed the reliability of the model
has been demonstrated by test results with steel grades in that range. Eurocode 3 allows
for plastic global analysis with steel materials characterized according to EN 10025 and
EN 10113 as given in table 1.
(13) As given in annex (2) Finite Element simulations have shown that the rotation capacity
does not strongly depend on centric or excentric location of the load of the equivalent
three point bending beam.Consequently rotation capacity values obtained from the
symmetrically loaded three-point bending beams are always safesided even for high
shear forces (according to EC 3-rules: 0.5 ^(1<Vsd<.1.0 Vp, Mwith VpURd = ultimate
shear resistance). In case of excessive shear forces (according to EC 3 - rules: V^ > Ypl
Rd) the cross-section is rejected by insufficient resistance capacity and then there is no
need of rotation capacity values which might be not safe enough.
(14) Lateral Torsional Buckling phenemonae have to be avoided not only when Mp, - level
is reached even during the whole rotational process. The proposed engineering model
is applicable if lateral torsional buckling is prevented e.g. according to Eurocode 3 rules
(LT s 0,4 )(or CM 66 rules: CLTQ <; 60 with = 0, for instance).
331
<Pav = 2
tM. t(Nn-Pc) i
h bt^ + AaJh2 bt(fyF1+Aa)h
pl,N
withMp, N acc. e.g. EC 3, 5.4.8.1 (4) and withNn as the part of the axial load which is
in "the flange:
Nn =
t
2b
1-
N
N.
pi
\^
JJ
Wy.n
and withthe web restraint influence Pc:
_ 4Ebw3
C 5h2
(10) In fig. 9 sample values of the theoretical available inelastic rotation <pav (given in
radiants) are presented varying slendemess and yield stress.
(1 1) In annex (3) of this Background Document all necessary information on all available
bending tests being properly documented for rotation capacity evaluation are given.
These are three point bending test with bending about both the strong and the weak axis
and bending tests with bending about the strong axis with axial forces.
(12) All steel grades available in Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 can be applied in the proposed
engineering model: 235 N/mm2 fy 460 N/mm2. Indeed the reliability of the model
has been demonstrated by test results with steel grades in that range. Eurocode 3 allows
for plastic global analysis with steel materials characterized according to EN 10025 and
EN 10113 as given in table 1.
(13) As given in annex (2) Finite Element simulations have shown that the rotation capacity
does not strongly depend on centric or excentric location of the load of the equivalent
three point bending beam.Consequently rotation capacity values obtained from the
symmetrically loaded three-point bending beams are always safesided even for high
shear forces (according to EC 3-rules: 0.5 ^(1<Vsd<.1.0 Vp, Mwith VpURd = ultimate
shear resistance). In case of excessive shear forces (according to EC 3 - rules: V^ > Ypl
Rd) the cross-section is rejected by insufficient resistance capacity and then there is no
need of rotation capacity values which might be not safe enough.
(14) Lateral Torsional Buckling phenemonae have to be avoided not only when Mp, - level
is reached even during the whole rotational process. The proposed engineering model
is applicable if lateral torsional buckling is prevented e.g. according to Eurocode 3 rules
(LT s 0,4 )(or CM 66 rules: CLTQ <; 60 with = 0, for instance).
331
(15) Local instabilities e.g. due to introduction of concentrated loads also have to be avoided
during the whole rotational process in the plastic hinges, by introducing at location of
plastic hinges:
sufficient stiffening of webs for My- and My-N - load cases,
sufficient stiffening of flanges for M. - load cases.
Sufficient stiffening can be provided with usual welded steel plates but also by other
means or by considering of real service conditions in order to ensure economical design:
support of secondary beams, support of slabs, masonry, concrete walls, concrete
infillments, steel sheet decks (floor, wall, root) with sufficient stiffness. In case of
distributed load stiffening of location of plastic hinges should not be necessary.
Nomimal
Steel grade
Thickness t (mm) *)
t<40mm 40mm<t< 100 mm
EN 10025
standard
[Mpa]
fu
[Mpa]
fu/fy
A5.65
ro/.i
*y
[Mpa]
fu
[Mpa]
fu/fy
[Mpa]
A*
5.65
S 235
S 275
S 355
235
275
355
360
430
510
1.53
1.56
1.44
26
22
22
0.11
0.13
0.17
215
255
335
340
410
490
1.58
1.61
1.46
24
20
20
0.10
0.12
0.16
EN 10113-3
Standard
S 275 M
S 355 M
S 420 M
S 460 M
275
355
420
460
390
490
500
530
1.42
1.38
1.19
1.15
24
22
19
17
0.13
0.17
0.20
0.22
255
335
390
430
370
470
500
530
1.45
1.40
1.28
1.23
24
22
19
17
0.12
0.16
0.19
0.20
Notes:
*) / is the nominal thickness of the element
- of the flange of rolled sections (t = tf)
- of the particular elements ofwelded sections
JL
Tt
Table 1: Steel grades for plastic design ace. EC 3
332
(15) Local instabilities e.g. due to introduction of concentrated loads also have to be avoided
during the whole rotational process in the plastic hinges, by introducing at location of
plastic hinges:
sufficient stiffening of webs for My- and My-N - load cases,
sufficient stiffening of flanges for M. - load cases.
Sufficient stiffening can be provided with usual welded steel plates but also by other
means or by considering of real service conditions in order to ensure economical design:
support of secondary beams, support of slabs, masonry, concrete walls, concrete
infillments, steel sheet decks (floor, wall, root) with sufficient stiffness. In case of
distributed load stiffening of location of plastic hinges should not be necessary.
Nomimal
Steel grade
Thickness t (mm) *)
t<40mm 40mm<t< 100 mm
EN 10025
standard
[Mpa]
fu
[Mpa]
fu/fy
A5.65
ro/.i
*y
[Mpa]
fu
[Mpa]
fu/fy
[Mpa]
A*
5.65
S 235
S 275
S 355
235
275
355
360
430
510
1.53
1.56
1.44
26
22
22
0.11
0.13
0.17
215
255
335
340
410
490
1.58
1.61
1.46
24
20
20
0.10
0.12
0.16
EN 10113-3
Standard
S 275 M
S 355 M
S 420 M
S 460 M
275
355
420
460
390
490
500
530
1.42
1.38
1.19
1.15
24
22
19
17
0.13
0.17
0.20
0.22
255
335
390
430
370
470
500
530
1.45
1.40
1.28
1.23
24
22
19
17
0.12
0.16
0.19
0.20
Notes:
*) / is the nominal thickness of the element
- of the flange of rolled sections (t = tf)
- of the particular elements ofwelded sections
JL
Tt
Table 1: Steel grades for plastic design ace. EC 3
332
4-1-1 -1 -5 [-
24
20
16
R,ex 12
8
H
'
3-&n
- j w j-
-H-m
4-^-4 --j-
4
.
Hup,
BP ^
SE"/"
til
Ji
/
.
.00
7.00
coo
S.O0
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
8 12 16 20
R,th
24
0.00
i
I
i
I
!
j
...j
7^
i
i
1
j
> / ,
;
i
4_
1
1/
i
-
1
_

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 .0 7.00 OO S.00
Rth
R ex
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
:-
... '.
V\
/*
1
:"7
*
i
j
[
;
/ i
1
1
y,
.'
._.
/
/ j
!
* ;
._.
/ 1
I
;
;
,'
/ .
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Rth
Fig. 8: Comparison of the experimental rotation capacities with the theretical rot. capacities
333
4-1-1 -1 -5 [-
24
20
16
R,ex 12
8
H
'
3-&n
- j w j-
-H-m
4-^-4 --j-
4
.
Hup,
BP ^
SE"/"
til
Ji
/
.
.00
7.00
coo
S.O0
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
8 12 16 20
R,th
24
0.00
i
I
i
I
!
j
...j
7^
i
i
1
j
> / ,
;
i
4_
1
1/
i
-
1
_

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 .0 7.00 OO S.00
Rth
R ex
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
:-
... '.
V\
/*
1
:"7
*
i
j
[
;
/ i
1
1
y,
.'
._.
/
/ j
!
* ;
._.
/ 1
I
;
;
,'
/ .
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Rth
Fig. 8: Comparison of the experimental rotation capacities with the theretical rot. capacities
333
Variation of b/t, b=const

04SO
OjKO
O3S0
av
OJCO
0253
0200
CIS) -i 1 1- 1 1 H-
&0 &.0 10 IM 13.3 IojO 200 26J
b/I
- &20.19.1524
b-3CU>C0.v<*l.iaf*24
- t>-tah-4aw>i/ifr-34
Variation of h/w
CLSOO
O4S0
0.400
(X3S0
(pav
osco
0.253 -
0200
0.150
- 1>3.1-1.9024
t>mnrmAmU-Q.tr-3*
- t~zxtmXu\.ta.tr-2a
Variation of b/t, t=const
0500
O4S0

0353
av
0300 -
0.2S0
02
aiso -t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l-
7.3 IOjO 12.7 15.3 16J0 20.7 23.3 24.0 28.7 31.3
b/I
- 1-1h-19.v*aoitv.24
1-2mH-30.w.l.l0.fr-24
- U3.G0.h-42.w.l -24
Variation of fy, HE 300
O350
OJOO
O2S0
0.200
av
0.150
0.103
aoso
omo -4- -+- -+- -+-
23SO 33SJ0 435.0 S3S.0 63SJ0 73SJ0
- b-aah-sai-i.gw-i.io
Fig. 9: Functions of theoretical rotation capacities, dependend on slendemess and yield stress
334
Variation of b/t, b=const

04SO
OjKO
O3S0
av
OJCO
0253
0200
CIS) -i 1 1- 1 1 H-
&0 &.0 10 IM 13.3 IojO 200 26J
b/I
- &20.19.1524
b-3CU>C0.v<*l.iaf*24
- t>-tah-4aw>i/ifr-34
Variation of h/w
CLSOO
O4S0
0.400
(X3S0
(pav
osco
0.253 -
0200
0.150
- 1>3.1-1.9024
t>mnrmAmU-Q.tr-3*
- t~zxtmXu\.ta.tr-2a
Variation of b/t, t=const
0500
O4S0

0353
av
0300 -
0.2S0
02
aiso -t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l-
7.3 IOjO 12.7 15.3 16J0 20.7 23.3 24.0 28.7 31.3
b/I
- 1-1h-19.v*aoitv.24
1-2mH-30.w.l.l0.fr-24
- U3.G0.h-42.w.l -24
Variation of fy, HE 300
O350
OJOO
O2S0
0.200
av
0.150
0.103
aoso
omo -4- -+- -+- -+-
23SO 33SJ0 435.0 S3S.0 63SJ0 73SJ0
- b-aah-sai-i.gw-i.io
Fig. 9: Functions of theoretical rotation capacities, dependend on slendemess and yield stress
334
6. Safety evaluation
(1) The verificationprocedures of Eurocode 3 - Part 1 . 1 take into account semi probabilistic
safety approaches in the Ultimate Limit State. So far the reliability is considered by
introducing partial safety factors.
(2) The Annex of Eurocode 3 - Part 1.1 presents a procedure which allows to evaluate
partial safety factors from experimental results. Thus, fromthe comparison between
the design model values and the experimental values, it is possible to determine a design
value of the resistance and a partial safety factor.
(3) Annex (3) of this background gives an overview of the statistical analysis, performed
for all available rotation tests with different sort of loading.
(4) In general the real yield stresses of the steels delivered by the mills are greater than the
nominal values of the steels indicated in the catalogues. The following statistical
. procedure takes that difference between nominal and expected value of steel grade into
account, even considering decreasing of rotation capacity by increasing the yield stress
of the steel. That is safesided as another fact is that for many structures the rotation
requirement is decreasing by increasing the yield stress whilst the ultimate load target
(i.e. the design load level) remains using the nominal yield values [40], see fig 10. Thus
with respect to safety the unexpected overstrenghtening is well considered.
1
A
freq
-
tmnHinuimrrrrTTTTnr
i^reqjiverj
-^-
Fig. 10: Decreasing of the rotation requirement in case of actual yield stresses which
are greater than the nominal yield stresses.
(5) Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 gives a simplified variation of fy in function of the material
thickness (thickness ranges: lower than 40 mm, from40 mmto 100 mm), with values
of fy - for certain thickness ranges - greater than the values specified by EN 1 0025 and
EN 10113 (thickness ranges : lower than 16 mm, from 16 mmto 40 mm, from40 mm
to 63 mm, from 63 mmto 80 mm, from 80 mmto 100 mm, from 100 mm to 1 50 mm).
335
6. Safety evaluation
(1) The verificationprocedures of Eurocode 3 - Part 1 . 1 take into account semi probabilistic
safety approaches in the Ultimate Limit State. So far the reliability is considered by
introducing partial safety factors.
(2) The Annex of Eurocode 3 - Part 1.1 presents a procedure which allows to evaluate
partial safety factors from experimental results. Thus, fromthe comparison between
the design model values and the experimental values, it is possible to determine a design
value of the resistance and a partial safety factor.
(3) Annex (3) of this background gives an overview of the statistical analysis, performed
for all available rotation tests with different sort of loading.
(4) In general the real yield stresses of the steels delivered by the mills are greater than the
nominal values of the steels indicated in the catalogues. The following statistical
. procedure takes that difference between nominal and expected value of steel grade into
account, even considering decreasing of rotation capacity by increasing the yield stress
of the steel. That is safesided as another fact is that for many structures the rotation
requirement is decreasing by increasing the yield stress whilst the ultimate load target
(i.e. the design load level) remains using the nominal yield values [40], see fig 10. Thus
with respect to safety the unexpected overstrenghtening is well considered.
1
A
freq
-
tmnHinuimrrrrTTTTnr
i^reqjiverj
-^-
Fig. 10: Decreasing of the rotation requirement in case of actual yield stresses which
are greater than the nominal yield stresses.
(5) Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 gives a simplified variation of fy in function of the material
thickness (thickness ranges: lower than 40 mm, from40 mmto 100 mm), with values
of fy - for certain thickness ranges - greater than the values specified by EN 1 0025 and
EN 10113 (thickness ranges : lower than 16 mm, from 16 mmto 40 mm, from40 mm
to 63 mm, from 63 mmto 80 mm, from 80 mmto 100 mm, from 100 mm to 1 50 mm).
335
As Eurocode 3 always provides yield stresses fy equal or greater than values guaranteed
by the specifications of delivery conditions (EN 10025, EN 10113, see fig. 11). the
available rotation capacities resulting from fy of Eurocode 3 are always safesided in
comparison to the rotation capacities resulting from fy of EN 10025 or EN 10113.
/to
f 430
f MO
ftlfylKltS
yWditiingdifyJtccoollneioTiMtl.l (EC3|
ffmiufd yWd ttangOi (R^) according to EN 1002S
315
"Ss~
250
INckrMu (mm)
(N/mm1)
FiE460
fi E 420
Ft355
Fl27S
Sic! grada
yWd ttrangdl fy according to Tabla 3.1 OA of EC3
guanriwd yWd annetti (jL^J according lo EN 101 !3
0 If 4 43 M 100
tfilcVnaat (mm]
Fig. 11: Nominal yield stresses ace. to EC 3 and yield stresses ace. to EN 10025 and
EN 10113
(6) However, for the statistical safety evaluation of the rotation capacity in the frame of
resistance safety there are several options:
336
As Eurocode 3 always provides yield stresses fy equal or greater than values guaranteed
by the specifications of delivery conditions (EN 10025, EN 10113, see fig. 11). the
available rotation capacities resulting from fy of Eurocode 3 are always safesided in
comparison to the rotation capacities resulting from fy of EN 10025 or EN 10113.
/to
f 430
f MO
ftlfylKltS
yWditiingdifyJtccoollneioTiMtl.l (EC3|
ffmiufd yWd ttangOi (R^) according to EN 1002S
315
"Ss~
250
INckrMu (mm)
(N/mm1)
FiE460
fi E 420
Ft355
Fl27S
Sic! grada
yWd ttrangdl fy according to Tabla 3.1 OA of EC3
guanriwd yWd annetti (jL^J according lo EN 101 !3
0 If 4 43 M 100
tfilcVnaat (mm]
Fig. 11: Nominal yield stresses ace. to EC 3 and yield stresses ace. to EN 10025 and
EN 10113
(6) However, for the statistical safety evaluation of the rotation capacity in the frame of
resistance safety there are several options:
336
1. The first option is considering the assessment of the rotation capacity as a
single-standing Ultimate Limit State check as follows:
< <Pavailable ^ <
This check has to be fulfilled seperately in addition to the check of the resistance
of the cross-section.
For that the wide spread horizontal distribution, see fig. 12. for the determina
tion of the partial safety factor will be relevant That wide spread distribution is
due to the in general very small negative slope of the descending branch of
moment rotation curve and for that any good prediction formula will produce a
more or less large scatter.
The comparison is graphically given in annex (3), also the statistical distribution
for three point bending in linear presentation and as well on gaussian paper is
shown in annex (3).
For this evaluation to which all the data of all kinds of loading and bending are
available, the safety elements are shown in table 2.
The second option would be regarding the prediction of the rotation capacity
simply as a means of where the resistance has to be determined. It is just that
rotation on the Mp, - level at which the section is fully rotationally exploited
(fig. 6c) in the last expected rotation degree.
That means detenriining the rotation capacity withthe formulae given in chapter
5, and determining with that rotation the resistance My = f (<pav) . This resistance
function describes the descending branch ofthe moment rotation curve (which
is in reality at the point of <prot (see fig. 3) nothing more than the level of the
resistance function for Mp, = Wp, fy).
That resistance design model Mp,=Wp,-fy now can be compared with the
resistances of the moment-rotation curves at the vertical rotation-capacities"
levels. That would be presented by the vertical distribution in fig. 12. The safety
elements for that vertical distribution has been determined for pure three point
bending and is also given in table 2 for information. Thus within this option a
safety factor related to rotations will always be =1,0.
As both option 1 and option 2 are safety considerations only at the cross-section
they do not take into account the global structural behaviour except for statically
determinant structures. However for statically non detenninant structures the
337
1. The first option is considering the assessment of the rotation capacity as a
single-standing Ultimate Limit State check as follows:
< <Pavailable ^ <
This check has to be fulfilled seperately in addition to the check of the resistance
For that the wide spread horizontal distribution, see fig. 12. for the determina
tion of the partial safety factor will be relevant That wide spread distribution is
due to the in general very small negative slope of the descending branch of
moment rotation curve and for that any good prediction formula will produce a
more or less large scatter.
The comparison is graphically given in annex (3), also the statistical distribution
for three point bending in linear presentation and as well on gaussian paper is
shown in annex (3).
For this evaluation to which all the data of all kinds of loading and bending are
available, the safety elements are shown in table 2.
The second option would be regarding the prediction of the rotation capacity
simply as a means of where the resistance has to be determined. It is just that
rotation on the Mp, - level at which the section is fully rotationally exploited
(fig. 6c) in the last expected rotation degree.
That means detenriining the rotation capacity withthe formulae given in chapter
5, and determining with that rotation the resistance My = f (<pav) . This resistance
function describes the descending branch ofthe moment rotation curve (which
is in reality at the point of <prot (see fig. 3) nothing more than the level of the
resistance function for Mp, = Wp, fy).
That resistance design model Mp,=Wp,-fy now can be compared with the
resistances of the moment-rotation curves at the vertical rotation-capacities"
levels. That would be presented by the vertical distribution in fig. 12. The safety
elements for that vertical distribution has been determined for pure three point
bending and is also given in table 2 for information. Thus within this option a
safety factor related to rotations will always be =1,0.
As both option 1 and option 2 are safety considerations only at the cross-section
they do not take into account the global structural behaviour except for statically
determinant structures. However for statically non detenninant structures the
337
interrelationship between option 1 and option 2 is linked with the slope of the
descending branch of the 1. to the (n-1). plastic hinge. The magnitude of this
slope is indeed an indicator whether the structure fails rapidly or not if the
rotation capacity has been fully exploited. Fig. 13 gives an example for that:
even if one uses a class 2 -section for the first hinge rotations of the descending
branch can be exploited such that the global load is increasing, however having
benefit from the strain hardening of the second hinge. Certainly this depends
also on the remaining elastic stiffness of the structure before ultimate load has
been reached.
This approach has not been yet investigated within this report Thus the model
approach ace. to fig. 6a and fig. 6b has to be attended with respect to the global
structural response.
338
interrelationship between option 1 and option 2 is linked with the slope of the
descending branch of the 1. to the (n-1). plastic hinge. The magnitude of this
slope is indeed an indicator whether the structure fails rapidly or not if the
rotation capacity has been fully exploited. Fig. 13 gives an example for that:
even if one uses a class 2 -section for the first hinge rotations of the descending
branch can be exploited such that the global load is increasing, however having
benefit from the strain hardening of the second hinge. Certainly this depends
also on the remaining elastic stiffness of the structure before ultimate load has
been reached.
This approach has not been yet investigated within this report Thus the model
approach ace. to fig. 6a and fig. 6b has to be attended with respect to the global
structural response.
338
Op-
tion
1
2
1
1
load cases
My
Ym,- <p,R
My
Ym<T Mpi
My + Nx
, <P,R
M,
- <P,R
k '
1,3
1,3
-
-
Statistical Parameters
Dmcan
1,229
1,041
1,090
1,397
s*
0,080
0,070
0,050
0,329
vR
0,159
0,110
0,210
0,360
kc
1,239
1,004
1,500
1,120
YMo
1,52
1,00
2,02
1,73
mo
1,10*
1,17
1,10*
1,10*
Table 2: Safety elements for rotation capacities (* ace. ENV 1 993-1-1 , or NAD values)
Fig 12: Horizontal scattering of rotation capacities and vertical scattering
of resistances at the point of the rotation capacity
339
Op-
tion
1
2
1
1
load cases
My
Ym,- <p,R
My
Ym<T Mpi
My + Nx
, <P,R
M,
- <P,R
k '
1,3
1,3
-
-
Statistical Parameters
Dmcan
1,229
1,041
1,090
1,397
s*
0,080
0,070
0,050
0,329
vR
0,159
0,110
0,210
0,360
kc
1,239
1,004
1,500
1,120
YMo
1,52
1,00
2,02
1,73
mo
1,10*
1,17
1,10*
1,10*
Table 2: Safety elements for rotation capacities (* ace. ENV 1 993-1-1 , or NAD values)
Fig 12: Horizontal scattering of rotation capacities and vertical scattering
of resistances at the point of the rotation capacity
339
Example: 2-Span-Continuous-Beam
=1,0
^r
XL
I t Plastic Hinge
2nd Plastic Hinge
1 Constant MpI-LeveI
M
1 it Plastic Hinge ... 2nd Plastic Hinge
2-3 Mr 23
- -
q/qr
^
(1 * )<2- - 11)^ 8vf
3 -2y2~
Equivalent single beam
2 Nonconstant Mp,-Level
"(21
M
1st Plastic Hinge
M
*)
4 bh
2 nd Plastic Hinge
-
"{}
",
ft feqF+
Fig 13: Example of a two span continuous beam using constant Mp, - level and
nonconstant Mp, - level
340
Example: 2-Span-Continuous-Beam
=1,0
^r
XL
I t Plastic Hinge
2nd Plastic Hinge
1 Constant MpI-LeveI
M
1 it Plastic Hinge ... 2nd Plastic Hinge
2-3 Mr 23
- -
q/qr
^
(1 * )<2- - 11)^ 8vf
3 -2y2~
Equivalent single beam
2 Nonconstant Mp,-Level
"(21
M
1st Plastic Hinge
M
*)
4 bh
2 nd Plastic Hinge
-
"{}
",
ft feqF+
Fig 13: Example of a two span continuous beam using constant Mp, - level and
nonconstant Mp, - level
340
7. List of symbols
b flange width
h cross-section depth
d = h-2t-2r, depth of hot rolled sections
t, tF flange thickness
w, t^ web thickness
r radius of rolling
LL beam length
A sectional area
area of web
I second moment of inertia
Wd elastic moment of inertia
Wpl plastic moment of inertia
plastic benefit factor
excentricity of load position along the beam span
E elastic modulus
fy yield stress of material tensile coupon
fu tensile strength of material tensile coupon
POISSON's ratio
stress amplification =150 Mpa to consider material hardening
rotation
phi -II-
p, elastic limit rotation ofthe beams' ends reaching plastic moment Mpl (e.g.= Mpl { / (2 E
I) for three point bending beams)
<ppl q elastic limit rotation of the beams' ends reaching Mp, Q
p, y elastic limit rotation of the beams' ends reaching Mpl v
<Pp, elastic limit rotation of the beams' ends reaching Mp, N
(pl) inelastic rotation of a plastic hinge or plastic zone
<pav inelastic available rotation of a plastic hinge on Mp, - level in terms of radiant
m inelastic rotation requirement in terms of radiant
cprot elastic and inelastic available rotation of a beam on Mp, - level in terms of radiant
-ii-
R^ rotation capacity in terms of ratio of plastic rotation and elastic rotation
Rjjq rotation requirement .- // -
R,h rotation capacity theoretically derived from formulae
R^ rotation capacity experimentally detemuned
341
7. List of symbols
b flange width
h cross-section depth
d = h-2t-2r, depth of hot rolled sections
t, tF flange thickness
w, t^ web thickness
r radius of rolling
LL beam length
A sectional area
area of web
I second moment of inertia
Wd elastic moment of inertia
Wpl plastic moment of inertia
plastic benefit factor
excentricity of load position along the beam span
E elastic modulus
fy yield stress of material tensile coupon
fu tensile strength of material tensile coupon
POISSON's ratio
stress amplification =150 Mpa to consider material hardening
rotation
phi -II-
p, elastic limit rotation ofthe beams' ends reaching plastic moment Mpl (e.g.= Mpl { / (2 E
I) for three point bending beams)
<ppl q elastic limit rotation of the beams' ends reaching Mp, Q
p, y elastic limit rotation of the beams' ends reaching Mpl v
<Pp, elastic limit rotation of the beams' ends reaching Mp, N
(pl) inelastic rotation of a plastic hinge or plastic zone
<pav inelastic available rotation of a plastic hinge on Mp, - level in terms of radiant
m inelastic rotation requirement in terms of radiant
cprot elastic and inelastic available rotation of a beam on Mp, - level in terms of radiant
-ii-
R^ rotation capacity in terms of ratio of plastic rotation and elastic rotation
Rjjq rotation requirement .- // -
R,h rotation capacity theoretically derived from formulae
R^ rotation capacity experimentally detemuned
341
M moment
Mp, plastic moment resistance ace. EC 3, exeptions are explained
Mpi, plastic moment resistance, interacted ace. EC 3 with axial load ace. EC 3
Mp, q plastic moment resistance, interacted ace. EC 3 using Qpl
Mp, v plastic moment resistance, interacted ace. EC 3 using VpI
axial load
Np, full plastic axial load resistance
NH part of axial load which is in the flange, having plastic stress distribution
Q,V shear force
Qp, = (h-t) wfy , as approximation for plastic shear force resistance
Vp, full plastic shear force resistance ace. to EC 3
Pc part of the resistance in the flange which is due to web restraint while plastic buckling
mechanismforms

nom
as indicator for nominal values instead of measured
".a," as indicator for values of the flange
-li
as indicator for values of the web
C< M
-
<
web
342
M moment
Mp, plastic moment resistance ace. EC 3, exeptions are explained
Mpi, plastic moment resistance, interacted ace. EC 3 with axial load ace. EC 3
Mp, q plastic moment resistance, interacted ace. EC 3 using Qpl
Mp, v plastic moment resistance, interacted ace. EC 3 using VpI
axial load
Np, full plastic axial load resistance
NH part of axial load which is in the flange, having plastic stress distribution
Q,V shear force
Qp, = (h-t) wfy , as approximation for plastic shear force resistance
Vp, full plastic shear force resistance ace. to EC 3
Pc part of the resistance in the flange which is due to web restraint while plastic buckling
mechanismforms

nom
as indicator for nominal values instead of measured
".a," as indicator for values of the flange
-li
as indicator for values of the web
C< M
-
<
web
342
8. References
[I] ENV 1993 -1-1 (Eurocode 3), Design of Steel Structures, Part 1.1: General Rules and
Rules for Buildings, 1993
[2] prENV 1994 Part 1-1 (Eurocode 4), Design of composite steel and concrete
structures, Part 1.1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings, 1992
[3] DIN 18800, Tl: Stahlbauten, Bemessung und Konstruktion, 1990
[4] DASt 008: Richtlinien zur Anwendung des Traglastverfahrens im Stahlbau, 1973
[5] SIA 161: Verstndigung; Grundstze der Projektierung und Ausfhrung; Berechnung,
Bemessung und Nachweise; Bemessung von Bauteilen; Werkstoffe; Herstellung und
Montage; Aufgaben der beteiligten Fachleute, Entwurf 1990
[6] BS 5950: Part 1: British Standard, Structural use of steelwork in building, Code of
practice design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections, 1985
[7] Sedlacek, G.; Feldmann, M.; Dahl, W.; Kalinowski, B.: Anforderungen bei der
plastischen Bemessung von Stahlkonstruktionen aus hochfesten Sthlen, EGKS F6,
Projekt 2954, 1995
[8] Sedlacek, G.; Spangemacher, R.; Dahl, W.; Langenberg, P.: Elastisch-Plastisches
Verhalten von Stahlkonstruktionen, Anforderungen und Westoffkennwerte, EGKS
F6, Projekt 7210-SA/113, 1992
[9] Sedlacek, G.; Feldmann, M.; Dahl, W.; Langenberg, P.: Elastisch-Plastisches
Verhalten von Stahlkonstruktionen, Anforderungen und Werkstoffkennwerte, EGKS
F6, Projekt 7210-SA/118, 1993
[10] Sedlacek, G.; Spangemacher, R.; Dahl, W.; Langenberg, P.: Untersuchung der
Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Streckgrenzenverhltnisse auf das Rotationsverhalten
von I-Trgern, Abschlubericht Projekt 169, Studiengesellschaft Stahlanwendung,
Dsseldorf 1992
[II] D'Haeyer, R.; Delooz, M.; Defourny, J.: Elastoplastic behaviour of metallic
frameworks - Interaction between strength and ductility; ECSC agreement 7210-
SA/204; Draft of final Report, 1992
[12] Sedlacek, G.; Feldmann, M.; Spangemacher, R.; Dahl, W.; Langenberg, P.; Schleich,
J.B.; Chantrain, Ph.; Gerardy, J.-C; Maquoi, R.; Lognard, B.; Defourny, J.; D'Haeyer,
R.: Resmee of the coordinated Project "Elastic Plastic Behaviour of Steel Structures,
Requirements and Properties", EGKS-F6 Projects SA 113, SA 204, SA 508, Aachen,
Liege, Luxemburg, 1993
[13] Lukey, A.F.: Rotation Capacity of Wide-Flange-Beams under moment gradient,
Structural Engineering Report No. 10, Department of Civil Engineering, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, 1967
[14] Lukey, A.F.; Adams; P.F.: Rotation Capacity of Wide-Flange-Beams under moment
gradient ASCE Journal of the Structural Division, Vol. 95, No. ST 6, pp. 1173-1188,
Paper 6599, 1969
343
8. References
[I] ENV 1993 -1-1 (Eurocode 3), Design of Steel Structures, Part 1.1: General Rules and
Rules for Buildings, 1993
[2] prENV 1994 Part 1-1 (Eurocode 4), Design of composite steel and concrete
structures, Part 1.1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings, 1992
[3] DIN 18800, Tl: Stahlbauten, Bemessung und Konstruktion, 1990
[4] DASt 008: Richtlinien zur Anwendung des Traglastverfahrens im Stahlbau, 1973
[5] SIA 161: Verstndigung; Grundstze der Projektierung und Ausfhrung; Berechnung,
Bemessung und Nachweise; Bemessung von Bauteilen; Werkstoffe; Herstellung und
Montage; Aufgaben der beteiligten Fachleute, Entwurf 1990
[6] BS 5950: Part 1: British Standard, Structural use of steelwork in building, Code of
practice design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections, 1985
[7] Sedlacek, G.; Feldmann, M.; Dahl, W.; Kalinowski, B.: Anforderungen bei der
plastischen Bemessung von Stahlkonstruktionen aus hochfesten Sthlen, EGKS F6,
Projekt 2954, 1995
[8] Sedlacek, G.; Spangemacher, R.; Dahl, W.; Langenberg, P.: Elastisch-Plastisches
Verhalten von Stahlkonstruktionen, Anforderungen und Westoffkennwerte, EGKS
F6, Projekt 7210-SA/113, 1992
[9] Sedlacek, G.; Feldmann, M.; Dahl, W.; Langenberg, P.: Elastisch-Plastisches
Verhalten von Stahlkonstruktionen, Anforderungen und Werkstoffkennwerte, EGKS
F6, Projekt 7210-SA/118, 1993
[10] Sedlacek, G.; Spangemacher, R.; Dahl, W.; Langenberg, P.: Untersuchung der
Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Streckgrenzenverhltnisse auf das Rotationsverhalten
von I-Trgern, Abschlubericht Projekt 169, Studiengesellschaft Stahlanwendung,
Dsseldorf 1992
[II] D'Haeyer, R.; Delooz, M.; Defourny, J.: Elastoplastic behaviour of metallic
frameworks - Interaction between strength and ductility; ECSC agreement 7210-
SA/204; Draft of final Report, 1992
[12] Sedlacek, G.; Feldmann, M.; Spangemacher, R.; Dahl, W.; Langenberg, P.; Schleich,
J.B.; Chantrain, Ph.; Gerardy, J.-C; Maquoi, R.; Lognard, B.; Defourny, J.; D'Haeyer,
R.: Resmee of the coordinated Project "Elastic Plastic Behaviour of Steel Structures,
Requirements and Properties", EGKS-F6 Projects SA 113, SA 204, SA 508, Aachen,
Liege, Luxemburg, 1993
[13] Lukey, A.F.: Rotation Capacity of Wide-Flange-Beams under moment gradient,
of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, 1967
[14] Lukey, A.F.; Adams; P.F.: Rotation Capacity of Wide-Flange-Beams under moment
gradient ASCE Journal of the Structural Division, Vol. 95, No. ST 6, pp. 1173-1188,
Paper 6599, 1969
343
[15] Lay, M.G.: Yielding of uniformly loaded Steel Members, ASCE Journal of the
Structural Division, Vol. 91, No. ST 6 pp. 49-66, Paper 4500, 1965
[16] Lay, M.G.; Galambos, T.V.: Inelastic Steel Beams Under Uniform Moment; ASCE
Journal of the Structural Division, Vol. 91, No. ST 6, pp. 67-94, Paper 4566, 1965
[17] Lay, M.G.: Flange local Buckling in Wide-Flange Shapes, ASCE Journal of the
[18] Kuhlmann, U.: Rotationskapazitt von I-Profilen unter Bercksichtigung des
plastischen Beulens, Dissertation Bochum 1986
[19] Roik, Kl, Kuhlmann, U.: Rechnerische Ermittlung der Rotationskapazitt biegebean
spruchter I-Profile Teil 1, Der Stahlbau (56), Heft 11, 1987
[20] Roik, KL; Kuhlmann, U.: Rechnerische Ermittlung der Rotationskapazitt biegebean
spruchter I-Profile Te 2, Der Stahlbau (56), Heft 11, 1987
[21] Roik, K.; Kuhlmann, U.: Rotation Capacity of I-Profiles considering the Effects of
Plastic Plate Buckling, Contribution to the International Colloquium "Stability of
plate and shell structures", Ghent 1987
[22] Petersen, Ch.: Bericht ber Versuche zur Rotationskapazitt von Walzprofilen in
Fliegelenken fr die Fliezonen- und Fliegelenktheorie, 7. StaWbau-Seminar 1988,
Fachhochschule Mnster, 1988
[23] Petersen, Ch.: Rotationskapazitt in Fliegelenken als Grenzzustandsgre, DAST -
Deutscher Ausschu fr Stahlbau, Bericht aus Forschung, Entwicklung und Normung
17 / 1990
[24] Bureau, .: CTICM Report Essai 92-S-155, 1992
[25] Sedlacek, G.; Spangemacher, R.: Zur Bestimmung der Querschnittsausnutzung und
Rotationsfhigkeit bei I-Profilen mit Biegung um die schwache Achse, Abschlube
richt ATF-7751, 1991
[26] Sedlacek, G.; Feldmann, M.; Golembiewski, D.; Berger, K.: Rotationskapazitt von
Drei-Punktbiegetrgem unter Normalkraft aus hochfestem Stahl, Abschlubericht
Projekt 235, Studiengesellschaft Stahlanwendung, Dsseldorf, 1994
[27] Kulak, G.L.; Perlynn, MX: Web Slendemess Limits for Compact Beam-Columns,
of Alberta, Edmonton Canada, 1974
[28] Spangemacher, R: Zum Rotationsnachweis von Stahlkonstruktionen, die nach dem
Traglastverfahren berechnet werden, Dissertation Lehrstuhl fr Stahlbau, RWTH
Aachen, 1992
[29] Feldmann, M.: Zur Rotationskapazitt von I-Profilen statisch und dynamisch
belasteter Trger, Dissertation Lehrstuhl fr Stahlbau, RWTH Aachen, 1994
[30] Roik, K; Lindner, J: Einfhrung in die Berechnung nach dem Traglastverfahren,
Stahlbau-Verlags-GmbH, Kln, 1972
[31] Murray, N.W.: Introduction to the theory of thin-walled structures, Oxford
Engineering Science Series, 1984
344
[15] Lay, M.G.: Yielding of uniformly loaded Steel Members, ASCE Journal of the
[16] Lay, M.G.; Galambos, T.V.: Inelastic Steel Beams Under Uniform Moment; ASCE
Journal of the Structural Division, Vol. 91, No. ST 6, pp. 67-94, Paper 4566, 1965
[17] Lay, M.G.: Flange local Buckling in Wide-Flange Shapes, ASCE Journal of the
[18] Kuhlmann, U.: Rotationskapazitt von I-Profilen unter Bercksichtigung des
plastischen Beulens, Dissertation Bochum 1986
[19] Roik, Kl, Kuhlmann, U.: Rechnerische Ermittlung der Rotationskapazitt biegebean
spruchter I-Profile Teil 1, Der Stahlbau (56), Heft 11, 1987
[20] Roik, KL; Kuhlmann, U.: Rechnerische Ermittlung der Rotationskapazitt biegebean
spruchter I-Profile Te 2, Der Stahlbau (56), Heft 11, 1987
[21] Roik, K.; Kuhlmann, U.: Rotation Capacity of I-Profiles considering the Effects of
Plastic Plate Buckling, Contribution to the International Colloquium "Stability of
plate and shell structures", Ghent 1987
[22] Petersen, Ch.: Bericht ber Versuche zur Rotationskapazitt von Walzprofilen in
Fliegelenken fr die Fliezonen- und Fliegelenktheorie, 7. StaWbau-Seminar 1988,
Fachhochschule Mnster, 1988
[23] Petersen, Ch.: Rotationskapazitt in Fliegelenken als Grenzzustandsgre, DAST -
Deutscher Ausschu fr Stahlbau, Bericht aus Forschung, Entwicklung und Normung
17 / 1990
[24] Bureau, .: CTICM Report Essai 92-S-155, 1992
[25] Sedlacek, G.; Spangemacher, R.: Zur Bestimmung der Querschnittsausnutzung und
Rotationsfhigkeit bei I-Profilen mit Biegung um die schwache Achse, Abschlube
richt ATF-7751, 1991
[26] Sedlacek, G.; Feldmann, M.; Golembiewski, D.; Berger, K.: Rotationskapazitt von
Drei-Punktbiegetrgem unter Normalkraft aus hochfestem Stahl, Abschlubericht
Projekt 235, Studiengesellschaft Stahlanwendung, Dsseldorf, 1994
[27] Kulak, G.L.; Perlynn, MX: Web Slendemess Limits for Compact Beam-Columns,
of Alberta, Edmonton Canada, 1974
[28] Spangemacher, R: Zum Rotationsnachweis von Stahlkonstruktionen, die nach dem
Traglastverfahren berechnet werden, Dissertation Lehrstuhl fr Stahlbau, RWTH
Aachen, 1992
[29] Feldmann, M.: Zur Rotationskapazitt von I-Profilen statisch und dynamisch
belasteter Trger, Dissertation Lehrstuhl fr Stahlbau, RWTH Aachen, 1994
[30] Roik, K; Lindner, J: Einfhrung in die Berechnung nach dem Traglastverfahren,
Stahlbau-Verlags-GmbH, Kln, 1972
[31] Murray, N.W.: Introduction to the theory of thin-walled structures, Oxford
Engineering Science Series, 1984
344
[32] Murray, N.W.: Das aufnehmbare Moment in einem zur Richtung der Normalkraft
schrg liegendem plastischem Gelenk, Die Bautechnik, 50, 1973
[33] Zhao, X.L.; Hancock, G.J.: Theoretical Analysis of Plastic Moment Capacity of an
Inclined Yield Line Under Axial Force, Research Report, No. R648, School of Civil
and Mining Engineering, University of Sydney, 1992
[34] Zhao, X.L.; Hancock, GJ.: Experimental Verification of the Theory of Plastic
Moment Capacity of an Inclined Yield Line Under Axial Force, Research Report, No.
R649, School of Civil and Mining Engineering, University of Sydney, 1992
[35] Bakker, M.C.: Yield Line Analysis of Post-Collapse Behaviour of Thin-Walled Steel
Members, Heron, Vol. 35, No. 3, 1990
[36] Dahl, W.; Hesse, W: Auswirkung der Beurteilung von Sthlen auf die Anwendung
im Hochbau und im Anlagenbau, Stahl und Eisen 106, Heft 12, 1986
[37] Dahl, W.; Hesse, W; Krabiell, A: Zur Verfestigung von Stahl und dessen Einflu auf
die Kennwerte des Zugversuchs, Stahl und Eisen 103, Heft 2, 1983
[38] Haaijer, G.; Thrlimann, B.: On Inelastic Buckling in Steel, Journal of the
Engineering Mechanics Division, Paper 1581, 1958
[39] Adams, P.F.; Lay, M.G.; Galambos, T.V.: Experiments on High Strength Steel
Members, Welding Research Council, Bulletin No. 1 10, 1965
[40] Feldmann, M.; Sedlacek, G.; Weynand, K.: Safety considerations of Annex J of
Eurocode 3, Third International Workshop on Connections in Steel Structures, AISC,
ECCS, Trento, 1995
[41] Maier-Leibnitz, H.: Beitrag zur Frage der tatschlichenTragfhigkeit einfacher und
durchlaufender Balkentrger aus Baustahl St 37 und Holz, Die Bautechnik 6, 1928
345
[32] Murray, N.W.: Das aufnehmbare Moment in einem zur Richtung der Normalkraft
schrg liegendem plastischem Gelenk, Die Bautechnik, 50, 1973
[33] Zhao, X.L.; Hancock, G.J.: Theoretical Analysis of Plastic Moment Capacity of an
Inclined Yield Line Under Axial Force, Research Report, No. R648, School of Civil
and Mining Engineering, University of Sydney, 1992
[34] Zhao, X.L.; Hancock, GJ.: Experimental Verification of the Theory of Plastic
Moment Capacity of an Inclined Yield Line Under Axial Force, Research Report, No.
R649, School of Civil and Mining Engineering, University of Sydney, 1992
[35] Bakker, M.C.: Yield Line Analysis of Post-Collapse Behaviour of Thin-Walled Steel
Members, Heron, Vol. 35, No. 3, 1990
[36] Dahl, W.; Hesse, W: Auswirkung der Beurteilung von Sthlen auf die Anwendung
im Hochbau und im Anlagenbau, Stahl und Eisen 106, Heft 12, 1986
[37] Dahl, W.; Hesse, W; Krabiell, A: Zur Verfestigung von Stahl und dessen Einflu auf
die Kennwerte des Zugversuchs, Stahl und Eisen 103, Heft 2, 1983
[38] Haaijer, G.; Thrlimann, B.: On Inelastic Buckling in Steel, Journal of the
Engineering Mechanics Division, Paper 1581, 1958
[39] Adams, P.F.; Lay, M.G.; Galambos, T.V.: Experiments on High Strength Steel
Members, Welding Research Council, Bulletin No. 1 10, 1965
[40] Feldmann, M.; Sedlacek, G.; Weynand, K.: Safety considerations of Annex J of
Eurocode 3, Third International Workshop on Connections in Steel Structures, AISC,
ECCS, Trento, 1995
[41] Maier-Leibnitz, H.: Beitrag zur Frage der tatschlichenTragfhigkeit einfacher und
durchlaufender Balkentrger aus Baustahl St 37 und Holz, Die Bautechnik 6, 1928
345
Annex (1): Experiments on Rotation Capacity
(1) To obtain the rotation capacity of sections with momentgradient the three point bending
test may be performed; to obtain the rotation capacity of sections with momentgradient
and axial forces the three point bending test withaxial load may be performed; to obtain
the rotation capacity of sections with moments but without gradient the four-point
bending test may be performed.
(2) The following will focus on the typical three-point-bending tests.
Documentation of bending tests
(1) Bending experiments are time and cost intensive. For that it is necessary to take care
about full and precise documentation.
(2) For three-point bending tests the following values should be recorded and documented.
1. Cross-sectional parameters
1 . 1 Beam length and position of load
1 .2 Measured thickness of both flange and web, possibly at several locations along
the beam length
1 .3 Nominal thickness of both flange and web
1 .4 Measured depth andwidthofthe sections, possibly at several locations along the
beam length
1 .5 Nominal values of depth and width of the section
1 .6 Possible excentricities of the section
1.7 Whole Measured sfress-stram curve of both flange and web
1.8 Norninal steel grade
2. Experimental parameter
2.1 Load-Deflection curve (-, = applied load of the jack, = corresponding
deflection)
2.2 Moment-Rotation curve (-, M = Peak moment in the beam, = total
rotation, obtained fromrotation of each beam end)
2.3 Eventually strain measurements of deflection measurements of buckles in the
flange and in the web
2.4 Eventually strain measurements of the tension flange
2.5 Further observations
(3) Infollowingpages these parameters and measurements of interest are illustrated by Data
Sheets for the 3-Point-Bending Test
346
Annex (1): Experiments on Rotation Capacity
(1) To obtain the rotation capacity of sections with momentgradient the three point bending
test may be performed; to obtain the rotation capacity of sections with momentgradient
and axial forces the three point bending test withaxial load may be performed; to obtain
the rotation capacity of sections with moments but without gradient the four-point
bending test may be performed.
(2) The following will focus on the typical three-point-bending tests.
Documentation of bending tests
(1) Bending experiments are time and cost intensive. For that it is necessary to take care
about full and precise documentation.
(2) For three-point bending tests the following values should be recorded and documented.
1. Cross-sectional parameters
1 . 1 Beam length and position of load
1 .2 Measured thickness of both flange and web, possibly at several locations along
the beam length
1 .3 Nominal thickness of both flange and web
1 .4 Measured depth andwidthofthe sections, possibly at several locations along the
beam length
1 .5 Nominal values of depth and width of the section
1 .6 Possible excentricities of the section
1.7 Whole Measured sfress-stram curve of both flange and web
1.8 Norninal steel grade
2. Experimental parameter
2.1 Load-Deflection curve (-, = applied load of the jack, = corresponding
deflection)
2.2 Moment-Rotation curve (-, M = Peak moment in the beam, = total
rotation, obtained fromrotation of each beam end)
2.3 Eventually strain measurements of deflection measurements of buckles in the
flange and in the web
2.4 Eventually strain measurements of the tension flange
2.5 Further observations
(3) Infollowingpages these parameters and measurements of interest are illustrated by Data
Sheets for the 3-Point-Bending Test
346
Datasheets on 3-Point-Bending Tests
DS1
Test-Setup
jI
_B&z2BL
"
t*7z.-r-r
-Wr
Z:
zr>
-Vac*
- tyntf-yfitw
*"<
^
k
-
I

*
U;
-
H
-l/4-t
Cross-Sectional Shape, measured and nominal

Beam-No.
Test-No.
[mm]
t,
2
t,
t<
h,
h,
ha
b,
b2
s
L
1 2 3
br
2 S I 2

r-|-yvi-h3 tl-rHb1,b2 l^-tn
b-j, b2,s b-j,b2^
4 , J-
G=
3 b2*"-
347
DS1
Test-Setup
jI
_B&z2BL
"
t*7z.-r-r
-Wr
Z:
zr>
-Vac*
- tyntf-yfitw
*"<
^
k
-
I

*
U;
-
H
-l/4-t
Cross-Sectional Shape, measured and nominal

Beam-No.
Test-No.
[mm]
t,
2
t,
t<
h,
h,
ha
b,
b2
s
L
1 2 3
br
2 S I 2

r-|-yvi-h3 tl-rHb1,b2 l^-tn
b-j, b2,s b-j,b2^
4 , J-
G=
3 b2*"-
347
DS2
Material Data
No. of Stress-Strain-Test
Test-No.
1. Location across the section
2. Geometry of coupon
3. Strain rate of the test
4. Test temperature
5. Documentation of the measured and the true stress strain curve (whole curve)
6. Values for the lower yield stress and tensile strength both for flange and web
as well as values for fracture strain A5 and strangle

|
co
o.
<n
tn
o
m.
*
two
700
soo
soo
(00
300
200
100
/
--
SI
f Ion
\
E (SO
sch
r
HEB
st
220
460
Zugproben: 88 40
BS2S
Flansch
Steg
o 1
0 10 20 30 (0
Strain [%]
too
C)
C oo
tn ta
tn i.
2 O)

S -
Upper Flange Web
-.,4 tNWl
TOO
Lower Flange
" S3
(S
o.
S
D
tn
tn
Ci
i.
*
o
3
uuu
700
600
SOO
(00
300
200
/
/
1
Sii
Flore
(60
rt
1
HEB 220
St E 460
Zugproben: B8 40 Flansch
8S2S Steg
Location of Coupons
@~
I
lUpper Fflange /- Web
20 30 (0
tn
<
2

g }
a
S i:
Jit
sv
f/.l
S
Lower Flange
70
LU.
?
True Strain [%]
348
DS2
Material Data
No. of Stress-Strain-Test
Test-No.
1. Location across the section
2. Geometry of coupon
3. Strain rate of the test
4. Test temperature
5. Documentation of the measured and the true stress strain curve (whole curve)
6. Values for the lower yield stress and tensile strength both for flange and web
as well as values for fracture strain A5 and strangle

|
co
o.
<n
tn
o
m.
*
two
700
soo
soo
(00
300
200
100
/
--
SI
f Ion
\
E (SO
sch
r
HEB
st
220
460
Zugproben: 88 40
BS2S
Flansch
Steg
o 1
0 10 20 30 (0
Strain [%]
too
C)
C oo
tn ta
tn i.
2 O)

S -
Upper Flange Web
-.,4 tNWl
TOO
Lower Flange
" S3
(S
o.
S
D
tn
tn
Ci
i.
*
o
3
uuu
700
600
SOO
(00
300
200
/
/
1
Sii
Flore
(60
rt
1
HEB 220
St E 460
Zugproben: B8 40 Flansch
8S2S Steg
Location of Coupons
@~
I
lUpper Fflange /- Web
20 30 (0
tn
<
2

g }
a
S i:
Jit
sv
f/.l
S
Lower Flange
70
LU.
?
True Strain [%]
348
Datasheets on 3-Point-Bending Tests DS3
Records of Moment-Rotation
E
<
"
O
Q
c
f
o
i.
s
m
a
c
2
Beam-No.
Test-No.
No. of -e curve
c
||
0 - o =
>" 2
- - CD mm
WMMfO)
11 II II It II
ce
.
< _ .
to' **>
8! ~

m

to -
II
o
CN
CS
m
ui
- >
co *= - 3 >
CD *^ 5 0) *- s- --
!.? **
X12C "1 ^1 t. c-;. _ <
c-
2
!
si
** *
**
.2
lm* *"
73 (
II II
Sili
D
y
/
?
,.
**
t^V -
8 S
349
Datasheets on 3-Point-Bending Tests DS3
Records of Moment-Rotation
E
<
"
O
Q
c
f
o
i.
s
m
a
c
2
Beam-No.
Test-No.
No. of -e curve
c
||
0 - o =
>" 2
- - CD mm
WMMfO)
11 II II It II
ce
.
< _ .
to' **>
8! ~

m

to -
II
o
CN
CS
m
ui
- >
co *= - 3 >
CD *^ 5 0) *- s- --
!.? **
X12C "1 ^1 t. c-;. _ <
c-
2
!
si
** *
**
.2
lm* *"
73 (
II II
Sili
D
y
/
?
,.
**
t^V -
8 S
349
DS4
Q.
O
&.
Q.
75
mm
v.
-
CO
C
CS
"c
M
#-
U
-
o
,
S
cc
(S
*->
E
3 E
co
CM
.5
sz
cn
L. co
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
co
5
co
CM
0)
'
o
cc
*
cc
>
CO
-
3
c
"c
*
S
c
4-1
V.
CC
t-
t
*
f
z"
*E
Z
z
5 1?
a
CM
CM
CD
CM
CO
CM
CM
CM
CM
O
CM
CD
co
N-
co
ta
350
DS4
Q.
O
&.
Q.
75
mm
v.
-
CO
C
CS
"c
M
#-
U
-
o
,
S
cc
(S
*->
E
3 E
co
CM
.5
sz
cn
L. co
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
co
5
co
CM
0)
'
o
cc
*
cc
>
CO
-
3
c
"c
*
S
c
4-1
V.
CC
t-
t
*
f
z"
*E
Z
z
5 1?
a
CM
CM
CD
CM
CO
CM
CM
CM
CM
O
CM
CD
co
N-
co
ta
350
Datasheets on 3-Point-Bending Tests DS 5
Observations
(Failure modes, buckling shape, etc)
351
Datasheets on 3-Point-Bending Tests DS 5
Observations
(Failure modes, buckling shape, etc)
351
Annex (2): Finite Element Simulations of Bending Tests
(1) Finite Element Simulations may be a tool to produce artificial results on the rotation
behaviour of beams in bending without and with axial forces. Using nonlinear
constitutive laws and nonlinear calculationprocedures the whole moment-rotation curve
including the elastic, the stable plastic and the nonstable plastic part beyond ultimate
moment should be produced.
(2) The Finite Element results should be compared and calibrated with test results.
(3) Having calibrated and improved the finite element model, parameter studies can be
carried out such that combinations of parameters which have not been tested in
experiments so far now arteficially can be derived. Thus the population of results can
be enlarged and all the phenomenae can be investigated more clearly. A further
advantage is that the resulting data files provides stresses, strains, forces and
deformations of each point ofthe specimen.
(4) As there are different kinds of finite element computer programs in the following
recommendations, not to regard as rules, are established for the modelling of the Finite
Element mesh and for the calculation procedure.
(5) Basis for a computer-simulation is the whole measured data of geometry and material.
If aprogram calculates stresses onthe actual deformed section, then the true stress strain
curve has to be introduced.
(6) Not only for that nonlinear elements should be used. These elements should perform
large deformations and also large strains with nonlinear geometry consideration and
nonlinear material consideration.
(7) The elements might be shell elements withthree degrees offreedomfor translations and
three degree of freedom for rotations per node or volume elements with three degrees
of freedom for translations per node. The shape function may be linear or quadratic,
however in case of linear deformation the mesh has be refined very well and very
condensed. By the way this also controls the number of nodes per element The number
of integration points (gaussian points) should be sufficient such that accurate
extrapolationto the boundaries of the element can be provided. In case of shell elements
sufficient procedures to calculate the normal and shear stress distribution across the
thickness should be provided.
352
Annex (2): Finite Element Simulations of Bending Tests
(1) Finite Element Simulations may be a tool to produce artificial results on the rotation
behaviour of beams in bending without and with axial forces. Using nonlinear
constitutive laws and nonlinear calculationprocedures the whole moment-rotation curve
including the elastic, the stable plastic and the nonstable plastic part beyond ultimate
moment should be produced.
(2) The Finite Element results should be compared and calibrated with test results.
(3) Having calibrated and improved the finite element model, parameter studies can be
carried out such that combinations of parameters which have not been tested in
experiments so far now arteficially can be derived. Thus the population of results can
be enlarged and all the phenomenae can be investigated more clearly. A further
advantage is that the resulting data files provides stresses, strains, forces and
deformations of each point ofthe specimen.
(4) As there are different kinds of finite element computer programs in the following
recommendations, not to regard as rules, are established for the modelling of the Finite
Element mesh and for the calculation procedure.
(5) Basis for a computer-simulation is the whole measured data of geometry and material.
If aprogram calculates stresses onthe actual deformed section, then the true stress strain
curve has to be introduced.
(6) Not only for that nonlinear elements should be used. These elements should perform
large deformations and also large strains with nonlinear geometry consideration and
nonlinear material consideration.
(7) The elements might be shell elements withthree degrees offreedomfor translations and
three degree of freedom for rotations per node or volume elements with three degrees
of freedom for translations per node. The shape function may be linear or quadratic,
however in case of linear deformation the mesh has be refined very well and very
condensed. By the way this also controls the number of nodes per element The number
of integration points (gaussian points) should be sufficient such that accurate
extrapolationto the boundaries of the element can be provided. In case of shell elements
sufficient procedures to calculate the normal and shear stress distribution across the
thickness should be provided.
352
(8) The mesh should be modelled such that in areas of high strain and stress gradient
(buckling process-zones) a proper and high refinement is provided with length to width
ratio of about 1.0 to 2.0.
(9) In order to simulate buckling the imperfections have to be considered either as
geometrical "out of straightnesses" or producing them by little imperfection loads,
perpendicular to the flange. The local equivalent imperfections might have 1/500 -
1/2000 (as indicative values) of the flange thickness. Also the global out of straightness
imperfections (in y-direction) should be considererd with e.g. t/1000 (as indicative
value). However all the imperfections should be calibrated to known tests, thus the
magnitude of the initial imperfections can differ fromthe above given values. In cases
where small rotations are expected, the residual stresses might be respected.
(10) The buckling shape in the process zone might be symmetric or antimetrie.
(11) The calculation procedure i.g. is deformation controlled such that calculating the
dropping part of the curve is possible.
(12) Steering parameter of the solver, the error terms, amount of steps and increments etc.
should also be precisely considered.
(13) In the following figures an example of finite element modelling of a beam in bending
with axial forces.
353
(8) The mesh should be modelled such that in areas of high strain and stress gradient
(buckling process-zones) a proper and high refinement is provided with length to width
ratio of about 1.0 to 2.0.
(9) In order to simulate buckling the imperfections have to be considered either as
geometrical "out of straightnesses" or producing them by little imperfection loads,
perpendicular to the flange. The local equivalent imperfections might have 1/500 -
1/2000 (as indicative values) of the flange thickness. Also the global out of straightness
imperfections (in y-direction) should be considererd with e.g. t/1000 (as indicative
value). However all the imperfections should be calibrated to known tests, thus the
magnitude of the initial imperfections can differ fromthe above given values. In cases
where small rotations are expected, the residual stresses might be respected.
(10) The buckling shape in the process zone might be symmetric or antimetrie.
(11) The calculation procedure i.g. is deformation controlled such that calculating the
dropping part of the curve is possible.
(12) Steering parameter of the solver, the error terms, amount of steps and increments etc.
should also be precisely considered.
(13) In the following figures an example of finite element modelling of a beam in bending
with axial forces.
353
[%]
Fig. (2) - 1: True and conventional stress-strain curve
aw = ( 1 + e )
ew = In ( 1 + )
RWTH Aachen
354
[%]
Fig. (2) - 1: True and conventional stress-strain curve
aw = ( 1 + e )
ew = In ( 1 + )
RWTH Aachen
354
S8R
Fig. A(2) - 2: 8-node shell element, FE-model, deformed buckling zone
RWTH Aachen
355
S8R
Fig. A(2) - 2: 8-node shell element, FE-model, deformed buckling zone
RWTH Aachen
355
Fig. (2) - 3: Imperfection-loads, antimetrie (example)

RWTH Aachen
356
Fig. (2) - 3: Imperfection-loads, antimetrie (example)

RWTH Aachen
356
o
in
cv
o
o
cu
lm O
tn
4J
C
CU
o o
\s
^
.00 .05
LEGENDE
X P23501S FEM
versuch Test
t
s
t)/t
h/w
Laenge
Hatera]
10.10 nun
6.00 nun
19.80
31.67
3.00 m
: P23501
Fliesspannung :
Flansch > 480.00 N/mm2
Steg - 502.00 N/mm2
.10 .15
Rotation rad
.20
RWTH Aachen
Lehrstuhl fuer Stahlbau
Comparison: Experimental Test - FEM Simulation
HEA 200, N/Na = 0,15, S 460
o
o
CM
i o
' C
(U
o
o <=
/
LEGENDE
X P23502S FEM
versuch Test
t
s
b/t
h/w
Laenge
Material
15.40 nm
7.70 ewn
11.69
23.38
3.00 m
: P23502
Fliesspannung :
Flansch
Steg
480.00 N/nwi2
565.00 N/mm2
.00 .05 .10 .15
Rotation rad
.20
Comparison: Experimentai Test - FEM Simulation
HEB 180, N/N,, = 0,15, S 460
R W T.H Aachen
Fig. A(2) - 4: Comparison of M-phi-curves: FEM - Test Example for bending with axial load
RWTH Aachen
357
o
in
cv
o
o
cu
lm O
tn
4J
C
CU
o o
\s
^
.00 .05
LEGENDE
X P23501S FEM
versuch Test
t
s
t)/t
h/w
Laenge
Hatera]
10.10 nun
6.00 nun
19.80
31.67
3.00 m
: P23501
Fliesspannung :
Flansch > 480.00 N/mm2
Steg - 502.00 N/mm2
.10 .15
Rotation rad
.20
RWTH Aachen
Comparison: Experimental Test - FEM Simulation
HEA 200, N/Na = 0,15, S 460
o
o
CM
i o
' C
(U
o
o <=
/
LEGENDE
X P23502S FEM
versuch Test
t
s
b/t
h/w
Laenge
Material
15.40 nm
7.70 ewn
11.69
23.38
3.00 m
: P23502
Fliesspannung :
Flansch
Steg
480.00 N/nwi2
565.00 N/mm2
.00 .05 .10 .15
Rotation rad
.20
Comparison: Experimentai Test - FEM Simulation
HEB 180, N/N,, = 0,15, S 460
R W T.H Aachen
Fig. A(2) - 4: Comparison of M-phi-curves: FEM - Test Example for bending with axial load
RWTH Aachen
357
12,0
9,0
t
R 6,0
3,0
0,0
2,0 3,0
HE 220 B
l A
^:,&^:
-ol=.,50;St37
1=,50,$}
-b135Q;SU7
WI
=,,50;St37
U^STEISQ
Bl=3t50;St37
U30,STE10
Fig. A(2)-5: FEM-investigation on rotation capacities dependent on load position of the
equivalent single beam span
358
12,0
9,0
t
R 6,0
3,0
0,0
2,0 3,0
HE 220 B
l A
^:,&^:
-ol=.,50;St37
1=,50,$}
-b135Q;SU7
WI
=,,50;St37
U^STEISQ
Bl=3t50;St37
U30,STE10
Fig. A(2)-5: FEM-investigation on rotation capacities dependent on load position of the
equivalent single beam span
358
Statistical evaluation on bending tests
Abstract
This report presents safety considerations which allow for determining partial safety factors for
resistance functions in structural engineering. They are based on Annex of Eurocode 3 [1].
This Annex of Eurocode 3 represents a standardized evaluation procedure for test results in
comparison with strength functions. It simultanously gives criteria for the reliability of the
resistance function in (and out of) the range of the experimental parameter-field.
This report gives an example for this procedure on the problem of the rotation capacity of I- or
H- shaped sections using a prediction formula for the rotation capacity
However this report recognizes the problem whether rotation capacity is an alone-standing
Ultimate Limit State or not, i.e. the safety considerations on rotation capacity then should be
regarded with respect to the safety considerations on resistance.
The Procedure
An Ultimate Limit State Design procedure should in general based upon a statistical distribution
of both the action effects S and the resistancy effects R. This statistical distribution is
represented by the distribution-function, the mean value m and the standard deviation . The
safe condition is
R4-Sd>0
see fig. 1. In Eurocode 3 a safety index is defined to guarantee that there is sufficient distance
between the loading effect S and the resistance effect R:
mR - m
= s > 3,8
fi[ + 0s
In this definition of the resistances and the action effects are combined in a nonlinear way.
In a safe sided approach the resistance can be seperated from the action side:
(mR + QfcftrR) - (ra. + ^ ) > 0
with ccR = -0,8
and as = 0,7.
Due to this separation the resistancies can be investigated independently if experimental results
are available. The resistance functionian be calibrated with experimental results . By comparing
the resistance function with the the experimental results the mean value correction^ and the
error term Ss can statistically determined, see fig. 2.
359
Statistical evaluation on bending tests
Abstract
This report presents safety considerations which allow for determining partial safety factors for
resistance functions in structural engineering. They are based on Annex of Eurocode 3 [1].
This Annex of Eurocode 3 represents a standardized evaluation procedure for test results in
comparison with strength functions. It simultanously gives criteria for the reliability of the
resistance function in (and out of) the range of the experimental parameter-field.
This report gives an example for this procedure on the problem of the rotation capacity of I- or
H- shaped sections using a prediction formula for the rotation capacity
However this report recognizes the problem whether rotation capacity is an alone-standing
Ultimate Limit State or not, i.e. the safety considerations on rotation capacity then should be
regarded with respect to the safety considerations on resistance.
The Procedure
An Ultimate Limit State Design procedure should in general based upon a statistical distribution
of both the action effects S and the resistancy effects R. This statistical distribution is
represented by the distribution-function, the mean value m and the standard deviation . The
safe condition is
R4-Sd>0
see fig. 1. In Eurocode 3 a safety index is defined to guarantee that there is sufficient distance
between the loading effect S and the resistance effect R:
mR - m
= s > 3,8
fi[ + 0s
In this definition of the resistances and the action effects are combined in a nonlinear way.
In a safe sided approach the resistance can be seperated from the action side:
(mR + QfcftrR) - (ra. + ^ ) > 0
with ccR = -0,8
and as = 0,7.
Due to this separation the resistancies can be investigated independently if experimental results
are available. The resistance functionian be calibrated with experimental results . By comparing
the resistance function with the the experimental results the mean value correction^ and the
error term Ss can statistically determined, see fig. 2.
359
With this distribution the resistance design can be formulated:
Rd = bmRe(*-c^
with aR = -0,8 3,8 = -3,04
The characteristic value RK can be considered as the 5%-fractile of the log-normal distribution:
RK = bmRe<"164^"0^
The variation coefficient cR considers the errorterm S4 and the individual coefficients of
variation of the different geometries and strength parameters which have not yet been
considered in the test population:
'R-/E
tflCLi + SS
The values for the individual coefficients of variation are of = 0,07 for stress and strength, , =
0,05 for thicknesses t and ob =0,005 for width and depth. If then Rk and RD are known, the
pariai safety factor applies:
Normally the nominal value of the yield stress f}. is used for the design. However that is not the
50% - tractile but it is the 5% or less - fractile of the distribution of the material property. This
fact is considered by a correction-factor Ak:
Ak= -5
be<-1*** " *%>
The final partial safety factor reads:
= kYM
360
With this distribution the resistance design can be formulated:
Rd = bmRe(*-c^
with aR = -0,8 3,8 = -3,04
The characteristic value RK can be considered as the 5%-fractile of the log-normal distribution:
RK = bmRe<"164^"0^
The variation coefficient cR considers the errorterm S4 and the individual coefficients of
variation of the different geometries and strength parameters which have not yet been
considered in the test population:
'R-/E
tflCLi + SS
The values for the individual coefficients of variation are of = 0,07 for stress and strength, , =
0,05 for thicknesses t and ob =0,005 for width and depth. If then Rk and RD are known, the
pariai safety factor applies:
Normally the nominal value of the yield stress f}. is used for the design. However that is not the
50% - tractile but it is the 5% or less - fractile of the distribution of the material property. This
fact is considered by a correction-factor Ak:
Ak= -5
be<-1*** " *%>
The final partial safety factor reads:
= kYM
360
S* S, Rrf R* S.R
Hgure 1 Statistical distribution of the action effect
and the resistance
- '-
i yA k / mean value
correction
S
ij- standard deviation
o error term
Design values (0,8-G)
rx
Hg. 2 Population of test results
361
S* S, Rrf R* S.R
Hgure 1 Statistical distribution of the action effect
and the resistance
- '-
i yA k / mean value
correction
S
ij- standard deviation
o error term
Design values (0,8-G)
rx
Hg. 2 Population of test results
361
Three Point Bending Tests (Strong Axis)
362
Three Point Bending Tests (Strong Axis)
362
Remarks on the three point bending test evaluation (strong axis)
(i)
(2)
(3)
Test data obtained from [7][8][9][10][11][14][18][22][23][24].
Some tests (No. 1,2,3) have been excluded. However they provided sufficient great
rotation capacity but away from the test population (may be due to high shear
effects).
Some tests (some of Aachen and Munich series) have been corrected such as they
now are evaluated on real M^ - level of the --curve. That means for cases where
Mp], calculated from the yield stress is obviously lower and thus not in accordance
with that resistance which the moment rotation curve shows, as for example:
ifi (real)
That effect can be due to dynamic effects of the testingjack speed.
(4) The Mp[ - value has been determined with
Mpl = btfy>F(h-t) + (h-t)2/4wfyiW
the error to the EC3-value is very small. Both the welded and the rolled specimen
were calculated with that formula.
(5) Test beams with lateral torsional buckling (LTB) during the plastic rotation do
sometimes produce lowrotation capacity results. These tests have been deleted from
the test population, and they are not in the chart anymore.
363
Remarks on the three point bending test evaluation (strong axis)
(i)
(2)
(3)
Test data obtained from [7][8][9][10][11][14][18][22][23][24].
Some tests (No. 1,2,3) have been excluded. However they provided sufficient great
rotation capacity but away from the test population (may be due to high shear
effects).
Some tests (some of Aachen and Munich series) have been corrected such as they
now are evaluated on real M^ - level of the --curve. That means for cases where
Mp], calculated from the yield stress is obviously lower and thus not in accordance
with that resistance which the moment rotation curve shows, as for example:
ifi (real)
That effect can be due to dynamic effects of the testingjack speed.
(4) The Mp[ - value has been determined with
Mpl = btfy>F(h-t) + (h-t)2/4wfyiW
the error to the EC3-value is very small. Both the welded and the rolled specimen
were calculated with that formula.
(5) Test beams with lateral torsional buckling (LTB) during the plastic rotation do
sometimes produce lowrotation capacity results. These tests have been deleted from
the test population, and they are not in the chart anymore.
363
Distribution for "horizontal" evaluation (see chapter 5):
33.33-
99.90-
99.B0-
99.70 -
99.50 -j
99.00 -j
98.00 -j
97.00 '
!
00.00 |
3-.00 , .
!
90.00 -J !

1
80.00-
70.00 -
30.00-
20.00-
16.00 -
4.00 -
3.00 -
2.00 -
1.00 -
0.50 -
0.30 -
0.20 -
0.10 -
0.05 -
1
I
1
1
1
1
II
f
s
/
/
'
/
i
y
I
/
/
/
/
t
(_/
/'
0.6 0,7 03 0,9 1JD tl 12 13 ^4 15 1j6 17 1,8 2,0
fai
364
Distribution for "horizontal" evaluation (see chapter 5):
33.33-
99.90-
99.B0-
99.70 -
99.50 -j
99.00 -j
98.00 -j
97.00 '
!
00.00 |
3-.00 , .
!
90.00 -J !

1
80.00-
70.00 -
30.00-
20.00-
16.00 -
4.00 -
3.00 -
2.00 -
1.00 -
0.50 -
0.30 -
0.20 -
0.10 -
0.05 -
1
I
1
1
1
1
II
f
s
/
/
'
/
i
y
I
/
/
/
/
t
(_/
/'
0.6 0,7 03 0,9 1JD tl 12 13 ^4 15 1j6 17 1,8 2,0
fai
364
Distribution for "vertical" evaluation (see chapter 5)
99.9S
99.90
99.80
99.70
99.60
99.50
99.00
98.00
97.00
96.00
9S.00
90.00
84.00
80.00
70.00
60.00 -t
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
16.00
10.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.05
1
t
. 1
1
!
1 :
i I
1
1
I
i
j
I
1
:
|
I
1
1
I
1
1
1
I
!
1
1
i
1
I j
1/ i /
EZ
,
/
/
/
f
/
/
/
/
j
I
---
/
-4-
/
-~
1
.
0.7 0,8 0 10 V 12 13
365
Distribution for "vertical" evaluation (see chapter 5)
99.9S
99.90
99.80
99.70
99.60
99.50
99.00
98.00
97.00
96.00
9S.00
90.00
84.00
80.00
70.00
60.00 -t
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
16.00
10.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.05
1
t
. 1
1
!
1 :
i I
1
1
I
i
j
I
1
:
|
I
1
1
I
1
1
1
I
!
1
1
i
1
I j
1/ i /
EZ
,
/
/
/
f
/
/
/
/
j
I
---
/
-4-
/
-~
1
.
0.7 0,8 0 10 V 12 13
365
No
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
a
s
to
12
13
14
15
If
17
IS
1$
20
21
22
23
24
25
2S
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
3a
39
40
41
42
43
44
4S
46
47
48
49
SO
SI
S2
S3
54
55
SB
57
53
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
75
77
78
79
SO
81
82
83
84
as
86
87
88
89
SO
Project
facta P169
facta P169
facta Pir
facta PI 69
Anchen P169
tonta PIM
facta PI 69
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
facta! 13
facta 113
facta SM13
facta SM
facta 113
facta 113
facta SMU
facta 1U
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
. facta 1)3
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
fach./ege118
fcctv./lige11
fach/liege SU18
fachjtitge 118
fachjljege 116
fadi/ljegeSma
fach/Ueqe1U
liege CRH 204
liege CSI2W
liegt CR204
liege CBI204
liege CMI204
liege CBI2M
liege CRU204
liege 091 204
liege CSU 204
liege CRU 204
Uge Oui 204
urge Obi 204
liege OSI 204
liege CRII 204
liege CRU 204
lige CSU 204
liege CRU 204
lige Ci 204
liege CRU204
liege CSU 204
liege CRU204
UgeCKU204
lege CSU 204
liege CRU 204
liege CSU 204
liege CRU 204
liege CSU 204
liege CSU 204
liege OBI 204
wichen Petersen
lunchen Petersen
lunchen rel etsen
lunchen Petersen
lunchen Petasen
lunchen Petenen
Bochum Km/fatmoMi
Bochum KM/Kuhfcnonn
Bochum Roit/Kuhlmonn
Bochum RoiyKuhfcnonn
Bcchum nM/Kuhknoftn
Bcchum RA/Kunknonn
oochufn
Bochum Kov/Kuninonn
oochufn ncik/iCunhTsnn
Bcchum RrA/KiMmcm
Bcchum Roft/Xuhlmonn
Bcchum Ro^Kunnonn
Bochum Koc/Kuhfenonn
Bochum RrA/KuMmm
Bochum RoVfaNrrm
Bochurn HotyruMtncra
Bochum RotyKuNrran
Bochum /Kiraiuii
Designation
<J1Sa3m
416b3m
d19*4m
d01(4m
402b4at
09*3m
d10b3rn
EA22312
EA2233
EA2234
EA22412
EA2243
EA2244
EB2833
EB2834
EB28412
EB2S43
EB2844
28312
EA2833
EA2834
EA28412
EA2843
2844
EB2843F3
EA2234b
EA2244b
ETB3S33
ETB3S43
ETO3563
ETB3SS3
ETB3543
EIB2883
ETB2863
EIB2S43
ETB2S33
04<%M
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
NMS
7
18
9
20
21
22
23
24
2S
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
HE 300
340
400
HE 300
HE 340
400
1
2
4
S
6
7
S
9
10
11
12
13
1
IS
16
17
IS
19
I
1200
1200
1200
3500
3S00
3500
3500
1200
3000
000
1200
3000
4000
3000
4000
1200
3000
4000
1200
3000
4000
1200
3000
4000
3000
4000
4000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2800
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3800
3800
3800
3800
3800
3800
3800
2000
5000
5000
5000
sooo
5000
5000
3404
3704
2540
2636
2716
1796
2196
2598
2802
3002
3400
3000
3200
3S08
2304
2204
2100
2000
t>
220.50
220.60
219.20
218.80
218.60
219.00
218.40
220.S0
220.00
221.00
22S.S0
225.50
222.00
279.30
279.00
281.30
283.30
284.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.50
281.00
281.00
283.00
225.50
225.50
300.50
30030
300.50
300.00
300.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
202.00
201.50
200.40
200.20
200.50
201.50
199.90
200.40
200.60
200.40
200.30
199.80
200.10
199.90
200.20
200.30
200.30
200.30
200.00
200.30
200.40
200.20
200.40
200.20
201.20
201.10
200.80
200.20
199.90
200.30
300.00
300.00
300.00
299.00
299.00
301.00
141.00
150.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
170.00
182.00
190.00
141.00
150.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
161.00
160.00
bnom
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280X0
220.00
220.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
200.00
200X0
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
140.00
150.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
170.00
180.00
190.00
140.00
150.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
t
1S.50
15.70
16.00
16.30
16.20
16JO
16.10
10.50
10.50
11.00
11.00
11.00
10.70
17.80
17.70
17.40
17.40
17.40
12.70
12.60
12.80
12.60
12.60
12.70
17.30
10.30
11.10
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
14.00
15.10
14.60
14.70
14.60
15.10
14.90
14.70
14.60
14.50
14.70
14.50
15.30
14.80
14.80
14.60
14.60
14.80
14.80
14.50
14.80
14.70
14.80
14.80
15.00
15.10
14.50
15.10
14.30
14.50
13.30
15.80
18.30
13.70
15.60
19.40
8.00
3.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
3.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
10.20
10.00
10.40
10.20
10.00
10.00
10.00
tnorn
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
10.50
10.50
10.50
10.50
10.50
10.50
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
18.00
1030
10.50
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
18.00
18.00
'18.00
18.00
14.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
13.50
16.00
18JO
13.50
16.00
18.50
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
h
220.00
219.50
220.40
219.10
217.30
218.70
217.40
208.30
209.00
211.00
215.50
210.30
214.00
276.80
282.00
283.00
281.20
284.50
255.20
266.00
269.00
276.10
275.60
275.00
281.50
206.00
208.30
350.00
350.00
350.00
350.00
350.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
200.00
199.70
200.40
198.00
197.60
199.70
204.30
198.40
200.50
19S.20
198.50
203.10
19S.80
204.50
198.60
197.50
197.50
198.90
204.50
197.60
198.60
197.80
198.20
198.20
138.80
199.10
197.90
203.60
201.80
197.40
292.00
330.00
390.00
290.00
328.00
389.00
294.00
294.00
277.00
274.00
275.00
296.00
296.00
295.00
295.00
294.00
294.00
260.00
259.00
258.00
169.00
220.00
289.00
298.00
hnewn
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
210.00
210.00
210.00
210.00
210.00
210.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
270.00
270.00
270.00
270.00
270.00
270.00
280.00
210.00
210.00
350.00
350.00
3S0.O0
350.00
350.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
290.00
330.00
390.00
290.00
330.00
390.00
295.00
295.00
275.00
275.00
275.00
295.00
295.00
295.00
295.00
295.00
295.00
260.00
260.00
260.00
270.00
220.00
290.00
300.00
w
9.80
10.00
9.40
9.80
9.40
9.60
9.40
7.50
7.50
7.40
7.50
7.50
7.50
10.90
10.80
11.50
11.40
1130
7.80
8.00
7.50
8.80
9.00
9JO
11.35
7.25
7.65
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10X0
10.00
10.00
9.00
9.50
9.60
9.S0
8.80
9.45
9.40
9.S0
9.50
9.00
9.10
9.60
10.00
9.40
9.20
8.80
8.80
9.15
9.40
8.90
9.20
9.10
9.05
9.00
9.30
9.20
9.00
9.40
9.10
8.70
9.40
10.30
11.90
9.20
10.40
12.10
5.00
5.00
6.00
s.oo
4.00
5.00
S.OO
S.OO
5.00
530
s.so
s.so
s.so
S30
s.so
5.0
5.50
6.00
wneffl
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
7.50
7.50
7.S0
7.50
730
7.S0
10.50
10.50
10.50
10.50
10.50
8.50
8.50
8.50
8.50
8.50
8.S0
10.50
730
730
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
10.00
1130
9.00
10.00
11.50
5.00
5.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
S.SO
530
5.50
5.50
S.SO
S.50
530
S.SO
6.00
hrt
14.23
14.05
13.70
13.42
13.49
1144
13.57
21.00
20.95
20X9
2030
2030
20.7S
15.69
15.76
16.17
16.28
16.32
22X5
2222
21.88
2226
22.30
22.13
16.36
21.89
2032
20.03
20.03
20.03
20.00
20.00
15.56
1536
1S36
15.56
14.43
13.34
13.73
13.62
13.73
13.34
13.42
13.63
13.74
13.82
13.63
13.78
13.08
13.51
1333
13.72
13.72
1353
1331
13.81
13.S4
13.62
13.S4
1353
13.41
13.32
13.85
13.26
13.98
13.81
22.56
18.99
16.39
21.82
19.17
1S32
17.63
18.75
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
21.25
22.75
23.75
13.82
15.00
1S.38
1S.69
16.00
16.10
16.00
h/w
19.29
18.81
20.04
19.03
19.67
19.39
19.70
24.97
25.07
2534
25.80
25.11
25.6S
22.13
22.83
2138
21.61
21.71
29.46
30.10
32.45
2831
27.82
26.84
21 .7S.
2537
2433
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
24.40
24.40
24.40
24.40
19.11
17.84
17.83
17.75
19.14
17.94
1856
17.79
18.03
18.80
18.58
18.14
16.52
18.61
18.37
19.13
19.13
18.50
18.61
18.94
18.37
18.51
18.63
18.73
18.1S
18.36
18.77
18.4S
19.03
19.36
28.23
2837
29.70
2834
2834
28.94
55.60
55.60
4330
51.60
64.7S
56.00
56.00
55.80
55.80
50.55
50.55
43.56
43.45
43.13
27.02
3636
48.91
46.33
Lfb
2.72
2.72
2.74
8.00
8.01
739
8.01
2.72
6.82
9.05
2.66
6.65
9.01
S.37
7.17
2.13
5.29
7.04
2.14
5.36
7.14
2.14
534
7.12
530
8.87
8.87
4.99
439
4.99
5.00
5.00
5.36
SJ6
S.36
5.36
7.43
7.44
7.49
7.49
4.99
4.96
S.0O
4.99
4.99
639
7.49
7.51
730
730
7.49
7.49
7.49
7.49
730
7.49
7.49
7.49
9.48
9.49
9.44
9.45
9.46
9.49
950
4.99
8.33
8.33
833
8.36
836
831
12.07
12.35
734
8.24
8.49
5.61
6.86
8.12
8.24
8-2S
35
10.64
10.67
1036
7-20
6.89
632
6.25
366
No
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
a
s
to
12
13
14
15
If
17
IS
1$
20
21
22
23
24
25
2S
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
3a
39
40
41
42
43
44
4S
46
47
48
49
SO
SI
S2
S3
54
55
SB
57
53
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
75
77
78
79
SO
81
82
83
84
as
86
87
88
89
SO
Project
facta P169
facta P169
facta Pir
facta PI 69
Anchen P169
tonta PIM
facta PI 69
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
facta! 13
facta 113
facta SM13
facta SM
facta 113
facta 113
facta SMU
facta 1U
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
. facta 1)3
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
facta 113
fach./ege118
fcctv./lige11
fach/liege SU18
fachjtitge 118
fachjljege 116
fadi/ljegeSma
fach/Ueqe1U
liege CRH 204
liege CSI2W
liegt CR204
liege CBI204
liege CMI204
liege CBI2M
liege CRU204
liege 091 204
liege CSU 204
liege CRU 204
Uge Oui 204
urge Obi 204
liege OSI 204
liege CRII 204
liege CRU 204
lige CSU 204
liege CRU 204
lige Ci 204
liege CRU204
liege CSU 204
liege CRU204
UgeCKU204
lege CSU 204
liege CRU 204
liege CSU 204
liege CRU 204
liege CSU 204
liege CSU 204
liege OBI 204
wichen Petersen
lunchen Petersen
lunchen rel etsen
lunchen Petersen
lunchen Petasen
lunchen Petenen
Bochum Km/fatmoMi
Bochum KM/Kuhfcnonn
Bochum Roit/Kuhlmonn
Bochum RoiyKuhfcnonn
Bcchum nM/Kuhknoftn
Bcchum RA/Kunknonn
oochufn
Bochum Kov/Kuninonn
oochufn ncik/iCunhTsnn
Bcchum RrA/KiMmcm
Bcchum Roft/Xuhlmonn
Bcchum Ro^Kunnonn
Bochum Koc/Kuhfenonn
Bochum RrA/KuMmm
Bochum RoVfaNrrm
Bochurn HotyruMtncra
Bochum RotyKuNrran
Bochum /Kiraiuii
Designation
<J1Sa3m
416b3m
d19*4m
d01(4m
402b4at
09*3m
d10b3rn
EA22312
EA2233
EA2234
EA22412
EA2243
EA2244
EB2833
EB2834
EB28412
EB2S43
EB2844
28312
EA2833
EA2834
EA28412
EA2843
2844
EB2843F3
EA2234b
EA2244b
ETB3S33
ETB3S43
ETO3563
ETB3SS3
ETB3543
EIB2883
ETB2863
EIB2S43
ETB2S33
04<%M
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
NMS
7
18
9
20
21
22
23
24
2S
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
HE 300
340
400
HE 300
HE 340
400
1
2
4
S
6
7
S
9
10
11
12
13
1
IS
16
17
IS
19
I
1200
1200
1200
3500
3S00
3500
3500
1200
3000
000
1200
3000
4000
3000
4000
1200
3000
4000
1200
3000
4000
1200
3000
4000
3000
4000
4000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2800
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3800
3800
3800
3800
3800
3800
3800
2000
5000
5000
5000
sooo
5000
5000
3404
3704
2540
2636
2716
1796
2196
2598
2802
3002
3400
3000
3200
3S08
2304
2204
2100
2000
t>
220.50
220.60
219.20
218.80
218.60
219.00
218.40
220.S0
220.00
221.00
22S.S0
225.50
222.00
279.30
279.00
281.30
283.30
284.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.50
281.00
281.00
283.00
225.50
225.50
300.50
30030
300.50
300.00
300.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
202.00
201.50
200.40
200.20
200.50
201.50
199.90
200.40
200.60
200.40
200.30
199.80
200.10
199.90
200.20
200.30
200.30
200.30
200.00
200.30
200.40
200.20
200.40
200.20
201.20
201.10
200.80
200.20
199.90
200.30
300.00
300.00
300.00
299.00
299.00
301.00
141.00
150.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
170.00
182.00
190.00
141.00
150.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
161.00
160.00
bnom
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280X0
220.00
220.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
200.00
200X0
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
140.00
150.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
170.00
180.00
190.00
140.00
150.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
160.00
t
1S.50
15.70
16.00
16.30
16.20
16JO
16.10
10.50
10.50
11.00
11.00
11.00
10.70
17.80
17.70
17.40
17.40
17.40
12.70
12.60
12.80
12.60
12.60
12.70
17.30
10.30
11.10
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
14.00
15.10
14.60
14.70
14.60
15.10
14.90
14.70
14.60
14.50
14.70
14.50
15.30
14.80
14.80
14.60
14.60
14.80
14.80
14.50
14.80
14.70
14.80
14.80
15.00
15.10
14.50
15.10
14.30
14.50
13.30
15.80
18.30
13.70
15.60
19.40
8.00
3.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
3.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
10.20
10.00
10.40
10.20
10.00
10.00
10.00
tnorn
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
10.50
10.50
10.50
10.50
10.50
10.50
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
18.00
1030
10.50
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
18.00
18.00
'18.00
18.00
14.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
13.50
16.00
18JO
13.50
16.00
18.50
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
h
220.00
219.50
220.40
219.10
217.30
218.70
217.40
208.30
209.00
211.00
215.50
210.30
214.00
276.80
282.00
283.00
281.20
284.50
255.20
266.00
269.00
276.10
275.60
275.00
281.50
206.00
208.30
350.00
350.00
350.00
350.00
350.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
200.00
199.70
200.40
198.00
197.60
199.70
204.30
198.40
200.50
19S.20
198.50
203.10
19S.80
204.50
198.60
197.50
197.50
198.90
204.50
197.60
198.60
197.80
198.20
198.20
138.80
199.10
197.90
203.60
201.80
197.40
292.00
330.00
390.00
290.00
328.00
389.00
294.00
294.00
277.00
274.00
275.00
296.00
296.00
295.00
295.00
294.00
294.00
260.00
259.00
258.00
169.00
220.00
289.00
298.00
hnewn
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
220.00
210.00
210.00
210.00
210.00
210.00
210.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
270.00
270.00
270.00
270.00
270.00
270.00
280.00
210.00
210.00
350.00
350.00
3S0.O0
350.00
350.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
280.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
290.00
330.00
390.00
290.00
330.00
390.00
295.00
295.00
275.00
275.00
275.00
295.00
295.00
295.00
295.00
295.00
295.00
260.00
260.00
260.00
270.00
220.00
290.00
300.00
w
9.80
10.00
9.40
9.80
9.40
9.60
9.40
7.50
7.50
7.40
7.50
7.50
7.50
10.90
10.80
11.50
11.40
1130
7.80
8.00
7.50
8.80
9.00
9JO
11.35
7.25
7.65
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10X0
10.00
10.00
9.00
9.50
9.60
9.S0
8.80
9.45
9.40
9.S0
9.50
9.00
9.10
9.60
10.00
9.40
9.20
8.80
8.80
9.15
9.40
8.90
9.20
9.10
9.05
9.00
9.30
9.20
9.00
9.40
9.10
8.70
9.40
10.30
11.90
9.20
10.40
12.10
5.00
5.00
6.00
s.oo
4.00
5.00
S.OO
S.OO
5.00
530
s.so
s.so
s.so
S30
s.so
5.0
5.50
6.00
wneffl
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
7.50
7.50
7.S0
7.50
730
7.S0
10.50
10.50
10.50
10.50
10.50
8.50
8.50
8.50
8.50
8.50
8.S0
10.50
730
730
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
10.00
1130
9.00
10.00
11.50
5.00
5.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
S.SO
530
5.50
5.50
S.SO
S.50
530
S.SO
6.00
hrt
14.23
14.05
13.70
13.42
13.49
1144
13.57
21.00
20.95
20X9
2030
2030
20.7S
15.69
15.76
16.17
16.28
16.32
22X5
2222
21.88
2226
22.30
22.13
16.36
21.89
2032
20.03
20.03
20.03
20.00
20.00
15.56
1536
1S36
15.56
14.43
13.34
13.73
13.62
13.73
13.34
13.42
13.63
13.74
13.82
13.63
13.78
13.08
13.51
1333
13.72
13.72
1353
1331
13.81
13.S4
13.62
13.S4
1353
13.41
13.32
13.85
13.26
13.98
13.81
22.56
18.99
16.39
21.82
19.17
1S32
17.63
18.75
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
21.25
22.75
23.75
13.82
15.00
1S.38
1S.69
16.00
16.10
16.00
h/w
19.29
18.81
20.04
19.03
19.67
19.39
19.70
24.97
25.07
2534
25.80
25.11
25.6S
22.13
22.83
2138
21.61
21.71
29.46
30.10
32.45
2831
27.82
26.84
21 .7S.
2537
2433
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
32.00
24.40
24.40
24.40
24.40
19.11
17.84
17.83
17.75
19.14
17.94
1856
17.79
18.03
18.80
18.58
18.14
16.52
18.61
18.37
19.13
19.13
18.50
18.61
18.94
18.37
18.51
18.63
18.73
18.1S
18.36
18.77
18.4S
19.03
19.36
28.23
2837
29.70
2834
2834
28.94
55.60
55.60
4330
51.60
64.7S
56.00
56.00
55.80
55.80
50.55
50.55
43.56
43.45
43.13
27.02
3636
48.91
46.33
Lfb
2.72
2.72
2.74
8.00
8.01
739
8.01
2.72
6.82
9.05
2.66
6.65
9.01
S.37
7.17
2.13
5.29
7.04
2.14
5.36
7.14
2.14
534
7.12
530
8.87
8.87
4.99
439
4.99
5.00
5.00
5.36
SJ6
S.36
5.36
7.43
7.44
7.49
7.49
4.99
4.96
S.0O
4.99
4.99
639
7.49
7.51
730
730
7.49
7.49
7.49
7.49
730
7.49
7.49
7.49
9.48
9.49
9.44
9.45
9.46
9.49
950
4.99
8.33
8.33
833
8.36
836
831
12.07
12.35
734
8.24
8.49
5.61
6.86
8.12
8.24
8-2S
35
10.64
10.67
1036
7-20
6.89
632
6.25
366
No
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
~2S
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
SO
51
52
S3
54
SS
56
57
58
59
SO
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
A
88.40
89.65
89.36
SUO
89.73
90.82
89.25
61.14
61.09
63.42
64.95
6436
62.76
127.66
127.31
128.44
128.66
12935
90.04
90.83
90.90
93.87
94.48
95.77
12730
60.64
65.1S
123.65
123.65
123.65
122.00
122.00
125JO
125.20
12S30
125JO
73.30
74.39
76.35
76.27
74.6S
78.30
77.37
76.37
76.24
74.6S
75.61
76.05
79.28
77.00
76.17
74.58
7438
76.13
77.03
74.38
76.23
7532
75.92
75.77
77.45
77.66
74.74
78.18
74.23
74.00
106.00
127.16
154.03
107.35
12S.78
16131
36.46
3730
41.26
38.50
35.96
39.60
39.60
3935
41.15
44.41
45.69
4134
43.15
46.33
40.81
43.00
47.00
48.68
I
7858.68
7912.18
801034
8030.95
7813.32
799030
7778.36
5017.12
5044.04
5360.24
5726.27
5426.10
S438.56
18279.18
18935.54
190*4.41
18920.91
19478.38
1139234
12421.00
12823.23
13620.73
13618.72
13684.76
18855.78
4904.63
5360.93
2844236
28442.56
2844236
27998.17
27998.17
18536.07
18536.07
18536.07
18536.07
5383.73
5693.82
5573.76
5442.14
5361.44
5691.19
588534
5471.91
5579.73
5378.02
5454.94
5699.32
S489.28
5868.83
5491.66
5350.45
S350.45
S51036
S871.49
5333.96
S496.67
S409.30
5464.07
5456.51
5590.30
S629.S1
536932
5906.89
5534.45
5311.64
17203.40
26079.16
43048.45
17265.88
25422X5
4501131
5509.70
S8043S
5521.45
524S31
514239
6224.45
6224.45
6177.88
6507.44
6941.03
7202.84
5120.12
5278.29
571S.32
221037
3897.33
7161.03
7712.43
fy.n
27430
27430
525.20
486.20
486.20
27850
278.50
28230
28230
282.50
420.50
42030
42030
24830
24830
489.00
489.00
489.00
27630
276.50
27630
604.00
504.00
504.00
489.00
275.00
43030
248.00
486.00
817.00
S60.50
490.00
98130
864.50
468.00
277.50
25730
445.00
261.00
375.00
303.00
445.00
409.00
375.00
261.00
303.00
375.00
261.00
375.00
409.00
375.00
303.00
303.00
375.00
409.00
303.00
375.00
375.00
375.00
375.00
445.00
445.00
303.00
409.00
261.00
303.00
245.00
217.00
255.00
336X0
418.00
375.00
236.00
236.00
287.00
287.00
287.00
287.00
287.00
287.00
236.00
236.00
236.00
333.00
333.00
333.00
333X0
333.00
333.00
333.00
fy.flanom
235.00
235.00
455.00
455.00
4SS.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
415.00
415.00
415.00
235.00
235.00
455.00
455.00
455.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
455.00
455.00
455.00
455.00
235.00
4SS.00
235.00
455X0
685.00
88S.00
455.00
885.00
685.00
455.00
235.00
235.00
455.00
235.00
355.00
295.00
455.00
415.00
355.00
235.00
295.00
355.00
235.00
355.00
415.00
355.00
295.00
295.00
355.00
415.00
29S.00
355.00
355.00
355.00
355.00
455.00
455.00
295.00
415.00
235.00
295.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
355.00
355.00
355.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
23S.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
fr.wcb
34830
348.50
541.30
S31.70
531.70
286.10
286.10
308.00
308.00
308.00
43730
43730
43730
25230
252.50
539.00
539.00
539.00
31130
31130
31130
S35.00
535.00
53S.O0
539.00
302.00
44830
323.00
990.00
813.00
969.00
S3630
984.00
813.50
535.60
323.00
268.00
462X0
291.00
421X0
342.00
462.00
426.00
421.00
291.00
342.00
421.00
291.00
421.00
426.00
421.00
342.00
342X0
421.00
426.00
342.00
421.00
421.00
421.00
421.00
462.00
462.00
342.00
426.00
291.00
342.00
245.00
217.00
255.00
336.00
418.00
375.00
217.00
217.00
260.00
252.00
260.00
252.00
252X0
252.00
217.00
217.00
217.00
709.00
709.00
709.00
709.00
709.00
709.00
349.00
fy.w*bnom
235.00
235.00
455.00
455.00
455.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
415.00
415.00
41 S.OO
235.00
235.00
455.00
455.00
455.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
455.00
455.00
455.00
455.00
235X0
455.00
236.00
885.00
685.00
885.00
455.00
885.00
685.00
455.00
235.00
235.00
455.00
235.00
355.00
295.00
455.00
415.00
355.00
235.00
295.00
355.00
235.00
355.00
415.00
355.00
29S.O0
295.00
355.00
415.00
' 295.00
355.00
355.00
3SS.00
355.00
455.00
455.00
295.00
415.00
235.00
295.00
23S.O0
235.00
235.00
355.00
355.00
355.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
23S.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
685.00
235.00
fu/fy.fla
1.45
1.45
1.30
139
139
130
130
1.50
150
1.50
1.25
135
135
1.55
1.55
1.40
1.40
1.40
131
1.51
1.51
1.35
135
135
1.40
131
133
1.49
130
1.05
1.06
139
1.06
1.04
131
133
158
139
137
1.40
139
139
1.16
1.40
1.57
1.39
1.40
157
1.40
1.16
1.40
1.39
139
1.40
1.16
139
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
139
139
139
1.16
137
139
1.47
158
1.54
1.50
135
1.42
1.55
1.55
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.55
155
1.55
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
Mpl
22736
229.94
429.65
40533
396.78
22935
22437
151.97
15239
160.14
247.61
240.46
236.97
366.13
37136
745.02
742.79
75539
274.15
287.19
292.23
551.09
552.58
55736
73938
14536
245.85
465.10
1011.62
1461.78
1719.82
88930
1464.92
1281.16
70930
421.86
156.31
28734
166.00
235.89
18731
287.14
266.64
236.68
165.99
187.71
23S30
167.45
24132
26537
236.93
18733
18733
237.30
265.68
186.64
237.14
234.18
236.02
235.64
283.13
284.61
187.68
268.64
163.17
185.84
317.16
378.34
625.17
439.28
715.16
964.30
98.32
103.18
127.04
120.01
116.62
13133
13133
131.38
114.46
122.68
127.00
180.47
184.82
196.96
110.88
154.88
225.47
196.87
Mpl.Q
199.84
202.60
327.69
402.12
394.37
228.40
223.49
132.83
151.06
156.65
203.77
239.72
231.95
364.53
371.43
460.70
742.42
751.15
172.57
287.09
291.31
351.00
SS2.S7
551.56
738.94
142.44
24137
465.10
98736
1448.69
170634
886.14
1448.45
1260.12
70730
420.60
1SS.51
286.11
1643S
233.67
186.70
285.10
264.94
236.22
16S.65
186.88
233.61
165.69
239.09
26433
235.18
186.08
186.08
235.61
264.35
185.33
235.40
232.50
23139
231.00
278.78
280.54
183.67
264.25
1S9.43
185.01
312.72
374.80
61933
434.41
707.41
957.90
9S.S2
100X1
126.18
119.93
11633
127.70
131.36
1313S
11437
12137
12S.S7
160.55
163.93
175.65
105.65
14731
217.87
196.12
Mpl.Q/Mpl
0.88
0.88
0.76
0.99
0.99
1.00
1.00
0.87
0.99
038
0.82
1.00
0.98
1.00
1.00
0.62
1.00
0.99
0.63
1.00
1.00
0.64
1.00
039
1.00
038
0.98
1.00
0.98
0.99
039
1.00
0.99
038
1.00
1.00
0.99
1.00
039
0.99
1.00
039
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
039
039
039
0.99
039
038
038
038
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.97
0.97
0.99
1.00
1.00
0.97
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.89
0.89
0-89
0.95
0.9S
0.97
1.00
CW
403.2
410.1
600.5
610.1
S80.3
321.0
312.6
263.8
264.7
263.2
387.4
377.6
385.1
411.6
416.1
9505
9353
955.9
340.2
364.6
345.6
716.2
731.1
7S33
933.2
247.4
390.6
624.7
1914.8
1572.4
18743
1037.7
14883
12305
8103
488.6
259.0
467.8
299.7
423.3
318.0
465.3
437.9
424.2
296.7
326.5
4063
304.2
438.7
438.6
411.0
317.8
317.8
409.4
438.6
321.8
411.0
405.0
403.4
401.2
4SS.9
4513
325.9
435.8
286.7
314.2
370.6
40S.S
651.2
493.1
784.1
9683
179.2
1793
242.3
193.5
160.3
2093
209.5
208.8
179.8
197.1
197.1
562.4
560.6
SS7.4
357.5
472.8
628.1
348.2
O/Qpl
0.94
0.93
1.19
0.38
039
0.41
0.41
0.96
038
0.30
1.07
0.42
0.31
059
0.45
1.31
0.53
0.40
1.34
033
0.42
138
0.50
037
053
0.30
031
0.50
035
0.62
0.61
037
0.66
0.69
058
0.58
0.40
0.41
0.37
0.37
0.59
0.62
0.61
0.56
0.56
0.41
0.39
0.37
037
0.40
038
0.39
0.39
039
0.40
039
038
0.39
031
031
0.33
0.33
0.30
032
0.30
0.59
0.34
0.37
0.38
0.36
0.36
0.40
0.32
0.31
0.41
0.47
034
0.70
057
0.48
0.45
0.41
0.38
0.21
031
030
0.27
0.30
0.34
0.57
367
No
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
~2S
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
SO
51
52
S3
54
SS
56
57
58
59
SO
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
A
88.40
89.65
89.36
SUO
89.73
90.82
89.25
61.14
61.09
63.42
64.95
6436
62.76
127.66
127.31
128.44
128.66
12935
90.04
90.83
90.90
93.87
94.48
95.77
12730
60.64
65.1S
123.65
123.65
123.65
122.00
122.00
125JO
125.20
12S30
125JO
73.30
74.39
76.35
76.27
74.6S
78.30
77.37
76.37
76.24
74.6S
75.61
76.05
79.28
77.00
76.17
74.58
7438
76.13
77.03
74.38
76.23
7532
75.92
75.77
77.45
77.66
74.74
78.18
74.23
74.00
106.00
127.16
154.03
107.35
12S.78
16131
36.46
3730
41.26
38.50
35.96
39.60
39.60
3935
41.15
44.41
45.69
4134
43.15
46.33
40.81
43.00
47.00
48.68
I
7858.68
7912.18
801034
8030.95
7813.32
799030
7778.36
5017.12
5044.04
5360.24
5726.27
5426.10
S438.56
18279.18
18935.54
190*4.41
18920.91
19478.38
1139234
12421.00
12823.23
13620.73
13618.72
13684.76
18855.78
4904.63
5360.93
2844236
28442.56
2844236
27998.17
27998.17
18536.07
18536.07
18536.07
18536.07
5383.73
5693.82
5573.76
5442.14
5361.44
5691.19
588534
5471.91
5579.73
5378.02
5454.94
5699.32
S489.28
5868.83
5491.66
5350.45
S350.45
S51036
S871.49
5333.96
S496.67
S409.30
5464.07
5456.51
5590.30
S629.S1
536932
5906.89
5534.45
5311.64
17203.40
26079.16
43048.45
17265.88
25422X5
4501131
5509.70
S8043S
5521.45
524S31
514239
6224.45
6224.45
6177.88
6507.44
6941.03
7202.84
5120.12
5278.29
571S.32
221037
3897.33
7161.03
7712.43
fy.n
27430
27430
525.20
486.20
486.20
27850
278.50
28230
28230
282.50
420.50
42030
42030
24830
24830
489.00
489.00
489.00
27630
276.50
27630
604.00
504.00
504.00
489.00
275.00
43030
248.00
486.00
817.00
S60.50
490.00
98130
864.50
468.00
277.50
25730
445.00
261.00
375.00
303.00
445.00
409.00
375.00
261.00
303.00
375.00
261.00
375.00
409.00
375.00
303.00
303.00
375.00
409.00
303.00
375.00
375.00
375.00
375.00
445.00
445.00
303.00
409.00
261.00
303.00
245.00
217.00
255.00
336X0
418.00
375.00
236.00
236.00
287.00
287.00
287.00
287.00
287.00
287.00
236.00
236.00
236.00
333.00
333.00
333.00
333X0
333.00
333.00
333.00
fy.flanom
235.00
235.00
455.00
455.00
4SS.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
415.00
415.00
415.00
235.00
235.00
455.00
455.00
455.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
455.00
455.00
455.00
455.00
235.00
4SS.00
235.00
455X0
685.00
88S.00
455.00
885.00
685.00
455.00
235.00
235.00
455.00
235.00
355.00
295.00
455.00
415.00
355.00
235.00
295.00
355.00
235.00
355.00
415.00
355.00
295.00
295.00
355.00
415.00
29S.00
355.00
355.00
355.00
355.00
455.00
455.00
295.00
415.00
235.00
295.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
355.00
355.00
355.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
23S.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
fr.wcb
34830
348.50
541.30
S31.70
531.70
286.10
286.10
308.00
308.00
308.00
43730
43730
43730
25230
252.50
539.00
539.00
539.00
31130
31130
31130
S35.00
535.00
53S.O0
539.00
302.00
44830
323.00
990.00
813.00
969.00
S3630
984.00
813.50
535.60
323.00
268.00
462X0
291.00
421X0
342.00
462.00
426.00
421.00
291.00
342.00
421.00
291.00
421.00
426.00
421.00
342.00
342X0
421.00
426.00
342.00
421.00
421.00
421.00
421.00
462.00
462.00
342.00
426.00
291.00
342.00
245.00
217.00
255.00
336.00
418.00
375.00
217.00
217.00
260.00
252.00
260.00
252.00
252X0
252.00
217.00
217.00
217.00
709.00
709.00
709.00
709.00
709.00
709.00
349.00
fy.w*bnom
235.00
235.00
455.00
455.00
455.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
415.00
415.00
41 S.OO
235.00
235.00
455.00
455.00
455.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
455.00
455.00
455.00
455.00
235X0
455.00
236.00
885.00
685.00
885.00
455.00
885.00
685.00
455.00
235.00
235.00
455.00
235.00
355.00
295.00
455.00
415.00
355.00
235.00
295.00
355.00
235.00
355.00
415.00
355.00
29S.O0
295.00
355.00
415.00
' 295.00
355.00
355.00
3SS.00
355.00
455.00
455.00
295.00
415.00
235.00
295.00
23S.O0
235.00
235.00
355.00
355.00
355.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
23S.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
685.00
235.00
fu/fy.fla
1.45
1.45
1.30
139
139
130
130
1.50
150
1.50
1.25
135
135
1.55
1.55
1.40
1.40
1.40
131
1.51
1.51
1.35
135
135
1.40
131
133
1.49
130
1.05
1.06
139
1.06
1.04
131
133
158
139
137
1.40
139
139
1.16
1.40
1.57
1.39
1.40
157
1.40
1.16
1.40
1.39
139
1.40
1.16
139
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
139
139
139
1.16
137
139
1.47
158
1.54
1.50
135
1.42
1.55
1.55
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.55
155
1.55
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
Mpl
22736
229.94
429.65
40533
396.78
22935
22437
151.97
15239
160.14
247.61
240.46
236.97
366.13
37136
745.02
742.79
75539
274.15
287.19
292.23
551.09
552.58
55736
73938
14536
245.85
465.10
1011.62
1461.78
1719.82
88930
1464.92
1281.16
70930
421.86
156.31
28734
166.00
235.89
18731
287.14
266.64
236.68
165.99
187.71
23S30
167.45
24132
26537
236.93
18733
18733
237.30
265.68
186.64
237.14
234.18
236.02
235.64
283.13
284.61
187.68
268.64
163.17
185.84
317.16
378.34
625.17
439.28
715.16
964.30
98.32
103.18
127.04
120.01
116.62
13133
13133
131.38
114.46
122.68
127.00
180.47
184.82
196.96
110.88
154.88
225.47
196.87
Mpl.Q
199.84
202.60
327.69
402.12
394.37
228.40
223.49
132.83
151.06
156.65
203.77
239.72
231.95
364.53
371.43
460.70
742.42
751.15
172.57
287.09
291.31
351.00
SS2.S7
551.56
738.94
142.44
24137
465.10
98736
1448.69
170634
886.14
1448.45
1260.12
70730
420.60
1SS.51
286.11
1643S
233.67
186.70
285.10
264.94
236.22
16S.65
186.88
233.61
165.69
239.09
26433
235.18
186.08
186.08
235.61
264.35
185.33
235.40
232.50
23139
231.00
278.78
280.54
183.67
264.25
1S9.43
185.01
312.72
374.80
61933
434.41
707.41
957.90
9S.S2
100X1
126.18
119.93
11633
127.70
131.36
1313S
11437
12137
12S.S7
160.55
163.93
175.65
105.65
14731
217.87
196.12
Mpl.Q/Mpl
0.88
0.88
0.76
0.99
0.99
1.00
1.00
0.87
0.99
038
0.82
1.00
0.98
1.00
1.00
0.62
1.00
0.99
0.63
1.00
1.00
0.64
1.00
039
1.00
038
0.98
1.00
0.98
0.99
039
1.00
0.99
038
1.00
1.00
0.99
1.00
039
0.99
1.00
039
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
039
039
039
0.99
039
038
038
038
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.97
0.97
0.99
1.00
1.00
0.97
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.89
0.89
0-89
0.95
0.9S
0.97
1.00
CW
403.2
410.1
600.5
610.1
S80.3
321.0
312.6
263.8
264.7
263.2
387.4
377.6
385.1
411.6
416.1
9505
9353
955.9
340.2
364.6
345.6
716.2
731.1
7S33
933.2
247.4
390.6
624.7
1914.8
1572.4
18743
1037.7
14883
12305
8103
488.6
259.0
467.8
299.7
423.3
318.0
465.3
437.9
424.2
296.7
326.5
4063
304.2
438.7
438.6
411.0
317.8
317.8
409.4
438.6
321.8
411.0
405.0
403.4
401.2
4SS.9
4513
325.9
435.8
286.7
314.2
370.6
40S.S
651.2
493.1
784.1
9683
179.2
1793
242.3
193.5
160.3
2093
209.5
208.8
179.8
197.1
197.1
562.4
560.6
SS7.4
357.5
472.8
628.1
348.2
O/Qpl
0.94
0.93
1.19
0.38
039
0.41
0.41
0.96
038
0.30
1.07
0.42
0.31
059
0.45
1.31
0.53
0.40
1.34
033
0.42
138
0.50
037
053
0.30
031
0.50
035
0.62
0.61
037
0.66
0.69
058
0.58
0.40
0.41
0.37
0.37
0.59
0.62
0.61
0.56
0.56
0.41
0.39
0.37
037
0.40
038
0.39
0.39
039
0.40
039
038
0.39
031
031
0.33
0.33
0.30
032
0.30
0.59
0.34
0.37
0.38
0.36
0.36
0.40
0.32
0.31
0.41
0.47
034
0.70
057
0.48
0.45
0.41
0.38
0.21
031
030
0.27
0.30
0.34
0.57
367
ut**
0.0083
0.0083
0.01S3
0.0420
0.0423
0.0239
0.0240
pujo
0.0073
0.0073
0.0117
0.0417
0.0421
0.0238
0.0239
4.2
4.0
153
14.8
6.4
7.7
1S3
15.5
pN.av.th
0.1762
0.1676
03651
0.3553
phi. av. *x
0.2667
03253
03692
03711
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
13
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0.0087
0.0216
0.0285
0.0124
0.0317
0.0415
0.0143
0.0187
0.0112
0.0280
0.0370
0.0069
0.0165
0.0217
0.0116
0.0290
0.0388
0.0280
0.0283
0.0437
0.0117
0.0254
0.0367
0.0076
0.0214
0X278
0X102
0.0316
0X406
0.0142
0.0187
0X069
0.0280
0.0367
0.0043
0.0165
0.0216
0.0074
0.0290
0.0384
0.0280
0X277
0.0429
0.0117
0.0248
0X364
30.0
10.5
8.0
12.5
43
3.1
23.4
17.0
203
S.O
3.8
43.1
103
7.7
11.4
3.0
2.4
43
8.1
3.1
16.7
3.4
0.9
30.3
10.5
9.3
12.3
23
23
31.5
20.5
14.5
8.6
7.9
43.5
1S.0
8.9
10.3
5.7
4.0
10.1
93
2.9
14.1
23
0.9
0.2266
03253
03219
0.1273
0.1325
0.1273
0.3333
03174
0.1337
0.1394
0.1382
0.1866
0.1800
0.1664
O.OS36
0.0861
0.0903
0.1379
03251
0.1344
0.1947
0.0833
0.0344
03290
03246
03588
0.1251
0.0694
0.0894
0.4487
03829
0.1000
03410
03901
883
03476
0.1926
0.0758
0.1652
0.1 S3S
03838
03628
0.1243
0.1647
0.0570
0.0326
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
0.0439
0.0227
0.0565
0.0494
0.0274
0.0163
0.0207
0.043S
0.0226
0.0SS8
0.0486
0.0273
0.0162
0.0206
0.6
3.4
0.7
1.0
4.7
16.0
19.9
0.6
3.3
1.5
13
5.0
20.0
193
0.0263
0.0769
0.0398
0.0487
0.1289
0.2598
0.4104
0.0261
0.0746
0.0837
0.0728
0.1363
0.3242
0.3961
3
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
SO
51
52
S3
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
6S
66
0.0360
0.0213
0.0310
0.0167
0.0240
0.0216
0.0206
0.0142
0.0233
0.0308
0.0210
0.0314
0.0323
0.0308
0.0250
0.0250
0.0308
0.0323
0.0250
0.0308
0.0309
0.0391
0.0391
0.04S8
0.0457
0.0316
0.0411
0.0267
0.0167
0.0359
0.0211
0.0307
0.0166
0.0239
0.0214
0.0206
0.0141
0.0232
0.0306
0X208
0.0311
0.0322
O.0306
0.0248
0.0248
0.0305
0.0322
0.0248
0.0306
0.0307
0.0383
0.0383
0.0451
0.0451
0.0309
0.0405
0.0261
0.0166
6.2
213
9.4
20.4
93
103
13.9
32.0
1S.0
8.7
21.6
105
73
8.9
13.6
13.6
8.8
7.3
13.8
8.9
8.7
6.9
6.9
4.8
4.7
11.3
S3
15.8
20.0
9.8
23.4
lil
28.4
17.7
17.7
23.3
40.4
153
11.4
22.0
13.4
9.5
11.8
11.8
13.1
9.7
8.9
14.6
133
12.5
8.8
8.7
63
6.9
8.7
5.8
1S.6
285
0.2216
0.4609
0.2876
0.3381
0.2197
0.2345
03864
0.4513
0.3479
0.2663
0.4478
0.3265
0.2335
0.2716
0.3385
0.3385
0.2684
0.233S
0.3436
03715
03681
0.2654
0.2630
0.2153
0.211S
0.3489
0.2372
0.4113
03317
0.3524
0.4918
03715
0.4713
0.4229
0.3790
0.4785
0.5707
0.3522
03487
0.4562
0.4163
03061
0.3615
0.2922
0.3250
0.2971
03862
03634
0.4032
03853
0.3360
0.3342
0.2818
0.3107
0.2685
0.2359
0.4058
0.4732
67
4
69
70
77
72
0.0219
0.0173
0.0173
0.0303
0.0335
0.0255
0.0216
0.0171
0.0171
0.0300
0X331
0.0253
10.1
14.7
12.1
4.9
3.4
S3
8.0
13.9
12.4
3.6
4.9
6.1
0.2186
03517
03073
0.1475
0.1120
0.1337
0.1731
0.2378
0.2124
0.1078
0.1623
0.1S45
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
8S
86
87
90
0.0145
0.01S7
0.0139
0.0144
0.0147
0.0091
0.0111
0.0132
0.0117
0.0126
0.0143
0.0252
0.0267
0.0288
0.0275
0.0209
0.0157
0.0122
0.0141
0.01S2
0.0138
0.0143
0.0147
0.0088
0.0110
0.0132
0.0117
0.0126
0.0141
0.0224
0.0237
0.0257
0.0262
0.0199
0.0152
0.0121
7.7
7.0
73
6.2
S3
9.4
73
63
8.7
7.7
5.1
4.8
4.5
73
63
6.5
73
8.0
7.0
12.7
8.7
4.6
13.7
113
7.8
8.9
7.6
S.l
3.8
3.6
10.5
95
6.6
12.1
0.1079
0.1066
0.1009
0.0896
0.0799
0.0825
0.0825
0.0828
0.1089
0.1080
0.1150
0.1130
0.1159
0.1974
0.1366
0.0989
0.0909
0.1124
0.1064
0.1755
0.1244
0.0674
0.1198
0.1269
0.1026
0.1118
0.1073
0.1142
0.0899
0.0924
0.2752
0.1891
0.1004
0.1463
368
ut**
0.0083
0.0083
0.01S3
0.0420
0.0423
0.0239
0.0240
pujo
0.0073
0.0073
0.0117
0.0417
0.0421
0.0238
0.0239
4.2
4.0
153
14.8
6.4
7.7
1S3
15.5
pN.av.th
0.1762
0.1676
03651
0.3553
phi. av. *x
0.2667
03253
03692
03711
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
13
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0.0087
0.0216
0.0285
0.0124
0.0317
0.0415
0.0143
0.0187
0.0112
0.0280
0.0370
0.0069
0.0165
0.0217
0.0116
0.0290
0.0388
0.0280
0.0283
0.0437
0.0117
0.0254
0.0367
0.0076
0.0214
0X278
0X102
0.0316
0X406
0.0142
0.0187
0X069
0.0280
0.0367
0.0043
0.0165
0.0216
0.0074
0.0290
0.0384
0.0280
0X277
0.0429
0.0117
0.0248
0X364
30.0
10.5
8.0
12.5
43
3.1
23.4
17.0
203
S.O
3.8
43.1
103
7.7
11.4
3.0
2.4
43
8.1
3.1
16.7
3.4
0.9
30.3
10.5
9.3
12.3
23
23
31.5
20.5
14.5
8.6
7.9
43.5
1S.0
8.9
10.3
5.7
4.0
10.1
93
2.9
14.1
23
0.9
0.2266
03253
03219
0.1273
0.1325
0.1273
0.3333
03174
0.1337
0.1394
0.1382
0.1866
0.1800
0.1664
O.OS36
0.0861
0.0903
0.1379
03251
0.1344
0.1947
0.0833
0.0344
03290
03246
03588
0.1251
0.0694
0.0894
0.4487
03829
0.1000
03410
03901
883
03476
0.1926
0.0758
0.1652
0.1 S3S
03838
03628
0.1243
0.1647
0.0570
0.0326
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
0.0439
0.0227
0.0565
0.0494
0.0274
0.0163
0.0207
0.043S
0.0226
0.0SS8
0.0486
0.0273
0.0162
0.0206
0.6
3.4
0.7
1.0
4.7
16.0
19.9
0.6
3.3
1.5
13
5.0
20.0
193
0.0263
0.0769
0.0398
0.0487
0.1289
0.2598
0.4104
0.0261
0.0746
0.0837
0.0728
0.1363
0.3242
0.3961
3
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
SO
51
52
S3
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
6S
66
0.0360
0.0213
0.0310
0.0167
0.0240
0.0216
0.0206
0.0142
0.0233
0.0308
0.0210
0.0314
0.0323
0.0308
0.0250
0.0250
0.0308
0.0323
0.0250
0.0308
0.0309
0.0391
0.0391
0.04S8
0.0457
0.0316
0.0411
0.0267
0.0167
0.0359
0.0211
0.0307
0.0166
0.0239
0.0214
0.0206
0.0141
0.0232
0.0306
0X208
0.0311
0.0322
O.0306
0.0248
0.0248
0.0305
0.0322
0.0248
0.0306
0.0307
0.0383
0.0383
0.0451
0.0451
0.0309
0.0405
0.0261
0.0166
6.2
213
9.4
20.4
93
103
13.9
32.0
1S.0
8.7
21.6
105
73
8.9
13.6
13.6
8.8
7.3
13.8
8.9
8.7
6.9
6.9
4.8
4.7
11.3
S3
15.8
20.0
9.8
23.4
lil
28.4
17.7
17.7
23.3
40.4
153
11.4
22.0
13.4
9.5
11.8
11.8
13.1
9.7
8.9
14.6
133
12.5
8.8
8.7
63
6.9
8.7
5.8
1S.6
285
0.2216
0.4609
0.2876
0.3381
0.2197
0.2345
03864
0.4513
0.3479
0.2663
0.4478
0.3265
0.2335
0.2716
0.3385
0.3385
0.2684
0.233S
0.3436
03715
03681
0.2654
0.2630
0.2153
0.211S
0.3489
0.2372
0.4113
03317
0.3524
0.4918
03715
0.4713
0.4229
0.3790
0.4785
0.5707
0.3522
03487
0.4562
0.4163
03061
0.3615
0.2922
0.3250
0.2971
03862
03634
0.4032
03853
0.3360
0.3342
0.2818
0.3107
0.2685
0.2359
0.4058
0.4732
67
4
69
70
77
72
0.0219
0.0173
0.0173
0.0303
0.0335
0.0255
0.0216
0.0171
0.0171
0.0300
0X331
0.0253
10.1
14.7
12.1
4.9
3.4
S3
8.0
13.9
12.4
3.6
4.9
6.1
0.2186
03517
03073
0.1475
0.1120
0.1337
0.1731
0.2378
0.2124
0.1078
0.1623
0.1S45
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
8S
86
87
90
0.0145
0.01S7
0.0139
0.0144
0.0147
0.0091
0.0111
0.0132
0.0117
0.0126
0.0143
0.0252
0.0267
0.0288
0.0275
0.0209
0.0157
0.0122
0.0141
0.01S2
0.0138
0.0143
0.0147
0.0088
0.0110
0.0132
0.0117
0.0126
0.0141
0.0224
0.0237
0.0257
0.0262
0.0199
0.0152
0.0121
7.7
7.0
73
6.2
S3
9.4
73
63
8.7
7.7
5.1
4.8
4.5
73
63
6.5
73
8.0
7.0
12.7
8.7
4.6
13.7
113
7.8
8.9
7.6
S.l
3.8
3.6
10.5
95
6.6
12.1
0.1079
0.1066
0.1009
0.0896
0.0799
0.0825
0.0825
0.0828
0.1089
0.1080
0.1150
0.1130
0.1159
0.1974
0.1366
0.0989
0.0909
0.1124
0.1064
0.1755
0.1244
0.0674
0.1198
0.1269
0.1026
0.1118
0.1073
0.1142
0.0899
0.0924
0.2752
0.1891
0.1004
0.1463
368
No
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
}19
120
121
122
123
124
Project
Bochum Rot/Kuhhrom
Bochum RrA/KuNmom
Bcchum Rct/fcrtnom
Bochum KcVKuNrnoMi
Bochum Rci/Xuhtacon
U*ey/Aobms
Ubke//Wrm
Ulukrr/Mcms
U liirr/Woms
U luke//A<joms
Uliier/Adoms
UUfar/AiJcm=
UUte>/Ar!oms
UUitar/Adoms
UU*er/faorre
Ub*ef/Moms
Utuker/Momi
ClCU-Uetz
Cmi-lleb
CTCU-Uetl
CTDI-Uel2
CTOI-UeU
ClOi-Ue
CltU-Ueli
cncu-ueb
CTOI-UeU
CTDI-Ueb
CltU-Ue
CTOMIe
CTDMiek
facta 122
facta 122
facta 122
Aceta 122
Designation
20
21
22
23
24
Al
A2
SI
B2
83
84
SS
CI
C2
C3
CA
CS
155
158
160
161
162
16S
166
170
171
172
176
177
180
EVHA3A
EVHA4A
EVH83A
EVH84A
I
2402
2804
2406
2500
2700
3480
2946
1554
1036
1254
1396
1448
1372
960
1168
1296
1240
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
b
160.00
160.00
170.00
183.00
190.00
203.45
176.02
103.00
73.91
86.11
93.98
96.77
101.85
73.66
85.8S
93.47
8932
20135
200.45
200.55
200.10
201.65
200.40
200.60
199.80
20030
201.65
201.05
200.60
200.85
224.00
224.00
280.00
279.00
bftoin
160.00
160.00
170.00
180.00
190.00
203.45
176.02
103.00
73.91
86.11
93.98
96.77
101.85
73.66
85.85
93.47
89.92
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
220.00
220.00
280.00
280.00
t
10.00
10.00
10.00
1030
10.20
10.80
10.80
538
538
5.28
5.28
S.28
536
536
536
536
536
9.70
9.55
933
9.68
9.70
9.SS
9.60
9.55
958
938
9.68
9.75
9.70
12.00
12.00
1930
18.00
tnorn
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.80
10.80
538
538
538
538
538
536
536
5.26
536
5.26
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
12.00
12.00
19.50
18.00
h
299.00
299.00
299.00
299.00
299.00
250.44
250.44
200.0S
200.05
200.05
200.05
200.05
250.44
250.44
250.44
250.44
250.44
190.00
' 189.20
189.20
189.80
19030
18930
189.40
189.00
189.90
189.60
18930
189.30
189.90
212.00
213.00
284.00
280.00
hnem
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
250.44
250.44
200.05
200.0S
200.05
200.05
200.05
250.44
250.44
250.44
250.44
250.44
190.00
190.00
190.00
190X0
190.00
190.00
190.00
190.00
190.00
190.00
190.00
190.00
190.00
210.00
210.00
280.00
280.00
vr
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
7.6S
7.6S
4.45
4.45
4.45
4.45
4.45
4.60
4.60
4.60
4.60
4.60
7.30
7.20
730
7.60
7.40
7.00
730
7.10
7.10
7.10
7.30
730
730
8.00
8.00
10.50
10.00
wnom
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
7.65
7.65
4.45
4.45
4.45
4.45
4.45
4.60
4.60
4.60
4.60
4.60
6.50
6.50
630
6.50
6.50
6.50
630
6.50
6.50
6.50
630
6.S0
6.50
8.00
8.00
1030
10.00
bft
16.00
16.00
17.00
17.77
18.63
18.84
16.30
19.51
14.00
1631
17.80
1833
1936
14.00
16.32
17.77
17.09
20.78
2039
21.04
20.67
20.79
20.98
20.90
20.92
2038
21.06
20.78
2057
20.71
18.67
18.67
1436
15.50
h/w
4650
46.50
46.50
46.40
46.43
29.91
29.91
42.58
42.58
4238
42.58
4238
52.16
52.16
52.16
52.16
52.16
23.37
23.63
23.63
22.43
23.12
2430
23.64
2333
24.05
24.01
23.31
2338
23.36
23.50
23.63
23.33
24.40
1
7.51
8.76
7.08
6.83
7.11
8.55
8.37
734
7.01
7.28
7.43
7.48
6.74
6.52
6.80
633
6.90
4.96
439
439
5.00
436
4.99
4.99
S.01
4.98
436
437
4.99
4.98
369
No
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
}19
120
121
122
123
124
Project
Bochum Rot/Kuhhrom
Bochum RrA/KuNmom
Bcchum Rct/fcrtnom
Bochum KcVKuNrnoMi
Bochum Rci/Xuhtacon
U*ey/Aobms
Ubke//Wrm
Ulukrr/Mcms
U liirr/Woms
U luke//A<joms
Uliier/Adoms
UUfar/AiJcm=
UUte>/Ar!oms
UUitar/Adoms
UU*er/faorre
Ub*ef/Moms
Utuker/Momi
ClCU-Uetz
Cmi-lleb
CTCU-Uetl
CTDI-Uel2
CTOI-UeU
ClOi-Ue
CltU-Ueli
cncu-ueb
CTOI-UeU
CTDI-Ueb
CltU-Ue
CTOMIe
CTDMiek
facta 122
facta 122
facta 122
Aceta 122
Designation
20
21
22
23
24
Al
A2
SI
B2
83
84
SS
CI
C2
C3
CA
CS
155
158
160
161
162
16S
166
170
171
172
176
177
180
EVHA3A
EVHA4A
EVH83A
EVH84A
I
2402
2804
2406
2500
2700
3480
2946
1554
1036
1254
1396
1448
1372
960
1168
1296
1240
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
b
160.00
160.00
170.00
183.00
190.00
203.45
176.02
103.00
73.91
86.11
93.98
96.77
101.85
73.66
85.8S
93.47
8932
20135
200.45
200.55
200.10
201.65
200.40
200.60
199.80
20030
201.65
201.05
200.60
200.85
224.00
224.00
280.00
279.00
bftoin
160.00
160.00
170.00
180.00
190.00
203.45
176.02
103.00
73.91
86.11
93.98
96.77
101.85
73.66
85.85
93.47
89.92
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
220.00
220.00
280.00
280.00
t
10.00
10.00
10.00
1030
10.20
10.80
10.80
538
538
5.28
5.28
S.28
536
536
536
536
536
9.70
9.55
933
9.68
9.70
9.SS
9.60
9.55
958
938
9.68
9.75
9.70
12.00
12.00
1930
18.00
tnorn
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.80
10.80
538
538
538
538
538
536
536
5.26
536
5.26
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
12.00
12.00
19.50
18.00
h
299.00
299.00
299.00
299.00
299.00
250.44
250.44
200.0S
200.05
200.05
200.05
200.05
250.44
250.44
250.44
250.44
250.44
190.00
' 189.20
189.20
189.80
19030
18930
189.40
189.00
189.90
189.60
18930
189.30
189.90
212.00
213.00
284.00
280.00
hnem
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
250.44
250.44
200.05
200.0S
200.05
200.05
200.05
250.44
250.44
250.44
250.44
250.44
190.00
190.00
190.00
190X0
190.00
190.00
190.00
190.00
190.00
190.00
190.00
190.00
190.00
210.00
210.00
280.00
280.00
vr
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
7.6S
7.6S
4.45
4.45
4.45
4.45
4.45
4.60
4.60
4.60
4.60
4.60
7.30
7.20
730
7.60
7.40
7.00
730
7.10
7.10
7.10
7.30
730
730
8.00
8.00
10.50
10.00
wnom
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
7.65
7.65
4.45
4.45
4.45
4.45
4.45
4.60
4.60
4.60
4.60
4.60
6.50
6.50
630
6.50
6.50
6.50
630
6.50
6.50
6.50
630
6.S0
6.50
8.00
8.00
1030
10.00
bft
16.00
16.00
17.00
17.77
18.63
18.84
16.30
19.51
14.00
1631
17.80
1833
1936
14.00
16.32
17.77
17.09
20.78
2039
21.04
20.67
20.79
20.98
20.90
20.92
2038
21.06
20.78
2057
20.71
18.67
18.67
1436
15.50
h/w
4650
46.50
46.50
46.40
46.43
29.91
29.91
42.58
42.58
4238
42.58
4238
52.16
52.16
52.16
52.16
52.16
23.37
23.63
23.63
22.43
23.12
2430
23.64
2333
24.05
24.01
23.31
2338
23.36
23.50
23.63
23.33
24.40
1
7.51
8.76
7.08
6.83
7.11
8.55
8.37
734
7.01
7.28
7.43
7.48
6.74
6.52
6.80
633
6.90
4.96
439
439
5.00
436
4.99
4.99
S.01
4.98
436
437
4.99
4.98
369
Ate
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
too
101
102
103
104
IOS
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
A
48.74
48.74
50.74
54.40
55.48
62.28
5635
19.54
16.47
17.76
1839
18.89
21.99
19.03
20.31
21.11
20.74
5236
S132
51.16
52.43
52.50
S0.85
51.46
5030
5138
51.40
52.03
62.04
52.12
69.76
69.84
136.97
126.64
I
7770.23
777033
8188.00
8937.33
916637
7190.73
633933
1305.79
1014.38
1136.59
1215.43
124338
2175.45
1729.71
1922.46
2042.95
1986.75
35373S
343931
3435.76
351530
3564.48
3429.47
346432
3417.05
3477.40
347632
3501.81
3503.06
3522.19
591S.78
5977.72
20752.89
187623S
V-tla
333.00
333.00
333.00
333.00
333.00
284.94
28434
373.02
373.02
373.02
373.02
373.02
373.19
373.19
373.19
373.19
373.19
320.00
296.00
30330
317.00
310.00
30130
316.50
312.50
309.00
310.00
315.00
30330
297.00
296.00
481.00
269.00
601.00
fy.Hanoni
23S.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
31130
31130
311.90
311.90
311.90
311.90
31130
31130
31130
311.90
31130
311.90
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
455.00
235.00
455.00
fy.wab
349.00
349.00
349.00
349.00
349.00
309.24
309.24
396.46
396.46
396.46
396.46
396.46
351.99
351.99
35139
35139
351.99
337.00
312.00
345.00
338.00
374.00
346.00
327.00
349.00
340.00
342X0
373.00
355.00
338.00
294.00
528.00
291.00
S00.50
fy*WQO (MAI
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
311.90
311.90
311.90
311.90
31130
31130
31130
311.90
31130
311.90
31130
311.90
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
23S.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
23S.00
235.00
455.00
235.00
455.00
fa/fy3a
1.41
1.41
- 1.41
1.41
1.41
1.55
1.55
130
1.30
1.30
130
130
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
Mpl
197.70
197.70
207.33
224.84
230.04
184.00
163.77
S634
45.08
49.76
52.78
S3.85
7335
59.78
65.65
69.32
67.61
132.79
11932
12437
131.43
13235
123.20
128.62
126.95
126.81
127.43
13235
127.18
12430
182.65
302.54
44132
745.09
MpLO
197.56
196.08
207.32
224.80
230.02
179.75
160.28
55.02
44.83
49.10
51.84
52.81
7334
59.60
65.64
6931
67.SS
132.76
119.90
124.24
131.43
132.09
123.20
128.56
126.95
126.81
127.43
132.42
127.15
12438
MpLOrMpI
1.00
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.99
039
0.98
038
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Opt
349.4
349.4
349.4
349.0
349.2
327.3
327.3
198.4
198.4
198.4
198.4
198.4
229.2
2293
229.2
2293
229.2
256.1
233.0
257.7
267.1
288.9
2513
244.4
256.7
2513
252.4
2873
265.0
256.7
271.6
490.2
466.6
7S7.1
Q/0pl
0.47
0.40
0.49
052
0.49
0.32
034
0.36
0.44
0.40
038
0.37
0.47
0.S4
0.49
0.47
0.48
052
0.51
0.48
0.49
0.46
0.49
0.53
0.49
050
aso
0.46
0/48
0.48
370
Ate
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
too
101
102
103
104
IOS
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
A
48.74
48.74
50.74
54.40
55.48
62.28
5635
19.54
16.47
17.76
1839
18.89
21.99
19.03
20.31
21.11
20.74
5236
S132
51.16
52.43
52.50
S0.85
51.46
5030
5138
51.40
52.03
62.04
52.12
69.76
69.84
136.97
126.64
I
7770.23
777033
8188.00
8937.33
916637
7190.73
633933
1305.79
1014.38
1136.59
1215.43
124338
2175.45
1729.71
1922.46
2042.95
1986.75
35373S
343931
3435.76
351530
3564.48
3429.47
346432
3417.05
3477.40
347632
3501.81
3503.06
3522.19
591S.78
5977.72
20752.89
187623S
V-tla
333.00
333.00
333.00
333.00
333.00
284.94
28434
373.02
373.02
373.02
373.02
373.02
373.19
373.19
373.19
373.19
373.19
320.00
296.00
30330
317.00
310.00
30130
316.50
312.50
309.00
310.00
315.00
30330
297.00
296.00
481.00
269.00
601.00
fy.Hanoni
23S.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
31130
31130
311.90
311.90
311.90
311.90
31130
31130
31130
311.90
31130
311.90
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
455.00
235.00
455.00
fy.wab
349.00
349.00
349.00
349.00
349.00
309.24
309.24
396.46
396.46
396.46
396.46
396.46
351.99
351.99
35139
35139
351.99
337.00
312.00
345.00
338.00
374.00
346.00
327.00
349.00
340.00
342X0
373.00
355.00
338.00
294.00
528.00
291.00
S00.50
fy*WQO (MAI
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
311.90
311.90
311.90
311.90
31130
31130
31130
311.90
31130
311.90
31130
311.90
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
23S.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
235.00
23S.00
235.00
455.00
235.00
455.00
fa/fy3a
1.41
1.41
- 1.41
1.41
1.41
1.55
1.55
130
1.30
1.30
130
130
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
Mpl
197.70
197.70
207.33
224.84
230.04
184.00
163.77
S634
45.08
49.76
52.78
S3.85
7335
59.78
65.65
69.32
67.61
132.79
11932
12437
131.43
13235
123.20
128.62
126.95
126.81
127.43
13235
127.18
12430
182.65
302.54
44132
745.09
MpLO
197.56
196.08
207.32
224.80
230.02
179.75
160.28
55.02
44.83
49.10
51.84
52.81
7334
59.60
65.64
6931
67.SS
132.76
119.90
124.24
131.43
132.09
123.20
128.56
126.95
126.81
127.43
132.42
127.15
12438
MpLOrMpI
1.00
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.99
039
0.98
038
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Opt
349.4
349.4
349.4
349.0
349.2
327.3
327.3
198.4
198.4
198.4
198.4
198.4
229.2
2293
229.2
2293
229.2
256.1
233.0
257.7
267.1
288.9
2513
244.4
256.7
2513
252.4
2873
265.0
256.7
271.6
490.2
466.6
7S7.1
Q/0pl
0.47
0.40
0.49
052
0.49
0.32
034
0.36
0.44
0.40
038
0.37
0.47
0.S4
0.49
0.47
0.48
052
0.51
0.48
0.49
0.46
0.49
0.53
0.49
050
aso
0.46
0/48
0.48
370
No
St
92
S3
94
95
96
97
98
99
too
101
102
103
104
IOS
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
Pnt.pl
0.0146
0.0170
0.0145
0.0150
0.0161
0.0218
0.0186
0.0164
0.0113
0.0135
0.0149
0.0154
0.0113
0.0081
0.0098
0.0108
0.0103
0.0184
0.0171
77
0.0183
0.0182
0.0176
0.0182
0.0182
0.0179
0.0180
0.0185
0.0178
0.0173
0.0375
0.0595
0.0312
0.0519
..
0.0145
0.0168
0.0145
0.0150
0.0161
0.0218
0.0186
0.0164
0.0113
0.0135
0.0149
0.0154
0.0113
0.0081
0.0098
0.0108
0.0103
0.0184
0.0171
0.0177
0.0183
0.0182
0.0176
0.0182
0.0182
0.0179
0.0180
0.0185
0.0178
0.0173
0.0375
0.0595
0.0312
0.0519
*
6.2
5.4
63
6.0
5.5
8.0
9.6
4.3
6.5
5.4
4.8
6.9
5.6
5.1
53
11.6
133
12.7
12.6
12.6
12.4
11.6
11.7
12.0
113
113
12.8
13.7
63
2.1
93
23
R.ex
8.7
73
10.0
6.7
53
11.8
13.6
2.9
10.4
6.7
43
13.7
8.0
43
6.5
17.7
13.6
173
16.3
18.7
14.9
16.4
14.4
19.4
113
15.0
20.1
16.8
7.1
1.6
11.8
4.1
. av. th
0.0905
0.0905
0.0896
0.0903
0.0892
0.1745
0.1781
0.0713
0.0737
0.0727
0.0540
0.0557
0.0549
0.0545
0.0547
0.2127
0.2310
03256
03303
0.2291
03186
0.2113
0.2128
03138
0.2135
0.2216
0.2283
0.2370
03371
0.1223
0.2882
0.1146
pH, av. ax '
0.1265
0.1221
0.1450
0.1005
0.0839
03574
03536
0.0476
0.1173
0.0901
0.0471
0.1114
0.0782
0.0452
0.0672
03256
03323
03066
03986
0.3399
03623
0.2983
0.2621
03466
0.2137
03782
03575
03905
03673
0.0975
0.3668
0.2126
371
No
St
92
S3
94
95
96
97
98
99
too
101
102
103
104
IOS
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
Pnt.pl
0.0146
0.0170
0.0145
0.0150
0.0161
0.0218
0.0186
0.0164
0.0113
0.0135
0.0149
0.0154
0.0113
0.0081
0.0098
0.0108
0.0103
0.0184
0.0171
77
0.0183
0.0182
0.0176
0.0182
0.0182
0.0179
0.0180
0.0185
0.0178
0.0173
0.0375
0.0595
0.0312
0.0519
..
0.0145
0.0168
0.0145
0.0150
0.0161
0.0218
0.0186
0.0164
0.0113
0.0135
0.0149
0.0154
0.0113
0.0081
0.0098
0.0108
0.0103
0.0184
0.0171
0.0177
0.0183
0.0182
0.0176
0.0182
0.0182
0.0179
0.0180
0.0185
0.0178
0.0173
0.0375
0.0595
0.0312
0.0519
*
6.2
5.4
63
6.0
5.5
8.0
9.6
4.3
6.5
5.4
4.8
6.9
5.6
5.1
53
11.6
133
12.7
12.6
12.6
12.4
11.6
11.7
12.0
113
113
12.8
13.7
63
2.1
93
23
R.ex
8.7
73
10.0
6.7
53
11.8
13.6
2.9
10.4
6.7
43
13.7
8.0
43
6.5
17.7
13.6
173
16.3
18.7
14.9
16.4
14.4
19.4
113
15.0
20.1
16.8
7.1
1.6
11.8
4.1
. av. th
0.0905
0.0905
0.0896
0.0903
0.0892
0.1745
0.1781
0.0713
0.0737
0.0727
0.0540
0.0557
0.0549
0.0545
0.0547
0.2127
0.2310
03256
03303
0.2291
03186
0.2113
0.2128
03138
0.2135
0.2216
0.2283
0.2370
03371
0.1223
0.2882
0.1146
pH, av. ax '
0.1265
0.1221
0.1450
0.1005
0.0839
03574
03536
0.0476
0.1173
0.0901
0.0471
0.1114
0.0782
0.0452
0.0672
03256
03323
03066
03986
0.3399
03623
0.2983
0.2621
03466
0.2137
03782
03575
03905
03673
0.0975
0.3668
0.2126
371
Three Point Bending Tests with Axial Load
372
Three Point Bending Tests with Axial Load
372
Remarks on three point bending with axial load test evaluation
(1) Test data obtained from [26][27]
(2) Second order effects in test series [27] are neglectible, whereas in [26] the --effects
are significant.
(3) Some theoretical rotation capacities have been added with a certain extra rotation ^
to consider the significant "out-of-middle-occurence" of the plastic hinge [26] and to
obtain one consistent test population and not two different population. The obtained
for bending with axial force is safesided, because designers do not consider any out of
"peak-moment-occurence" of the plastic hinge and for this they do not calculate any
extra rotation.
*. = 0,07T L
Distribution:
99.95-
"î 1
.0-1
39.70 -j !
sls-, j
39.00 -j 1
;
98.00 -j ;
97.00 -\ j
96.00 A
9S.00 -j j
1 !
90.00 -j 1
i :
80.00 -| i
; J
70.00 -_ ;
i !
1
!
50.00 -j =
1
40.00 -j
!
30.00-: j
!
20.00
!
10.00 -j
5.00 -
4.00 -
3.00 -
2.00 -
1.00 -
0.50 -
0.30 -
0.20 -
0.10 -
0.05 -
Y
0
sxira
4
t
F
f
/
/
/
e
Ui
i
^
*
L-
/
2b
?
+
f
M,
/
/
/
/
-
i
+
4-
)
t
r
'
373
Remarks on three point bending with axial load test evaluation
(1) Test data obtained from [26][27]
(2) Second order effects in test series [27] are neglectible, whereas in [26] the --effects
are significant.
(3) Some theoretical rotation capacities have been added with a certain extra rotation ^
to consider the significant "out-of-middle-occurence" of the plastic hinge [26] and to
obtain one consistent test population and not two different population. The obtained
for bending with axial force is safesided, because designers do not consider any out of
"peak-moment-occurence" of the plastic hinge and for this they do not calculate any
extra rotation.
*. = 0,07T L
Distribution:
99.95-
"î 1
.0-1
39.70 -j !
sls-, j
39.00 -j 1
;
98.00 -j ;
97.00 -\ j
96.00 A
9S.00 -j j
1 !
90.00 -j 1
i :
80.00 -| i
; J
70.00 -_ ;
i !
1
!
50.00 -j =
1
40.00 -j
!
30.00-: j
!
20.00
!
10.00 -j
5.00 -
4.00 -
3.00 -
2.00 -
1.00 -
0.50 -
0.30 -
0.20 -
0.10 -
0.05 -
Y
0
sxira
4
t
F
f
/
/
/
e
Ui
i
^
*
L-
/
2b
?
+
f
M,
/
/
/
/
-
i
+
4-
)
t
r
'
373
m
'S
O
,
st
>
>
!
<
a
C
4
S
000----000-*-.-<'lfi
m " 2 l 2 l c m " M || k N / c m * * 2 l| k N / c m * ' 2 ll k W c m " 2 ll k W c m " 2 lI k N m lI k N l
0.80 10,19 3817.00 48.00 46.00 80.00 46.00 198.70 294.1C
. 10.19 3817.00 48.00 48.00 80.00 48.00 198.70 294.1C
0.80 10.19 3817,00 48.00 48.00 80.00 48,00 193.70 294. IC
8.40 18,78 8889,70 48,00 48.00 84.60 46.00 318.88 627.01
8.40 18.78 8859,70 48.00 48.00 64.60 48.00 316.88 627.01
8.40 18.78 8869.70 48.00 48.00 64.60 48,00 318.88 827.01
8.10 9,09 2808.00 88,00 48.00 60.00 46.00 178.83 261,84
8.10 9.08 2608.00 88.00 46.00 80.00 48.00 178.83 281.84
8.10 9,08 2808.00 (6.00 48.00 80.00 48.00 178.83 281.84
18.90 11.49 3971.20 48,00 48.00 88.80 48.00 248.48 374.7e
18.80 11.4 3879,20 48,00 48.00 .80 48.00 248.48 374.71
18.80 11.49 3979,20 48.00 48.00 .80 48.00 248.48 374.71
19,80 t.82 3472.80 28.00 24.00 28.60 24.00 118.42 145.8!
14.80 .46 2480 29.00 24,00 28.60 24.00 93. 129.31
,L00ttrfttA110C<jO*.r*
_CBD0OO<BOOO<O4OOOO
I c m ll e m lI c m lI c m lI c m ll e m lI c m l
0 . 0 01 , 0 11 , 0 01 9 . 0 01 8 . 0 00 . 6 00 . 6 01
1 0 . 0 01 . 0 11 . 0 01 8 . 0 01 8 . 0 00 . 6 00 . 6 01
0 . 0 01 . 0 11 . 0 01 9 . 0 01 8 . 0 0 . . 1
0 . 0 01 . 8 41 . 8 02 0 . 0 02 0 . 0 00 . 8 81 . 0 01
1 0 . 0 01 . 8 41 . 8 02 0 , 0 02 0 . 0 00 . 9 91 . 0 01
1 0 . 0 01 . B 41 . 8 02 0 . 0 02 0 . 0 0 . 1 , 0 01
8 . 0 01 . 0 01 , 0 01 7 . 1 01 7 . 1 0 , , 1
8 . 0 01 , 0 01 , 0 01 7 . 1 01 7 . 1 0 , 0 . 6 01
8 . 0 01 . 0 01 . 0 01 7 . 1 01 7 . 1 00 . 8 0 . 1
8 . 0 01 . 8 41 , 8 01 8 . 0 01 8 . 0 00 . 7 70 . 8 01
8 . 0 01 . 41 , 8 01 8 . 0 01 8 . 0 00 . 7 7 ,
8 . 0 01 . 8 41 . 8 01 8 . 0 01 8 . 0 00 . 7 70 . 8 0
1 0 . 0 01 , 0 01 . 0 01 8 . 0 01 9 . 0 0 . 0 . 6 0:
. 0 01 . 0 01 . 0 01 7 . 1 01 7 . 1 00 . 8 8 .
OOQQOQOOOOQQQ
uddddddttdttddddd
-g88S888S88888g
l8gggg'8'88g'g'gS"S
rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtWrtrtrtrtrt
toOOiOOttOOttOOrtrt
^^^l-JrQjlJJO
pooSSSoooooooo
OOOOOOttttttttttttOtt
t**t4ty\t*ty+'+-~y-~*r**'*
Ul tu tu w tu til 111 tu *UI UI ui 1*1 lu
& & ^
a*'?**
aaaaaaaaaaaaa
5 5-S-5-S-S-S-S-S-S-5-5-S
m <* o e. o f*
1 *. m. .
. 20.12 8908.08 34,00 36.00 37.00 38,00 243.50 429,74
17.83 22.87 11814.88 34.00 38.00 37.00 36.00 282.30 480.71
10.88 28.92 18218.04 34.00 38,00 37.00 38.00 338,30 883.74
12,23 17.27 6342.88 34.00 38.00 37.00 38,00 201.70 388.84
14.11 19.18 8268.01 34.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 232.80 408.01
S7.83 22.97 12368.88 34.00 38.00 37.00 38.00 290.70 490.8
^ -- tt m rt
y ^ A tt "*
v io tt rt 'r
> F* f > f*
rt rt rt w rt rt
A A tt tt A A
8 . 4 00 . 9 50 . 9 3 2 . 3 83 2 . 3 . 0 . 4
. 4 00 , 9 50 . 9 53 5 . 1 93 5 , 1 90 , 6 70 . 5 4
5 . 4 00 . 9 80 . 9 54 1 7 84 1. 7 50 . 8 80 . 6 4
5 . 4 00 . 9 80 . 9 52 5 . 0 62 6 . 0 6 .0 . 6 60 . 6 4
6 . 4 00 . 9 60 . 9 63 1 . 3 63 1 . 3 60 . 6 80 . 6 4
6 . 4 00 . 9 S0 . 9 _ 3 7 . 2 3 7 . 2 30 . 6 80 . 6 *
o o o o
t t t t t t
m d d d
o o o o o o
rt rt rt rt rt rt
t' V t V V ^'
^ tt
s
unii
lilil
mi ji j -X JE je
a a a a a a
3 3 3 3 3 3
K mt\ * X >C -
Kr,>eMi<S;22|sS!:S2S
z
*-<j--*'r.0*-*-n*'ttmm
ci a * q i
- d ~ d d t
lOtlONOl
* C <N
*^ *
^W^tr>n^r
oooooooooooooo
,-,- CTM<**--- * ,- ^ A r
OQOOQOOQOOOQQO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOO
tt tt tt tt tt 1
et t* a t4 tt m
o q q
111 111 tu ni tu mW
(OMO t
yf - t *- tt>
4rrtrtrtrt^<<rt^->-'*^*^-r^^~d
^ tu lu Ml iu tu tu tu iu tu tU UJ IU
aÔrt^^-rt^rO^rt^-A
itttttttttotttttt
r>. rt m to
-r <*
<5 <>
m - tt * A '
n tt
OOOOOOOOOOOOOO
ttttttAAArtrtrtOOOMO
~>ttttrtrtrt-~-v-*-0
, a*att^^rrt*'*<<
o o o r o
AAA<C44rtrtAdArt
0OO^'^ e'**'*'tt ._
ttiooaattcfiN
ttOOttOOttOOttOOOO
O ** ti
o A f^ *>
o -^ d d d d
. - f*. - **
t An
^ tt tt
- ti ti *- *- M
o o o o o o
* 4N rt ^ ^
o <S * t
fttttttA**-*ttrttt*t^
rrSa**e22e
* 9 > O O i**, 1
o ** ** *} ">
s:
l o o o o <
t > o q <
l> A ^ tt I
o ti rt tt
r* r* m
<o a rv i * O
374
m
'S
O
,
st
>
>
!
<
a
C
4
S
000----000-*-.-<'lfi
m " 2 l 2 l c m " M || k N / c m * * 2 l| k N / c m * ' 2 ll k W c m " 2 ll k W c m " 2 lI k N m lI k N l
0.80 10,19 3817.00 48.00 46.00 80.00 46.00 198.70 294.1C
. 10.19 3817.00 48.00 48.00 80.00 48.00 198.70 294.1C
0.80 10.19 3817,00 48.00 48.00 80.00 48,00 193.70 294. IC
8.40 18,78 8889,70 48,00 48.00 84.60 46.00 318.88 627.01
8.40 18.78 8859,70 48.00 48.00 64.60 48.00 316.88 627.01
8.40 18.78 8869.70 48.00 48.00 64.60 48,00 318.88 827.01
8.10 9,09 2808.00 88,00 48.00 60.00 46.00 178.83 261,84
8.10 9.08 2608.00 88.00 46.00 80.00 48.00 178.83 281.84
8.10 9,08 2808.00 (6.00 48.00 80.00 48.00 178.83 281.84
18.90 11.49 3971.20 48,00 48.00 88.80 48.00 248.48 374.7e
18.80 11.4 3879,20 48,00 48.00 .80 48.00 248.48 374.71
18.80 11.49 3979,20 48.00 48.00 .80 48.00 248.48 374.71
19,80 t.82 3472.80 28.00 24.00 28.60 24.00 118.42 145.8!
14.80 .46 2480 29.00 24,00 28.60 24.00 93. 129.31
,L00ttrfttA110C<jO*.r*
_CBD0OO<BOOO<O4OOOO
I c m ll e m lI c m lI c m lI c m ll e m lI c m l
0 . 0 01 , 0 11 , 0 01 9 . 0 01 8 . 0 00 . 6 00 . 6 01
1 0 . 0 01 . 0 11 . 0 01 8 . 0 01 8 . 0 00 . 6 00 . 6 01
0 . 0 01 . 0 11 . 0 01 9 . 0 01 8 . 0 0 . . 1
0 . 0 01 . 8 41 . 8 02 0 . 0 02 0 . 0 00 . 8 81 . 0 01
1 0 . 0 01 . 8 41 . 8 02 0 , 0 02 0 . 0 00 . 9 91 . 0 01
1 0 . 0 01 . B 41 . 8 02 0 . 0 02 0 . 0 0 . 1 , 0 01
8 . 0 01 . 0 01 , 0 01 7 . 1 01 7 . 1 0 , , 1
8 . 0 01 , 0 01 , 0 01 7 . 1 01 7 . 1 0 , 0 . 6 01
8 . 0 01 . 0 01 . 0 01 7 . 1 01 7 . 1 00 . 8 0 . 1
8 . 0 01 . 8 41 , 8 01 8 . 0 01 8 . 0 00 . 7 70 . 8 01
8 . 0 01 . 41 , 8 01 8 . 0 01 8 . 0 00 . 7 7 ,
8 . 0 01 . 8 41 . 8 01 8 . 0 01 8 . 0 00 . 7 70 . 8 0
1 0 . 0 01 , 0 01 . 0 01 8 . 0 01 9 . 0 0 . 0 . 6 0:
. 0 01 . 0 01 . 0 01 7 . 1 01 7 . 1 00 . 8 8 .
OOQQOQOOOOQQQ
uddddddttdttddddd
-g88S888S88888g
l8gggg'8'88g'g'gS"S
rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtWrtrtrtrtrt
toOOiOOttOOttOOrtrt
^^^l-JrQjlJJO
pooSSSoooooooo
OOOOOOttttttttttttOtt
t**t4ty\t*ty+'+-~y-~*r**'*
Ul tu tu w tu til 111 tu *UI UI ui 1*1 lu
& & ^
a*'?**
aaaaaaaaaaaaa
5 5-S-5-S-S-S-S-S-S-5-5-S
m <* o e. o f*
1 *. m. .
. 20.12 8908.08 34,00 36.00 37.00 38,00 243.50 429,74
17.83 22.87 11814.88 34.00 38.00 37.00 36.00 282.30 480.71
10.88 28.92 18218.04 34.00 38,00 37.00 38.00 338,30 883.74
12,23 17.27 6342.88 34.00 38.00 37.00 38,00 201.70 388.84
14.11 19.18 8268.01 34.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 232.80 408.01
S7.83 22.97 12368.88 34.00 38.00 37.00 38.00 290.70 490.8
^ -- tt m rt
y ^ A tt "*
v io tt rt 'r
> F* f > f*
rt rt rt w rt rt
A A tt tt A A
8 . 4 00 . 9 50 . 9 3 2 . 3 83 2 . 3 . 0 . 4
. 4 00 , 9 50 . 9 53 5 . 1 93 5 , 1 90 , 6 70 . 5 4
5 . 4 00 . 9 80 . 9 54 1 7 84 1. 7 50 . 8 80 . 6 4
5 . 4 00 . 9 80 . 9 52 5 . 0 62 6 . 0 6 .0 . 6 60 . 6 4
6 . 4 00 . 9 60 . 9 63 1 . 3 63 1 . 3 60 . 6 80 . 6 4
6 . 4 00 . 9 S0 . 9 _ 3 7 . 2 3 7 . 2 30 . 6 80 . 6 *
o o o o
t t t t t t
m d d d
o o o o o o
rt rt rt rt rt rt
t' V t V V ^'
^ tt
s
unii
lilil
mi ji j -X JE je
a a a a a a
3 3 3 3 3 3
K mt\ * X >C -
Kr,>eMi<S;22|sS!:S2S
z
*-<j--*'r.0*-*-n*'ttmm
ci a * q i
- d ~ d d t
lOtlONOl
* C <N
*^ *
^W^tr>n^r
oooooooooooooo
,-,- CTM<**--- * ,- ^ A r
OQOOQOOQOOOQQO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOO
tt tt tt tt tt 1
et t* a t4 tt m
o q q
111 111 tu ni tu mW
(OMO t
yf - t *- tt>
4rrtrtrtrt^<<rt^->-'*^*^-r^^~d
^ tu lu Ml iu tu tu tu iu tu tU UJ IU
aÔrt^^-rt^rO^rt^-A
itttttttttotttttt
r>. rt m to
-r <*
<5 <>
m - tt * A '
n tt
OOOOOOOOOOOOOO
ttttttAAArtrtrtOOOMO
~>ttttrtrtrt-~-v-*-0
, a*att^^rrt*'*<<
o o o r o
AAA<C44rtrtAdArt
0OO^'^ e'**'*'tt ._
ttiooaattcfiN
ttOOttOOttOOttOOOO
O ** ti
o A f^ *>
o -^ d d d d
. - f*. - **
t An
^ tt tt
- ti ti *- *- M
o o o o o o
* 4N rt ^ ^
o <S * t
fttttttA**-*ttrttt*t^
rrSa**e22e
* 9 > O O i**, 1
o ** ** *} ">
s:
l o o o o <
t > o q <
l> A ^ tt I
o ti rt tt
r* r* m
<o a rv i * O
374
Three Point Bending Tests (Weak Axis)
375
Three Point Bending Tests (Weak Axis)
375
Remarks on three point bending tests (weak axis)
Test data obtained from [25]
376
Remarks on three point bending tests (weak axis)
Test data obtained from [25]
376
qottttqqqqwtoqq
ndt>t>tfCtttt<rtAA
OOrtCTttttttttttttrtrt
>.<^*^^*->
ttttttttOOOOttttOO
rtOO^ÂAtttttttt
cOttiNrttttt^râ^Vtttt
(W^^^.ttoqA**t
! i * * et ** * * ' O O*
ttOOgO<NOtttt
OOttttttArtrttOttOO
lOttrtMtOttrtrttttt*-
~ ti ti Pi ti rt*-A0rttOrt*OOtt
OOtttt<r>tt^rtt>*OCTCT
ttttttttttttr!ttqq'*,<;
; O O O O O O IO
IO M O O O O ( C h t^
dd'-i-llOlOieNISNN
qtottttOioqqqqqo
ddtttt^^*^dt>rtn
- CT - ~ 4
:gg
_ n-rt^rtv-rt^rt-rt
cict**^***
NrtNrt4Nrtrtrttttt>03
Cttititititititititititi
<<<<tttttttttttttttt
<<<<<<<<<<<<
__ u.u.u.u.ii.tt-U-u.tLU.iL
<<<<<<<<<<<<
cccccccccc
aa.
mZJmmCmtmCmCJZmCmZJZmC
~ * rt, > tt tt f* <
qqo0oooo-o *-
* . i t J d d
oooooooooooo
CTrtttOttttOOttOOK
tt^ttrtr^ttttttttttrtio
<i<$o<Sot<>o
0<
*9*4<<
*-^nA^4Nttrtrt4Nmo
AtviraAttena^rtcoAnif
8J^no^*Q4--n
OOOOOOOOOOO
M)d<BVlAr-9iNn
^tt^-cttrtrtrtrtO
eiNnaaintnaf4N
Ort*-rtOrt~-rQ~-^m
oooooooooooo
dddddddddddd
' "^ ^ "
> - A - -
qoooooooooo
^ ** ^
.tttlMNNK
OttOttOttOttOttOtt
nOrtONOCtOrtOrtO
o*S<S<$<S<
* > K> < M
377
qottttqqqqwtoqq
ndt>t>tfCtttt<rtAA
OOrtCTttttttttttttrtrt
>.<^*^^*->
ttttttttOOOOttttOO
rtOO^ÂAtttttttt
cOttiNrttttt^râ^Vtttt
(W^^^.ttoqA**t
! i * * et ** * * ' O O*
ttOOgO<NOtttt
OOttttttArtrttOttOO
lOttrtMtOttrtrttttt*-
~ ti ti Pi ti rt*-A0rttOrt*OOtt
OOtttt<r>tt^rtt>*OCTCT
ttttttttttttr!ttqq'*,<;
; O O O O O O IO
IO M O O O O ( C h t^
dd'-i-llOlOieNISNN
qtottttOioqqqqqo
ddtttt^^*^dt>rtn
- CT - ~ 4
:gg
_ n-rt^rtv-rt^rt-rt
cict**^***
NrtNrt4Nrtrtrttttt>03
Cttititititititititititi
<<<<tttttttttttttttt
<<<<<<<<<<<<
__ u.u.u.u.ii.tt-U-u.tLU.iL
<<<<<<<<<<<<
cccccccccc
aa.
mZJmmCmtmCmCJZmCmZJZmC
~ * rt, > tt tt f* <
qqo0oooo-o *-
* . i t J d d
oooooooooooo
CTrtttOttttOOttOOK
tt^ttrtr^ttttttttttrtio
<i<$o<Sot<>o
0<
*9*4<<
*-^nA^4Nttrtrt4Nmo
AtviraAttena^rtcoAnif
8J^no^*Q4--n
OOOOOOOOOOO
M)d<BVlAr-9iNn
^tt^-cttrtrtrtrtO
eiNnaaintnaf4N
Ort*-rtOrt~-rQ~-^m
oooooooooooo
dddddddddddd
' "^ ^ "
> - A - -
qoooooooooo
^ ** ^
.tttlMNNK
OttOttOttOttOttOtt
nOrtONOCtOrtOrtO
o*S<S<$<S<
* > K> < M
377
Annex 13
Ductility of plastic hinges in steel structures
Guide for plastic analysis"
PART of this Final Report
(Available Separately)
(203 pages)
Annex 13
Ductility of plastic hinges in steel structures
Guide for plastic analysis"
PART of this Final Report
(Available Separately)
(203 pages)
Annex 14
Document 3263-3-15 & 3263-3-14 (LABEIN)(excerpts)
'Numerical simulations of CTICM tests & nominal cases"
(13 pages)
Annex 14
Document 3263-3-15 & 3263-3-14 (LABEIN)(excerpts)
'Numerical simulations of CTICM tests & nominal cases"
(13 pages)
Meshing
Element type
Load application
together
Boundary conditions
section
LOAD
RESTRAINS
Initial imperfection
imperfection shape.
382
Meshing
Element type
Load application
together
Boundary conditions
section
LOAD
RESTRAINS
imperfection shape.
382
w
-H
m
i-
cd
C
-H
1
<D
KJ
Dl,
D3
-H
*
Q
H
O
OS
Q
1-5
ta
CJ
o
S
ta
Cu
E-i
w
ta
-t
E-4
2
H
O
THREE P
odea
c
m
o
Number
1913
*\
>-_
m
P
m
o
Number
616
383
w
-H
m
i-
cd
C
-H
1
<D
KJ
Dl,
D3
-H
*
Q
H
O
OS
Q
1-5
ta
CJ
o
S
ta
Cu
E-i
w
ta
-t
E-4
2
H
O
THREE P
odea
c
m
o
Number
1913
*\
>-_
m
P
m
o
Number
616
383
IA
las
o
e p .
^
_J
.
o
l a - d / t w
Q.
(D
.
u
4.
*
S3
C
.
CC 2
.
09
3
<
a r o t .
m a n
e- ^
13
r,
S. 3
<
, ,
2
3
2 -9
._ <
.
_,-,_
D
(
_
.
Q,
.
. ,
2
"5"
.
>
-
mm
_1
'
co co *t
oS
2 en en
oo
8.
^^
< ^ _
( CS
*i CM CS
NN
^ CS CS
- lo in
(JlOr-
cs r- cs
cn -t co
- rt IX)
oo in -
co CO CO
o o o
o o o
cs co en
'**-
r co m
O r- o
o o o
cn co co
r. en to
en lo co
O y- O
o o o
r r-- en
co * co
es es co
o o o
o o o
m o cs
omo
CD CO CO
rt CS rt
CO CO CO
cs co in
o
g in in
co * "*
< < <
LU " "
n LU LU
XX
**
CO
o
rf
in
00
co
CS
00
t
CS
Tf
cs
o
co
rt
-
en
co
co
m
in
-
o
Is
co
co
o
o
co
en
co
o
co
rt
r~
*
o
cs
<
<
LU
co
in
co
in
in
cs
cs
ri-
in
T
CS
co
cs
co
co
rt
cs
cn
co
-
-
t-~
CD
CO
r
O
00
r^
"-
o
rt
CS
O
rt
in
in
co
00
co
o
00
CS
<
tu
X
CS
in
co
in
in
cs
cs
ri-
in
cs
co
co
co
in
co
in
*
-
rt
in
CS
o
cs
cs
in
CS
o
co
CO
co
o
o
CO
co
co
cs
in
co
cs
cn
r-
o
00
cs
<
Ul
X
CM r-
So
*
in
5 ^
co
CS rt
oo m
r^~ T~
CS -
S
cn "
- cs
CO 00
00 co
-
o
eo r*
00
O 00
co o
o o
in io
in

-
o
en -
rt CO
co cs
o o
o o
cs
- f-
cs oo
cs
o
co co
CS rt
~ m
CO
in
co
Um-i-r
,
CO
en
co
en
CS
rt
00
CS
in
o
o
Ti-
CO
in
O
O
cs
cs
r-
o
o
00
03
mm
O
o
tn
cs
en
o
co
rt
r
co
o
o
in
<
LU
OL
CS
cn o
cof
m
2
CO
CS ^
CS
en
CO CS
in rt
o w
w
*~ co
co
rt
CO
1^ rt
o o
CS o
00
in
rt
O
O
en
in
o
o
in cs
in co
CO -
O
o o
m
in rt
Ico
in in
"t
o
co co
CS rt
_ en
co
rt
o 0
52
LU "*.
X m
^ X
qus
S3
<
m
man
OJ
u.
D
o
o
o
<
<
tu
X
o
o
IO
o
tn
<
<
Q.
te
<
<
<
<
o
to
<
<
o
o
C
TO
E
ra
S3
<
O
<
CC
<
a.
O
CJ
co
_
CO
LU
cr
00 CO rt CS O
384
IA
las
o
e p .
^
_J
.
o
l a - d / t w
Q.
(D
.
u
4.
*
S3
C
.
CC 2
.
09
3
<
a r o t .
m a n
e- ^
13
r,
S. 3
<
, ,
2
3
2 -9
._ <
.
_,-,_
D
(
_
.
Q,
.
. ,
2
"5"
.
>
-
mm
_1
'
co co *t
oS
2 en en
oo
8.
^^
< ^ _
( CS
*i CM CS
NN
^ CS CS
- lo in
(JlOr-
cs r- cs
cn -t co
- rt IX)
oo in -
co CO CO
o o o
o o o
cs co en
'**-
r co m
O r- o
o o o
cn co co
r. en to
en lo co
O y- O
o o o
r r-- en
co * co
es es co
o o o
o o o
m o cs
omo
CD CO CO
rt CS rt
CO CO CO
cs co in
o
g in in
co * "*
< < <
LU " "
n LU LU
XX
**
CO
o
rf
in
00
co
CS
00
t
CS
Tf
cs
o
co
rt
-
en
co
co
m
in
-
o
Is
co
co
o
o
co
en
co
o
co
rt
r~
*
o
cs
<
<
LU
co
in
co
in
in
cs
cs
ri-
in
T
CS
co
cs
co
co
rt
cs
cn
co
-
-
t-~
CD
CO
r
O
00
r^
"-
o
rt
CS
O
rt
in
in
co
00
co
o
00
CS
<
tu
X
CS
in
co
in
in
cs
cs
ri-
in
cs
co
co
co
in
co
in
*
-
rt
in
CS
o
cs
cs
in
CS
o
co
CO
co
o
o
CO
co
co
cs
in
co
cs
cn
r-
o
00
cs
<
Ul
X
CM r-
So
*
in
5 ^
co
CS rt
oo m
r^~ T~
CS -
S
cn "
- cs
CO 00
00 co
-
o
eo r*
00
O 00
co o
o o
in io
in

-
o
en -
rt CO
co cs
o o
o o
cs
- f-
cs oo
cs
o
co co
CS rt
~ m
CO
in
co
Um-i-r
,
CO
en
co
en
CS
rt
00
CS
in
o
o
Ti-
CO
in
O
O
cs
cs
r-
o
o
00
03
mm
O
o
tn
cs
en
o
co
rt
r
co
o
o
in
<
LU
OL
CS
cn o
cof
m
2
CO
CS ^
CS
en
CO CS
in rt
o w
w
*~ co
co
rt
CO
1^ rt
o o
CS o
00
in
rt
O
O
en
in
o
o
in cs
in co
CO -
O
o o
m
in rt
Ico
in in
"t
o
co co
CS rt
_ en
co
rt
o 0
52
LU "*.
X m
^ X
qus
S3
<
m
man
OJ
u.
D
o
o
o
<
<
tu
X
o
o
IO
o
tn
<
<
Q.
te
<
<
<
<
o
to
<
<
o
o
C
TO
E
ra
S3
<
O
<
CC
<
a.
O
CJ
co
_
CO
LU
cr
00 CO rt CS O
384
ft
o
co
o O O
CM
SOSSH JJ-K s
co
LO
J-i
1
un
<=r
-<$
<
co
LO
r3
1
LO
e^
Cu
-*
T-i
o o
+ +
ra ca
o co
o co
lo
T^.CO
oo
- 1-

coce
> O
TH -!-l
385
ft
o
co
o O O
CM
SOSSH JJ-K s
co
LO
J-i
1
un
<=r
-<$
<
co
LO
r3
1
LO
e^
Cu
-*
T-i
o o
+ +
ra ca
o co
o co
lo
T^.CO
oo
- 1-

coce
> O
TH -!-l
385
ta
a
386
ta
a
386
LT.
I-H
ffi
ft
KD
SOSHSH .- S
co
1-3
i O
O o
O T-i
T-l ft
O C- O oo
O O o o
- -- -r
Cd DJ
O C\J \D KD
^? CD
c; -r* t
CJ - T-i
..... s- ~H kj
y^ ir-. m^ t^t
387
LT.
I-H
ffi
ft
KD
SOSHSH .- S
co
1-3
i O
O o
O T-i
T-l ft
O C- O oo
O O o o
- -- -r
Cd DJ
O C\J \D KD
^? CD
c; -r* t
CJ - T-i
..... s- ~H kj
y^ ir-. m^ t^t
387
ti
U8?i
V
388
ti
U8?i
V
388
n
ffi
ft
CO
SOSaSH j*
;<
1
I 1
o
rf3
>-3
I
o
o
ft
-) >JCn3
O O o o
+ +
ta a
O
o <y>
o vo
+ +
tata
cr>o
LOT-
oco
m-\ l'I
! <5 I r3
389
n
ffi
ft
CO
SOSaSH j*
;<
1
I 1
o
rf3
>-3
I
o
o
ft
-) >JCn3
O O o o
+ +
ta a
O
o <y>
o vo
+ +
tata
cr>o
LOT-
oco
m-\ l'I
! <5 I r3
389
a
390
a
390
tri
O
*m
t
w
I
<
i
o
2
a-
cn
-J
ta
O
c
c
u.
o
cn
O
tai
72
class ]Li /izc-epsi alfa-d /tw-epsi b/t f - e p s iRF e l d m a n n
oc
t e t ar o tp h ir o tp h ip lM p l( K N m )L ( m )f y( M P a )|P r o f i l e
-
20,08 10,31 2 0 , 0 02 1 , 8 72 1 , 6 10 , 2 90 , 3 00 , 0 1 3 31 0 0 , 9 0
cs
2 3 5I H E A2 0 0
>*-
CO
28,09 14,42 2 7 , 9 85 , 1 67 , 4 70 , 1 90 , 2 20 , 0 2 6 01 9 7 , 5 7
CM
4 6 0I H E A2 0 0
-
40,16 10,31 2 0 , 0 01 0 , 9 31 0 , 9 80 , 2 90 , 3 20 , 0 2 6 61 0 0 , 9 0
rt
2 3 5I H E A2 0 0
eo
56,18 14,42 2 7 , 9 82 , 5 83 , 0 00 , 1 60 , 2 10 , 0 5 2 01 9 7 , 5 7
rt
4 6 0I H E A2 0 0
CO
20,32 12,18 2 5 , 0 01 7 , 7 81 5 , 7 80 , 2 10 , 2 30 , 0 1 3 58 1 , 5 6
CM
2 3 5I H E A2 0 0A
**-
rt
28,43 17,04 34,98 3 , 8 34 , 4 40 , 1 20 , 1 40 , 0 2 6 41 5 9 , 6 6
CM
4 6 0| H E A2 0 0A
I
o S

i cu
s
m at
u
2 0 , 0 0
1 5 , 0 0
'
I SS
Ib 3
S?
I
If
I5
< 3
25
i
5 , 0 0
0 , 0 0
391
tri
O
*m
t
w
I
<
i
o
2
a-
cn
-J
ta
O
c
c
u.
o
cn
O
tai
72
class ]Li /izc-epsi alfa-d /tw-epsi b/t f - e p s iRF e l d m a n n
oc
t e t ar o tp h ir o tp h ip lM p l( K N m )L ( m )f y( M P a )|P r o f i l e
-
20,08 10,31 2 0 , 0 02 1 , 8 72 1 , 6 10 , 2 90 , 3 00 , 0 1 3 31 0 0 , 9 0
cs
2 3 5I H E A2 0 0
>*-
CO
28,09 14,42 2 7 , 9 85 , 1 67 , 4 70 , 1 90 , 2 20 , 0 2 6 01 9 7 , 5 7
CM
4 6 0I H E A2 0 0
-
40,16 10,31 2 0 , 0 01 0 , 9 31 0 , 9 80 , 2 90 , 3 20 , 0 2 6 61 0 0 , 9 0
rt
2 3 5I H E A2 0 0
eo
56,18 14,42 2 7 , 9 82 , 5 83 , 0 00 , 1 60 , 2 10 , 0 5 2 01 9 7 , 5 7
rt
4 6 0I H E A2 0 0
CO
20,32 12,18 2 5 , 0 01 7 , 7 81 5 , 7 80 , 2 10 , 2 30 , 0 1 3 58 1 , 5 6
CM
2 3 5I H E A2 0 0A
**-
rt
28,43 17,04 34,98 3 , 8 34 , 4 40 , 1 20 , 1 40 , 0 2 6 41 5 9 , 6 6
CM
4 6 0| H E A2 0 0A
I
o S

i cu
s
m at
u
2 0 , 0 0
1 5 , 0 0
'
I SS
Ib 3
S?
I
If
I5
< 3
25
i
5 , 0 0
0 , 0 0
391
" * ** " - -' *"- -
^ f*T *Tl~1n'T --"-- ----- .>.-^.V^J.VJf.-....> .--J^.. %.*..**-*-**.*..*..-, l.Vml. ..m..-* .rn.-Tm.-m- f . ^^ ^ X '- ?*>*.. -mfm, --Tm . . '. .- 1 ^ -VJ J
CM
I
1
LO
CO
CO
I
O
o
CO
CO
f-1
I
C
CS
I
o
i>
"~ 1
o
o
CO
C
~l
C
a
I
1
LO
CO
I
o
o
CM
(0
"h
c
a
KD
3"
CO
OS
-
c
LO
co
co
I
-3
ft
S
o
LO
a
r3
ft
<3 <!>
ra
es
o
co
KD
c*
O
cc
a
co
o
co
LO CO
SOSMSH HC*
O
-H
E
-
<0
C
-
**
O
392
" * ** " - -' *"- -
^ f*T *Tl~1n'T --"-- ----- .>.-^.V^J.VJf.-....> .--J^.. %.*..**-*-**.*..*..-, l.Vml. ..m..-* .rn.-Tm.-m- f . ^^ ^ X '- ?*>*.. -mfm, --Tm . . '. .- 1 ^ -VJ J
CM
I
1
LO
CO
CO
I
O
o
CO
CO
f-1
I
C
CS
I
o
i>
"~ 1
o
o
CO
C
~l
C
a
I
1
LO
CO
I
o
o
CM
(0
"h
c
a
KD
3"
CO
OS
-
c
LO
co
co
I
-3
ft
S
o
LO
a
r3
ft
<3 <!>
ra
es
o
co
KD
c*
O
cc
a
co
o
co
LO CO
SOSMSH HC*
O
-H
E
-
<0
C
-
**
O
392
CO CJ
I I
LO O
CO KD
OO ra
1 I
C C
o
o
co
(t
.c
o
O LO o
CO CO LO
CO CO a*
,, 3 ri
I I ft ft
cess
+ m

<>
O
H
O
CC
t!?
O
-H
'-t
C
O
co
LO
1
O
rt
SOStaSH
o
HC-K s
LO c
.0
>
D i n
rH
N o m i n a
393
CO CJ
I I
LO O
CO KD
OO ra
1 I
C C
o
o
co
(t
.c
o
O LO o
CO CO LO
CO CO a*
,, 3 ri
I I ft ft
cess
+ m

<>
O
H
O
CC
t!?
O
-H
'-t
C
O
co
LO
1
O
rt
SOStaSH
o
HC-K s
LO c
.0
>
D i n
rH
N o m i n a
393
CS
C
"
Cu
<
ft,
LO
CO
Cs
>.
O
<N
\/
rH
5
"
-H
O
394
CS
C
"
Cu
<
ft,
LO
CO
Cs
>.
O
<N
\/
rH
5
"
-H
O
394
Annex 15
Document 3263-3-18 (LABEIN)(excerpts)
"- interaction" (simulations)
(10 pages)
Annex 15
Document 3263-3-18 (LABEIN)(excerpts)
"- interaction" (simulations)
(10 pages)
Finite element modelling
Cross-section:
Span:
Material:
Meshing:
Element type:
Loads:
HEA-200
2m
S235
616 elements, 1913 nodes.
Two diffrents loads have been applied. At first, a compression load for
several values of N/Npl and next a bending load controlled by
displacement (no proportional case load)
Bending load application:
* Constraints: Vertical displacement of
the central section upper flange nodes
linked together
Boundary conditions
* Vertical supports: both ends
* Lateral restraints: both ends and
central section
LOAD
RESTRAINS
Initial imperfection Erst linear-elastic buckling eigenmode (antimetrical deformation) has been
used as an initial imperfection shape.
397
Finite element modelling
Cross-section:
Span:
Material:
Meshing:
Element type:
Loads:
HEA-200
2m
S235
616 elements, 1913 nodes.
Two diffrents loads have been applied. At first, a compression load for
several values of N/Npl and next a bending load controlled by
displacement (no proportional case load)
Bending load application:
* Constraints: Vertical displacement of
the central section upper flange nodes
linked together
Boundary conditions
* Lateral restraints: both ends and
central section
LOAD
RESTRAINS
Initial imperfection Erst linear-elastic buckling eigenmode (antimetrical deformation) has been
used as an initial imperfection shape.
397
Evaluation of MNjIld
The level of the reduced design plastic resistance moment taken for each simulation has been
calculated according to the following precised formulas (where Aw = A - 2-b-tf ):
* If N/NpLBd < Aw/A , meaning neutral axis in the web:
MNyXd - Mpfyd
1 -

W* J /
*If 1 > N/NpLRd > Aw/A , meaning neutral axis in a flange:
f /
MNyd = Mpfyd
1 -

plJRd
1 -

pl&d
2b
2WP..y
According to this formulas the value which corresponds to the transition of neutral axis from
web to lower flange would be 0.256 (Aw/A for HEA 200).
398
Evaluation of MNjIld
The level of the reduced design plastic resistance moment taken for each simulation has been
calculated according to the following precised formulas (where Aw = A - 2-b-tf ):
* If N/NpLBd < Aw/A , meaning neutral axis in the web:
MNyXd - Mpfyd
1 -

W* J /
*If 1 > N/NpLRd > Aw/A , meaning neutral axis in a flange:
f /
MNyd = Mpfyd
1 -

plJRd
1 -

pl&d
2b
2WP..y
According to this formulas the value which corresponds to the transition of neutral axis from
web to lower flange would be 0.256 (Aw/A for HEA 200).
398
Position of the neutral axis corresponding to (pav
M
At the moment when the curve M-phi above crosses the line Mpl for the second time, axial
stress value has been taken at several points on the same beam section (closest possible to the
central section). The position of the neutral axis has been calculated interpolating the relative
distance between the nearest two points with reverse sign stress (tension and compression
axial stress).
N/Npl
(mm)
0.1
17.5
0.2
13.2
0.3
7.9
0.4
7.5
0.5
6.5
Concerning the results, it is also important to mention scattering that has been obtained for
each simulation, since we have used local stress values at several points of the beam section
regardless of the influence of some factors over these stresses such as overthicknesses and the
local deformation mode.
399
Position of the neutral axis corresponding to (pav
M
At the moment when the curve M-phi above crosses the line Mpl for the second time, axial
stress value has been taken at several points on the same beam section (closest possible to the
central section). The position of the neutral axis has been calculated interpolating the relative
distance between the nearest two points with reverse sign stress (tension and compression
axial stress).
N/Npl
(mm)
0.1
17.5
0.2
13.2
0.3
7.9
0.4
7.5
0.5
6.5
Concerning the results, it is also important to mention scattering that has been obtained for
each simulation, since we have used local stress values at several points of the beam section
regardless of the influence of some factors over these stresses such as overthicknesses and the
local deformation mode.
399
Figures
* Figures 1 and 2 show for each simulation, that is for N/Npl values from 0.0 to 5.0, the plot
of Moment (Tn-m) versus Rotation (degrees). The reduced design plastic resistance moment
Mny.Rd is also plotted in the same colour as its corresponding M-R curve.
* Figure 3 shows the plot of Phi available (radians) versus N/Npl as well as the maximun and
minimun Phi-av values corresponding to the Feldmann model for HEA 200 and S235 with this
type of charge. Figure 4 shows the plot of Phi-max versus N/Npl value.
* Figure 5 shows the plot of axial stress at the intersection between the web and the lower
flange versus N/Npl value. By interpolating, the transition of the neutral axis between web to
lower flange would take place at about N/Npl = 0.21.
* Finally, figure 6 displays the local deformation mode corresponding to N/Npl = 0.15. The
mode obtained for the other cases considered is similar to this one.
400
Figures
* Figures 1 and 2 show for each simulation, that is for N/Npl values from 0.0 to 5.0, the plot
of Moment (Tn-m) versus Rotation (degrees). The reduced design plastic resistance moment
Mny.Rd is also plotted in the same colour as its corresponding M-R curve.
* Figure 3 shows the plot of Phi available (radians) versus N/Npl as well as the maximun and
minimun Phi-av values corresponding to the Feldmann model for HEA 200 and S235 with this
type of charge. Figure 4 shows the plot of Phi-max versus N/Npl value.
* Figure 5 shows the plot of axial stress at the intersection between the web and the lower
flange versus N/Npl value. By interpolating, the transition of the neutral axis between web to
lower flange would take place at about N/Npl = 0.21.
* Finally, figure 6 displays the local deformation mode corresponding to N/Npl = 0.15. The
mode obtained for the other cases considered is similar to this one.
400
*f=
LO
O O
lo lo
c-I CO CJ LO LO LO
O O r-j T-j CJ CO
O O O O O O 'I '
SSSSEISftftft-ftftft
W J j | \ \
03 > m ," S1 V S" ^ = -1
>fcz a i
--
--
<>
< 4>
LO
EOSWSE-4 HC* g
'?
d
o
o
ft
LO
-H
fo
401
*f=
LO
O O
lo lo
c-I CO CJ LO LO LO
O O r-j T-j CJ CO
O O O O O O 'I '
SSSSEISftftft-ftftft
W J j | \ \
03 > m ," S1 V S" ^ = -1
>fcz a i
--
--
<>
< 4>
LO
EOSWSE-4 HC* g
'?
d
o
o
ft
LO
-H
fo
401
LO LO LO
CO CO CO 3 31 LO LO LO LO
co co co -si <a* lo
G O O O .Q .O ! I J I I 1
S E S S S S u ni, w'. **. **. L\
r-l M W r-H M W ] 1 | | | |
in tn tn 03 to E E' E- E E E
x j ;_: <i | ^
X + i: Jj
?
"il ^
q 4
LO
I-O
EOEWSH Eng

-
fo
402
LO LO LO
CO CO CO 3 31 LO LO LO LO
co co co -si <a* lo
G O O O .Q .O ! I J I I 1
S E S S S S u ni, w'. **. **. L\
r-l M W r-H M W ] 1 | | | |
in tn tn 03 to E E' E- E E E
x j ;_: 1-.,-^^^,^^-^^^^^^^^.1>^^71^1
"~
LO
rr)
-il
ft
tri
O
Eh
O
ft
2
o
Cu
LO
O
v-i
!
co
1
Cd>J-HtrH W +J Sj l [il
<=
m
Cm
405
^>1-.,-^^^,^^-^^^^^^^^.1>^^71^1
"~
LO
rr)
-il
ft
tri
O
Eh
O
ft
2
o
Cu
LO
O
v-i
!
co
1
Cd>J-HtrH W +J Sj l [il
<=
m
Cm
405
LO
O
CU
?
-
tu
406
LO
O
CU
?
-
tu
406
Annex 16
Document 3263-3-21 (LABEIN) (Excerpts)
(25 pages)
Annex 16
Document 3263-3-21 (LABEIN) (Excerpts)
(25 pages)
INTRODUCTION
The following series of simulations have been carried out in order to check Feldmann's model
within LTB limits for HEA200 and IPE200 cross sections. Two steel grades have been used S235
and S460.
MODELLING
Meshing
The mesh used in the simulations is made up of 616 elements and 1913 nodes.
Element type
Load application
* Constraints: Vertical displacement of the central section upper flange nodes linked together
Boundary conditions
* Lateral restraints: both ends and central section
imperfection shape.
409
INTRODUCTION
The following series of simulations have been carried out in order to check Feldmann's model
within LTB limits for HEA200 and IPE200 cross sections. Two steel grades have been used S235
and S460.
MODELLING
Meshing
The mesh used in the simulations is made up of 616 elements and 1913 nodes.
Element type
Load application
* Constraints: Vertical displacement of the central section upper flange nodes linked together
Boundary conditions
* Lateral restraints: both ends and central section
imperfection shape.
409
INITIAL IMPERFECTION
The tables bellow show for different beam lengths the relative deformation at three points of
interest corresponding to the first positive antisimetric linear buckling mode.
-----
\s 'j:
'"f
\
f = Local flange deformation

g = Global lateral deformation
Kzl
w
w = Local lateral web deformation
HEA 200
'L(m)
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
7
8
g
0.010
0.014
0.022
0.031
0.065
0.230
1
1
1
w
0.254
0.240
0.232
0.233
0.237
0.258
1
1
1
f
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.5
0.46
0.44
Note that the local lateral web deformation is coupled with the global lateral deformation for beam
lengths longer than 5 metres.
410
INITIAL IMPERFECTION
The tables bellow show for different beam lengths the relative deformation at three points of
interest corresponding to the first positive antisimetric linear buckling mode.
-----
\s 'j:
'"f
\
f = Local flange deformation

g = Global lateral deformation
Kzl
w
w = Local lateral web deformation
HEA 200
'L(m)
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
7
8
g
0.010
0.014
0.022
0.031
0.065
0.230
1
1
1
w
0.254
0.240
0.232
0.233
0.237
0.258
1
1
1
f
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.5
0.46
0.44
Note that the local lateral web deformation is coupled with the global lateral deformation for beam
lengths longer than 5 metres.
410
IPE 200
L(m)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
g
0.253
0.936
1
w f
0.759
0.417
0.283
0.248
0.233
0.217
0.204
0.193
0.172
For this beam type local lateral web deformation is coupled with the global lateral deformation
for all beam lengths tested except for the shorter ones.
The initial geometry has been modified in the shape of the first positive antisimetric buckling mode
by introducing different levels of imperfection in each of the axes.
1% of the flange thickness has been taken as the maximun
imperfection amplitude in the Y direction whereas the criterion
followed in the direction is shown in the next table.
nY
-
direction
Type of web deformation
coupled
uncoupled
Imperfection Amplitude
1 of the beam length (L) for HEA200
0.1 /M of the beam length (L) for 200
1% of the web thickness (tw) |
411
IPE 200
L(m)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
g
0.253
0.936
1
w f
0.759
0.417
0.283
0.248
0.233
0.217
0.204
0.193
0.172
For this beam type local lateral web deformation is coupled with the global lateral deformation
for all beam lengths tested except for the shorter ones.
The initial geometry has been modified in the shape of the first positive antisimetric buckling mode
by introducing different levels of imperfection in each of the axes.
1% of the flange thickness has been taken as the maximun
imperfection amplitude in the Y direction whereas the criterion
followed in the direction is shown in the next table.
nY
-
direction
Type of web deformation
coupled
uncoupled
Imperfection Amplitude
1 of the beam length (L) for HEA200
0.1 /M of the beam length (L) for 200
1% of the web thickness (tw) |
411
Asensitivity analysis for the HEA200 beamhas been done modifying the magnitude of the global
lateral imperfection between 0.1 0/ L and 1,5 / L. A maximum difference of 16% and 10% in
phi-available has been obtained for S235 and S460 respectively.
412
Asensitivity analysis for the HEA200 beamhas been done modifying the magnitude of the global
lateral imperfection between 0.1 0/ L and 1,5 / L. A maximum difference of 16% and 10% in
phi-available has been obtained for S235 and S460 respectively.
412
o
ri
43
16
U
a
KU
IO
U
S
-y
rrj
rH
ro'
S)
O
rH
en
o
'4-1
U
4)
sf
>-l
O
O
CJ
r:
s
13
ru
rH
a n o
o
to
)
Ti
u
o
H
4J
S
o
<L(
(O
o
o
u
3
S
C-J
r
o
-
m
0
u
o
UJ
)
rH
U
<D
-P
rtS
rH
rH
S
O
rH
C7>
V
rH
9
o
o
H
S
L
o
ku
TS
0)
tn
o
S
c
.M
4-1
to
3
-24-
-l
413
o
ri
43
16
U
a
KU
IO
U
S
-y
rrj
rH
ro'
S)
O
rH
en
o
'4-1
U
4)
sf
>-l
O
O
CJ
r:
s
13
ru
rH
a n o
o
to
)
Ti
u
o
H
4J
S
o
<L(
(O
o
o
u
3
S
C-J
r
o
-
m
0
u
o
UJ
)
rH
U
<D
-P
rtS
rH
rH
S
O
rH
C7>
V
rH
9
o
o
H
S
L
o
ku
TS
0)
tn
o
S
c
.M
4-1
to
3
-24-
-l
413
# # ; #
d d d E
h.
II
_l
m
co
CM
o
o
CN
<
LU
W)
>
3
1-
Q.
E
c
o
*
e r f
.
*
co
*m
i n i
e v e r
U)
m.
O
X-
**
C
0)
E
o
S
*^
>
?
(ui-ui) }uauioyj
414
# # ; #
d d d E
h.
II
_l
m
co
CM
o
o
CN
<
LU
W)
>
3
1-
Q.
E
c
o
*
e r f
.
*
co
*m
i n i
e v e r
U)
m.
O
X-
**
C
0)
E
o
S
*^
>
?
(ui-ui) }uauioyj
414
# s* i <S
S 8 t > ^

E
t^
II
-1
o
tn
o
o
CN
^
LU
X
W
s
*
a.
c
o
**
e r f
.
F
rs
.-
c
_
n
v e r
(0
1_
O
-
J
c
o
S
^
>
7
>
(ujujJ juautoyg
415
# s* i <S
S 8 t > ^

E
t^
II
-1
o
tn
o
o
CN
^
LU
X
W
s
*
a.
c
o
**
e r f
.
F
rs
.-
c
_
n
v e r
(0
1_
O
-
J
c
o
S
^
>
7
>
(ujujJ juautoyg
415
RESULTS
Concerning the results for HEA200 cross section, phi-available seems to show a uniform
behaviour for li/iz values between 50 and 80. More detailed analysis is required to obtain a
description of the phi-ay curve for li/iz values higher than 80.
On the other hand a sudden fall in the phi-av is obtained for S235 and li/iz values lower than 30
(beam length = 3 m), due mainly to a change in the deformation mode. For this range, local web
deformation is uncoupled from the global lateral one whereas for the rest of values (higher than
30) this local deformation does not appear within the deformation mode. This change in the
deformation mode occurs now for lower li/iz values in comparison with the linear buckling case
for which this modification in the deformation pattern appeared for beam lengths higher than 5
metres. A mesh refinement at the web (doubling the number of elements) has been introduced in
one of the cases ( L = 2m) for which a local web deformation mode appeared. The results confirm
the fall of phi-av, giving a 10% lower value of phi-av in comparison with the coarse mesh.
The obtained results for both profiles, HEA200 and 200, show that the Feldman's model is
in the safe side within the LTB limits (CM66) for most of the analyzed cases. If the partial safety
factor = 1.5 is used Feldman's model is safe in comparison with all the simulation cases.
416
RESULTS
Concerning the results for HEA200 cross section, phi-available seems to show a uniform
behaviour for li/iz values between 50 and 80. More detailed analysis is required to obtain a
description of the phi-ay curve for li/iz values higher than 80.
On the other hand a sudden fall in the phi-av is obtained for S235 and li/iz values lower than 30
(beam length = 3 m), due mainly to a change in the deformation mode. For this range, local web
deformation is uncoupled from the global lateral one whereas for the rest of values (higher than
30) this local deformation does not appear within the deformation mode. This change in the
deformation mode occurs now for lower li/iz values in comparison with the linear buckling case
for which this modification in the deformation pattern appeared for beam lengths higher than 5
metres. A mesh refinement at the web (doubling the number of elements) has been introduced in
one of the cases ( L = 2m) for which a local web deformation mode appeared. The results confirm
the fall of phi-av, giving a 10% lower value of phi-av in comparison with the coarse mesh.
The obtained results for both profiles, HEA200 and 200, show that the Feldman's model is
in the safe side within the LTB limits (CM66) for most of the analyzed cases. If the partial safety
factor = 1.5 is used Feldman's model is safe in comparison with all the simulation cases.
416
SIMULATIONRESULTS
10 20
-A-
-X-
HEA200-S235
-CM66Umit
-Feldmann's Model
Feldmann's model / 1 ,5
0,4-
v 03 -
>
7
f 0,2 J
0,1-
0-
,,, ,_ ._ .. ,
.^ * *
y
f
y///
:

*_ JL
> ^ ^___^ "
1 1
30 40 50
li/iz
60 70 80 90
0,25
*-
-X-
HEA200-S460
CM66 Limit
Feldmann's Model
Feldmann's Model / 1 .5
417
SIMULATIONRESULTS
10 20
-A-
-X-
HEA200-S235
-CM66Umit
-Feldmann's Model
Feldmann's model / 1 ,5
0,4-
v 03 -
>
7
f 0,2 J
0,1-
0-
,,, ,_ ._ .. ,
.^ * *
y
f
y///
:

*_ JL
> ^ ^___^ "
1 1
30 40 50
li/iz
60 70 80 90
0,25
*-
-X-
HEA200-S460
CM66 Limit
Feldmann's Model
Feldmann's Model / 1 .5
417
IPE 200
fy= 235 MPa
phi (rad) 0,15
0 50
Abaqus
- phLFeldman
- CM66
-a
100
Li/iz
150
/1.5
-o
200
20
fy= 460 MPa
40
Abaqus
- phLFeldman
- CM66
- phLFeldman/ 1.5
60
Li/iz
80 100
418
IPE 200
fy= 235 MPa
phi (rad) 0,15
0 50
Abaqus
- phLFeldman
- CM66
-a
100
Li/iz
150
/1.5
-o
200
20
fy= 460 MPa
40
Abaqus
- phLFeldman
- CM66
- phLFeldman/ 1.5
60
Li/iz
80 100
418
"""""-".'"""n"-rirr ~ r~y*"-"-~"-
lywi-aiTrrvTT-rrT-iimiiMîivi^-sT^MmTT^^.n.^.^-. ,..,.,
^
LO
h -a
cu
LO
CO
CS]
I
ei tr> -r> is)
J J 4 _3
LO
r-3
ft
1 <>
4-
Lf)
o
o
o
CM
t
u
o
M
-
<
o
es;
HoSWSE-t MC* g
io
>
u
3
O
c
o
-{
ta
4-1
o
L)
<->
C
o
o
s
o
o
CM
<
419
"""""-".'"""n"-rirr ~ r~y*"-"-~"-
lywi-aiTrrvTT-rrT-iimiiMîivi^-sT^MmTT^^.n.^.^-. ,..,.,
^
LO
h -a
cu
LO
CO
CS]
I
ei tr> -r> is)
J J 4 _3
LO
r-3
ft
1 <>
4-
Lf)
o
o
o
CM
t
u
o
M
-
<
o
es;
HoSWSE-t MC* g
io
>
u
3
O
c
o
-{
ta
4-1
o
L)
<->
C
o
o
s
o
o
CM
<
419
JjMriBllBCEi ^^^
"
tak "
?'--,.
MJ
X
: x
o
cri
Cu
o
kO _.
"f
Lf)
oa
o
OJ
OO CO -55' LO & ?'- CO
(4 - 1*3 t=-3 t 1 (-3
L
1-0
11
ti
!-l f
o |
E-i I
o
T-1
_.JL
L0
CD
U3
03
1-0
'/ 'c'r-i '''. r' t. j0'
M
o
en
>
7i
U
O
H
.!_>
18
JJ
O
I
.!->
C
<U
B
o
o
o
CN
<
420
JjMriBllBCEi ^^^
"
tak "
?'--,.
MJ
X
: x
o
cri
Cu
o
kO _.
"f
Lf)
oa
o
OJ
OO CO -55' LO & ?'- CO
(4 - 1*3 t=-3 t 1 (-3
L
1-0
11
ti
!-l f
o |
E-i I
o
T-1
_.JL
L0
CD
U3
03
1-0
'/ 'c'r-i '''. r' t. j0'
M
o
en
>
7i
U
O
H
.!_>
18
JJ
O
I
.!->
C
ll 4*4 t*^J
?-?????
LO
rH
!
iti
n-f
LO
CS]
I
>
*w
o
o
CSI
ia
o
ro
o
ro
g
(D
.C
.)
Li
4-1
ro
c
o
H
O
<w
O
421
tn
I ^^
<_ -CS.
f>ll 4*4 t*^J
?-?????
LO
rH
!
iti
n-f
LO
CS]
I
>
*w
o
o
CSI
ia
o
ro
o
ro
g
(D
.C
.)
Li
4-1
ro
c
o
H
O
<w
O
421
tn
3
CO.
CM
o
Cu
s
LO
CO
CM
1
>!
M-l
O
O
CM
te
ro
<
,e
4-1
cu
4->
M-l
rt
c
o
-I
4->
ro
n
o
tu
0>
O
422
tn
3
CO.
CM
o
Cu
s
LO
CO
CM
1
>!
M-l
O
O
CM
te
ro
<
,e
4-1
cu
4->
M-l
rt
c
o
-I
4->
ro
n
o
tu
0>
O
422
cn
S3
CSI
1
kJ
iti
(34
LO
en
OJ
t
>
o
C-J
c
ro
o
,-1
3
j->
-H c
ro

c
0) -
M
4->
Pi
Li
<d s
4J 10
<M CU
s
o
H
4-)
M
O
w
<D
O
03_
423
cn
S3
CSI
1
kJ
iti
(34
LO
en
OJ
t
>
o
C-J
c
ro
o
,-1
3
j->
-H c
ro

c
0) -
M
4->
Pi
Li
<d s
4J 10
<M CU
s
o
H
4-)
M
O
w
<D
O
03_
423
S3
LO
CS]
I
ri
cd
.
s
LO
co
csj
o
o
cs
o
r-l
ri
CU
4.)
U
4-1
ro
e
o
4->
u
o
w
o
IJj|g|jS
s -Im
CM_ jr.
424
S3
LO
CS]
I
ri
cd
.
s
LO
co
csj
o
o
cs
o
r-l
ri
CU
4.)
U
4-1
ro
e
o
4->
u
o
w
o
IJj|g|jS
s -Im
CM_ jr.
424
C-3__
co
3>
O
CO
!
r-3
cd
J
>i 1
l^-l
LO
co
CM
1
o
Q
<
co
4J
4->
ro
tM
425
C-3__
co
3>
O
CO
!
r-3
cd
J
>i 1
l^-l
LO
co
CM
1
o
Q
<
co
4J
4->
ro
tM
425
LO
co < in
H ^} ^ } ^ ^ ^
1 I i l I
w ' ta
a a a a a a
W M M
O
LO
Cl
4
LO
OD VO CNJ
EOSMSrH 4-C-K g
426
LO
co < in
H ^} ^ } ^ ^ ^
1 I i l I
w ' ta
a a a a a a
W M M
O
LO
Cl
4
LO
OD VO CNJ
EOSMSrH 4-C-K g
426
LD LO
r!CMNO<Jin3CDO
rH!Hrlr5HlHHl^
" } I i 1 i 1 1^
ftftftftftftftftft
r-fWMUJ-iMr-lr-ljE
Q
O
LO
m
ri
LO
O
fi
LO
SOSBJZH 4JC-K S
427
LD LO
r!CMNO<Jin3CDO
rH!Hrlr5HlHHl^
" } I i 1 i 1 1^
ftftftftftftftftft
r-fWMUJ-iMr-lr-ljE
Q
O
LO
m
ri
LO
O
fi
LO
SOSBJZH 4JC-K S
427
m rt
CO O
-
o
rlrlrt
O O O
$$!$
Ti
J
rv o
wrt (
1 1 1
; j
O o
o o
ai
*
I +
Tt
o
1
o
T
+
S
rt
O
1
".
+
!
rt
O
%
-f
i
T*
O
$
rl
+
O
ft
c
+
Tl
o
ft
U)
428
m rt
CO O
-
o
rlrlrt
O O O
$$!$
Ti
J
rv o
wrt (
1 1 1
; j
O o
o o
ai
*
I +
Tt
o
1
o
T
+
S
rt
O
1
".
+
!
rt
O
%
-f
i
T*
O
$
rl
+
O
ft
c
+
Tl
o
ft
U)
428
Mr- ri n
*
4- s. + +
issa a
* 0 '> -rt CO O
S
IA ^jf
rt
O
1
CO
co
o
ft
o
O Tl
o o
fti
o
+
ri
a
ft
O
rlrt rl n
Q O C5 O
ftftftft
<\J TJ- u> co
+
429
Mr- ri n
*
4- s. + +
issa a
* 0 '> -rt CO O
S
IA ^jf
rt
O
1
CO
co
o
ft
o
O Tl
o o
fti
o
+
ri
a
ft
O
rlrt rl n
Q O C5 O
ftftftft
<\J TJ- u> co
+
429
Mi1 rtrinrlOOOOrt
Ero OOOOOOOOO
Iftftftftftftftftftft
NMrlrlttNMIS
i I 1 1 I 1 + +
tiri ri
O O O O
ftftftft
mot
rt Vi
+ +
430
Mi1 rtrinrlOOOOrt
Ero OOOOOOOOO
Iftftftftftftftftftft
NMrlrlttNMIS
i I 1 1 I 1 + +
tiri ri
O O O O
ftftftft
mot
rt Vi
+ +
430
mT ri ri ri ri i-I O
no o o oo oo
gftftftftftfti
1 I
ti rt rt ri ri
O O O O O O O
Iftftftftlft
* <r> CI Tf r> o trt
- c * m r co
+ + ++ + +
431
mT ri ri ri ri i-I O
no o o oo oo
gftftftftftfti
1 I
ti rt rt ri ri
O O O O O O O
Iftftftftlft
* <r> CI Tf r> o trt
- c * m r co
+ + ++ + +
431
tn
3
<>
CO
2
O
S235
ui
.
w
,g
CA
3
w
CO
LU
S460
tu
.
k.
jQ
Vi
Z3
W
CO
LU
ca
sz
3
X.
cd
co
CO
LU
LO_
O*
CM
CO
Q.
o
<y<DO0mmmm-
uojisde/zin
432
tn
3
<>
CO
2
O
S235
ui
.
w
,g
CA
3
w
CO
LU
S460
tu
.
k.
jQ
Vi
Z3
W
CO
LU
ca
sz
3
X.
cd
co
CO
LU
LO_
O*
CM
CO
Q.
o
<y<DO0mmmm-
uojisde/zin
432
les
3
co
co
<J
JO
co
CJ
co
LU
I
L.
,
to
3
\-rn-
CO
LU
<
O
co
rr
co
LU
I
Iw
,2
co
3
w
CO
O
LU
M
co
w
CO
J=
O
CO
_!
X
co
co
co
LU
LO
O
CM
CO
Q.
IO
cT
uojisda/zin
433
les
3
co
co
<J
JO
co
CJ
co
LU
I
L.
,
to
3
\-rn-
CO
LU
<
O
co
rr
co
LU
I
Iw
,2
co
3
w
CO
O
LU
M
co
w
CO
J=
O
CO
_!
X
co
co
co
LU
LO
O
CM
CO
Q.
IO
cT
uojisda/zin
433
composite cross sections: new required
conditions in Eurocodes 3 and 4 practical tools
for designers
Partii
Guide for plastic analysis
composite cross sections: new required
conditions in Eurocodes 3 and 4 practical tools
for designers
Partii
Table of Contents 437
List of References 438
1. Generalities 441
l.L . Introduction 441
1 .2. Concept of plastic analysis 444
1.3. Concept of inelastic rotation of plastic hinges 446
1.5. Parameters influencing the inelastic rotation 450
1 .6. Design rules for ductility of plastic hinges 453
1 .7. Concept of plastic analysis based on inelastic rotation 461
2. Required inelastic rotation of plastic hinges in structures 467
2.2. Influence of parameters on required inelastic rotation req 467
2.3. Continuous beams 47
2.4. Frames 487
3. Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges in cross-sections 492
3.1. Introduction - presentation on Feldman's model 492
3.2. Limitations and assumptions of Feldman' s model 492
3.3. Influence of parameters on inelastic available rotation cpav 496
3 .4. Feldman's formulas for values of cpav 498
3.5. Extension to other load cases 501
3.6. Tables with values of cpav for I and H cross -sections 504
3.7. Graphs with values of cpav 538
4. Design examples 553
4.2. Design example 1: Continuous beam with concentrated load 553
4.3. Design example 2 : continuous beam with uniform distributed load 556
4.4. Design example 3 : Simple portal frame 558
4.5. Design example 4 : Step by step method with the help of an elastic
analysis program 562
Appendix I : Plastic resistance of I and H cross-sections 568
437
Table of Contents 437
List of References 438
1. Generalities 441
l.L . Introduction 441
1 .2. Concept of plastic analysis 444
1.3. Concept of inelastic rotation of plastic hinges 446
1.5. Parameters influencing the inelastic rotation 450
1 .6. Design rules for ductility of plastic hinges 453
1 .7. Concept of plastic analysis based on inelastic rotation 461
2. Required inelastic rotation of plastic hinges in structures 467
2.2. Influence of parameters on required inelastic rotation req 467
2.3. Continuous beams 47
2.4. Frames 487
3. Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges in cross-sections 492
3.1. Introduction - presentation on Feldman's model 492
3.2. Limitations and assumptions of Feldman' s model 492
3.3. Influence of parameters on inelastic available rotation cpav 496
3 .4. Feldman's formulas for values of cpav 498
3.5. Extension to other load cases 501
3.6. Tables with values of cpav for I and H cross -sections 504
3.7. Graphs with values of cpav 538
4. Design examples 553
4.2. Design example 1: Continuous beam with concentrated load 553
4.3. Design example 2 : continuous beam with uniform distributed load 556
4.4. Design example 3 : Simple portal frame 558
4.5. Design example 4 : Step by step method with the help of an elastic
analysis program 562
Appendix I : Plastic resistance of I and H cross-sections 568
437
LIST OF REFERENCES
SA 113 (12/88 -7/91);
SA 204 (7/88 -12/91):
SA 508 (7/88 -12/91):
I] "Elastic plastic behaviour of steel structures. Requirements and material properties", Rsum
of the three coordinated project ESCS-F6-7210, March 1993
IEHK/LfS RWTH Aachen
CRM Lige
ARBED Recherches Luxembourg
2] "Plastic design in steel. A guide and commentary", by a joint committee of the Welding
Research Council and the American Society of Civil Engineers, Second Edition, ASCE, New
York 1971
3] ENV 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3: "Design of steel structures; Part 1.1: General rules and rules for
buildings", CEN, February 1992
4] ENV 1993-1-1: 1992/A1, Annex D of Eurocode 3 (ENV 1993-1-1 [3]) : "The use of steel
grades S460 and S420", CEN, December 1994
5] "Rgles de calcul des constructions en acier", Additif 80 - DPU P 22 - 701 (CM66),
Construction Mtallique n 1-1981 France
6] Merchant W., "The failure load of rigid jointed frameworks as influenced by stability", The
Structural Engineer, volume 32, 1954, 185-190
7] "Zur Rotationskapazitt von I-Profilen statisch und dynamisch belasteter Trger", Ph.D
thesis, Markus Feldmann, Stahlbau, RWTH-Aachen, 1994, heft 30, ISSN 0722-1037
8] Background Document 5.09 for chapter of Eurocode 3, Part 1.1, "The b/t ratios controlling
the applicability of analysis models in Eurocode 3, Part 1.1", G. Sedlacek, M. Feldmann,
Aachen, December 25th, 1995.
9] "Available rotation capacity in steel and composite structures", A.R.Kemp, N.W.Dekker,
The Structural Engineer/Volume 69/n5/5 March 1991
10] "Lateral stability of steel beams and columns - common cases of restraint", D.A.Nethercot,
RM.Lawson, The Steel Construction Institute 1992
II] EN 10025 + Al: "Hot-rolled products of non-alloy structural steels - Technical delivery
conditions (includes amendment Al: 1993)", CEN, March 1990 (EN 10025), August 1993
(Al)
12] EN 10113: "Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels", Part 1,2,3, CEN,
March 1993
13] "Capacit de rotation d'une section plastifie : Extension du calcul plastique", Frdric
Mazuy, Mmoire de fin d'tudes. CUST - CTICM 1994
14] "Application de l'Eurocode 3 : classement des sections transversales en I", by Yvan Galea &
Alain Bureau, Construction Mtallique n 1-1991, (EC3-STA 1-91)
15] PEP-Micro Version 2.01, Plastic Analysis Computer Program, User's manual by Yvan Galea,
Alain Bureau, CTICM, Saint Rmy-ls Chevreuse - FRANCE
16] "Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in
Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools for designers (rotation capacities of profiles, ...)", C.E.C.
agreements 7210-SA/520/321/935, Final Report Part L ProfilARBED-Recherches,
Luxembourg, February 1996.
17] "Safety considerations of Annex J of Eurocode 3 ", M. Feldmann, G. Sedlacek, Third
18] "Essentials of Eurocode 3 - Design Manual for Steel Structures in Building", ECCS Advisory
Committee 5, Application of Eurocode 3, First edition, 1991, ECCS n65.
439
LIST OF REFERENCES
SA 113 (12/88 -7/91);
SA 204 (7/88 -12/91):
SA 508 (7/88 -12/91):
I] "Elastic plastic behaviour of steel structures. Requirements and material properties", Rsum
of the three coordinated project ESCS-F6-7210, March 1993
IEHK/LfS RWTH Aachen
CRM Lige
ARBED Recherches Luxembourg
2] "Plastic design in steel. A guide and commentary", by a joint committee of the Welding
Research Council and the American Society of Civil Engineers, Second Edition, ASCE, New
York 1971
3] ENV 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3: "Design of steel structures; Part 1.1: General rules and rules for
buildings", CEN, February 1992
4] ENV 1993-1-1: 1992/A1, Annex D of Eurocode 3 (ENV 1993-1-1 [3]) : "The use of steel
grades S460 and S420", CEN, December 1994
5] "Rgles de calcul des constructions en acier", Additif 80 - DPU P 22 - 701 (CM66),
Construction Mtallique n 1-1981 France
6] Merchant W., "The failure load of rigid jointed frameworks as influenced by stability", The
Structural Engineer, volume 32, 1954, 185-190
7] "Zur Rotationskapazitt von I-Profilen statisch und dynamisch belasteter Trger", Ph.D
thesis, Markus Feldmann, Stahlbau, RWTH-Aachen, 1994, heft 30, ISSN 0722-1037
8] Background Document 5.09 for chapter of Eurocode 3, Part 1.1, "The b/t ratios controlling
the applicability of analysis models in Eurocode 3, Part 1.1", G. Sedlacek, M. Feldmann,
Aachen, December 25th, 1995.
9] "Available rotation capacity in steel and composite structures", A.R.Kemp, N.W.Dekker,
The Structural Engineer/Volume 69/n5/5 March 1991
10] "Lateral stability of steel beams and columns - common cases of restraint", D.A.Nethercot,
RM.Lawson, The Steel Construction Institute 1992
II] EN 10025 + Al: "Hot-rolled products of non-alloy structural steels - Technical delivery
conditions (includes amendment Al: 1993)", CEN, March 1990 (EN 10025), August 1993
(Al)
12] EN 10113: "Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels", Part 1,2,3, CEN,
March 1993
13] "Capacit de rotation d'une section plastifie : Extension du calcul plastique", Frdric
Mazuy, Mmoire de fin d'tudes. CUST - CTICM 1994
14] "Application de l'Eurocode 3 : classement des sections transversales en I", by Yvan Galea &
Alain Bureau, Construction Mtallique n 1-1991, (EC3-STA 1-91)
15] PEP-Micro Version 2.01, Plastic Analysis Computer Program, User's manual by Yvan Galea,
Alain Bureau, CTICM, Saint Rmy-ls Chevreuse - FRANCE
16] "Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in
Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools for designers (rotation capacities of profiles, ...)", C.E.C.
agreements 7210-SA/520/321/935, Final Report Part L ProfilARBED-Recherches,
Luxembourg, February 1996.
17] "Safety considerations of Annex J of Eurocode 3 ", M. Feldmann, G. Sedlacek, Third
18] "Essentials of Eurocode 3 - Design Manual for Steel Structures in Building", ECCS Advisory
Committee 5, Application of Eurocode 3, First edition, 1991, ECCS n65.
439
1.1 Introduction [1][2][3]
An engineering structure is satisfactorily designed if it can be built with the required economy and if,
throughout its useful life, it carries its intended loads and otherwise performs its intended function. In
the process of selecting the members for a steel frame structures it is necessary, first, to make a
general analysis of structural strength and, second, to examine certain details (usually covered by
codes or specifications) to ensure that premature local failure does not occur.
The design of a steel frame can be based on a number of criteria, any of which may actually
constitute a "limit of structural usefulness". These criteria are:
1/ attainment of a specified minimum yield-point stress or of maximum plastic strength,
2/ excessive deflections and/or vibrations,
3/ global and local instability,
4/ fatigue,
5/ fracture.
It becomes more and more common to utilise design models taking into account plastic behaviour of
steel, thus replacing the usual design concept based on elastic range of steel strength. It has been
long known that an indeterminate steel frame has a greater load-carrying capacity than that indicated
by the allowable-stress concept. Such frames are able to carry increased loads about the yield value
because structural steel has the capacity to yield. Although the allowable-stress concept is
satisfactory for simple structures, its extension to indeterminate steel structures has overemphasized
the importance of stress rather than strength as the basis of engineering design. Furthermore, it has
introduced a complexity that is unnecessary for many structures.
Indeed, mere is no basis for an assumption that at no time should the stress in a steel structure go
beyond the elastic range. As the matter of fact, it is necessary to consider plasticity in all structural
design. An actual structure is a complex body with an extremely complicated state of stress. It is an
assembly of many individual members joined together to form a working unit. The individual
structural elements, such as beams and columns, come from the mills with residual stresses which
are often over one-third the yield stress. In connecting the parts local stresses are produced by
welding, by other fabrication and erection methods, and by misfits. There are over-all assembly
stresses. The structure is sometimes pierced by many holes, reinforcement of all kinds are present,
and many secondary stresses arise owing to continuity of the structure. Because of the deformations
caused by the loading, bending and torsion may occur in what are assumed to be simple tension
members, and axial force and torsion may occur in beams. As a consequence of these factors (the
combination of unknown initial stress, stress concentration, and redistribution due to discontinuities
of the structure), it is inevitable that local plastic flowwill take place in any kind of design.
Numerous examples have been given elsewhere in which benefits of plasticity are used consciously
or unconsciously in allowable-stress design. In continuous beams, for instance, a reduction of the
negative moment is permitted at points of interior support. This is to recognize the moment
redistribution which results from ductility.
Fromthe foregoing it is evident that local yielding undoubtedly will occur in most steel frames by the
time full service loads are reached. Furthermore, parts of these structures will enter appreciably into
the plastic range before reaching their assumed limit of carrying capacity.
This situation will also exist in a structure designed on the basis of plasticity. Nethertheless it is
important to note that at working load, the plastically designed structure is normally in the so-called
441
1.1 Introduction [1][2][3]
An engineering structure is satisfactorily designed if it can be built with the required economy and if,
throughout its useful life, it carries its intended loads and otherwise performs its intended function. In
the process of selecting the members for a steel frame structures it is necessary, first, to make a
general analysis of structural strength and, second, to examine certain details (usually covered by
codes or specifications) to ensure that premature local failure does not occur.
The design of a steel frame can be based on a number of criteria, any of which may actually
constitute a "limit of structural usefulness". These criteria are:
1/ attainment of a specified minimum yield-point stress or of maximum plastic strength,
2/ excessive deflections and/or vibrations,
3/ global and local instability,
4/ fatigue,
5/ fracture.
It becomes more and more common to utilise design models taking into account plastic behaviour of
steel, thus replacing the usual design concept based on elastic range of steel strength. It has been
long known that an indeterminate steel frame has a greater load-carrying capacity than that indicated
by the allowable-stress concept. Such frames are able to carry increased loads about the yield value
because structural steel has the capacity to yield. Although the allowable-stress concept is
satisfactory for simple structures, its extension to indeterminate steel structures has overemphasized
the importance of stress rather than strength as the basis of engineering design. Furthermore, it has
introduced a complexity that is unnecessary for many structures.
Indeed, mere is no basis for an assumption that at no time should the stress in a steel structure go
beyond the elastic range. As the matter of fact, it is necessary to consider plasticity in all structural
design. An actual structure is a complex body with an extremely complicated state of stress. It is an
assembly of many individual members joined together to form a working unit. The individual
structural elements, such as beams and columns, come from the mills with residual stresses which
are often over one-third the yield stress. In connecting the parts local stresses are produced by
welding, by other fabrication and erection methods, and by misfits. There are over-all assembly
stresses. The structure is sometimes pierced by many holes, reinforcement of all kinds are present,
and many secondary stresses arise owing to continuity of the structure. Because of the deformations
caused by the loading, bending and torsion may occur in what are assumed to be simple tension
members, and axial force and torsion may occur in beams. As a consequence of these factors (the
combination of unknown initial stress, stress concentration, and redistribution due to discontinuities
of the structure), it is inevitable that local plastic flowwill take place in any kind of design.
Numerous examples have been given elsewhere in which benefits of plasticity are used consciously
or unconsciously in allowable-stress design. In continuous beams, for instance, a reduction of the
negative moment is permitted at points of interior support. This is to recognize the moment
redistribution which results from ductility.
Fromthe foregoing it is evident that local yielding undoubtedly will occur in most steel frames by the
time full service loads are reached. Furthermore, parts of these structures will enter appreciably into
the plastic range before reaching their assumed limit of carrying capacity.
This situation will also exist in a structure designed on the basis of plasticity. Nethertheless it is
important to note that at working load, the plastically designed structure is normally in the so-called
441
"elastic" range. Aplastic analysis is based on a load which is equal to the working load multiplied by
a load factor. Local inelastic deformations at working load may develop at first loading, just as such
deformations may develop in a structure designed by the allowable-stress method. With either
method of design, when the working load is removed fromthe structure a permanent set remains, and
with it a corresponding system of residual stress. The change in stress and strain from the residual
state produced by subsequent reapplications and removals of the working load would then be purely
elastic.
It is emphasized that plastic design is not a technique that is intended to replace all other design
procedures. Factors such as buckling, fatigue, and deflections may become the design criteria. As an
example of a limitation that comes because of column buckling, most trusses would be excluded
fromplastic design (with the exception of Vierendeel type); the method discussed herein requires that
"hinges" form, and chord members would not exhibit the necessary deformation capacity in
compression. In ordinary building construction, limitation such as fatigue and buckling are usually
the exception and not the rule. Therefore plastic theory is finding considerable application in
continuous beams and low building frames where the members are stressed primarily in bending.
A simple example of a beam fixed at both edges highlights the benefit of plastic analysis in
comparison with elastic analysis either assuming plastic resistance (Mpi = Wpi fy) or elastic
resistance (Mei = Wei fy) of the cross-section (see figure 1.1 and table 1.1).
Figure 1.1
442
"elastic" range. Aplastic analysis is based on a load which is equal to the working load multiplied by
a load factor. Local inelastic deformations at working load may develop at first loading, just as such
deformations may develop in a structure designed by the allowable-stress method. With either
method of design, when the working load is removed fromthe structure a permanent set remains, and
with it a corresponding system of residual stress. The change in stress and strain from the residual
state produced by subsequent reapplications and removals of the working load would then be purely
elastic.
It is emphasized that plastic design is not a technique that is intended to replace all other design
procedures. Factors such as buckling, fatigue, and deflections may become the design criteria. As an
example of a limitation that comes because of column buckling, most trusses would be excluded
fromplastic design (with the exception of Vierendeel type); the method discussed herein requires that
"hinges" form, and chord members would not exhibit the necessary deformation capacity in
compression. In ordinary building construction, limitation such as fatigue and buckling are usually
the exception and not the rule. Therefore plastic theory is finding considerable application in
continuous beams and low building frames where the members are stressed primarily in bending.
A simple example of a beam fixed at both edges highlights the benefit of plastic analysis in
comparison with elastic analysis either assuming plastic resistance (Mpi = Wpi fy) or elastic
resistance (Mei = Wei fy) of the cross-section (see figure 1.1 and table 1.1).
Figure 1.1
442
Table 1.1
Type of
design
ASD
ULS
ULS
Type of
global
analysis
elastic
elastic
plastic
Stress
distribution
over cross-
section
>P
*iP
tyg
l<y
Redistribution
of bending
moments
no
no
yes
Limit load
P'el=12Mel/L
Pei=12Mpi/L
Ppl = 16Mpi/L
Benefit of
strength
(*)
100
109 to 124
145 to 165
Notes to table 1.1:
ASD = allowable stress design
ULS = ultimate limit state design
Mpi = Wpify
Mel = Welfy
(*) : Wpi/Wd = from 1.09 to 1.24 for available Hand I profiles
Modern rules of design of steel structures, for example Eurocode 3 [3], are based on limit state
design. Limit states are states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design performance
req uirements. In general, three categories of limit states are recognized: serviceability limit states
(deformations, vibrations), ultimate limit states (resistance of cross-sections and members) and
fatigue limit states. The present Guide deals with ultimate limit states design.
Ultimate limit states (ULS) are those associated with collapse, or with other forms of structural
failure which may endanger die safety of people. For ULS assessments one can use models which
are able to describe the actual failure mechanism like buckling, plastification or cracking.
Depending on the chosen concept of resistance, different types of global analysis of a structure may
be used to determine the effects of actions (internal forces and moments - N,V,M, deformations - ,
rotations - ...) - see table 1.2.
Table 1.2
Concept
of resistance
Allowable stress design
Ultimate limit state design
Types of global analysis of a structure
1st order theory
EGA
X
X
PGA
-
cgl
2nd order theory
EGA
X
X
PGA
-
Notes to table 1.2:

1st order theory uses the initial geometry of the structure
2nd order theory takes into account the influence of the deformation of the structure (- effects)
EGA= elastic global analysis
PGA= rigid-plastic or elastic-plastic global analysis
"x" = applicable
"-" = not applicable
"cgi" = applicable, scope of the present Guide
443
Table 1.1
Type of
design
ASD
ULS
ULS
Type of
global
analysis
elastic
elastic
plastic
Stress
distribution
over cross-
section
>P
*iP
tyg
l<y
Redistribution
of bending
moments
no
no
yes
Limit load
P'el=12Mel/L
Pei=12Mpi/L
Ppl = 16Mpi/L
Benefit of
strength
(*)
100
109 to 124
145 to 165
Notes to table 1.1:
ASD = allowable stress design
ULS = ultimate limit state design
Mpi = Wpify
Mel = Welfy
(*) : Wpi/Wd = from 1.09 to 1.24 for available Hand I profiles
Modern rules of design of steel structures, for example Eurocode 3 [3], are based on limit state
design. Limit states are states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design performance
req uirements. In general, three categories of limit states are recognized: serviceability limit states
(deformations, vibrations), ultimate limit states (resistance of cross-sections and members) and
fatigue limit states. The present Guide deals with ultimate limit states design.
Ultimate limit states (ULS) are those associated with collapse, or with other forms of structural
failure which may endanger die safety of people. For ULS assessments one can use models which
are able to describe the actual failure mechanism like buckling, plastification or cracking.
Depending on the chosen concept of resistance, different types of global analysis of a structure may
be used to determine the effects of actions (internal forces and moments - N,V,M, deformations - ,
rotations - ...) - see table 1.2.
Table 1.2
Concept
of resistance
Allowable stress design
Ultimate limit state design
Types of global analysis of a structure
1st order theory
EGA
X
X
PGA
-
cgl
2nd order theory
EGA
X
X
PGA
-
Notes to table 1.2:

1st order theory uses the initial geometry of the structure
2nd order theory takes into account the influence of the deformation of the structure (- effects)
EGA= elastic global analysis
PGA= rigid-plastic or elastic-plastic global analysis
"x" = applicable
"-" = not applicable
"cgi" = applicable, scope of the present Guide
443
1.2 Concept of plastic analysis [1] [2]
1.2.1 Assumptions
The important concepts and assumptions with regard to die plastic behaviour of structures according
to "simple plastic theory" are as follows:
a/ The structure and die loads are all in die same plane, and each member has an axis of
symmetry lying in die plane.
b/ The material is ductile. It has die capacity of undergoing large plastic deformation without
fracture.
c/ Each member cross-section has a maximum resisting moment (die plastic moment, Mpi), a
moment drat is developed tiirough plastic yielding of die entire cross-section.
d/ Because of me ductility of steel, rotation at relatively constant moment will occur through a
considerable angle; in other words, a plastic hinge will form.
e/ Connections proportioned for full continuity will transmit die calculated plastic moment. The
condition is idealized as a plastic hinge at a point.
il Plastic hinges will first form at sections where die moments under elastic condition reach Mpi.
With diese sections rotating at constant moment, additional loading will be accompanied by a
redistribution of moments in die structure, so that plastic hinges will appear at some other
locations where die moments under elastic conditions were less tiian Mpi.
g/ The plastic limit load is reached when enough plastic hinges have formed to create a
mechanism.
hi The deformations are small, and dierefore die equilibrium equations can be formulated for the
undeformed structure (as in ordinary elastic analysis). Similarly, virtual-work expressions for
mechanism displacement are based on small deflections (first order theory meaning no
allowance for die influence ofdie deformation ofdie structure or meaning no -effects).
i/ No instability will occur before die attainment of die plastic limit load.
j/ The loading is proportional, tiiat is, die ratios between different loads remain constant during
loading.
k/ The influence ofnormal force and shearing force on die plastic moment is not considered.
That "simple plastic tiieory" can be refined by die use of more complex plastic analysis methods
which concern the following items:
h/ with improved hypothesis -effects could be taken into account (second order theory),
k/ influence of (axial force), V (shear force) on plastic moment resistance could be
considered.
This can be done thanks to application of sophisticated computer softwares.
1.2.2 Plastic hinge theory
Ausual method for a realistic elastic-plastic modelling of steel structures is die plastic hinge metiiod.
In tiiis method die material behaviour of steel is modelled by an idealized elastic-plastic contitutive
material law, 'which neglects die strain hardening behaviour of steel. From tiat simplified stress-
strain curve die plastic section resistance Mpi at die location of plastic hinges may be defined (see
figure 1.2).
444
1.2 Concept of plastic analysis [1] [2]
1.2.1 Assumptions
The important concepts and assumptions with regard to die plastic behaviour of structures according
to "simple plastic theory" are as follows:
a/ The structure and die loads are all in die same plane, and each member has an axis of
symmetry lying in die plane.
b/ The material is ductile. It has die capacity of undergoing large plastic deformation without
fracture.
c/ Each member cross-section has a maximum resisting moment (die plastic moment, Mpi), a
moment drat is developed tiirough plastic yielding of die entire cross-section.
d/ Because of me ductility of steel, rotation at relatively constant moment will occur through a
considerable angle; in other words, a plastic hinge will form.
e/ Connections proportioned for full continuity will transmit die calculated plastic moment. The
condition is idealized as a plastic hinge at a point.
il Plastic hinges will first form at sections where die moments under elastic condition reach Mpi.
With diese sections rotating at constant moment, additional loading will be accompanied by a
redistribution of moments in die structure, so that plastic hinges will appear at some other
locations where die moments under elastic conditions were less tiian Mpi.
g/ The plastic limit load is reached when enough plastic hinges have formed to create a
mechanism.
hi The deformations are small, and dierefore die equilibrium equations can be formulated for the
undeformed structure (as in ordinary elastic analysis). Similarly, virtual-work expressions for
mechanism displacement are based on small deflections (first order theory meaning no
allowance for die influence ofdie deformation ofdie structure or meaning no -effects).
i/ No instability will occur before die attainment of die plastic limit load.
j/ The loading is proportional, tiiat is, die ratios between different loads remain constant during
loading.
k/ The influence ofnormal force and shearing force on die plastic moment is not considered.
That "simple plastic tiieory" can be refined by die use of more complex plastic analysis methods
which concern the following items:
h/ with improved hypothesis -effects could be taken into account (second order theory),
k/ influence of (axial force), V (shear force) on plastic moment resistance could be
considered.
This can be done thanks to application of sophisticated computer softwares.
1.2.2 Plastic hinge theory
Ausual method for a realistic elastic-plastic modelling of steel structures is die plastic hinge metiiod.
In tiiis method die material behaviour of steel is modelled by an idealized elastic-plastic contitutive
material law, 'which neglects die strain hardening behaviour of steel. From tiat simplified stress-
strain curve die plastic section resistance Mpi at die location of plastic hinges may be defined (see
figure 1.2).
444
fy
I,
Material model
Ultimate cross-section resistance

f
1 1
1 ' c
fy
IVlpl- VYp
"y
[fy
Figure 1.2
The principle of the formation of plastic hinge mechanisms can be best shown with a single span
beam (see figure 1.3). At a certain deformation 6e\ the full plastic moment Mpi is reached. The fibres
of die section on the load level Ppi are fully plastified. The other parts of die beam remain still fully
elastic.
System
J^/7/
+-
Fomiing of the
plastic hinge
Kinematic
mechanism
Ppi =
4Mpl
=t8- f.
"plastic hinge"
P,M4
y^_
pi
-- elastic i{ plastic -
4X
X Mpl
'=,.+
12EI ' 4
Jpl
Figure 1.3
445
fy
I,
Material model
Ultimate cross-section resistance

f
1 1
1 ' c
fy
IVlpl- VYp
"y
[fy
Figure 1.2
The principle of the formation of plastic hinge mechanisms can be best shown with a single span
beam (see figure 1.3). At a certain deformation 6e\ the full plastic moment Mpi is reached. The fibres
of die section on the load level Ppi are fully plastified. The other parts of die beam remain still fully
elastic.
System
J^/7/
+-
Fomiing of the
plastic hinge
Kinematic
mechanism
Ppi =
4Mpl
=t8- f.
"plastic hinge"
P,M4
y^_
pi
-- elastic i{ plastic -
4X
X Mpl
'=,.+
12EI ' 4
Jpl
Figure 1.3
445
A kinematic mechanism forms when further energy is introduced. Further deformation is possible
without any increase of die resistance. During this process die elastic parts do not change their
deformation line. The moving system may be interpreted as a rigid body mechanism or as civil
engineers say. a plastic hinge mechanism (see figure 1.4).
1.3
Figure 1.4
Concept of inelastic rotation of plastic hinges
The behaviour of a real beam is quite different from the assumption made in the plastic hinge theory.
The moment-rotation diagram presents not only a curve shape between the elastic and die plastic
moment, but it also goes over the value of the plastic moment because of die strain-hardening of
steel. The curve reaches a maximum which corresponds to the maximum bearing capacity of the
beam, and then the moment must decrease because of local instability phenomena (see figure 1.5).
The fact of reaching the plastic moment corresponds to die full plastification of a cross-section, i.e
die apparition of the plastic hinge. When the moment continues to increase, die plastic hinge rotates
inelastically. This available inelastic rotation denoted as tpav is a feature characterising the ductility
of plastic hinge or, in other words, die usefulness of the given cross-section for plastic analysis. The
available inelastic rotation cpav of plastic hinge is clearly defined in figure 1.5 which presents a
typical -curve for 3-point bending beam and can be expressed by die following formula:
* =*-
rav PP1
(1.1)
where tprot
<Ppl
is the reached rotation when the bending moment gets back to die plastic
moment value (Mpi) in the descending part of die moment-rotation curve,
expressed in radians,
is die elastic rotation corresponding to die theoretical plastic bending moment
(Mpi) of the beam, expressed in radians,
MpiL
for 3-point bending beam.
In die plastic analysis of structures, one deals with so-called "required inelastic rotation" and
"available inelastic rotation" ofplastic hinges. They could be defined as follows:
(preq the required inelastic rotation which corresponds to die greatest rotation which is necessary in
plastic hinge to ensure die formation of a plastic mechanism; it is a feature of the structure.
cpav the available inelastic rotation is the rotation furnished by a given cross-section and it is a
feature ofthis cross-section (its dimensions and steel grade).
446
A kinematic mechanism forms when further energy is introduced. Further deformation is possible
without any increase of die resistance. During this process die elastic parts do not change their
deformation line. The moving system may be interpreted as a rigid body mechanism or as civil
engineers say. a plastic hinge mechanism (see figure 1.4).
1.3
Figure 1.4
Concept of inelastic rotation of plastic hinges
The behaviour of a real beam is quite different from the assumption made in the plastic hinge theory.
The moment-rotation diagram presents not only a curve shape between the elastic and die plastic
moment, but it also goes over the value of the plastic moment because of die strain-hardening of
steel. The curve reaches a maximum which corresponds to the maximum bearing capacity of the
beam, and then the moment must decrease because of local instability phenomena (see figure 1.5).
The fact of reaching the plastic moment corresponds to die full plastification of a cross-section, i.e
die apparition of the plastic hinge. When the moment continues to increase, die plastic hinge rotates
inelastically. This available inelastic rotation denoted as tpav is a feature characterising the ductility
of plastic hinge or, in other words, die usefulness of the given cross-section for plastic analysis. The
available inelastic rotation cpav of plastic hinge is clearly defined in figure 1.5 which presents a
typical -curve for 3-point bending beam and can be expressed by die following formula:
* =*-
rav PP1
(1.1)
where tprot
<Ppl
is the reached rotation when the bending moment gets back to die plastic
moment value (Mpi) in the descending part of die moment-rotation curve,
expressed in radians,
is die elastic rotation corresponding to die theoretical plastic bending moment
(Mpi) of the beam, expressed in radians,
MpiL
for 3-point bending beam.
In die plastic analysis of structures, one deals with so-called "required inelastic rotation" and
"available inelastic rotation" ofplastic hinges. They could be defined as follows:
(preq the required inelastic rotation which corresponds to die greatest rotation which is necessary in
plastic hinge to ensure die formation of a plastic mechanism; it is a feature of the structure.
cpav the available inelastic rotation is the rotation furnished by a given cross-section and it is a
feature ofthis cross-section (its dimensions and steel grade).
446
Mi
M
M
pi
Actual behaviour of tested beams
Usual bilinear concept
= <PL+ <PR
M
pl
Figure 1.5
Inelastic rotation could also be defined as the parameter necessary to allow redistribution of
bending moments M.
Inelastic rotation of plastic hinge is mainly influenced by local buckling in the concerned cross-
sections and often by lateral-torsional buckling (LTB). In this Guide, no interaction between local
buckling and LTB is considered (see chapters 1.4 and 1.6.3).
A common check consisting on the comparison of both values <Preq and 3, is presented in chapter
1.6.2 of this Guide.
In international references [1] [2][9], one often deals with the term "rotation capacity R" which is
defined as (based on tests results of 3-point bending beams):
R^<Prot-<PpI^cPav

(1.2)
447
Mi
M
M
pi
Actual behaviour of tested beams
Usual bilinear concept
= <PL+ <PR
M
pl
Figure 1.5
Inelastic rotation could also be defined as the parameter necessary to allow redistribution of
bending moments M.
Inelastic rotation of plastic hinge is mainly influenced by local buckling in the concerned cross-
sections and often by lateral-torsional buckling (LTB). In this Guide, no interaction between local
buckling and LTB is considered (see chapters 1.4 and 1.6.3).
A common check consisting on the comparison of both values <Preq and 3, is presented in chapter
1.6.2 of this Guide.
In international references [1] [2][9], one often deals with the term "rotation capacity R" which is
defined as (based on tests results of 3-point bending beams):
R^<Prot-<PpI^cPav

(1.2)
447
In general, dus nondimensional parameter is not recommended, because it contains die term "Leci
tile equivalent length L of a reference beam which is difficult to evaluate. For more information
about rotation capacity R, refer to [1], [7], [9], [13].
On die other hand, die physical parameter (pav (expressed in radians or degrees) is easily evaluated
without reference to die length L of a reference beam as presented in chapter 3.
1.4 Influence of lateral restraint [2]
In order to realize die necessary inelastic rotations at plastic hinge locations a member must have
sufficient lateral support to assure that the plastic moment at diese hinges locations is not reduced by
limitting die width/thickness ratios of the flanges and die web, and lateral-torsional buckling is
controlled by limiting die unbraced length of die member.
The schematic relationship between die unbraced length and die moment capacity is illustrated in die
figure 1.6. When the unbraced lengtii is very large, die member will fail by elastic lateral-torsional
buckling. When die lengtii is relatively short, die full plastic moment will be attained or exceeded.
Between diese two extremes tiiere is a transition range in which part of die member has yielded, but
buckling occurs before Mpi is reached.
The lower part of figure 1.6 shows die variation of available inelastic rotation witii die unbraced
lengtii. In die region of elastic buckling, die available inelastic rotation is small. When die unbraced
length is small, the available inelastic rotation is much larger.
Moment
Capacity
Available
Inelastic
Rotation
Figure 1.6
448
In general, dus nondimensional parameter is not recommended, because it contains die term "Leci
tile equivalent length L of a reference beam which is difficult to evaluate. For more information
about rotation capacity R, refer to [1], [7], [9], [13].
On die other hand, die physical parameter (pav (expressed in radians or degrees) is easily evaluated
without reference to die length L of a reference beam as presented in chapter 3.
1.4 Influence of lateral restraint [2]
In order to realize die necessary inelastic rotations at plastic hinge locations a member must have
sufficient lateral support to assure that the plastic moment at diese hinges locations is not reduced by
limitting die width/thickness ratios of the flanges and die web, and lateral-torsional buckling is
controlled by limiting die unbraced length of die member.
The schematic relationship between die unbraced length and die moment capacity is illustrated in die
figure 1.6. When the unbraced lengtii is very large, die member will fail by elastic lateral-torsional
buckling. When die lengtii is relatively short, die full plastic moment will be attained or exceeded.
Between diese two extremes tiiere is a transition range in which part of die member has yielded, but
buckling occurs before Mpi is reached.
The lower part of figure 1.6 shows die variation of available inelastic rotation witii die unbraced
lengtii. In die region of elastic buckling, die available inelastic rotation is small. When die unbraced
length is small, the available inelastic rotation is much larger.
Moment
Capacity
Available
Inelastic
Rotation
Figure 1.6
448
The available inelastic rotation depends largely upon its unbraced length on either side of a plastic
hinge. Figure 1.7 shows, qualitatively, for different Lj/iz ratios, die moment-rotation relationship of a
beam under uniform moment. As L/iz decreases, die available inelastic rotation increases. In order
to maintain die plastic moment and provide adequate available inelastic rotation, die 1ratio must
be controlled.
In general, lateral-torsional buckling shall be avoided in plastic global analysis and this restriction is
applicable to this Guide.
M J
Mpi
1.0 -
f\ .
u
!
r "-. A \ /L\ \
/>) Ori O (.
/ W4>W3>W2>\Wi
"
Figure 1.7
449
The available inelastic rotation depends largely upon its unbraced length on either side of a plastic
hinge. Figure 1.7 shows, qualitatively, for different Lj/iz ratios, die moment-rotation relationship of a
beam under uniform moment. As L/iz decreases, die available inelastic rotation increases. In order
to maintain die plastic moment and provide adequate available inelastic rotation, die 1ratio must
be controlled.
In general, lateral-torsional buckling shall be avoided in plastic global analysis and this restriction is
applicable to this Guide.
M J
Mpi
1.0 -
f\ .
u
!
r "-. A \ /L\ \
/>) Ori O (.
/ W4>W3>W2>\Wi
"
Figure 1.7
449
1.5 Parameters influencing the inelastic rotation
This chapter gives a general view of parameters which influence die required and available inelastic
rotation (^, &). More detailed explanations are provided in chapters 2 and 3, dealing with tibe
required rotations and die available rotations, respectively. The parameters are presented in die table
1.3.
Table 1.3 Parameters influencing die inelastic rotation of plastic hinges (*)
Parameters
1. Geometry of die structure (storeys, span,
boundary conditions)
2. Shape and dimensions of die cross-sections witii
or without stiffener)
3. Material characteristics
3.1 Yield strength, fy and ultimate strength fu
(constant or not in die structure)
3.2 Maximum elongation, A5 5
3.3 Modulus of elasticity, E
4. Load configuration (distributed, concentrated)
5. Interaction between internal forces and bending
moments
5.1 Interaction M-V
5.2 Interaction M-N
5.3 Interaction M-N-V
6. Ratios to load level of die complete plastic
mechanism
6.1 Instability load level / complete plastic
mechanism load level (sway frames ...)
6.2 Design load level / complete plastic
mechanism load level
required
(structure)
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
available
(cross-section)
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
Note to table 1.3:
(*) Parameters influencing die available inelastic rotation are considered with die
assumption tiiat no LTB (lateral-torsional buckling) occurs in members, tiiat is, if
sufficient lateral restraint exists in die members (see chapter 1.6.3).
450
1.5 Parameters influencing the inelastic rotation
This chapter gives a general view of parameters which influence die required and available inelastic
rotation (^, &). More detailed explanations are provided in chapters 2 and 3, dealing with tibe
required rotations and die available rotations, respectively. The parameters are presented in die table
1.3.
Table 1.3 Parameters influencing die inelastic rotation of plastic hinges (*)
Parameters
1. Geometry of die structure (storeys, span,
boundary conditions)
2. Shape and dimensions of die cross-sections witii
or without stiffener)
3. Material characteristics
3.1 Yield strength, fy and ultimate strength fu
(constant or not in die structure)
3.2 Maximum elongation, A5 5
3.3 Modulus of elasticity, E
4. Load configuration (distributed, concentrated)
5. Interaction between internal forces and bending
moments
5.1 Interaction M-V
5.2 Interaction M-N
5.3 Interaction M-N-V
6. Ratios to load level of die complete plastic
mechanism
6.1 Instability load level / complete plastic
mechanism load level (sway frames ...)
6.2 Design load level / complete plastic
mechanism load level
required
(structure)
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
available
(cross-section)
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
Note to table 1.3:
(*) Parameters influencing die available inelastic rotation are considered with die
assumption tiiat no LTB (lateral-torsional buckling) occurs in members, tiiat is, if
sufficient lateral restraint exists in die members (see chapter 1.6.3).
450
Comments on table 1.3:
Parameter 1: see chapter 2 for details.
- Parameter 2:
I
T^-fe-T
f-^
stiffeners
*'/ />
I
m^ m
3
stiffeners
^ <r-
- ^_
or
t(-
2/3 h
^
Figure 1.8
Parameter 3: table 3.1 of chapter 3.2 provides all steel grades allowed by Eurocode 3 [3] for
plastic global analysis in accordance with EN10025 and EN101 13 specifications.
fy-
i
^^^^ \ ^N
H\E ;
ey eu a565
Figure 1.9
451
Comments on table 1.3:
Parameter 1: see chapter 2 for details.
- Parameter 2:
I
T^-fe-T
f-^
stiffeners
*'/ />
I
m^ m
3
stiffeners
^ <r-
- ^_
or
t(-
2/3 h
^
Figure 1.8
Parameter 3: table 3.1 of chapter 3.2 provides all steel grades allowed by Eurocode 3 [3] for
plastic global analysis in accordance with EN10025 and EN101 13 specifications.
fy-
i
^^^^ \ ^N
H\E ;
ey eu a565
Figure 1.9
451
Parameter 4: see chapter 2 for details concerning cpreq or chapter 3 for details about cpav .Chapter
2.2.1 presents some remarks about die influence of loading patii that is different
from usual assumption of simultaneous proportional increase of all loads.
- Parameter 5: interaction formulas between M-V, M-N or M-N-V are provided in Eurocode 3 [3]
or in other standards.
V,
Vpl
-
pai
i
rameter 5.1
M
pi
M
.
Npi
parameter 5.2
Mpi M
Figure 1.10
Parameter 6: see chapter 2 for details. For parameter 6.1, see explanations in chapter 2.2.2
(influence of second order effects on required inelastic rotation of sway portal
frames). For parameter 6.2, see explanations in chapter 2.2.3 (influence of die load
factor of reference).
452
Parameter 4: see chapter 2 for details concerning cpreq or chapter 3 for details about cpav .Chapter
2.2.1 presents some remarks about die influence of loading patii that is different
from usual assumption of simultaneous proportional increase of all loads.
- Parameter 5: interaction formulas between M-V, M-N or M-N-V are provided in Eurocode 3 [3]
or in other standards.
V,
Vpl
-
pai
i
rameter 5.1
M
pi
M
.
Npi
parameter 5.2
Mpi M
Figure 1.10
Parameter 6: see chapter 2 for details. For parameter 6.1, see explanations in chapter 2.2.2
(influence of second order effects on required inelastic rotation of sway portal
frames). For parameter 6.2, see explanations in chapter 2.2.3 (influence of die load
factor of reference).
452
1.6 Design rules for ductility of plastic hinge
1.6.1 Classification of cross-sections
According to chapter 5.3 of Eurocode 3 [3], steel profiles are categorized in section classes (see table
1.4) which depend on:
slendemess of cross-section members (width/thickness ratios of flange and web),
yield strengdi whh die factor = J235 / fy ,
die internal forces and bending moments applied to die cross-section (NcompressicHb My, Mz,
My-N, ... : all inducing normal stresses).
The cross-section of class 1 allows die full plastic strengdi and a moment redistribution due to die
formation of plastic hinges which have sufficient available inelastic rotation. For class 2 cross-
sections, die available inelastic rotation becomes so limited that die plastic cross-section capacity
Mpi may be taken into account, but die redistribution of moments has to be neglected. Hence die
system is assumed to behave elastically though the plastic capacity Mpi of die cross-section is
exploited locally. Classes 3 and 4 concern cross-sections with a distribution of elastic stresses,
respectivelly on full or effective cross-sections. Tables 1.5a and 1.5b summarize die existing rules in
Eurocode 3 [3] [14].
The aim of this Guide is to introduce new tools permitting to calculate a real value of plastic hinge
rotation, replacing die existing terms "sufficient" and "limited" in regard to the available inelastic
rotation.
Eurocode 3 allows plastic global analysis of structures if plastic hinges occur in class 1 cross-
sections, but not in class 2 cross-sections. However, test results [1] have delivered available inelastic
rotation of class 2 cross-sections which were not negligible. Therefore plastic global analysis might
be used when die full plastic section capacity and die required inelastic rotation can be reached by
die used steel profiles provided that cross-section is class 1 or 2.
Subsequent improvements are required in cross-section classification, because recent researches have
revealed tiieir conservatism (which exists mainly due to simple assumptions made for setting diese
limits): even class 3 and class 4 cross-sections delivered non negligible inelastic rotations according
to 3-point bending tests. More developments are necessary, but die scope of tiiis Guide is limited to
class 1 and 2 cross-sections defined by present rules of Eurocode 3 31.
Figure 1.11
453
1.6 Design rules for ductility of plastic hinge
1.6.1 Classification of cross-sections
According to chapter 5.3 of Eurocode 3 [3], steel profiles are categorized in section classes (see table
1.4) which depend on:
slendemess of cross-section members (width/thickness ratios of flange and web),
yield strengdi whh die factor = J235 / fy ,
die internal forces and bending moments applied to die cross-section (NcompressicHb My, Mz,
My-N, ... : all inducing normal stresses).
The cross-section of class 1 allows die full plastic strengdi and a moment redistribution due to die
formation of plastic hinges which have sufficient available inelastic rotation. For class 2 cross-
sections, die available inelastic rotation becomes so limited that die plastic cross-section capacity
Mpi may be taken into account, but die redistribution of moments has to be neglected. Hence die
system is assumed to behave elastically though the plastic capacity Mpi of die cross-section is
exploited locally. Classes 3 and 4 concern cross-sections with a distribution of elastic stresses,
respectivelly on full or effective cross-sections. Tables 1.5a and 1.5b summarize die existing rules in
Eurocode 3 [3] [14].
The aim of this Guide is to introduce new tools permitting to calculate a real value of plastic hinge
rotation, replacing die existing terms "sufficient" and "limited" in regard to the available inelastic
rotation.
Eurocode 3 allows plastic global analysis of structures if plastic hinges occur in class 1 cross-
sections, but not in class 2 cross-sections. However, test results [1] have delivered available inelastic
rotation of class 2 cross-sections which were not negligible. Therefore plastic global analysis might
be used when die full plastic section capacity and die required inelastic rotation can be reached by
die used steel profiles provided that cross-section is class 1 or 2.
Subsequent improvements are required in cross-section classification, because recent researches have
revealed tiieir conservatism (which exists mainly due to simple assumptions made for setting diese
limits): even class 3 and class 4 cross-sections delivered non negligible inelastic rotations according
to 3-point bending tests. More developments are necessary, but die scope of tiiis Guide is limited to
class 1 and 2 cross-sections defined by present rules of Eurocode 3 31.
Figure 1.11
453
Table 1.4
Definition of die classification of die cross-section
Ppi q> = <pL + <pR
Class Behaviour model Design resistance Available rotation
capacity of plastic
hinge
Global
analysis
of
structures
Mp,
*M
PLASTIC
across full section
important
7sr-
local budding
I
fy
elastic
or,
plastic
4M
Mpi
-r^
/ local buckling
L 1
PLASTIC
across full section
fy
limited elastic
Mp,
M
M
ELASC
across full section
local budding
fy
none elastic
M, Mp|
Md
M
ELASTIC
across effective
section
r< local buckling
L 1
fy
none elastic
454
Table 1.4
Definition of die classification of die cross-section
Ppi q> = <pL + <pR
Class Behaviour model Design resistance Available rotation
capacity of plastic
hinge
Global
analysis
of
structures
Mp,
*M
PLASTIC
across full section
important
7sr-
local budding
I
fy
elastic
or,
plastic
4M
Mpi
-r^
/ local buckling
L 1
PLASTIC
across full section
fy
limited elastic
Mp,
M
M
ELASC
across full section
local budding
fy
none elastic
M, Mp|
Md
M
ELASTIC
across effective
section
r< local buckling
L 1
fy
none elastic
454
Table 1.5a
Classification of cross-section : limiting width-to-thickness ratios for class 1 &class 2 I-cross-sections
Types
of
loading
N,
compression
My
Mz
N,
comp.
My
Stresses
distribution for
class 1 & class 2
I + I fy
4-
N
I + I
+ I fy
^>My
r-kkr
~* I fy
ced:
S
5
+ : stresses in compression
- : stresses in tension
t- fesft,
Classi
Web
"to*
33
72
396
13-
Flange
c/tf
W
w
R
W
W
9
10
9
9
Class 2
Web
d/tw
38
83
456
13-1
Flange
C/jfS
W
w
R
W
R
W
10
where : 0,5 <

1
+
2dtfL 2
w y )
<
R = rolled sections
W = welded sections
Values of d, c, twand tf are
defined in figure 1.11
fy (N/mm2)
(if t 40 mm)
(if 40 mm <S t 100 mm)
235 275
0,92
0,96
355
0,81
0,84
420
0,78
0,78
460
0,71
0,74
455
Table 1.5a
Classification of cross-section : limiting width-to-thickness ratios for class 1 &class 2 I-cross-sections
Types
of
loading
N,
compression
My
Mz
N,
comp.
My
Stresses
distribution for
class 1 & class 2
I + I fy
4-
N
I + I
+ I fy
^>My
r-kkr
~* I fy
ced:
S
5
t- fesft,
Classi
Web
"to*
33
72
396
13-
Flange
c/tf
W
w
R
W
W
9
10
9
9
Class 2
Web
d/tw
38
83
456
13-1
Flange
C/jfS
W
w
R
W
R
W
10
where : 0,5 <

1
+
2dtfL 2
w y )
<
R = rolled sections
W = welded sections
Values of d, c, twand tf are
fy (N/mm2)
(if t 40 mm)
(if 40 mm <S t 100 mm)
235 275
0,92
0,96
355
0,81
0,84
420
0,78
0,78
460
0,71
0,74
455
Table 1.5b
Classification of cross-section : limiting width-to-thickness ratios for class 3 I-cross-secons
Types
of
loading
Stresses
distribution for
class 1 & class 2
Class 3
Web
d/tw*
Flange
c/tf<
N,
compression
I + I fy
I + I
42
w
15
14
+ fy
My
^My
124 15
w 14
+-7
r 23zJi\S7
W
2teV0,57
,
comp.
.-My
+ I
fJ
"*-\My
5
(lvfy|<|fyl)
0 > > -1 :
42
0,67+0,33
15
W
14
R= rolled sections
W = welded sections
Values of d, c, t^, and tf are
^fes/fy
fv(N/mm2)
8(ift^40mm)
(if 40 mm t < 100 mm)
235 275
0,92
0,96
355
0,81
0,84
420
0,78
0,78
460
0,71
0,74
456
Table 1.5b
Classification of cross-section : limiting width-to-thickness ratios for class 3 I-cross-secons
Types
of
loading
Stresses
distribution for
class 1 & class 2
Class 3
Web
d/tw*
Flange
c/tf<
N,
compression
I + I fy
I + I
42
w
15
14
+ fy
My
^My
124 15
w 14
+-7
r 23zJi\S7
W
2teV0,57
,
comp.
.-My
+ I
fJ
"*-\My
5
(lvfy|<|fyl)
0 > > -1 :
42
0,67+0,33
15
W
14
R= rolled sections
W = welded sections
Values of d, c, t^, and tf are
^fes/fy
fv(N/mm2)
8(ift^40mm)
(if 40 mm t < 100 mm)
235 275
0,92
0,96
355
0,81
0,84
420
0,78
0,78
460
0,71
0,74
456
1.6.2 Application rules
The text quoted hereafter is issued from die present Eurocode 3 [3]. It provides general rules
concerning rotation requirements of plastic hinges.
(...)
(2) At plastic hinge locations, ue cross-section of die member which contains the plastic hinge
shall have a rotation capacity of not less tiian die required rotation at that plastic hinge
location.
(3) To satisfy the above requirement, the required rotations should be determined from a
rotation analysis.
(4) For budding structures in which die required rotations are not calculated, all members
containing plastic hinges shall have class 1 cross-sections at die plastic hinge location."
hi order to respect diese Eurocode 3 requirements, a comparison of die required inelastic rotation
9req of each plastic hinge appeared in a structure submitted to design loads with die available
inelastic rotation qw for each relevant cross-section should be proceeded. It can be expressed by die
following ultimate limit state rotation check :
, ^ .
or
rn < av
YMq>
(1.3)
In die formulas, die symbols denote:
- <Preq.d design value of required inelastic rotation in die considered plastic hinge (calculated from
plastic global analysis ofdie structure submitted to design loads) (see chapter 2),
- <Pav.d design value of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge appeared in cross-section,
- <Pav characteristic value of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge appeared in cross-
section (see a model proposed in chapter 3),
- YMcp partial safety factor; in die scope of die model proposed in this Guide (see chapter 3), die
values of have been determined by statistical evaluation of available tests results [8].
The values of partial safety factor applied to <pav have been determined (see option 1
of [8] considering formula (1.3) as a single standing ultimate limit state check)
independently from 0 which applies to die plastic resistance bending moment of die
cross-section Mpl (=Wpi fy), (see Eurocode 3 [3] and Appendix 1 for tables with plastic
resistance of I and cross-sections : Mpj y j^j, Mp z $&, ...)
Therefore a structure shall be analysed by separate checks of cross-section resistance and
of plastic hinge ductility (1.3), using respectively :
* die design value of plastic bending moment for die resistance of cross-sections :
Mpl.Rd = Mpi/yMo, witii partial safety factor \according to Eurocode 3 [3](0 =
15 1) or to NAD's values, and,
* die design value of available inelastic rotation for ductility of formed plastic hinges :
9av.d = <Pav/YMq> , with die proposed design model in chapter 3 for <paV values [7] and
witii related partial safety factors for different load cases [8] (see table 1.6).
457
1.6.2 Application rules
The text quoted hereafter is issued from die present Eurocode 3 [3]. It provides general rules
concerning rotation requirements of plastic hinges.
(...)
(2) At plastic hinge locations, ue cross-section of die member which contains the plastic hinge
shall have a rotation capacity of not less tiian die required rotation at that plastic hinge
location.
(3) To satisfy the above requirement, the required rotations should be determined from a
rotation analysis.
(4) For budding structures in which die required rotations are not calculated, all members
containing plastic hinges shall have class 1 cross-sections at die plastic hinge location."
hi order to respect diese Eurocode 3 requirements, a comparison of die required inelastic rotation
9req of each plastic hinge appeared in a structure submitted to design loads with die available
inelastic rotation qw for each relevant cross-section should be proceeded. It can be expressed by die
following ultimate limit state rotation check :
, ^ .
or
rn < av
YMq>
(1.3)
In die formulas, die symbols denote:
- <Preq.d design value of required inelastic rotation in die considered plastic hinge (calculated from
plastic global analysis ofdie structure submitted to design loads) (see chapter 2),
- <Pav.d design value of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge appeared in cross-section,
- <Pav characteristic value of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge appeared in cross-
section (see a model proposed in chapter 3),
- YMcp partial safety factor; in die scope of die model proposed in this Guide (see chapter 3), die
values of have been determined by statistical evaluation of available tests results [8].
The values of partial safety factor applied to <pav have been determined (see option 1
of [8] considering formula (1.3) as a single standing ultimate limit state check)
independently from 0 which applies to die plastic resistance bending moment of die
cross-section Mpl (=Wpi fy), (see Eurocode 3 [3] and Appendix 1 for tables with plastic
resistance of I and cross-sections : Mpj y j^j, Mp z $&, ...)
Therefore a structure shall be analysed by separate checks of cross-section resistance and
of plastic hinge ductility (1.3), using respectively :
* die design value of plastic bending moment for die resistance of cross-sections :
Mpl.Rd = Mpi/yMo, witii partial safety factor \according to Eurocode 3 [3](0 =
15 1) or to NAD's values, and,
* die design value of available inelastic rotation for ductility of formed plastic hinges :
9av.d = <Pav/YMq> , with die proposed design model in chapter 3 for <paV values [7] and
witii related partial safety factors for different load cases [8] (see table 1.6).
457
1. Generalities
Table 1.6
?
1,52
1,73
2,02
Load cases
1 J Mz : Bending about zz minor axis
My-N : Bending about yy major axis combined witii axial
compressive force
Formulas
(3.1) &
(3.3)
(3.2)
(3.4)
Such a rotation check so far could not be carried out, if die available inelastic rotation could only be
determined from tests or sophisticated numerical simulations. But die present Guide provides a
possibility of a quick check of dus condition (1.3) which makes it much easier to satisfy die quoted
requirements of Eurocode 3 [3]. References shall be made to chapters 2 and 3 to find die needed
tools permitting evaluation of required inelastic rotation (ft-eq and available inelastic rotation <PaV,
respectively.
Chapter 1.7 presents the new concept of plastic analysis based on inelastic rotation . To facilitate
understanding of this concept, first an overview is presented, tiien more details are given in a flow
chart and related comments.
The example in figure 1.12 highlights the need of checking die ductility of each formed plastic hinge.
The figure shows the evolution of die lateral displacement of a portal frame and of die inelastic
rotation } in die first plastic hinge versus loads. Soon after die occurrence of die titird plastic hinge,
die required inelastic rotation in die first plastic binge exceeds die available inelastic rotation <piav
allowed in die section and die redistribution of bending moments cannot operate any more because of
a lack of ductility in die first plastic hinge.
Figure 1.12
458
1. Generalities
Table 1.6
?
1,52
1,73
2,02
Load cases
1 J Mz : Bending about zz minor axis
My-N : Bending about yy major axis combined witii axial
compressive force
Formulas
(3.1) &
(3.3)
(3.2)
(3.4)
Such a rotation check so far could not be carried out, if die available inelastic rotation could only be
determined from tests or sophisticated numerical simulations. But die present Guide provides a
possibility of a quick check of dus condition (1.3) which makes it much easier to satisfy die quoted
requirements of Eurocode 3 [3]. References shall be made to chapters 2 and 3 to find die needed
tools permitting evaluation of required inelastic rotation (ft-eq and available inelastic rotation <PaV,
respectively.
Chapter 1.7 presents the new concept of plastic analysis based on inelastic rotation . To facilitate
understanding of this concept, first an overview is presented, tiien more details are given in a flow
chart and related comments.
The example in figure 1.12 highlights the need of checking die ductility of each formed plastic hinge.
The figure shows the evolution of die lateral displacement of a portal frame and of die inelastic
rotation } in die first plastic hinge versus loads. Soon after die occurrence of die titird plastic hinge,
die required inelastic rotation in die first plastic binge exceeds die available inelastic rotation <piav
allowed in die section and die redistribution of bending moments cannot operate any more because of
a lack of ductility in die first plastic hinge.
Figure 1.12
458
1.6.3 Conditions of lateral restraint
Some general remarks concerning lateral restraint can be found in the Eurocode 3 [3]:
"5.4.2 (3) When plastic global anlysis is used, lateral restraint shall be provided at all plastic hinge
5.4.2 (4) The restraint should be provided within a distance along the member from the
theoretical plastic hinge location not exceeding half the depth of the member."
Presently lateral-torsional buckling is not explicitiy forbidden by Eurocode 3, but it is related to
strength and limited as follows (see 5.5.2 (7) of [3]):
if die relative slendemess Xuj > 0.4, then the ultimate bending moment resistance of die beam
(=%LT-Mpi) is lower tiian die plastic moment resistance of class 1 and 2 cross-sections
(=Mpi), because die reduction factor is lower than 1.0. The factor XLT includes die
unbraced length ofthe member (lt)
In order to respect the process of plastic global analysis which excludes lateral-torsional buckling as
regards strengdi of frames and inelastic rotation of plastic hinges, the Eurocode 3 condition
XLT < 0.4 shall be fulfilled in all cases (see figure 1 . 13).
M
Mpi,
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0
I
-
-
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
Effective slendemess ^
1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6
Figure 1.13
In alternative to Eurocode 3 rule, otiier existing rules defining maximum distances between lateral
restraints should be provided to designers. As an example, the ones of CM66 - Additif 80 [5] are
quoted below, which seem realistic for present concept of design:
"In the case ofthe member in bending which contains at one of its ends the plastic hinge allowing for
redistribution of sollicitations, the conditions of lateral restraints given by 5.21 of Additif 80 - DPU
22-701 (CM66) should be satisfied in the neighbourhood of the plastified section to avoid die
lateral-torsional buckling (LTB).
459
1.6.3 Conditions of lateral restraint
Some general remarks concerning lateral restraint can be found in the Eurocode 3 [3]:
"5.4.2 (3) When plastic global anlysis is used, lateral restraint shall be provided at all plastic hinge
5.4.2 (4) The restraint should be provided within a distance along the member from the
theoretical plastic hinge location not exceeding half the depth of the member."
Presently lateral-torsional buckling is not explicitiy forbidden by Eurocode 3, but it is related to
strength and limited as follows (see 5.5.2 (7) of [3]):
if die relative slendemess Xuj > 0.4, then the ultimate bending moment resistance of die beam
(=%LT-Mpi) is lower tiian die plastic moment resistance of class 1 and 2 cross-sections
(=Mpi), because die reduction factor is lower than 1.0. The factor XLT includes die
unbraced length ofthe member (lt)
In order to respect the process of plastic global analysis which excludes lateral-torsional buckling as
regards strengdi of frames and inelastic rotation of plastic hinges, the Eurocode 3 condition
XLT < 0.4 shall be fulfilled in all cases (see figure 1 . 13).
M
Mpi,
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0
I
-
-
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
Effective slendemess ^
1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6
Figure 1.13
In alternative to Eurocode 3 rule, otiier existing rules defining maximum distances between lateral
restraints should be provided to designers. As an example, the ones of CM66 - Additif 80 [5] are
quoted below, which seem realistic for present concept of design:
"In the case ofthe member in bending which contains at one of its ends the plastic hinge allowing for
redistribution of sollicitations, the conditions of lateral restraints given by 5.21 of Additif 80 - DPU
22-701 (CM66) should be satisfied in the neighbourhood of the plastified section to avoid die
lateral-torsional buckling (LTB).
459
If die moment varies linearly along a member with the length L which is free to buckle laterally, the
conditions are as follows:
L:
< 35 0.625<<1 (1.4)
L:
1- < (60-40) -1<<0.625 (1.5)
where Li is die lengtii of die member or of die portion of that member where the linear
distribution of bending moment is applied,
is die ratio of bending moments at both ends of die member or of die portion of
tiiat member (-1 < <1),
iz is the radius of gyration about minor axis (= ^Jlzl A)
with Iz - moment of inertia about zz minor axis of the cross-section,
A - total area of die cross-section."
Figure 1.14 is a graphical presentation of CM66 rules. An example on die evaluation of die ratio of
bending moments is shown in figure 1.15.
Ill
Ei7
-
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
- 0->
35
tf
Figure 1.14
460
If die moment varies linearly along a member with the length L which is free to buckle laterally, the
conditions are as follows:
L:
< 35 0.625<<1 (1.4)
L:
1- < (60-40) -1<<0.625 (1.5)
where Li is die lengtii of die member or of die portion of that member where the linear
distribution of bending moment is applied,
is die ratio of bending moments at both ends of die member or of die portion of
tiiat member (-1 < <1),
iz is the radius of gyration about minor axis (= ^Jlzl A)
with Iz - moment of inertia about zz minor axis of the cross-section,
A - total area of die cross-section."
Figure 1.14 is a graphical presentation of CM66 rules. An example on die evaluation of die ratio of
bending moments is shown in figure 1.15.
Ill
Ei7
-
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
- 0->
35
tf
Figure 1.14
460
0.5 L
-m+e-
0.5 L
-3X
LR
"
Ln = 0.5L
, =-5/6
0.5 L
LR
-zi"
(LR = lateral restraint)
LR
L2 = 0.5 L
2=0
,
^93,3
0.5 L
i,
^60
i >. "-S L for constant cross-section over the whole span
z 60
Figure 1.15
This Guide does not consider interaction between local buckling in plastic hinge and lateral-torsional
buckling of elements where plastic hinges occur. Therefore designer should avoid die appearance of
lateral torsional buckling (LTB) by applying sufficient lateral bracing to fulfil the requirements of
Eurocode 3 [3] (or CM 66 - Addditif 80 [5], for instance).
Lateral bracing should possess adequate strengdi and stiffness. General requirements and practical
solutions concerning strengdi and stiffness of lateral bracing can be found in [2],[5] and [10].
1.7 Concept of plastic analysis based on inelastic rotation
This chapter gives a general view of die proposed concept of plastic analysis based on inelastic
rotation of plastic hinge, . An overview is first presented, then a flow-chart furnishes more details.
Hints and references are given in comments on the flow-chart.
461
0.5 L
-m+e-
0.5 L
-3X
LR
"
Ln = 0.5L
, =-5/6
0.5 L
LR
-zi"
(LR = lateral restraint)
LR
L2 = 0.5 L
2=0
,
^93,3
0.5 L
i,
^60
i >. "-S L for constant cross-section over the whole span
z 60
Figure 1.15
This Guide does not consider interaction between local buckling in plastic hinge and lateral-torsional
buckling of elements where plastic hinges occur. Therefore designer should avoid die appearance of
lateral torsional buckling (LTB) by applying sufficient lateral bracing to fulfil the requirements of
Eurocode 3 [3] (or CM 66 - Addditif 80 [5], for instance).
Lateral bracing should possess adequate strengdi and stiffness. General requirements and practical
solutions concerning strengdi and stiffness of lateral bracing can be found in [2],[5] and [10].
1.7 Concept of plastic analysis based on inelastic rotation
This chapter gives a general view of die proposed concept of plastic analysis based on inelastic
rotation of plastic hinge, . An overview is first presented, then a flow-chart furnishes more details.
Hints and references are given in comments on the flow-chart.
461
Flow-chart n1 for ULS plastic global analysis (general)
based on inelastic rotation of plastic hinges
Input data
for the analysis
Global analysis of the
structure
Check of resistance of the
structure
Check of ductility of plastic
hinges
462
Flow-chart n1 for ULS plastic global analysis (general)
Input data
for the analysis
Global analysis of the
structure
Check of resistance of the
structure
Check of ductility of plastic
hinges
462
Flow-chart n 1 for ULS plastic global analysis (details)
row:
1 . Type of frame or beam (geometry, boundary conditions)
. Load cases for ULS
Choice of :
cross-sections, yield
and joints (pinned oi
OTr^T^th
[ Assumption of lateral restraints )
ULS plastic global analysis of the structure
Results:
. maximum load multiplicator of design loads : Xmax
. internal forces and bending moments : NSd, V^j , MSd
. required inelastic rotations of plastic hinges :
rreq
4a
4b
4c
yes
Check of bearing capacity of the structure (see row 4a)
*rnax- 1
no
yes
Check of resistance of
. cross-sections
. members
. joints
Check of local effects
not fulfilled
Evaluation of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges
from cross-sections yiels strength and joints (see row 2)
and from values of N^, VSd , MSd (see row 4b)
yes
Check of rotation requirements :
^req ~Tav'
no
-(Adopt chosen cross-sections, steel grade and joints}
463
Flow-chart n 1 for ULS plastic global analysis (details)
row:
1 . Type of frame or beam (geometry, boundary conditions)
. Load cases for ULS
Choice of :
cross-sections, yield
and joints (pinned oi
OTr^T^th
[ Assumption of lateral restraints )
ULS plastic global analysis of the structure
Results:
. maximum load multiplicator of design loads : Xmax
. internal forces and bending moments : NSd, V^j , MSd
. required inelastic rotations of plastic hinges :
rreq
4a
4b
4c
yes
Check of bearing capacity of the structure (see row 4a)
*rnax- 1
no
yes
Check of resistance of
. cross-sections
. members
. joints
Check of local effects
not fulfilled
Evaluation of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges
from cross-sections yiels strength and joints (see row 2)
and from values of N^, VSd , MSd (see row 4b)
yes
Check of rotation requirements :
^req ~Tav'
no
-(Adopt chosen cross-sections, steel grade and joints}
463
OVERVIEW OF PLASTIC ANALYSIS METHOD
(based on inelastic rotation of plastic hinges, )
REQUIRED INELASTIC ROTATION
required
AVAILABLE INELASTIC ROTATION
available
l.Data
Structure
C
type of frame
prediction from LTB
)
Cross-section and joints
' ,. i
f choice of cross-sections and joints joints j
2. Plastic global analysis
*
3. Results of analysis and checks
*{ maximum load factor ,^J
-f internal forces and moments (N, V, M) V
Check of bearing capacity (^, > 1)
Check of resistance of members and joints
required rotation
Check of rotation requirements for each plastic hinge
Notes : ^ - required inelastic rotation
, - available inelastic rotation
LTB - lateral-torsional buckling
* - partial safety factor
, - load factor
Xma - maximal load factor
V
M
vertical load
- horizontal load
- normal force
- shear force
bending moment
464
OVERVIEW OF PLASTIC ANALYSIS METHOD
(based on inelastic rotation of plastic hinges, )
REQUIRED INELASTIC ROTATION
required
AVAILABLE INELASTIC ROTATION
available
l.Data
Structure
C
type of frame
prediction from LTB
)
Cross-section and joints
' ,. i
f choice of cross-sections and joints joints j
2. Plastic global analysis
*
3. Results of analysis and checks
*{ maximum load factor ,^J
-f internal forces and moments (N, V, M) V
Check of bearing capacity (^, > 1)
Check of resistance of members and joints
required rotation
Check of rotation requirements for each plastic hinge
Notes : ^ - required inelastic rotation
, - available inelastic rotation
LTB - lateral-torsional buckling
* - partial safety factor
, - load factor
Xma - maximal load factor
V
M
vertical load
- horizontal load
- normal force
- shear force
bending moment
464
Comments on the flow-chart nl
row 1: ULS means Ultimate Limit State
ULS load cases are defined in Eurocode 3 (chapter 2.3.3) [3].
row 2: This flow-chart concerns structures using pinned and/or rigidjoints. In the case of semi-rigid
joints whose behaviour is between pinned and rigid joints, the designer shall take into
account the moment-rotation characteristics of die joints (moment resistance, rotational
stiffness and rotation capacity) at each step of the design. The semi-rigid joints should be
designed according to chapter 6.9 and the Annex J of Eurocode 3 [3].
Indicative values of (preq for plastic hinge in portal frames are given in chapter 2 table 2.3,
Precised values of <preq are provided for certain continuous beams in chapter 2.3 table 2.1.
row3: Sufficient lateral restraint shall be provided in order to avoid lateral-torsional buckling of
members and its interaction witii local buckling in plastic hinges which influences the value
of available inelastic rotation (see chapter 1.4 and 1.6.3). For rules defining maximal
unbraced length reference should be made to [2],[3],[5] or [10].
row 4: In order to determine in a structure:
die maximum load multiplicator of design loads Xmax,
-7777
XP
'-max
die internal forces and bending moments (Nsd, Vsd, Msd),
die required inelastic rotations of each plastic hinge q>req,
Eurocode 3 ([3] : chapter 5.2) allows to use different types of plastic global analysis:
either, first order analysis using the initial geometry of die structure,
or, second order tiieory taking into account the influence of die deformation of die
structure.
row 5: If Xmax > 1, dien die structure has sufficient bearing capacity. To optimize the solution
(^max 1), new proposals of cross-section, steel grade and/or joints (row 2) should be
checked by a new global analysis.
465
Comments on the flow-chart nl
row 1: ULS means Ultimate Limit State
ULS load cases are defined in Eurocode 3 (chapter 2.3.3) [3].
row 2: This flow-chart concerns structures using pinned and/or rigidjoints. In the case of semi-rigid
joints whose behaviour is between pinned and rigid joints, the designer shall take into
account the moment-rotation characteristics of die joints (moment resistance, rotational
stiffness and rotation capacity) at each step of the design. The semi-rigid joints should be
designed according to chapter 6.9 and the Annex J of Eurocode 3 [3].
Indicative values of (preq for plastic hinge in portal frames are given in chapter 2 table 2.3,
Precised values of <preq are provided for certain continuous beams in chapter 2.3 table 2.1.
row3: Sufficient lateral restraint shall be provided in order to avoid lateral-torsional buckling of
members and its interaction witii local buckling in plastic hinges which influences the value
of available inelastic rotation (see chapter 1.4 and 1.6.3). For rules defining maximal
unbraced length reference should be made to [2],[3],[5] or [10].
row 4: In order to determine in a structure:
die maximum load multiplicator of design loads Xmax,
-7777
XP
'-max
die internal forces and bending moments (Nsd, Vsd, Msd),
die required inelastic rotations of each plastic hinge q>req,
Eurocode 3 ([3] : chapter 5.2) allows to use different types of plastic global analysis:
either, first order analysis using the initial geometry of die structure,
or, second order tiieory taking into account the influence of die deformation of die
structure.
row 5: If Xmax > 1, dien die structure has sufficient bearing capacity. To optimize the solution
(^max 1), new proposals of cross-section, steel grade and/or joints (row 2) should be
checked by a new global analysis.
465
^max
=1
bearing capacity of the structure
ULS design loads level
If Xjnax < 1, dien there is a need for strengthening of the structure with stronger cross-
section, stronger joints and/or higher steel grade.
=1
max
If = l,then the structure is optimized as far as resistance is concerned.
row 6: The classification of cross-sections (chapter 5.3 of Eurocode 3 [3]) have to be determined
before all ULS checks of members, cross-sections, webs and joints. The sequence of ULS
checks is not imposed and it is up to the designer to choose die order of die ULS checks
which are anyhow all necessary to be fulfilled.
row 7: For each formed plastic hinge, the available inelastic rotation <pav shall be determined by
models or tests in function of:
the cross-section,
the steel grade,
diejoint (if die plastic hinge occurs in diejoint),
the internal forces and bending moments applied in plastic hinge (Nsd, Vsd, Msd)
row 8: The ductility of plastic hinge shall be checked by the requirement cpreq < qWyMcp (see
chapter 1.6.2) where:
(preq has been calculated from plastic global analysis (see chapter 2),
cpav has been evaluated from models (see chapter 3) or tests ,
?is the partial safety factor affected to the model (see chapter 1.6.2 and [8]).
466
^max
=1
If Xjnax < 1, dien there is a need for strengthening of the structure with stronger cross-
section, stronger joints and/or higher steel grade.
=1
max
If = l,then the structure is optimized as far as resistance is concerned.
row 6: The classification of cross-sections (chapter 5.3 of Eurocode 3 [3]) have to be determined
before all ULS checks of members, cross-sections, webs and joints. The sequence of ULS
checks is not imposed and it is up to the designer to choose die order of die ULS checks
which are anyhow all necessary to be fulfilled.
row 7: For each formed plastic hinge, the available inelastic rotation <pav shall be determined by
models or tests in function of:
the cross-section,
the steel grade,
diejoint (if die plastic hinge occurs in diejoint),
the internal forces and bending moments applied in plastic hinge (Nsd, Vsd, Msd)
row 8: The ductility of plastic hinge shall be checked by the requirement cpreq < qWyMcp (see
chapter 1.6.2) where:
(preq has been calculated from plastic global analysis (see chapter 2),
cpav has been evaluated from models (see chapter 3) or tests ,
?is the partial safety factor affected to the model (see chapter 1.6.2 and [8]).
466
2.1 Introduction
This chapter deals with die calculation of required inelastic rotations that plastic hinges develop
when performing an elastic-perfectly-plastic analysis (see 5.2.1.4 of Eurocode 3). Formulas and
abacuses are provided for two-span continuous beams under basic loadings and procedures or flow
charts are also given for simple frames. For two-span continuous beams under basic loadings,
information are also provided on collaspe loads and on first occurrence of plastic hinges. General
procedures are explained for more complex loading cases or frames, based on die use of classic
analysis programs (linear elastic global analysis) or specific ones (plastic global analysis). Particular
aspects concerning frames are also discussed.
2.2 Influence of parameters on required inelastic rotation <preq
Some general remarks on influence of parameters have been presented in table 1.3 of chapter 1.
Among all parameters which are to be taken into account for the determination of required inelastic
rotations, die questions about the influence of die loading patii, the second order effects and die load
level at which these required rotations are calculated are detailed hereafter.
2.2.1 Influence of the loading path
During tiieir life, structures are submitted to permanent and variable actions. Eurocode 3 defines
ULS combinations which allow to determine the ULS loading acting on die structures and to check
tiieir resistance. To reach a given ULS loading, different loading patiis may be followed, with
expected consequences on die calculated values of ,.
Firstly, it can be said tiiat whatever die loading patii is, ,,, at collapse will be the same if the same
mechanism is reached and if no elastic return (see 2.4.2.2 ofthis chapter) occurs in any plastic hinge
during loading [16].
Secondly, about global analysis, Eurocode 3 states tiiat "it may be assumed to be sufficient, in the
case of building structures, to adopt simultaneous proportional increases of all loads" (5.2.1.1
(5)). Where necessary, this assumption will be adopted in tins chapter, and will be die common
load factor for all loads.
2.2.2 Influence of second order effects on required inelastic rotation for sway portal frames
The example given hereafter illustrates parameter 6.1 of table 1.3 and shows, that for sway portal
frames (see 5.2.5.2 of Eurocode 3),
a) die collapse load level determined widi a second order plastic analysis may be much lower tiian
die one obtained from a first order plastic analysis. The decreasing of die collapse load level
depends on the critical load factor
-^- (2.1)
where V is the total vertical load applied to die frame at the considered loading level
Ve- is die value ofthe total vertical load for elastic instability in a sway mode
To give an idea, the Rankine-Merchant formula [6]
467
2.1 Introduction
This chapter deals with die calculation of required inelastic rotations that plastic hinges develop
when performing an elastic-perfectly-plastic analysis (see 5.2.1.4 of Eurocode 3). Formulas and
abacuses are provided for two-span continuous beams under basic loadings and procedures or flow
charts are also given for simple frames. For two-span continuous beams under basic loadings,
information are also provided on collaspe loads and on first occurrence of plastic hinges. General
procedures are explained for more complex loading cases or frames, based on die use of classic
analysis programs (linear elastic global analysis) or specific ones (plastic global analysis). Particular
aspects concerning frames are also discussed.
2.2 Influence of parameters on required inelastic rotation <preq
Some general remarks on influence of parameters have been presented in table 1.3 of chapter 1.
Among all parameters which are to be taken into account for the determination of required inelastic
rotations, die questions about the influence of die loading patii, the second order effects and die load
level at which these required rotations are calculated are detailed hereafter.
2.2.1 Influence of the loading path
During tiieir life, structures are submitted to permanent and variable actions. Eurocode 3 defines
ULS combinations which allow to determine the ULS loading acting on die structures and to check
tiieir resistance. To reach a given ULS loading, different loading patiis may be followed, with
expected consequences on die calculated values of ,.
Firstly, it can be said tiiat whatever die loading patii is, ,,, at collapse will be the same if the same
mechanism is reached and if no elastic return (see 2.4.2.2 ofthis chapter) occurs in any plastic hinge
during loading [16].
Secondly, about global analysis, Eurocode 3 states tiiat "it may be assumed to be sufficient, in the
case of building structures, to adopt simultaneous proportional increases of all loads" (5.2.1.1
(5)). Where necessary, this assumption will be adopted in tins chapter, and will be die common
load factor for all loads.
2.2.2 Influence of second order effects on required inelastic rotation for sway portal frames
The example given hereafter illustrates parameter 6.1 of table 1.3 and shows, that for sway portal
frames (see 5.2.5.2 of Eurocode 3),
a) die collapse load level determined widi a second order plastic analysis may be much lower tiian
die one obtained from a first order plastic analysis. The decreasing of die collapse load level
depends on the critical load factor
-^- (2.1)
where V is the total vertical load applied to die frame at the considered loading level
Ve- is die value ofthe total vertical load for elastic instability in a sway mode
To give an idea, the Rankine-Merchant formula [6]
467
<?=<1- ) withXCT>4,
(2.2)
where ^} and âre collapse load factors for first order and second order plastic global
analysis, gives a good approximation of the collapse load level taking into account die second
order effects (this formula is valid for portal frames with one or two levels).
b) consequently die required inelastic rotation obtained witii a second order analysis may be much
lower than the one obtained from a first order analysis. In die latter case, a complete plastic
mechanism is reached at collapse, while in die first case, an "elasto-plastic instability" often
occurs with a reduced number of plastic hinges.
The number of plastic hinges at collapse in a second order analysis may be evaluated by considering
die different ^values determined for die frame wfth the first plastic hinges (n = 1, 2, ... ) here
treated as perfect hinges. When ^. falls down below die current load factor , all supplementary
plastic hinges to die first ones tiiat occur in die frame in die first order analysis are not valid
because, from stiffness considerations, die -hinged frame becomes unstable under the reached
loading. The required inelastic rotation may then be taken as tiiat determined in die governing plastic
hinge when the nth hinge occurs, and may sometimes be much lower than die one at die complete
plastic mechanism.
The following example (see figure 2.1) is an industrial portal frame supporting a total vertical load
V=776kN.
The critical load ratio is equal to ^= 5,47. Therefore, the frame is classified as a sway frame
according to 5.2.5.2 of Eurocode 3 (^< 10). Under die SLS loading Get us say related to load
factor = 0,7), the horizontal deflection is equal to h/260 and the vertical deflection of die beam is
L/396.
23_kN
320 kN 17kN/m 320 kN
IPE 300 (S235)
IPE 240 (S235)
^Z w
L = 8m
h=6m
Figure 2.1 - Data
Figure 2.2 shows die horizontal deflection versus die load factor plotted according to a first order
and a second order plastic analysis. The collapse load factor is = 1,222 for die first order analysis
and = 1,000 for die second order analysis.The fall down of die collapse load factor is 18,2% in
that case due to second order effects. The number of plastic hinges at collapse is 4 for the first order
analysis and 3 for the second order analysis. The locations and die numbering of die plastic hinges
are shown on the Figure 2.3.
Figure 2.4 shows die evolution of the critical load factor ,,, for the different configurations of die
frame : 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 plastic hinges. Of course, dus critical load factor decreases and falls below
468
<?=<1- ) withXCT>4,
(2.2)
where ^} and âre collapse load factors for first order and second order plastic global
analysis, gives a good approximation of the collapse load level taking into account die second
order effects (this formula is valid for portal frames with one or two levels).
b) consequently die required inelastic rotation obtained witii a second order analysis may be much
lower than the one obtained from a first order analysis. In die latter case, a complete plastic
mechanism is reached at collapse, while in die first case, an "elasto-plastic instability" often
occurs with a reduced number of plastic hinges.
The number of plastic hinges at collapse in a second order analysis may be evaluated by considering
die different ^values determined for die frame wfth the first plastic hinges (n = 1, 2, ... ) here
treated as perfect hinges. When ^. falls down below die current load factor , all supplementary
plastic hinges to die first ones tiiat occur in die frame in die first order analysis are not valid
because, from stiffness considerations, die -hinged frame becomes unstable under the reached
loading. The required inelastic rotation may then be taken as tiiat determined in die governing plastic
hinge when the nth hinge occurs, and may sometimes be much lower than die one at die complete
plastic mechanism.
The following example (see figure 2.1) is an industrial portal frame supporting a total vertical load
V=776kN.
The critical load ratio is equal to ^= 5,47. Therefore, the frame is classified as a sway frame
according to 5.2.5.2 of Eurocode 3 (^< 10). Under die SLS loading Get us say related to load
factor = 0,7), the horizontal deflection is equal to h/260 and the vertical deflection of die beam is
L/396.
23_kN
320 kN 17kN/m 320 kN
IPE 300 (S235)
IPE 240 (S235)
^Z w
L = 8m
h=6m
Figure 2.1 - Data
Figure 2.2 shows die horizontal deflection versus die load factor plotted according to a first order
and a second order plastic analysis. The collapse load factor is = 1,222 for die first order analysis
and = 1,000 for die second order analysis.The fall down of die collapse load factor is 18,2% in
that case due to second order effects. The number of plastic hinges at collapse is 4 for the first order
analysis and 3 for the second order analysis. The locations and die numbering of die plastic hinges
are shown on the Figure 2.3.
Figure 2.4 shows die evolution of the critical load factor ,,, for the different configurations of die
frame : 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 plastic hinges. Of course, dus critical load factor decreases and falls below
468
die first order behaviour (-) curve. Therefore, die 4tii plastic hinge is not valid and die collapse
load factor taking into account die second order effects will be equal or less than die load factor at
which die 3rd hinge occurs. Then, the required inelastic rotation may be determined at die 3rd hinge
occurrence if first order plastic analysis is performed.
4 6 S 10
12 14
[cm]
Figure 2.2 Horizontal displacement versus load factor
1
<
' Ml
4 <
L3 1 L2
0
Figure 2.3 Locations and numbering of plastic hinges
=5.47
1
= 1.222
1
st
n-0 n-1
il ir
2 1.39
4
= 0.39
horizontal
=0 displacement
n = 2 n-3 n-4
4.3 2 3 2
< > plastchinge4
is not valid
Figure 2.4 Evolution of the critical load factor witii plastic hinges occurences
469
die first order behaviour (-) curve. Therefore, die 4tii plastic hinge is not valid and die collapse
load factor taking into account die second order effects will be equal or less than die load factor at
which die 3rd hinge occurs. Then, the required inelastic rotation may be determined at die 3rd hinge
occurrence if first order plastic analysis is performed.
4 6 S 10
12 14
[cm]
Figure 2.2 Horizontal displacement versus load factor
1
<
' Ml
4 <
L3 1 L2
0
Figure 2.3 Locations and numbering of plastic hinges
=5.47
1
= 1.222
1
st
n-0 n-1
il ir
2 1.39
4
= 0.39
horizontal
=0 displacement
n = 2 n-3 n-4
4.3 2 3 2
< > plastchinge4
is not valid
Figure 2.4 Evolution of the critical load factor witii plastic hinges occurences
469
Considering die required inelastic rotation, let us assume tiiat die governing hinge is the hinge
number 1 . Figure 2.5 shows die evolution of its inelastic rotation versus the load actor in a first and
in a second order analysis. Fromthis figure, it can be said that :
If the required inelastic rotation is determined at collapse ((preq.u), die value fells down from 32,7
IO"3 rad to 18,8 IO3 rad when considering the second order effects (-42,5%). The value obtained
at die occurrence ofthe 3rd plastic hinge in the first order analysis is 22,5 10~3 rad and is a better
approximation ofthe true required rotation (18,8 10~3 rad).
125
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
OSO
0.85
0.80
1222
1.000
l/^X
T\
1
/~2
list order I
1 ^
3
\ |2ndordcr h
!
jlOS
hi
*&"*
r \
i
22.5
4
j
;
j
32.7
10 15 20 25
30 35
[io"3id]
Figure 2.5 Required inelastic rotation versus load factor
2.2.3 Influence of the load factor of reference
This paragraph explains parameter 6.2 presented in table 1.3 of chapter 1.
Eurocode 3 imposes to check the ductility in plastic hinges only under design loads :
<Preq.d ^
<Pav
(2.3)
where ,îs the required inelastic rotation under design loads and is the partial safety factor
(see chapter 1.6.2).
But, for simplicity, the designer may want to check this ductility at collapse (mechanismof structure,
instabity,...) :
<Pmj.u ^
<Pa
(2.4)
where <,,. is the required inelastic rotation at collapse.
This latter verification is more severe because
9roq.u ^ ).'
An advantage of checking at collapse is tiiat, under die conditions mentionned in 2.2.1, tp^.u is
independent of die loading patii.
Assuming that the first order analysis in die example presented in chapter 2.2.2 (see figure 2.5) is
valid, then die difference between required inelastic rotations at collapse (tpreq.u) (here 32,7 10"3
rad, for = 1.22) and under design loads (<preq.d) (here 10,9 IO"3 rad, for = 1.0) may be very
large . This reasoning is also valid for a second order plastic analysis if the collapse is reached for
example at a load factor equal to 1,2 or more.
470
Considering die required inelastic rotation, let us assume tiiat die governing hinge is the hinge
number 1 . Figure 2.5 shows die evolution of its inelastic rotation versus the load actor in a first and
in a second order analysis. Fromthis figure, it can be said that :
If the required inelastic rotation is determined at collapse ((preq.u), die value fells down from 32,7
IO"3 rad to 18,8 IO3 rad when considering the second order effects (-42,5%). The value obtained
at die occurrence ofthe 3rd plastic hinge in the first order analysis is 22,5 10~3 rad and is a better
approximation ofthe true required rotation (18,8 10~3 rad).
125
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
OSO
0.85
0.80
1222
1.000
l/^X
T\
1
/~2
list order I
1 ^
3
\ |2ndordcr h
!
jlOS
hi
*&"*
r \
i
22.5
4
j
;
j
32.7
10 15 20 25
30 35
[io"3id]
Figure 2.5 Required inelastic rotation versus load factor
2.2.3 Influence of the load factor of reference
This paragraph explains parameter 6.2 presented in table 1.3 of chapter 1.
Eurocode 3 imposes to check the ductility in plastic hinges only under design loads :
<Preq.d ^
<Pav
(2.3)
where ,îs the required inelastic rotation under design loads and is the partial safety factor
(see chapter 1.6.2).
But, for simplicity, the designer may want to check this ductility at collapse (mechanismof structure,
instabity,...) :
<Pmj.u ^
<Pa
(2.4)
where <,,. is the required inelastic rotation at collapse.
This latter verification is more severe because
9roq.u ^ ).'
An advantage of checking at collapse is tiiat, under die conditions mentionned in 2.2.1, tp^.u is
independent of die loading patii.
Assuming that the first order analysis in die example presented in chapter 2.2.2 (see figure 2.5) is
valid, then die difference between required inelastic rotations at collapse (tpreq.u) (here 32,7 10"3
rad, for = 1.22) and under design loads (<preq.d) (here 10,9 IO"3 rad, for = 1.0) may be very
large . This reasoning is also valid for a second order plastic analysis if the collapse is reached for
example at a load factor equal to 1,2 or more.
470
This paragraph gives, for two-span continuous beams, formulas for the required inelastic rotation
,,.,, at collapse (plastic hinge mechanism) when performing an elastic-perfectiy plastic analysis (see
5.2.1.4 of Eurocode 3). The formulas are exact. Abacuses are provided to help die designer.
Information are also given for ultimate load and first plastic hinge occurence.
If elastic return occurs in plastic hinge, then the formulas for (preq given hereafter are not
applicable andparticular detailed analysis shall be made (see chapter 2. 2. 1 and 2. 4. 2. 2).
Table 2. 1 is a summary table which presents the different load cases and die references to formulas
and charts given further in this chapter.
Table 2.1 Summary table of load cases, formulas ("Eq.n) and charts ("Fig.") for two-span
continuous beams
Loading case
Fi,qi Fu>qu
Fu/Fh q^
*
aL
0<<x<l
JT
Eq. 2.6 to 2.8
nL
^
Eq.2.5
Fig. 2.8
Eq.2.9to
2.11
Fig. 2.10
Eq. 2. 12 to
2.14
Fig. 2.11
0<<1
>0
I
UT
Gq
7//~ ?
Eq. 2.18,
2.20,
2.24 or 2.26
Eq. 2.16 or
2.22
Eq.2.19,
2.21,
2.25 or 2.27
Fig. 2.15
Eq. 2.28 to
2.31
Fig. 2.16
JT 1ST
f
"Zr-
Eq. 2.32 Eq. 2.33
Eq. 2.34 | Eq. 2.35 or

2.36
Fig. 2.18
Fig. 2.19
k
gL I
I
am
-
Fig. 2.21
Fi, qi : loads related to first plastic hinge occurrence Fu, qu : ultimate loads
<Preq.u : required inelastic rotation at collapse
any loading
J7J7' 7779" 777?
L 1 * 1 I I I
Procedure based on elastic analysis in 2.3.4
(preq.d under design loads : Eq. 2.38 and Fig. 2.24
471
This paragraph gives, for two-span continuous beams, formulas for the required inelastic rotation
,,.,, at collapse (plastic hinge mechanism) when performing an elastic-perfectiy plastic analysis (see
5.2.1.4 of Eurocode 3). The formulas are exact. Abacuses are provided to help die designer.
Information are also given for ultimate load and first plastic hinge occurence.
If elastic return occurs in plastic hinge, then the formulas for (preq given hereafter are not
applicable andparticular detailed analysis shall be made (see chapter 2. 2. 1 and 2. 4. 2. 2).
Table 2. 1 is a summary table which presents the different load cases and die references to formulas
and charts given further in this chapter.
Table 2.1 Summary table of load cases, formulas ("Eq.n) and charts ("Fig.") for two-span
continuous beams
Loading case
Fi,qi Fu>qu
Fu/Fh q^
*
aL
0<<x<l
JT
Eq. 2.6 to 2.8
nL
^
Eq.2.5
Fig. 2.8
Eq.2.9to
2.11
Fig. 2.10
Eq. 2. 12 to
2.14
Fig. 2.11
0<<1
>0
I
UT
Gq
7//~ ?
Eq. 2.18,
2.20,
2.24 or 2.26
Eq. 2.16 or
2.22
Eq.2.19,
2.21,
2.25 or 2.27
Fig. 2.15
Eq. 2.28 to
2.31
Fig. 2.16
JT 1ST
f
"Zr-
Eq. 2.32 Eq. 2.33
Eq. 2.34 | Eq. 2.35 or

2.36
Fig. 2.18
Fig. 2.19
k
gL I
I
am
-
Fig. 2.21
Fi, qi : loads related to first plastic hinge occurrence Fu, qu : ultimate loads
<Preq.u : required inelastic rotation at collapse
any loading
J7J7' 7779" 777?
L 1 * 1 I I I
Procedure based on elastic analysis in 2.3.4
(preq.d under design loads : Eq. 2.38 and Fig. 2.24
471
For information, Table 2.2 allows to cany out quick plastic global analysis. The table provides for
end spans and intermediate spans of continuous beams whh constant cross-section.and steel grade :
- die plastic bending moment resistance Mpl required to formdie plastic mechanism at collapse,
- die collapse loads Fu or qu and,
- die position of plastic hinge in span at collapse.
Table 2.2 Plastic global analysis of continuous beams with constant cross-section
Loading case End Span Intermediate span
Mpi Hi
M*
*%>
Mp!
M*
required Mpi Collapse load
F|iQu
"uflu
11,66
ll,66Mpl
16
16 M
pl
a = 0,414 j a = 0,5l
fi
6
6M
pl
F
8
8M,
pl
a = 0,5l
c = c-
F
4
4M
pl
i
a=
3
Hi
6
6M
pl
21
<a<
3 3
C : C :' C C >'
FFF
1 I- ! ,
3
3M,
Pi El
4
4M
.
a = 0,5
Fab
b+e
(b+l)Mpl
ab
Fab
li
2M,
Pi
ab
Figure 2.6
472
For information, Table 2.2 allows to cany out quick plastic global analysis. The table provides for
end spans and intermediate spans of continuous beams whh constant cross-section.and steel grade :
- die plastic bending moment resistance Mpl required to formdie plastic mechanism at collapse,
- die collapse loads Fu or qu and,
- die position of plastic hinge in span at collapse.
Table 2.2 Plastic global analysis of continuous beams with constant cross-section
Loading case End Span Intermediate span
Mpi Hi
M*
*%>
Mp!
M*
F|iQu
"uflu
11,66
ll,66Mpl
16
16 M
pl
a = 0,414 j a = 0,5l
fi
6
6M
pl
F
8
8M,
pl
a = 0,5l
c = c-
F
4
4M
pl
i
a=
3
Hi
6
6M
pl
21
<a<
3 3
C : C :' C C >'
FFF
1 I- ! ,
3
3M,
Pi El
4
4M
.
a = 0,5
Fab
b+e
(b+l)Mpl
ab
Fab
li
2M,
Pi
ab
Figure 2.6
472
2.3.1.1 Ultimate load
Only one plastic mechanism may be reached. The ultimate load Fu can be determined by using the
kinematic theorem : the external work We done by the load as it moves through a virtual
displacement is equal to die internal work W absorbed at die plastic hinges as they rotate through
corresponding angles (see figure 2.7).
with:
and:
We = W
We = FaA
W = Mp, ( <ppl + <pp2 ) + Mp! <Pp2
Figure 2.7
From above expressions and geometrical considerations, we can obtain :
M
F.="
pl
1+a
M_
= k
L a(l-a) " L
Note : Fu does not depend on r\
Figure 2.8 gives the coefficient k as a function of the position parameter a.
91
1Q
17
k 14 -
u 14
7
0.
^
\
\
\
\
>
^
Y
o.:2 0. 0.'y o.:

a
5 0.<s o:7 0.Si 0.<
m
-21
__
20
ty
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
lu
9
S
7
6
r 5
(2.5)
Figure 2.8
Let us assume that the first plastic hinge occurs for the load Fj. The expression of this load can be
derived by considering that the maximum moment in the beam calculated from an elastic analysis,
reaches the plastic moment Mpl. Two cases must be investigated depending on where the maximum
moment occurs :
473
Only one plastic mechanism may be reached. The ultimate load Fu can be determined by using the
kinematic theorem : the external work We done by the load as it moves through a virtual
displacement is equal to die internal work W absorbed at die plastic hinges as they rotate through
corresponding angles (see figure 2.7).
with:
and:
We = W
We = FaA
W = Mp, ( <ppl + <pp2 ) + Mp! <Pp2
Figure 2.7
From above expressions and geometrical considerations, we can obtain :
M
F.="
pl
1+a
M_
= k
L a(l-a) " L
Note : Fu does not depend on r\
Figure 2.8 gives the coefficient k as a function of the position parameter a.
91
1Q
17
k 14 -
u 14
7
0.
^
\
\
\
\
>
^
Y
o.:2 0. 0.'y o.:

a
5 0.<s o:7 0.Si 0.<
m
-21
__
20
ty
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
lu
9
S
7
6
r 5
(2.5)
Figure 2.8
Let us assume that the first plastic hinge occurs for the load Fj. The expression of this load can be
derived by considering that the maximum moment in the beam calculated from an elastic analysis,
reaches the plastic moment Mpl. Two cases must be investigated depending on where the maximum
moment occurs :
473
Case A : First hinge at the loading point if : <^2(+1)-1
then F, = -
M
pi
2(+1)
L (-1)[(+1)-2(+1)]
Case : First hinge at the intermediate support if: >^2(+1)-1
(2.6)
then F, =-
M
Pi 2(+1)
L (1- )
For the particular case ij = 1 :
(2.7)
M
F,=-
pi
L (-1)( +-4)
(<^2(+1)-1=1)
1
0,8 -
0,6 -
0,4 -
oa .
0
0, oa
>I^
0,3
()
2
-
0
> ^.
]
1
-.
0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,
9
(2.8)
Figure 2.9
The ratio FJF1 is an indicator for die interest of die plastic analysis. This ratio is easily derived from
die previous expressions.
Case <^2(+1)-1 :
Case
-^=(+1)
f r
(+1)
1-
V 2(+1)
(2.9)
>]2(\+)-1 :
=1
Fu _ (q + ir
F, 2(+1)
= 0,25(+1) (4 - - 2)
Fi
(2.10)
(2.11)
With the restriction : 0 <<1
474
Case A : First hinge at the loading point if : <^2(+1)-1
then F, = -
M
pi
2(+1)
L (-1)[(+1)-2(+1)]
Case : First hinge at the intermediate support if: >^2(+1)-1
(2.6)
then F, =-
M
Pi 2(+1)
L (1- )
For the particular case ij = 1 :
(2.7)
M
F,=-
pi
L (-1)( +-4)
(<^2(+1)-1=1)
1
0,8 -
0,6 -
0,4 -
oa .
0
0, oa
>I^
0,3
()
2
-
0
> ^.
]
1
-.
0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,
9
(2.8)
Figure 2.9
The ratio FJF1 is an indicator for die interest of die plastic analysis. This ratio is easily derived from
die previous expressions.
Case <^2(+1)-1 :
Case
-^=(+1)
f r
(+1)
1-
V 2(+1)
(2.9)
>]2(\+)-1 :
=1
Fu _ (q + ir
F, 2(+1)
= 0,25(+1) (4 - - 2)
Fi
(2.10)
(2.11)
With the restriction : 0 <<1
474
17 1 ~
1.6 -
1.5 -
1.4 -
Fa/Fi
1.3 -
1.2 -
1.1 -
.
0.
Jm>^_^
-C
\2
2
IS- -
L/
0.1 N
^fo
]
l
1
1.0
.5 ^
L
5
(p^
^sT
0.1
m. i
/
0?
4
0.3
/
f
/
/
/
0.4
0.5 [
1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.
a
- 1.6
- 1.5
- 1.4
- 1.3
- 1.2
- 1.1
- 1
9
Figure 2.10
Note : Figure 2.10 shows that the loading capacity is increased up to about 22%for
equal spans owing to a plastic analysis, when the concentrated load is near the
middle of the span.
2.3.1.2 Required inelastic rotation ^
The required inelastic rotation may be obtained by integrating the bending moment under the load
increment (Fu - Fj) along the beam in which a perfect hinge has been introduced at die plastic hinge
location. Therefore the required inelastic rotation is die rotation in the perfect hinge under (Fu - Fj).
If </2(+1)-1
(case A : 1st plastic hinge at loading point)
MpiL -2-2+2+1
req.u
6EI
(2.12)
475
17 1 ~
1.6 -
1.5 -
1.4 -
Fa/Fi
1.3 -
1.2 -
1.1 -
.
0.
Jm>^_^
-C
\2
2
IS- -
L/
0.1 N
^fo
]
l
1
1.0
.5 ^
L
5
(p^
^sT
0.1
m. i
/
0?
4
0.3
/
f
/
/
/
0.4
0.5 [
1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.
a
- 1.6
- 1.5
- 1.4
- 1.3
- 1.2
- 1.1
- 1
9
Figure 2.10
Note : Figure 2.10 shows that the loading capacity is increased up to about 22%for
equal spans owing to a plastic analysis, when the concentrated load is near the
middle of the span.
2.3.1.2 Required inelastic rotation ^
The required inelastic rotation may be obtained by integrating the bending moment under the load
increment (Fu - Fj) along the beam in which a perfect hinge has been introduced at die plastic hinge
location. Therefore the required inelastic rotation is die rotation in the perfect hinge under (Fu - Fj).
If </2(+1)-1
(case A : 1st plastic hinge at loading point)
MpiL -2-2+2+1
req.u
6EI
(2.12)
475
If >>/2(+1)-1 (case : 1st plastic hinge at support)
MnlL ,
,=-7=-(2+2-2-1)
6EI
If =1
(2.13)
Treq.u
Mp,L (q + 3)(l-a)
6EI
(2.14)
The required rotation ^^may be expressed by:
.=1
MP,L
m
(2.15)
Figure 2. 1 1 shows curves giving k, versus for various values ofdie ratio .
Figure 2.11
476
If >>/2(+1)-1 (case : 1st plastic hinge at support)
MnlL ,
,=-7=-(2+2-2-1)
6EI
If =1
(2.13)
Treq.u
Mp,L (q + 3)(l-a)
6EI
(2.14)
The required rotation ^^may be expressed by:
.=1
MP,L
m
(2.15)
Figure 2. 1 1 shows curves giving k, versus for various values ofdie ratio .
Figure 2.11
476
Figure 2.12
Note : Uniform loads are assumed not to vary independently in each span (proportional loading).
Three possible mechanisms may occur (see figure 2.13), but we assumed that 0. Therefore the
mechanism C is not considered. Depending on die values of and , mechanism A or mechanism
will be formed witii the first hinge occuring eitiier at support or in span (see figure 2. 14).
Figure 2.13
The methodology is similar to the one described in 2.3. 1 for a concentrated load.
If 2< 1 Case A : The mechanism occurs in the first span
M.
qu= (6+4^2) -f (2.16)
a) First plastic hinge on the intermediate support
The first plastic hinge occurs on the intermediate support if the following
condition is fulfilled :
4(3 - 2V2 ) < ^^- < 4 (3 +2V2 )
+
(2.17)
or
1+
0,6863 < < 23,3 137
1+
Let us assume that qt is the loading for which the first plastic hinge
occurs, then :
477
Figure 2.12
Note : Uniform loads are assumed not to vary independently in each span (proportional loading).
Three possible mechanisms may occur (see figure 2.13), but we assumed that 0. Therefore the
mechanism C is not considered. Depending on die values of and , mechanism A or mechanism
will be formed witii the first hinge occuring eitiier at support or in span (see figure 2. 14).
Figure 2.13
The methodology is similar to the one described in 2.3. 1 for a concentrated load.
If 2< 1 Case A : The mechanism occurs in the first span
M.
qu= (6+4^2) -f (2.16)
a) First plastic hinge on the intermediate support
The first plastic hinge occurs on the intermediate support if the following
condition is fulfilled :
4(3 - 2V2 ) < ^^- < 4 (3 +2V2 )
+
(2.17)
or
1+
0,6863 < < 23,3 137
1+
Let us assume that qt is the loading for which the first plastic hinge
occurs, then :
477
8Mpl +
q' " L2 1+3
(2.18)
so
qu 3+2-J 1+3
(2.19)
10-
9
8-
7-
6-
5 -
4
3-
2 =
1 -
0-
() 0.1
<1
0.2
4 1+
0.3
\
\
\
\
\
\
c-i
\
\
\
\
\
\
^
S-

V
1
2
^ 1
\
2^-58 "*--.
^"--.^
"""""--
'-" *J Ja
-*< -mW-
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
-
0.8 0.9
1
Figure 2.14
b) First plastic hinge in the first span
If the first plastic hinge occurs in the first span, then
128M
qi=-
pi
1+
3+4-
(2.20)
so
q^ 3+2V2
64
3+4-
1+
(2.21)
478
8Mpl +
q' " L2 1+3
(2.18)
so
qu 3+2-J 1+3
(2.19)
10-
9
8-
7-
6-
5 -
4
3-
2 =
1 -
0-
() 0.1
<1
0.2
4 1+
0.3
\
\
\
\
\
\
c-i
\
\
\
\
\
\
^
S-

V
1
2
^ 1
\
2^-58 "*--.
^"--.^
"""""--
'-" *J Ja
-*< -mW-
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
-
0.8 0.9
1
Figure 2.14
b) First plastic hinge in the first span
If the first plastic hinge occurs in the first span, then
128M
qi=-
pi
1+
3+4-
(2.20)
so
q^ 3+2V2
64
3+4-
1+
(2.21)
478
If 2>1 Case : The mechanism occurs in die second span
, ._ l
u=-|-(6+4V2) -.
Qu" L2
(2.22)
a) First plastic hinge at the intermediate support

The first plastic hinge occurs at the intermediate support if the following
condition is satisfied :
4(3-2^2) < ^ <4(3+2/2)
(1+)
(2.23)
or 0,6863 <-
1+
(1+)
< 23,3 137
Let us assume that qi is the loading for which die first plastic hinge
occurs, then :
8Mp, i+
qi~ L2 1+3
(2.24)
so
iL
<li
3 +2V2 1+3
4 (1+)
b) First plastic hinge in the second span
If die first plastic hinge occurs in the second span, then :
(2.25)
128
4_.
3 Y
1+
2(1+).
(2.26)
so
qu_3+2j2
q, 64
1+
4
. '(1+);
(2.27)
If 2= 1 Plastic resistance is reached in die two spans at the same time.
479
If 2>1 Case : The mechanism occurs in die second span
, ._ l
u=-|-(6+4V2) -.
Qu" L2
(2.22)
a) First plastic hinge at the intermediate support

The first plastic hinge occurs at the intermediate support if the following
condition is satisfied :
4(3-2^2) < ^ <4(3+2/2)
(1+)
(2.23)
or 0,6863 <-
1+
(1+)
< 23,3 137
Let us assume that qi is the loading for which die first plastic hinge
occurs, then :
8Mp, i+
qi~ L2 1+3
(2.24)
so
iL
<li
3 +2V2 1+3
4 (1+)
b) First plastic hinge in the second span
If die first plastic hinge occurs in the second span, then :
(2.25)
128
4_.
3 Y
1+
2(1+).
(2.26)
so
qu_3+2j2
q, 64
1+
4
. '(1+);
(2.27)
If 2= 1 Plastic resistance is reached in die two spans at the same time.
479
Figure 2.15 shows the evolution of the ratio q^ related to for various values of (boxed
values). The curve peaks indicate die limit between mechanismAand mechanism B.
1.5
1.457
1.4
%^l
1.3
1.2
1.1
-
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1.5
1.457
Figure 2.15
2.3.2.2 Required inelastic rotation ,,.,
Case : 2<1
If the first plastic hinge occurs at the intermediate support, then :
,req.u
MplL
EI
+l 3+2-J ,
-! (1+3)
3 12
(2.28)
480
Figure 2.15 shows the evolution of the ratio q^ related to for various values of (boxed
values). The curve peaks indicate die limit between mechanismAand mechanism B.
1.5
1.457
1.4
%^l
1.3
1.2
1.1
-
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1.5
1.457
Figure 2.15
2.3.2.2 Required inelastic rotation ,,.,
Case : 2<1
If the first plastic hinge occurs at the intermediate support, then :
,req.u
MplL
EI
+l 3+2-J ,
-! (1+3)
3 12
(2.28)
480
If the first plastic hinge occurs in die first span, then :
req.u
MpiLn+i
EI 3
(V2 + I)
. , 1+
1-(V2 + 1)2 -
4(1+).
(2.29)
Case 2> 11
If the first plastic hinge occurs on the intermediate support, then :
,req.u
MplL
EI
+1 3+2^2 1+3
12
If the first plastic hinge occurs in the second span, dien :
,
MpiL /2+1
req.u
EI
1 3
, , 1+
+1- (/2+1)2 L
4
(2.30)
(2.31)
Figure 2. 16 shows curves giving a factor k,. versus the ratio for various values of the ratio
and so die required inelastic rotation ,u can be obtained by :
. =
Mp,L
m
0.3 -
kr
0.2 -
0.1 -
c
J.
"""
>
\
r
-.
,
1/
n
\
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
lio
3 1
TJ
-""'
7~
0.6 0.7
"
\
?

[
[.
.-
4
-\
4)
|3
0.8 0.9 1
481
If the first plastic hinge occurs in die first span, then :
req.u
MpiLn+i
EI 3
(V2 + I)
. , 1+
1-(V2 + 1)2 -
4(1+).
(2.29)
Case 2> 11
If the first plastic hinge occurs on the intermediate support, then :
,req.u
MplL
EI
+1 3+2^2 1+3
12
If the first plastic hinge occurs in the second span, dien :
,
MpiL /2+1
req.u
EI
1 3
, , 1+
+1- (/2+1)2 L
4
(2.30)
(2.31)
Figure 2. 16 shows curves giving a factor k,. versus the ratio for various values of the ratio
and so die required inelastic rotation ,u can be obtained by :
. =
Mp,L
m
0.3 -
kr
0.2 -
0.1 -
c
J.
"""
>
\
r
-.
,
1/
n
\
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
lio
3 1
TJ
-""'
7~
0.6 0.7
"
\
?

[
[.
.-
4
-\
4)
|3
0.8 0.9 1
481
0.4
0.3
kr
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1
-
0.2
ii-
0.3 0.4 0.5
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

m
I51
]
IOTI
1
Note
Figure 2.16
In the case of increasing the loadingfrom zero to reach the plastic mechanism, the
first plastic hinge may occur in one of both spans. This first plastic hinge is
accurately located at the maximum moment location which is determined from an
elastic analysis. While the loading increases to reach the ultimate loading, the
yielding spreads in the zone of this first plastic hinge because of redistribution of
bending moment. At collapse thefinal position d of the concentratedplastic hinge in
the span will be differentfrom its initial position:
d = fsj2-l)L1
'span
The designer shouldbe aware of thisphenomenon when applying stiffeners. Stiffeners
must be appliedat theposition ofplastic hinges according to the state of collapse.
X
d = 0,414 L
^Q_ Mechanism A
X-
&
X-
0,414L
-X
Mechanism
-X-
r,L
-X
Figure 2.17
2.3.2.3 Same uniform distributed load for both spans (= 1)
For this case, the mechanismA always occurs since :21
The first plastic hinge always occurs at the intermediate support :
8M
<h=-
pi
L2 2 -+1
(2.32)
482
0.4
0.3
kr
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1
-
0.2
ii-
0.3 0.4 0.5
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

m
I51
]
IOTI
1
Note
Figure 2.16
In the case of increasing the loadingfrom zero to reach the plastic mechanism, the
first plastic hinge may occur in one of both spans. This first plastic hinge is
accurately located at the maximum moment location which is determined from an
elastic analysis. While the loading increases to reach the ultimate loading, the
yielding spreads in the zone of this first plastic hinge because of redistribution of
bending moment. At collapse thefinal position d of the concentratedplastic hinge in
the span will be differentfrom its initial position:
d = fsj2-l)L1
'span
The designer shouldbe aware of thisphenomenon when applying stiffeners. Stiffeners
must be appliedat theposition ofplastic hinges according to the state of collapse.
X
d = 0,414 L
^Q_ Mechanism A
X-
&
X-
0,414L
-X
Mechanism
-X-
r,L
-X
Figure 2.17
2.3.2.3 Same uniform distributed load for both spans (= 1)
For this case, the mechanismA always occurs since :21
The first plastic hinge always occurs at the intermediate support :
8M
<h=-
pi
L2 2 -+1
(2.32)
482
The collapse is obtained for die load q, :
= ^L(3+ 2VI)
qu=-I
(2.33)
The second plastic hinge is located at the distance (/2 - 1) L = 0,414 L from the origin of die
first span.
The following ratio is an
indicator for die interest of die
plastic analysis :
qu 3+2-J t ,
= (2-+) (2.34)
1.5 ,
1,4 .
1,3 .
q /q,
u 1
1,2
1,1
1 .
() 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
Figure 2.18
Required inelastic rotation _ u :
Mp]L 3+2/2 2 l-
%*. =-= +) ( --11+*/2)
12
(2.35)
or:
M..L
,. = 0,4857 -f (1+) (2 -+0,3137)
(2.36)
M,L
The required rotation ,^may be obtained from figure 2. 19 with: ^, u = kr -
EI
035
03
0,25 .
0,15
0,1
0,05
0 .
C> 0,1 0 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
Figure 2.19
483
The collapse is obtained for die load q, :
= ^L(3+ 2VI)
qu=-I
(2.33)
The second plastic hinge is located at the distance (/2 - 1) L = 0,414 L from the origin of die
first span.
The following ratio is an
indicator for die interest of die
plastic analysis :
qu 3+2-J t ,
= (2-+) (2.34)
1.5 ,
1,4 .
1,3 .
q /q,
u 1
1,2
1,1
1 .
() 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
Figure 2.18
Required inelastic rotation _ u :
Mp]L 3+2/2 2 l-
%*. =-= +) ( --11+*/2)
12
(2.35)
or:
M..L
,. = 0,4857 -f (1+) (2 -+0,3137)
(2.36)
M,L
The required rotation ,^may be obtained from figure 2. 19 with: ^, u = kr -
EI
035
03
0,25 .
0,15
0,1
0,05
0 .
C> 0,1 0 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
Figure 2.19
483
2.3.3 Two equal span beam with a concentrated load and an uniform distributed load
In order to evaluate the relative influence of a concentrated load and an uniform distributed load, a
numerical study has been carried out using die PEP micro program of CTICM [15] instead of a
complex analytical study.
Figure 2.20
As for the previous cases, the required inelastic rotation ^.may be expressed as:
=
req.u
MplL
EI
In figure 2.21, the factor k, is plotted as a function of the ratio :
=
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.2S
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
(2.37)
\?s
\s
^r
^>
X
>*
V
^^
yjo-sl
i^^v
a.
'
i-St/^
I0.7L _
y
?
0.8 \~
\ 0.3 r
02
y"U
J -"
_u
Jst
^-
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Figure 2.21
484
2.3.3 Two equal span beam with a concentrated load and an uniform distributed load
In order to evaluate the relative influence of a concentrated load and an uniform distributed load, a
numerical study has been carried out using die PEP micro program of CTICM [15] instead of a
complex analytical study.
Figure 2.20
As for the previous cases, the required inelastic rotation ^.may be expressed as:
=
req.u
MplL
EI
In figure 2.21, the factor k, is plotted as a function of the ratio :
=
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.2S
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
(2.37)
\?s
\s
^r
^>
X
>*
V
^^
yjo-sl
i^^v
a.
'
i-St/^
I0.7L _
y
?
0.8 \~
\ 0.3 r
02
y"U
J -"
_u
Jst
^-
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Figure 2.21
484
In die left part ofthe curves, the distributed load is predominant and the first plastic hinge occurs at
the intermediate support. In die right part, the concentrated load becomes predominant and the
plastic hinge occurs at the load location.
23.4 Two span beam- General case of loading
It is rather difficult to give formulas and abacuses dealing witii complex loading cases for which
parameters could be :
- Span length ratio
- Relative position of the concentrated load
- Ratio ofthe distributed loads for the first span and the second one
- Ratio between the concentrated load and the distributed load
A more general method based on elastic analyses is given hereafter in order to calculate the required
inelastic rotation , d under design loads, that is for a load level between the first plastic hinge and
the second one for which the collapse occurs.
After an elastic analysis, we assume that, under design loads, the maximum moment Mm ,
exceeding die plastic moment Mp, , is located at a distance L fromthe origin of the beam.
Figure 2.22
So, = M,.,* - Mp! is to be redistributed. For tiiis, the following diagram has to be added to the
one resulting fromthe elastic analysis.
Figure 2.23
485
In die left part ofthe curves, the distributed load is predominant and the first plastic hinge occurs at
the intermediate support. In die right part, the concentrated load becomes predominant and the
plastic hinge occurs at the load location.
23.4 Two span beam- General case of loading
It is rather difficult to give formulas and abacuses dealing witii complex loading cases for which
parameters could be :
- Span length ratio
- Relative position of the concentrated load
- Ratio ofthe distributed loads for the first span and the second one
- Ratio between the concentrated load and the distributed load
A more general method based on elastic analyses is given hereafter in order to calculate the required
inelastic rotation , d under design loads, that is for a load level between the first plastic hinge and
the second one for which the collapse occurs.
After an elastic analysis, we assume that, under design loads, the maximum moment Mm ,
exceeding die plastic moment Mp, , is located at a distance L fromthe origin of the beam.
Figure 2.22
So, = M,.,* - Mp! is to be redistributed. For tiiis, the following diagram has to be added to the
one resulting fromthe elastic analysis.
Figure 2.23
485
This diagram is obtained by considering the beam witii a perfect binge at the maximum moment
location, and moments - applied each side of this hinge. The required inelastic rotation is the
rotation in this hinge subjected to -AM.
Therefore the expression ofthe required inelastic rotation ,îs given by :
req.d
AML +1
32
(2.38)
Note : This expression does not depend on the loading, but only on M.
It must be checked that the plastic moment is not exceeded somewhere else in the beam : the
mechanismmust not be reached.
If is the load factor of all the applied loads, then :
=
pi
"-
!
Loading factor for the first plastic hinge

Loading factor at collapse
The required inelastic rotation ^.! may be expressed as
%co.d=K
AML
m
Figure 2.24 gives the factor k, versus and the lengtii parameter .
M -
10 -
6 -
0 -
\\
1
\
w
w
\\
\
\
\\\W
W&
\\
T
i
\\
T
-
y\
\\
T
^
W
\\
w
\\
y\
V
VN
S/
\\
\\\
\
\V
\
\\
W
>
\\
\>
ys
s ^
V
\
\
\\
\V
Xs
\\
ss
NN
ss
\
^
U\
s
Sn
\s
s>
Xs
J~
^.
&
Si
^
r-N
S
st
^
^
Zi
\jT_
..
s
^
s|v
^
TS^sN
3>
j*4
^
s^.
\
>x
*N
0.1 0.2 03 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Figure 2.24
486
This diagram is obtained by considering the beam witii a perfect binge at the maximum moment
location, and moments - applied each side of this hinge. The required inelastic rotation is the
rotation in this hinge subjected to -AM.
Therefore the expression ofthe required inelastic rotation ,îs given by :
req.d
AML +1
32
(2.38)
Note : This expression does not depend on the loading, but only on M.
It must be checked that the plastic moment is not exceeded somewhere else in the beam : the
mechanismmust not be reached.
If is the load factor of all the applied loads, then :
=
pi
"-
!
Loading factor for the first plastic hinge

Loading factor at collapse
The required inelastic rotation ^.! may be expressed as
%co.d=K
AML
m
Figure 2.24 gives the factor k, versus and the lengtii parameter .
M -
10 -
6 -
0 -
\\
1
\
w
w
\\
\
\
\\\W
W&
\\
T
i
\\
T
-
y\
\\
T
^
W
\\
w
\\
y\
V
VN
S/
\\
\\\
\
\V
\
\\
W
>
\\
\>
ys
s ^
V
\
\
\\
\V
Xs
\\
ss
NN
ss
\
^
U\
s
Sn
\s
s>
Xs
J~
^.
&
Si
^
r-N
S
st
^
^
Zi
\jT_
..
s
^
s|v
^
TS^sN
3>
j*4
^
s^.
\
>x
*N
0.1 0.2 03 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Figure 2.24
486
2.4 Frames
2.4.1 Plastic analysis using a specific program
In order to make a plastic design of a frame and determine die required inelastic rotations in plastic
hinges, a global elastic-perfectly-plastic analysis (see 5.2.1.4 of Eurocode 3) of a frame can be
performed with die help of a plastic analysis computer program. Those programs are generally based
on die step-by-step method and can automatically take into account particular aspects such as elastic
returns (see 2.4.2.2 of this chapter), second order effects, semi-rigid behaviour of connections and
also M-N interaction in bending resistance of sections. All these aspects have direct influence on
required inelastic rotations (see paragraph 2.2 for second order effects influence).
The M-N interaction in bending resistance of sections is often necessary for columns where the
influence of axial force may be not negligible. Then, an interaction curve has to be considered.
During die step-by-step method, moment and axial force may vary in such a way that they remain on
the interaction curve. Moreover, axial plastic elongations and inelastic rotations have to be evaluated
witii respect to a "normality law".
For instance, in case of I sections with bending about strong axis, the interaction curve may be
approximated by a bi-linear curve as shown in figure 2.25. This leads to introduce two types of
plastic hinge : without (type M) and witii N-interaction (type M-N). Consequently, the type of a
plastic hinge may change as the axial force increases during loading and a specific program can take
tiiis phenomenon into account.
N/Npl i
teraction curve
MMpl
Figure 2.25
2.4.2.1 Scope
A global elastic-perfectly-plastic analysis can however also be performed with the help of a simple
elastic analysis program if the following assumptions are satisfied.
Assumptions : The axial force and the shear force must not reduce the plastic bending
moment resistance.
The frame is "rigid" according to Eurocode 3 (5.2.5.2) so that second
order effects need not be taken into account in global analysis.
487
2.4 Frames
2.4.1 Plastic analysis using a specific program
In order to make a plastic design of a frame and determine die required inelastic rotations in plastic
hinges, a global elastic-perfectly-plastic analysis (see 5.2.1.4 of Eurocode 3) of a frame can be
performed with die help of a plastic analysis computer program. Those programs are generally based
on die step-by-step method and can automatically take into account particular aspects such as elastic
returns (see 2.4.2.2 of this chapter), second order effects, semi-rigid behaviour of connections and
also M-N interaction in bending resistance of sections. All these aspects have direct influence on
required inelastic rotations (see paragraph 2.2 for second order effects influence).
The M-N interaction in bending resistance of sections is often necessary for columns where the
influence of axial force may be not negligible. Then, an interaction curve has to be considered.
During die step-by-step method, moment and axial force may vary in such a way that they remain on
the interaction curve. Moreover, axial plastic elongations and inelastic rotations have to be evaluated
witii respect to a "normality law".
For instance, in case of I sections with bending about strong axis, the interaction curve may be
approximated by a bi-linear curve as shown in figure 2.25. This leads to introduce two types of
plastic hinge : without (type M) and witii N-interaction (type M-N). Consequently, the type of a
plastic hinge may change as the axial force increases during loading and a specific program can take
tiiis phenomenon into account.
N/Npl i
teraction curve
MMpl
Figure 2.25
2.4.2.1 Scope
A global elastic-perfectly-plastic analysis can however also be performed with the help of a simple
elastic analysis program if the following assumptions are satisfied.
Assumptions : The axial force and the shear force must not reduce the plastic bending
moment resistance.
The frame is "rigid" according to Eurocode 3 (5.2.5.2) so that second
order effects need not be taken into account in global analysis.
487
These assumptions are needed because a plastic hinge is considered hereafter like a perfect hinge
acting under a constant moment Mp,. If it is expected that die bending moment resistance in a section
will be reduced by die axial or shear force effect, the user can take that into account by reducing Mp,
before starting the method.
2.4.2.2 Methodology
This method is known as die "step-bv-step method" and consists in a succession of elastic linear
analyses in which plastic hinges are replaced by perfect hinges to ensure no variation of bending
moments in the yielded sections (see figure 2.26). Each analysis, that is each step, is performed on
the frame witii a perfect hinge more tiian in die previous step, at die location where a new plastic
hinge occured in die previous analysis. Each step is limited at a variation of the load factor by
the occurence of a new plastic hinge where the plastic moment is reached in a new cross-section
somewhere in the structure. Inside each step, variations of displacements, internal forces and
moments, and rotations in perfect hinges are calculated and can be summed through all the previous
steps in order to determine tiieir total values.
mechanism
4. A3
9j=o i
rotation in the first hinge
0 , . ,
<Pu
, D
Figure 2.26
Figure 2.27 shows a flowchart of die methodology, considering tiiat die loading increases in
proportion to the load factor . This metiiod allows die designer to calculate the required inelastic
rotation in die plastic hinges just before collapse and even for each step of die incrementation.
This metiiod is radier easy to apply for a simple structure (simple frame, continuous beam, ... ).
However, in case of more complex structures where the state of the structure under design loads or
at collapse may involve a great number of plastic hinges, this methodology may become tedious and
a specific plastic analysis program is necessary.
The user must be aware of a particular phenomenon which may occur and has to be taken into
account : an elastic return of a plastic hinge (see figure 2.28). During the step-by-step procedure, die
sign of die rotation in a perfect hinge may change. This means that, because of die bending moment
488
These assumptions are needed because a plastic hinge is considered hereafter like a perfect hinge
acting under a constant moment Mp,. If it is expected that die bending moment resistance in a section
will be reduced by die axial or shear force effect, the user can take that into account by reducing Mp,
before starting the method.
2.4.2.2 Methodology
This method is known as die "step-bv-step method" and consists in a succession of elastic linear
analyses in which plastic hinges are replaced by perfect hinges to ensure no variation of bending
moments in the yielded sections (see figure 2.26). Each analysis, that is each step, is performed on
the frame witii a perfect hinge more tiian in die previous step, at die location where a new plastic
hinge occured in die previous analysis. Each step is limited at a variation of the load factor by
the occurence of a new plastic hinge where the plastic moment is reached in a new cross-section
somewhere in the structure. Inside each step, variations of displacements, internal forces and
moments, and rotations in perfect hinges are calculated and can be summed through all the previous
steps in order to determine tiieir total values.
mechanism
4. A3
9j=o i
rotation in the first hinge
0 , . ,
<Pu
, D
Figure 2.26
Figure 2.27 shows a flowchart of die methodology, considering tiiat die loading increases in
proportion to the load factor . This metiiod allows die designer to calculate the required inelastic
rotation in die plastic hinges just before collapse and even for each step of die incrementation.
This metiiod is radier easy to apply for a simple structure (simple frame, continuous beam, ... ).
However, in case of more complex structures where the state of the structure under design loads or
at collapse may involve a great number of plastic hinges, this methodology may become tedious and
a specific plastic analysis program is necessary.
The user must be aware of a particular phenomenon which may occur and has to be taken into
account : an elastic return of a plastic hinge (see figure 2.28). During the step-by-step procedure, die
sign of die rotation in a perfect hinge may change. This means that, because of die bending moment
488
redistribution, the corresponding plastic hinge takes an elastic behaviour. Then die structure must be
modified by suppressing the perfect hinge and die elastic analysis is to be started again, hi the plastic
hinge where elastic return occurs, die remaining inelastic rotation Remaining (see figure 2.28)
constitutes a local discontinuity in the structure and must be kept for following step of calculations.
Geometry - Steel
Support conditions
Loac
I
Moment diagram : M0- 0
Shear force diagram :Vo=0
Displacements :=0
Hinge rotations : <,-0
ELASTIC ANALYSISi (with i hinges)
If i > 0 : A plastic mechanismis reached
Results of the elastic analysis
(with i hinges)
Moment diagram : m
Displacements : 5
Rotations in the hinges :
Elastic return
Suppression of
the perfect hinge
Step number : j - i + 1
*
Research of the cross-section for which
Akj = (Mpl - Mym is minimum
Load factor: Xj = X + kj

(for the loading Xj F)
Momentdiagram : M= Mj + AXj mj
Shear force diagram :Vj = Vj+A^ Vj
Displacements : Dj = Dj + - g.
I
Rotations in the hinges at the end of the step j
<&j= , + AXj,
i-j
in the structure
Figure 2.27
489
redistribution, the corresponding plastic hinge takes an elastic behaviour. Then die structure must be
modified by suppressing the perfect hinge and die elastic analysis is to be started again, hi the plastic
hinge where elastic return occurs, die remaining inelastic rotation Remaining (see figure 2.28)
constitutes a local discontinuity in the structure and must be kept for following step of calculations.
Geometry - Steel
Support conditions
Loac
I
Moment diagram : M0- 0
Shear force diagram :Vo=0
Displacements :=0
Hinge rotations : <,-0
ELASTIC ANALYSISi (with i hinges)
If i > 0 : A plastic mechanismis reached
Results of the elastic analysis
(with i hinges)
Moment diagram : m
Displacements : 5
Rotations in the hinges :
Elastic return
Suppression of
the perfect hinge
Step number : j - i + 1
*
Research of the cross-section for which
Akj = (Mpl - Mym is minimum
Load factor: Xj = X + kj

(for the loading Xj F)
Momentdiagram : M= Mj + AXj mj
Shear force diagram :Vj = Vj+A^ Vj
Displacements : Dj = Dj + - g.
I
Rotations in the hinges at the end of the step j
<&j= , + AXj,
i-j
in the structure
Figure 2.27
489
M
Mpi
<L
plastic hinge behaviour
"^^^^ '^mm-f'^^T."
"^^>
Mpl
Elastic return
_^_
<
i
<0
0 inelastic rotation
'remaining
Figure 2.28
2.4.3 Indicative values of ,*, for pre-design of simple portal frames
A study has been conducted in order to determine the required inelastic rotation ,, of formed plastic
hinges for a given type of portal frame. Six types of portal frames have been identified, and for each
type, a parametric study has been made [13]. So, 79 frames have been studied. A simplified method
was adopted in order to obtain a realistic design. An elastic analysis was first performed in order to
check Serviceability Limit State requirements. Then a plastic analysis was made in order to check
Ultimate Limit State criteria and to determine required inelastic rotations under design loads (= 1)
and at collapse () : mechanism or instability. Some of die frames were sway frames according to
Eurocode 3 and the second order effects were taken into account. All analyses have been conducted
witii the PEP micro program of CTICM [15].
Table 2.3 summarises the calculated indicative maximum values of ^which have been determined
for each type of frame. This table gives to die designer an idea of die magnitude of ^for such
frames and must be considered as a help in order to choose a starting section in a pre-design
procedure.
490
M
Mpi
<L
plastic hinge behaviour
"^^^^ '^mm-f'^^T."
"^^>
Mpl
Elastic return
_^_
<
i
<0
0 inelastic rotation
'remaining
Figure 2.28
2.4.3 Indicative values of ,*, for pre-design of simple portal frames
A study has been conducted in order to determine the required inelastic rotation ,, of formed plastic
hinges for a given type of portal frame. Six types of portal frames have been identified, and for each
type, a parametric study has been made [13]. So, 79 frames have been studied. A simplified method
was adopted in order to obtain a realistic design. An elastic analysis was first performed in order to
check Serviceability Limit State requirements. Then a plastic analysis was made in order to check
Ultimate Limit State criteria and to determine required inelastic rotations under design loads (= 1)
and at collapse () : mechanism or instability. Some of die frames were sway frames according to
Eurocode 3 and the second order effects were taken into account. All analyses have been conducted
witii the PEP micro program of CTICM [15].
Table 2.3 summarises the calculated indicative maximum values of ^which have been determined
for each type of frame. This table gives to die designer an idea of die magnitude of ^for such
frames and must be considered as a help in order to choose a starting section in a pre-design
procedure.
490
Table 2.3 - Indicative maximum values of ^[rad] for pre-design of simple portal fimes
Type of frame
1
2
3
4
5
6
;
,
;
1 [ l
1
1 1
1 l '
.
[ 1 |
i i
1
1 1
I
\ l \
i 1 j
1
i ]
f ?
i 1
] j
s ^
1
f l\
li
s s
Under design
loads
fTBq.d
0,009
0,015
0,026
0,034
0,013
0,006
At collapse
9req.ii
0,020
0,032
0,035
0,040
0,014
0,008
491
Table 2.3 - Indicative maximum values of ^[rad] for pre-design of simple portal fimes
Type of frame
1
2
3
4
5
6
;
,
;
1 [ l
1
1 1
1 l '
.
[ 1 |
i i
1
1 1
I
\ l \
i 1 j
1
i ]
f ?
i 1
] j
s ^
1
f l\
li
s s
Under design
loads
fTBq.d
0,009
0,015
0,026
0,034
0,013
0,006
At collapse
9req.ii
0,020
0,032
0,035
0,040
0,014
0,008
491
3.1 Introduction - presentation of Feldmann's model
This chapter deals with available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges. It presents a simple procedure
for calculating the inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinges developed by Feldmann [7].
The basis of the metiiod is the modelling of the nonlinear buckling phenomenon in the yielding zones
by a plastic folding mechanism that allows to determine the available inelastic rotation of plastic
hinges in a reliable way. Formulas have been developed for the available inelastic rotation of plastic
hinges for I-profiles and -profiles in bending about the major and the minor axis, for bending witii
or without shear as well as for bending witii axial forces. The extension of Feldmann's formulas to
other load cases is presented in chapter 3.5.
The reliability of these formulas is proved by a comparison with test results [8]: partial safety
factors ^ to be applied to <pav have been determined (see chapter 1.6.2).
3.2 Limitations and assumptions of Feldmann's model
1/ concerned load cases: the available inelastic rotation q>av of plastic hinge can be determined for
the following load cases:
A. concentrated load, bending about major axis y-y of cross-section : Eurocode 3 [3] provides a
formula for the design plastic resistance bending moment about major axis Mpi y r :
. concentrated load, bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section : Eurocode 3 [3] provides
a formula for the design plastic resistance bending moment about minor axis Mpi z r :
492
3.1 Introduction - presentation of Feldmann's model
This chapter deals with available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges. It presents a simple procedure
for calculating the inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinges developed by Feldmann [7].
The basis of the metiiod is the modelling of the nonlinear buckling phenomenon in the yielding zones
by a plastic folding mechanism that allows to determine the available inelastic rotation of plastic
hinges in a reliable way. Formulas have been developed for the available inelastic rotation of plastic
hinges for I-profiles and -profiles in bending about the major and the minor axis, for bending witii
or without shear as well as for bending witii axial forces. The extension of Feldmann's formulas to
other load cases is presented in chapter 3.5.
The reliability of these formulas is proved by a comparison with test results [8]: partial safety
factors ^ to be applied to <pav have been determined (see chapter 1.6.2).
3.2 Limitations and assumptions of Feldmann's model
1/ concerned load cases: the available inelastic rotation q>av of plastic hinge can be determined for
the following load cases:
A. concentrated load, bending about major axis y-y of cross-section : Eurocode 3 [3] provides a
formula for the design plastic resistance bending moment about major axis Mpi y r :
. concentrated load, bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section : Eurocode 3 [3] provides
a formula for the design plastic resistance bending moment about minor axis Mpi z r :
492
concentrated load combined with axial compressive forces, bending about major axis
y-y of cross-section : Eurocode 3 [3] proposes formulas for the reduced design
plastic resistance bending moment allowing for the axial force, MN y Rd :
The extension of Feldmann's model to other load cases is presented in chapter 3.5. Tables of
Appendix 1 provide design plastic resistance of I and H cross-sections (Mpl y Rd , Mpl 2 Rd ,
MN.y.Rd > )
2/ classification of cross-sections: this model applies for all Eurocode 3 class 1 and class 2 cross-
sections (plastic distribution of stresses over the cross-section); Eurocode 3 class 3 (elastic
distribution of stresses over die cross-section) and Eurocode 3 class 4 (local elastic buckling)
cross-sections shall be excluded (see [3] and chapter 1.6.1 for definition of classes);
3/ steel grades: all steel grades available in Eurocode 3 Part 1 . 1 can be applied in the formulas:
235 MPa < fy < 460 MPa. Indeed the reliability of the model has been demonstrated by tests
results witii steel grades in that range [8].
Eurocode 3 [3] [4] allows for plastic global analysis witii steel materials characterized
according to EN 10025 [1 1] and EN 101 13 [12] as given in table 3. 1;
Remark 1 about nominal values of yield strength fy :
Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 [3] gives a simplified variation of fy in function of the material
thickness (thickness ranges: lower than 40 mm, from 40 mm to 100 mm), with values of fy
- for certain thickness ranges - greater than the values specified by EN 10025 [1 1] and EN
101 13 [12] (thickness ranges: lower than 16 mm, from 16 mm to 40 mm, from 40 mm to
63 mm, from 63 mm to 80 mm, from 80 mm to 100 mm, from 100 mm to 150 mm) (see
figure 3.1). As Eurocode 3 always provides yield strength fy equal or greater than values
guaranteed by die specifications of delivery conditions (EN 10025, EN 10113), the
available inelastic rotation (pav resulting from fy of Eurocode 3 are always safesided (equal
or lower) in comparison of the inelastic rotation q>av resulting from fv of EN 10025 or EN
10113. *
Remark 2 about overstrengthening of steel material :
The real yield stresses of the steels delivered by mills are always greater tiian the nominal
values of the steels indicated in the specifications EN 10025 [11] and EN 10113 [12]. As
presented in chapter 1.6.2, a statistical procedure has been used to evaluate partial safety
factors Yta, related to available inelastic rotation <pav issued from model proposed in this
chapter 3 [8]. That statistical procedure took into account die difference between nominal
and expected value of steel grade, even considering decreasing of inelastic rotation <pav by
increasing the yield stress of the steel. That is safesided as another fact is that for many
structures the rotation requirement is decreasing by increasing the yield stress whilst the
493
concentrated load combined with axial compressive forces, bending about major axis
y-y of cross-section : Eurocode 3 [3] proposes formulas for the reduced design
plastic resistance bending moment allowing for the axial force, MN y Rd :
The extension of Feldmann's model to other load cases is presented in chapter 3.5. Tables of
Appendix 1 provide design plastic resistance of I and H cross-sections (Mpl y Rd , Mpl 2 Rd ,
MN.y.Rd > )
2/ classification of cross-sections: this model applies for all Eurocode 3 class 1 and class 2 cross-
sections (plastic distribution of stresses over the cross-section); Eurocode 3 class 3 (elastic
distribution of stresses over die cross-section) and Eurocode 3 class 4 (local elastic buckling)
cross-sections shall be excluded (see [3] and chapter 1.6.1 for definition of classes);
3/ steel grades: all steel grades available in Eurocode 3 Part 1 . 1 can be applied in the formulas:
235 MPa < fy < 460 MPa. Indeed the reliability of the model has been demonstrated by tests
results witii steel grades in that range [8].
Eurocode 3 [3] [4] allows for plastic global analysis witii steel materials characterized
according to EN 10025 [1 1] and EN 101 13 [12] as given in table 3. 1;
Remark 1 about nominal values of yield strength fy :
Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 [3] gives a simplified variation of fy in function of the material
thickness (thickness ranges: lower than 40 mm, from 40 mm to 100 mm), with values of fy
- for certain thickness ranges - greater than the values specified by EN 10025 [1 1] and EN
101 13 [12] (thickness ranges: lower than 16 mm, from 16 mm to 40 mm, from 40 mm to
63 mm, from 63 mm to 80 mm, from 80 mm to 100 mm, from 100 mm to 150 mm) (see
figure 3.1). As Eurocode 3 always provides yield strength fy equal or greater than values
guaranteed by die specifications of delivery conditions (EN 10025, EN 10113), the
available inelastic rotation (pav resulting from fy of Eurocode 3 are always safesided (equal
or lower) in comparison of the inelastic rotation q>av resulting from fv of EN 10025 or EN
10113. *
Remark 2 about overstrengthening of steel material :
The real yield stresses of the steels delivered by mills are always greater tiian the nominal
values of the steels indicated in the specifications EN 10025 [11] and EN 10113 [12]. As
presented in chapter 1.6.2, a statistical procedure has been used to evaluate partial safety
factors Yta, related to available inelastic rotation <pav issued from model proposed in this
chapter 3 [8]. That statistical procedure took into account die difference between nominal
and expected value of steel grade, even considering decreasing of inelastic rotation <pav by
increasing the yield stress of the steel. That is safesided as another fact is that for many
structures the rotation requirement is decreasing by increasing the yield stress whilst the
493
ultimate load target (i.e. die design load level) remains using die nominal yield values [17]
( see figure 3.2 : (plover < <Preq ) ^^ with ^& to safety me unexpected
overstrengthening is well considered.
Table 3.1 : steel materials allowed for plastic analysis by Eurocode 3 [3] [4]
Thickness t (mm) *) Nomimal
Steelgrade
EN 10025
standard
t<40mm
[Mpa]
fu
[Mpa]
fu/fy
A5.65
Sy
[%]
40mm<t< 100mm
[Mpa]
fu
[Mpa]
fu/fy
A5.65
Sy
[%]
S 235
S 275
S 355
235
275
355
360
430
510
1.53
1.56
1.44
26
22
22
0.11
0.13
0.17
215
255
335
340
410
490
1.58
1.61
1.46
24
20
20
0.10
0.12
0.16
EN 10113-3
Standard
S 275 M
S 355 M
S 420 M
S 460 M
275
355
420
460
390
490
500
530
1.42
1.38
1.19
1.15
24
22
19
17
0.13
0.17
0.20
0.22
255
335
390
430
370
470
500
530
1.45
1.40
1.28
1.23
24
22
19
17
0.12
0.16
0.19
0.20
Notes:
*) r is the nominal thickness of the element :
- of the flange of rolled sections (t = tf), in general, or
for definition of parameters see figure 1.9 (chapter 1.5)
t
S 460
S 420
S 355
Steel grades Minimum guaranteed yield strength ReH (or Rp0,2) in function of nominal thickness t of material
a ReH(orRpO,2)[Mpa]
460
S 275
S 235
460
420
355
275
235
440
420
400
355
345
275
265
235
225
430
390
335
255
430
410
390
370
335
325
255
245
215
215
400
360
315
235
340
295
225
195
0
Legend:
16 40 63 80 100 150
: Euronorms specifications : - EN 10025 (for S 235, S 275 &S 355 steel grades), t [mm]
- EN 10113 (forS 275, S 355, S 420 & S 460 steel grades).
; Eurocode 3 specifications (for S 235, S 275, S 355, S 420 S 460 steel grades).
Figure 3.1
494
ultimate load target (i.e. die design load level) remains using die nominal yield values [17]
( see figure 3.2 : (plover < <Preq ) ^^ with ^& to safety me unexpected
overstrengthening is well considered.
Table 3.1 : steel materials allowed for plastic analysis by Eurocode 3 [3] [4]
Thickness t (mm) *) Nomimal
Steelgrade
EN 10025
standard
t<40mm
[Mpa]
fu
[Mpa]
fu/fy
A5.65
Sy
[%]
40mm<t< 100mm
[Mpa]
fu
[Mpa]
fu/fy
A5.65
Sy
[%]
S 235
S 275
S 355
235
275
355
360
430
510
1.53
1.56
1.44
26
22
22
0.11
0.13
0.17
215
255
335
340
410
490
1.58
1.61
1.46
24
20
20
0.10
0.12
0.16
EN 10113-3
Standard
S 275 M
S 355 M
S 420 M
S 460 M
275
355
420
460
390
490
500
530
1.42
1.38
1.19
1.15
24
22
19
17
0.13
0.17
0.20
0.22
255
335
390
430
370
470
500
530
1.45
1.40
1.28
1.23
24
22
19
17
0.12
0.16
0.19
0.20
Notes:
*) r is the nominal thickness of the element :
- of the flange of rolled sections (t = tf), in general, or
for definition of parameters see figure 1.9 (chapter 1.5)
t
S 460
S 420
S 355
Steel grades Minimum guaranteed yield strength ReH (or Rp0,2) in function of nominal thickness t of material
a ReH(orRpO,2)[Mpa]
460
S 275
S 235
460
420
355
275
235
440
420
400
355
345
275
265
235
225
430
390
335
255
430
410
390
370
335
325
255
245
215
215
400
360
315
235
340
295
225
195
0
Legend:
16 40 63 80 100 150
: Euronorms specifications : - EN 10025 (for S 235, S 275 &S 355 steel grades), t [mm]
- EN 10113 (forS 275, S 355, S 420 & S 460 steel grades).
; Eurocode 3 specifications (for S 235, S 275, S 355, S 420 S 460 steel grades).
Figure 3.1
494
4/
5/
Figure 3.2 : Decreasing of the rotation requirement in case of actual yield stress which are
greater tiian the nominal yield stress
lateral restraint: the model does not take into account die lateral-torsional buckling, therefore,
the ordinary rules of plastic analysis concerning lateral restraint shall be respected (see chapters
1.4 and 1.6.3 or [3], [5], [10]).
effect of stiffener: the given formulas are only valid when stiffeners are applied at the location
of plastic hinges. On the otiier hand, if several stiffeners ( more than necessary) are applied in
the zone ofplastic hinges, the available inelastic rotation can be multiplied by a factor 2 or 3.
In practice, local instabilities due to concentraded loads have to be avoided during the whole
rotational process in plastic hinges, by introducing at location of plastic hinges :
sufficient stiffening of web, for My and My - load cases and,
sufficient stiffening of flanges, for Mz load cases.
Sufficient stiffening can be guaranteed witii usual welded steel plates (see figure 1.8) but also
by other means or by consideration of service conditions to ensure economical design : support
of secondary beam, support of slab, steel sheet deck (floor, wall, roof) with sufficient stiffening,
masonry, concrete walls, concrete infilments, .... In case of distributed loads the need of
stiffening is to be appreciated by the designer.
effect of shear forces: the model provides conservative results in case of high shear (meaning
Vsd > 0.5 VpiRd and reduced plastic design resistance bending moment MyRd (^ Mpi j^j) as
defined in chapter 5.4.7 of Eurocode 3). The model shall respect Eurocode 3 rules about shear
resistance of cross-sections, Vsd ^ Vpi.Rd (see Appendix 1 for tables witii plastic resistance of I
and cross-sections (Vpi.y.Rd, Vpi^Rd, ...)).
7/ brittle fracture: no brittle fracture is considered.
8/ fatigue effects: no fatigue effects are taken into account.
9/ type of loading: only static loading is permitted (no seismic loading, no dynamic loading).
6/
495
4/
5/
Figure 3.2 : Decreasing of the rotation requirement in case of actual yield stress which are
greater tiian the nominal yield stress
lateral restraint: the model does not take into account die lateral-torsional buckling, therefore,
the ordinary rules of plastic analysis concerning lateral restraint shall be respected (see chapters
1.4 and 1.6.3 or [3], [5], [10]).
effect of stiffener: the given formulas are only valid when stiffeners are applied at the location
of plastic hinges. On the otiier hand, if several stiffeners ( more than necessary) are applied in
the zone ofplastic hinges, the available inelastic rotation can be multiplied by a factor 2 or 3.
In practice, local instabilities due to concentraded loads have to be avoided during the whole
rotational process in plastic hinges, by introducing at location of plastic hinges :
sufficient stiffening of web, for My and My - load cases and,
sufficient stiffening of flanges, for Mz load cases.
Sufficient stiffening can be guaranteed witii usual welded steel plates (see figure 1.8) but also
by other means or by consideration of service conditions to ensure economical design : support
of secondary beam, support of slab, steel sheet deck (floor, wall, roof) with sufficient stiffening,
masonry, concrete walls, concrete infilments, .... In case of distributed loads the need of
stiffening is to be appreciated by the designer.
effect of shear forces: the model provides conservative results in case of high shear (meaning
Vsd > 0.5 VpiRd and reduced plastic design resistance bending moment MyRd (^ Mpi j^j) as
defined in chapter 5.4.7 of Eurocode 3). The model shall respect Eurocode 3 rules about shear
resistance of cross-sections, Vsd ^ Vpi.Rd (see Appendix 1 for tables witii plastic resistance of I
and cross-sections (Vpi.y.Rd, Vpi^Rd, ...)).
7/ brittle fracture: no brittle fracture is considered.
8/ fatigue effects: no fatigue effects are taken into account.
9/ type of loading: only static loading is permitted (no seismic loading, no dynamic loading).
6/
495
3.3
Influence of parameters on inelastic available rotation <pav
The values of inelastic rotations of plastic hinges are mainly influenced by die dimensions of die
cross-sections as well as by the steel grades of web and flange. They do not depend on die span
length (L span) if lateral-torsional buckling is avoided. Some general remarks on influence of
parameters have been made in table 1 .3 of chapter 1 .
The graphs which follow give an idea of influence of cross-section dimensions and of steel grade on
die inelastic rotation (paV. Note tiiat (pav decreases widi increase of slendemess of cross-section
members as well as witii increase of yield strengdi.
Pav [rad]
0.2
0.18
0.16 f
0.14
0.12
0.1 -
0.08 "
0.06 -
0.04
0.02 t
0
fy= 320 MPa
h= 0,27 m
b= 0,135 m
tw = 0,0066 m
b/tf
I
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Figure 3.3 Influence of flange slendemess b/tf on (pav (b = const)
fy = 320 MPa
h = 0,27 m
b = 0,102 m
tw = 0,0066 m
0.14
0.13
0.12 -
0.11 -
Figure 3.4 Influence of flange slendemess b/tf on <paV (tf = const)
496
3.3
Influence of parameters on inelastic available rotation <pav
The values of inelastic rotations of plastic hinges are mainly influenced by die dimensions of die
cross-sections as well as by the steel grades of web and flange. They do not depend on die span
length (L span) if lateral-torsional buckling is avoided. Some general remarks on influence of
parameters have been made in table 1 .3 of chapter 1 .
The graphs which follow give an idea of influence of cross-section dimensions and of steel grade on
die inelastic rotation (paV. Note tiiat (pav decreases widi increase of slendemess of cross-section
members as well as witii increase of yield strengdi.
Pav [rad]
0.2
0.18
0.16 f
0.14
0.12
0.1 -
0.08 "
0.06 -
0.04
0.02 t
0
fy= 320 MPa
h= 0,27 m
b= 0,135 m
tw = 0,0066 m
b/tf
I
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Figure 3.3 Influence of flange slendemess b/tf on (pav (b = const)
fy = 320 MPa
h = 0,27 m
b = 0,102 m
tw = 0,0066 m
0.14
0.13
0.12 -
0.11 -
Figure 3.4 Influence of flange slendemess b/tf on <paV (tf = const)
496
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
[rad]
fy = 320 MPa
h = 0.27 m
b= 0,135 m
tw = 0,0102 m
d/tw
1
15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Figure 3.5 Influence of web slendemess d/tw on <pav (h = const)
0.2 -
0.18 -
0.16 -
0.14 -
0.12 -
0.1 -
0.08 -
0.06 -
0.04 -
0.02 -
. Id]
235 275 315 355
IPE 270
395 435
f y [MPa]
475
Figure 3.6 Influence of steel grade fy on <paV
497
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
[rad]
fy = 320 MPa
h = 0.27 m
b= 0,135 m
tw = 0,0102 m
d/tw
1
15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Figure 3.5 Influence of web slendemess d/tw on <pav (h = const)
0.2 -
0.18 -
0.16 -
0.14 -
0.12 -
0.1 -
0.08 -
0.06 -
0.04 -
0.02 -
. Id]
235 275 315 355
IPE 270
395 435
f y [MPa]
475
Figure 3.6 Influence of steel grade fy on <paV
497
3.4 Feldmann's formulas for values of
Three types of load case for 3-point bending system are possible:
A. type of load: concentrated load witii bending about major axis y-y of cross-section (My),
. type of load: concentrated load witii bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section (M~),
C. type of load: concentrated load whh combined axial compressive forces, bending about major
The following symbols are used to describe cross-section dimensions:
Figure 3.7
In all formulas:
=150 MPa,
fy A = yield strengdi in flange must be introduced in MPa,
fy.w = yield strengdi in web must be introduced in MPa,
E = modulus of elasticity (=210 000 MPa),
Npi = plastic axial resistance of cross-section (=A fy),
Available inelastic rotations (pav of plastic binge are given in radians[rad].
The following formulas provide characteristic values of available inelastic rotations <pav of plastic
hinge which shall be divided by appropriate partial safety factor (see chapter 1.6.2) to obtain
design values of available inelastic rotations cpav.d ( = 9av / ) aplastic hinge.
The formulas of Feldmann's model are established for simply supported beams subjected to different
arrangements and other load cases is presented in chapter 3.5.
498
3.4 Feldmann's formulas for values of
Three types of load case for 3-point bending system are possible:
A. type of load: concentrated load witii bending about major axis y-y of cross-section (My),
. type of load: concentrated load witii bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section (M~),
C. type of load: concentrated load whh combined axial compressive forces, bending about major
The following symbols are used to describe cross-section dimensions:
Figure 3.7
In all formulas:
=150 MPa,
fy A = yield strengdi in flange must be introduced in MPa,
fy.w = yield strengdi in web must be introduced in MPa,
E = modulus of elasticity (=210 000 MPa),
Npi = plastic axial resistance of cross-section (=A fy),
Available inelastic rotations (pav of plastic binge are given in radians[rad].
The following formulas provide characteristic values of available inelastic rotations <pav of plastic
hinge which shall be divided by appropriate partial safety factor (see chapter 1.6.2) to obtain
design values of available inelastic rotations cpav.d ( = 9av / ) aplastic hinge.
The formulas of Feldmann's model are established for simply supported beams subjected to different
arrangements and other load cases is presented in chapter 3.5.
498
witii bending about major axis y-y of cross-section
[rad](3.1)
D, type of load: concentrated load
witii bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section
&r -^>2-
aL ,. (1-C0L
^)MZ
X v ^ /
tF- tF
0<<1
This formula is only vahd when stiffeners are applied at die loading point.
<Pav=<PK,pl+-
2t,
2C \
w
w f (h'2tf)^fy
Pl-z y 4
b3(fyfl+ACT)
[rad] (3.2)
0.2
where ,=7 ~^\ '> 1=lengtii of thebeam.
499
witii bending about major axis y-y of cross-section
[rad](3.1)
D, type of load: concentrated load
witii bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section
&r -^>2-
aL ,. (1-C0L
^)MZ
X v ^ /
tF- tF
0<<1
This formula is only vahd when stiffeners are applied at die loading point.
<Pav=<PK,pl+-
2t,
2C \
w
w f (h'2tf)^fy
Pl-z y 4
b3(fyfl+ACT)
[rad] (3.2)
0.2
where ,=7 ~^\ '> 1=lengtii of thebeam.
499
In practical cases die ratio 2b/l are rather small. One can therefore assume die safesided value
of , = 2
C/. type of load: concentrated load with bendinp; hont major axis v-v of cross-section
combined witii axial compressive force
Limit of application ofthese formulas is set to N/Npi 0.5.
To apply the appropriate formula, the following criteria should be considered:
0ifJL<A-2btt
Np, A
from (3.3):
^ Afflai
_ Aweb 5 men me neutral axis should be in web and <pav is evaluated
""^
____J.
neutral axis
fyB
ty
N^My
[rad](3.3)
if ;> A 2btf =-^gsL , then the neutral axis hes m flange and 9av is calculated from
Npi A ^ AtotaiJ
formula (3.4):
-t-
^Jl'Ura imPfm^mVm^. ft, .
fy
^N^My
[rad]
(3.4)
where: is die applied axial load
500
In practical cases die ratio 2b/l are rather small. One can therefore assume die safesided value
of , = 2
C/. type of load: concentrated load with bendinp; hont major axis v-v of cross-section
combined witii axial compressive force
Limit of application ofthese formulas is set to N/Npi 0.5.
To apply the appropriate formula, the following criteria should be considered:
0ifJL<A-2btt
Np, A
from (3.3):
^ Afflai
_ Aweb 5 men me neutral axis should be in web and <pav is evaluated
""^
____J.
neutral axis
fyB
ty
N^My
[rad](3.3)
if ;> A 2btf =-^gsL , then the neutral axis hes m flange and 9av is calculated from
Npi A ^ AtotaiJ
formula (3.4):
-t-
^Jl'Ura imPfm^mVm^. ft, .
fy
^N^My
[rad]
(3.4)
where: is die applied axial load
500
1-
M =W\ f.
Af.
*N.y - "pl.y *y ~ ^p with the limit MNy * MpI y(= Wpl y fy )
1--
2A
Nfl=(tf-tM)bfyil
(see Eurocode 3 [3] or Appendix 1)
(3.5)
(3.6)
*="
2b
1-
N
I *v
_4Ebtj
5hz
Pu=btf(fy.fl + Aa)
(3.7)
(3.8)
(3.9)
The following value of Niimit defines the border between formulas (3.3) and (3.4) for <pav
Nlimit is related to the case where neutral axis lies in die border between die web and the flange
1 .si
1
h-tf
neutral axis
k fy^
fy
N^)My
Nlimit=(A-2btf)fy.w
(3.10)
3.5 Extension to other load cases
This chapter contains practical information about application of Feldmann's model to other load
cases inducing gradients of moments different from the case of 3-point bending beams:
other load cases (distributed loads, concentrated loads witii combined axial tensile forces),
other spans arrangements (continuous beams, frames, ...),
other load arrangements (alternative distributed or concentrated load, ...).
They are summarized in table 3.2.
It should be noted tiiat because cpav does not depend on spans arrangement if sufficient lateral
restraint is imposed to avoid lateral-torsional buckling (die lengtii L does not interfere in the
Feldmann's formulas), the same model is valid to all possible plastic hinges, no matter if they appear
in die span (with sagging bending moments) or at die support (with hogging bending moments).
501
1-
M =W\ f.
Af.
*N.y - "pl.y *y ~ ^p with the limit MNy * MpI y(= Wpl y fy )
1--
2A
Nfl=(tf-tM)bfyil
(see Eurocode 3 [3] or Appendix 1)
(3.5)
(3.6)
*="
2b
1-
N
I *v
_4Ebtj
5hz
Pu=btf(fy.fl + Aa)
(3.7)
(3.8)
(3.9)
The following value of Niimit defines the border between formulas (3.3) and (3.4) for <pav
Nlimit is related to the case where neutral axis lies in die border between die web and the flange
1 .si
1
h-tf
neutral axis
k fy^
fy
N^)My
Nlimit=(A-2btf)fy.w
(3.10)
3.5 Extension to other load cases
This chapter contains practical information about application of Feldmann's model to other load
cases inducing gradients of moments different from the case of 3-point bending beams:
other load cases (distributed loads, concentrated loads witii combined axial tensile forces),
other spans arrangements (continuous beams, frames, ...),
other load arrangements (alternative distributed or concentrated load, ...).
They are summarized in table 3.2.
It should be noted tiiat because cpav does not depend on spans arrangement if sufficient lateral
restraint is imposed to avoid lateral-torsional buckling (die lengtii L does not interfere in the
Feldmann's formulas), the same model is valid to all possible plastic hinges, no matter if they appear
in die span (with sagging bending moments) or at die support (with hogging bending moments).
501
Table 3.2
Load case
& span arrangement
Applied model
& formulas
&
^w
îH
=>
i ^H
ûjll^

The available inelastic rotation av for plastic hinges (h) or (x), (y) and (z) are
all identical and equal to : values given by formula A (3.1) fori
values given by formula (3.2) forH
I l.J I

=>

1H
MJXX>"
@
-^jp-
The available inelastic rotation av for plastic hinges (h) or (x) are all identical
and equal to : values given by formula A (3.1) for I
values given by formula (3.2) for
=>
r h ws
xqijp7
The available inelastic rotation <pav for plastic hinges (h) or (x) and (y) are all
identical and equal to : values given by formula A (3.1) for I
,
=>
-w
.
sfr
^qjp^

If compression (->H H*j : The available inelastic rotation av for plastic hinges (h) or (x), (y) and
(z) are all identical and equal to values given by formulas C (3.3) and C (3.6) fori
If tensioni-
Conservative values for the available inelastic rotation <pav for plastic hinges
(h) or (x), (y) and (z) are given by formula A (3.1) fori
502
Table 3.2
Load case
& span arrangement
Applied model
& formulas
&
^w
îH
=>
i ^H
ûjll^

The available inelastic rotation av for plastic hinges (h) or (x), (y) and (z) are
all identical and equal to : values given by formula A (3.1) fori
values given by formula (3.2) forH
I l.J I

=>

1H
MJXX>"
@
-^jp-
The available inelastic rotation av for plastic hinges (h) or (x) are all identical
and equal to : values given by formula A (3.1) for I
=>
r h ws
xqijp7
The available inelastic rotation <pav for plastic hinges (h) or (x) and (y) are all
identical and equal to : values given by formula A (3.1) for I
,
=>
-w
.
sfr
^qjp^

If compression (->H H*j : The available inelastic rotation av for plastic hinges (h) or (x), (y) and
(z) are all identical and equal to values given by formulas C (3.3) and C (3.6) fori
If tensioni-
Conservative values for the available inelastic rotation <pav for plastic hinges
(h) or (x), (y) and (z) are given by formula A (3.1) fori
502
In case of distributed load, a realistic approach consists in considering the case of concentrated load,
because there are no experimental results to confirm the model for this kind of load case. On the
other hand, test results on 4-point bending beams have delivered greater available rotation capacities
in comparison with 3-point bending beams [7]:
<Pav(

trit
) ><Pav(, avi cr
Jj
-^r>
)
According to numerical simulations presented in figure 3.8, if sufficient lateral restraint is ensured.
cpav (for distributed load) = cpav (for concentrated load). For lateral restraint rules - see chapter 1.6.3.
M
MpLj
il
"-
<Pav (-"*) "
('01i_i_i'>
m. rav I,-"-"-/
-DL/LR1
CL/LR1
C CL/LR2
DL/LR2
load case :
M
y
concentrated load (CL)
* restraint (LR1) : E E " x
I (LRl)
lateral
restraint (LR2) : -
-
(LR2)
77 7ff7
distributed load (DL)
I -
i (LRl}
X
I
(LR2)
Figure 3.8
Therefore,
503
In case of distributed load, a realistic approach consists in considering the case of concentrated load,
because there are no experimental results to confirm the model for this kind of load case. On the
other hand, test results on 4-point bending beams have delivered greater available rotation capacities
in comparison with 3-point bending beams [7]:
<Pav(

trit
) ><Pav(, avi cr
Jj
-^r>
)
According to numerical simulations presented in figure 3.8, if sufficient lateral restraint is ensured.
cpav (for distributed load) = cpav (for concentrated load). For lateral restraint rules - see chapter 1.6.3.
M
MpLj
il
"-
<Pav (-"*) "
('01i_i_i'>
m. rav I,-"-"-/
-DL/LR1
CL/LR1
C CL/LR2
DL/LR2
load case :
M
y
concentrated load (CL)
* restraint (LR1) : E E " x
I (LRl)
lateral
restraint (LR2) : -
-
(LR2)
77 7ff7
distributed load (DL)
I -
i (LRl}
X
I
(LR2)
Figure 3.8
Therefore,
503
3.6 Tables with values of q>av fr I and H cross-sections
The tables which are included in this chapter are derived from the Feldmann's formulas presented in
chapter 3.4 and based on assumptions detailed in chapter 3.2. They have been prepared to give a
quick and easy estimation of <Pav values instead of applying die equations of the model. The tables
concern standardEuropean andBritish I andH hot-rolledsteel profiles:
IPE, IPE A, IPE O, HE AA HE A HE B, HE M, UB and UC.
The following steel grades are considered in the tables (see table 3.1 with fy depending on material
thickness according to Eurocode 3):
3.6.1 Tables of tpav for S 235 steel grade (fy = 235 MPa for tf < 40 mm),
3.6.2 Tables of <paV for S 275 steel grade (fy = 275 MPa for tf < 40 mm),
3.6.3 Tables of cpaV for S 355 steel grade (fy = 355 MPa for tf < 40 mm),
3.6.5 Tables of <pav for S 460 steel grade (fy = 460 MPa for tf < 40 mm).
Inelastic rotations can be provided only for "plastic" cross-sections, therefore only classes 1 and 2
cross-sections according to present Eurocode 3 rules [3] [4] are covered in the tables. For cross-
sections in classes 3 and 4 , there are no available inelastic rotations (<pav = "-" is introduced in the
tables). In case of My-N interaction, where the web class which depends on the position of neutral
axis cannot be given a priori, the value of maximal normal force (Nmax) applied to the cross-section
limits the application of the model.
The border between class 2 (plastic) cross-sections (=> cpavÔ) and class 3 (elastic) cross-sections
(=> (pav=0) is in Eurocode 3 [3] [4] defined by the highest (the least favourable) limitation of its
compressed elements (web and/or flange). These limitations are presented in table 3.3 (issued from
table 1.5a).
Table 3.3 : Border between class 2 and class 3 cross-sections according to Eurocode 3 [3] [4]
Load
cases
Class of
elements of
cross-sections
1 + 1
* 1
- I
y
r
L-
tw
d
Flange
class
c/+ <11
Web
class
d/t <83
w
N<Nborder
which is equivalent to :
_d_ 456
t... 13-1
where 0,5 <

-+0,5
V 2dVy j
<l
Note: + : stresses in compression stresses m tension
: = ^235/fy
fy (N/mm2)
8 (if t <, 40 mm)
8(if40mmtl00mm)
235 275
0,92
0,96
355
0,81
0,84
420
0,78
0,78
460
0,71
0,74
504
3.6 Tables with values of q>av fr I and H cross-sections
The tables which are included in this chapter are derived from the Feldmann's formulas presented in
chapter 3.4 and based on assumptions detailed in chapter 3.2. They have been prepared to give a
quick and easy estimation of <Pav values instead of applying die equations of the model. The tables
concern standardEuropean andBritish I andH hot-rolledsteel profiles:
IPE, IPE A, IPE O, HE AA HE A HE B, HE M, UB and UC.
The following steel grades are considered in the tables (see table 3.1 with fy depending on material
thickness according to Eurocode 3):
3.6.1 Tables of tpav for S 235 steel grade (fy = 235 MPa for tf < 40 mm),
3.6.3 Tables of cpaV for S 355 steel grade (fy = 355 MPa for tf < 40 mm),
3.6.5 Tables of <pav for S 460 steel grade (fy = 460 MPa for tf < 40 mm).
Inelastic rotations can be provided only for "plastic" cross-sections, therefore only classes 1 and 2
cross-sections according to present Eurocode 3 rules [3] [4] are covered in the tables. For cross-
sections in classes 3 and 4 , there are no available inelastic rotations (<pav = "-" is introduced in the
tables). In case of My-N interaction, where the web class which depends on the position of neutral
axis cannot be given a priori, the value of maximal normal force (Nmax) applied to the cross-section
limits the application of the model.
The border between class 2 (plastic) cross-sections (=> cpavÔ) and class 3 (elastic) cross-sections
(=> (pav=0) is in Eurocode 3 [3] [4] defined by the highest (the least favourable) limitation of its
compressed elements (web and/or flange). These limitations are presented in table 3.3 (issued from
table 1.5a).
Table 3.3 : Border between class 2 and class 3 cross-sections according to Eurocode 3 [3] [4]
Load
cases
Class of
elements of
cross-sections
1 + 1
* 1
- I
y
r
L-
tw
d
Flange
class
c/+ <11
Web
class
d/t <83
w
N<Nborder
which is equivalent to :
_d_ 456
t... 13-1
where 0,5 <

-+0,5
V 2dVy j
<l
Note: + : stresses in compression stresses m tension
: = ^235/fy
fy (N/mm2)
8 (if t <, 40 mm)
8(if40mmtl00mm)
235 275
0,92
0,96
355
0,81
0,84
420
0,78
0,78
460
0,71
0,74
504
Three load cases are represented in the tables:
A.
B.
C.
concentrated load with bending about major axis v-v of the cross-section (My): (pay values are
given in the column 2, they are calculated fromthe formula (3.1).
concentrated load witii bending about minor axis z-z of the cross-section (M21: cpav values are
given in the column 3, they result from the formula (3.2) (witii safesided . = 0,2).
concentrated load with bending about major axis v-v of the cross-section combined with axial
compressive force (My-N): tables provide four columns for this load case, because the values
of tpav are not constant for a given cross-section and depend on the applied normal force N.
Figure 3.9 shows the influence of that force on inelastic rotation cpaV. In formulas of
Feldmann's model, the normal force is also expressed in terms of N/Npi ratio,with Npi
meaning axial plastic force (=A fy).
, [rad]
neutral axis in web (formula (3.3))
neutral axis
in flange
^(formula (3.4))
limit of application
of model
0,1 0,4 0,3 0,4 5
N/Npi [-]
force [kN]
Nlimit
0,5 Npi
Figure 3.9
Column 4 furnishes values of maximal normal force which can be applied to the cross-section,
in other words, the limit of application ofthe model ,-is calculated as a minimum ofthe two
following values:
limit of application of <pav model for My-N interaction which is set to N=0,5 Npi (half the
plastic axial resistance) (see figure 3.9),
NjjQj^gj = normal force defining the border between class 2 web (plastic) and class 3 web
(elastic) for My-N loading [3] [4] [14] (see table 3.3).
Therefore, if applied values of are greater than Nmax, there are no available inelastic
rotations in plastic hinges: = 0.
Values of Numit (see formula (3.10)), listed in column 6, correspond to the transition of neutral
axis from web to flange (see figure 3.9). Thus, if values of are lower than Ninit, <Pav should
be taken from column 5, otherwise we use values delivered by column 7. Column 5 presents <paV
corresponding to the neutral axis lying in web - these values are deduced from the formula (3.3)
and they are constant for different values of N. In column 7, the case of the neutral axis in
flange is given - these values are calculated from formula (3.4) with = Ny^. Depending on
value, inelastic rotations slightly change, but for reason of simplicity a constant value (given
in column 7) is assumed for cases where > Niimit.Obviously N]^ can not be greater than
Nmax
505
Three load cases are represented in the tables:
A.
B.
C.
concentrated load with bending about major axis v-v of the cross-section (My): (pay values are
given in the column 2, they are calculated fromthe formula (3.1).
concentrated load witii bending about minor axis z-z of the cross-section (M21: cpav values are
given in the column 3, they result from the formula (3.2) (witii safesided . = 0,2).
concentrated load with bending about major axis v-v of the cross-section combined with axial
compressive force (My-N): tables provide four columns for this load case, because the values
of tpav are not constant for a given cross-section and depend on the applied normal force N.
Figure 3.9 shows the influence of that force on inelastic rotation cpaV. In formulas of
Feldmann's model, the normal force is also expressed in terms of N/Npi ratio,with Npi
meaning axial plastic force (=A fy).
, [rad]
neutral axis in web (formula (3.3))
neutral axis
in flange
^(formula (3.4))
limit of application
of model
0,1 0,4 0,3 0,4 5
N/Npi [-]
force [kN]
Nlimit
0,5 Npi
Figure 3.9
Column 4 furnishes values of maximal normal force which can be applied to the cross-section,
in other words, the limit of application ofthe model ,-is calculated as a minimum ofthe two
following values:
limit of application of <pav model for My-N interaction which is set to N=0,5 Npi (half the
plastic axial resistance) (see figure 3.9),
NjjQj^gj = normal force defining the border between class 2 web (plastic) and class 3 web
(elastic) for My-N loading [3] [4] [14] (see table 3.3).
Therefore, if applied values of are greater than Nmax, there are no available inelastic
rotations in plastic hinges: = 0.
Values of Numit (see formula (3.10)), listed in column 6, correspond to the transition of neutral
axis from web to flange (see figure 3.9). Thus, if values of are lower than Ninit, <Pav should
be taken from column 5, otherwise we use values delivered by column 7. Column 5 presents <paV
corresponding to the neutral axis lying in web - these values are deduced from the formula (3.3)
and they are constant for different values of N. In column 7, the case of the neutral axis in
flange is given - these values are calculated from formula (3.4) with = Ny^. Depending on
value, inelastic rotations slightly change, but for reason of simplicity a constant value (given
in column 7) is assumed for cases where > Niimit.Obviously N]^ can not be greater than
Nmax
505
For sections in classes 3 or 4 in case of My loading, tables deliver no available inelastic
rotations for N-My loading (<paV = "-") and ,^ & Ni^ values do not mean anything
OW = "-* and Njimit = "-" in tables).
All available inelastic rotation (pav given in radians [rad] in tables are characteristic values and must
be divided by appropriate partial safetyfactor to obtain design values of available inelastic
rotation <pj,v.d (see chapter 1.6.2, table 1.6) :
<Pav.d = <Pav/TM(p
where
1,52
1,73
2,02
For <pavalues in tables
in columns 2 & 5
in column 3
in column 7
related to <Pav formulas
(3.1) & (3.3)
(3.2)
(3.4)
Notation of symbols used in die tables:
(Pav available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge, [rad];
Mv applied bending moment about major axis y-y;
applied bending moment about minor axis z-z;
applied axial force;
Nmax limit of application of die formula My-N, [kN],
="-" in tables, if sections are in class 3 or 4 for My loading,
=minimum (0,5 A fy; ,^ between class 2 web and class 3 web for My - loading),
Mz
where ^^ = minimum dtwfy; 456-5,5

V
d
W j
4
6.5 j
, (see table 3.3),
(Note : if the class of a cross-section submitted to My loading is lower or equal to 2 and if,
the web class for loading is also lower or equal to 2, then border does not exist);
Niimit border between two Feldmann's formulas : (3.3) and (3.4) (see formula (3. 10)) (with Numit <
Nmax , in tables) fkN];
Npi plastic axial force (=A fy).
The following flow-chart n2 explains the elaboration of the tables and the way to use them.
506
For sections in classes 3 or 4 in case of My loading, tables deliver no available inelastic
rotations for N-My loading (<paV = "-") and ,^ & Ni^ values do not mean anything
OW = "-* and Njimit = "-" in tables).
All available inelastic rotation (pav given in radians [rad] in tables are characteristic values and must
be divided by appropriate partial safetyfactor to obtain design values of available inelastic
rotation <pj,v.d (see chapter 1.6.2, table 1.6) :
<Pav.d = <Pav/TM(p
where
1,52
1,73
2,02
For <pavalues in tables
in columns 2 & 5
in column 3
in column 7
related to <Pav formulas
(3.1) & (3.3)
(3.2)
(3.4)
Notation of symbols used in die tables:
(Pav available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge, [rad];
Mv applied bending moment about major axis y-y;
applied bending moment about minor axis z-z;
applied axial force;
Nmax limit of application of die formula My-N, [kN],
="-" in tables, if sections are in class 3 or 4 for My loading,
=minimum (0,5 A fy; ,^ between class 2 web and class 3 web for My - loading),
Mz
where ^^ = minimum dtwfy; 456-5,5

V
d
W j
4
6.5 j
, (see table 3.3),
(Note : if the class of a cross-section submitted to My loading is lower or equal to 2 and if,
the web class for loading is also lower or equal to 2, then border does not exist);
Niimit border between two Feldmann's formulas : (3.3) and (3.4) (see formula (3. 10)) (with Numit <
Nmax , in tables) fkN];
Npi plastic axial force (=A fy).
The following flow-chart n2 explains the elaboration of the tables and the way to use them.
506
Flow-chart n2
Internal force and/or bending moment applied to the cross-section
My.Sd * 0
Mz.5d "0
U
My.Sd*0
Nsd * 0
(compression)
column 2
of tables
<Pav = 0
<Pav*0
column 7
of tables
3"0
columns
of tables
âv.d = âv ; ' with appropriate safety factor

507
Flow-chart n2
Internal force and/or bending moment applied to the cross-section
My.Sd * 0
Mz.5d "0
U
My.Sd*0
Nsd * 0
(compression)
column 2
of tables
<Pav = 0
<Pav*0
column 7
of tables
3"0
columns
of tables
âv.d = âv ; ' with appropriate safety factor

507
3.6.1 Tables of <pav for S 235 steel grade
508
508
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Available inelastic rotation (pav
Noie: aV must be divided by ffâ ( chapter 36)
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 137
IPE 750 147
IPE 750 173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE O 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
2 3
pl
0
L
L- -J
r^ -
_>y
<Pav
[rad]
0,520
0,390
0,321
0.278
0,248
0,227
0,211
0,201
0,191
0,174
0,163
0,157
0,156
0,149
0,144
0,141
0,139
0,141
0,096
0,103
0,127
0,147
0,398
0,307
0,247
0,202
0,178
0,169
0,158
0,159
0,152
0,139
0,134
0,130
0,130
0,122
0,119
0,119
0,117
0,120
0,273
0,245
0,234
0,224
0,212
0.197
0,188
0,188
0.176
0,179
0,175
0,168
0,188
u
I IJMZ
<Pav
[rad]
0,356
0,343
0,336
0,331
0,325
0,322
0,317
0,316
0,313
0,304
0,299
0,299
0,303
0,304
0,306
0,311
0,313
0,319
0,290
0,289
0,312
0,332
0,326
0,318
0,310
0,306
0,299
0,299
0,297
0,297
0,295
0,289
0,285
0,286
0,293
0,292
0,295
0,300
0,303
0,310
0,335
0,329
0,326
0,322
0,324
0,316
0,315
0,318
0,318
0,327
0,330
0,332
0,348
4 5 I
6 I
r
c L/2 >K L/2 iA
Nmax
[kN]
90
121
155
193
236
281
335
392
460
540
632
736
855
653
749
851
999
1148
614
1075
1458
1887
75
103
130
157
190
230
276
332
391
259
312
346
326
347
380
452
499
582
318
376
439
514
633
738
853
989
1133
1382
1606
1834
2312
1
<Pav trad]
for < Nnmit
0,520
0,390
0,321
0,278
0,248
0,227
0,211
0,201
0,191
0,174
0,163
0,157
0,156
0,149
0,144
0,141
0,139
0,141
0,096
0,103
0,127
0,147
0,398
0,307
0,247
0,202
0.178
0,169
0,158
0,159
0,152
0,139
0,134
0,130
0,130
0,122
0,119
0,119
0,117
0,120
0,273
0,245
0,234
0,224
0,212
0,197
0,188
0,188
0,176
0,179
0,175
0,168
0,188
5 My-
Nllmit
[kN]
67
95
121
149
187
221
270
309
367
433
510
606
694
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
59
85
106
123
153
182
223
266
315
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
248
296
342
408
485
569
679
789
939
1177
1409
1655
2097
7
<Pav [rad]
for N N,Imit
0,149
0,108
0,087
0,074
0,065
0,059
0,054
0,051
0,048
0,043
0,040
0,038
0,038
-
-
-
-
-
.
.
-
-
0,111
0,083
0,065
0,052
0,045
0,042
0,039
0,039
0,037
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,073
0,064
0,061
0,058
0,055
0,050
0,047
0,047
0,043
0,044
0,042
0,040
0,045
509
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Noie: aV must be divided by ffâ ( chapter 36)
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 137
IPE 750 147
IPE 750 173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE O 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
2 3
pl
0
L
L- -J
r^ -
_>y
<Pav
[rad]
0,520
0,390
0,321
0.278
0,248
0,227
0,211
0,201
0,191
0,174
0,163
0,157
0,156
0,149
0,144
0,141
0,139
0,141
0,096
0,103
0,127
0,147
0,398
0,307
0,247
0,202
0,178
0,169
0,158
0,159
0,152
0,139
0,134
0,130
0,130
0,122
0,119
0,119
0,117
0,120
0,273
0,245
0,234
0,224
0,212
0.197
0,188
0,188
0.176
0,179
0,175
0,168
0,188
u
I IJMZ
<Pav
[rad]
0,356
0,343
0,336
0,331
0,325
0,322
0,317
0,316
0,313
0,304
0,299
0,299
0,303
0,304
0,306
0,311
0,313
0,319
0,290
0,289
0,312
0,332
0,326
0,318
0,310
0,306
0,299
0,299
0,297
0,297
0,295
0,289
0,285
0,286
0,293
0,292
0,295
0,300
0,303
0,310
0,335
0,329
0,326
0,322
0,324
0,316
0,315
0,318
0,318
0,327
0,330
0,332
0,348
4 5 I
6 I
r
c L/2 >K L/2 iA
Nmax
[kN]
90
121
155
193
236
281
335
392
460
540
632
736
855
653
749
851
999
1148
614
1075
1458
1887
75
103
130
157
190
230
276
332
391
259
312
346
326
347
380
452
499
582
318
376
439
514
633
738
853
989
1133
1382
1606
1834
2312
1
<Pav trad]
for < Nnmit
0,520
0,390
0,321
0,278
0,248
0,227
0,211
0,201
0,191
0,174
0,163
0,157
0,156
0,149
0,144
0,141
0,139
0,141
0,096
0,103
0,127
0,147
0,398
0,307
0,247
0,202
0.178
0,169
0,158
0,159
0,152
0,139
0,134
0,130
0,130
0,122
0,119
0,119
0,117
0,120
0,273
0,245
0,234
0,224
0,212
0,197
0,188
0,188
0,176
0,179
0,175
0,168
0,188
5 My-
Nllmit
[kN]
67
95
121
149
187
221
270
309
367
433
510
606
694
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
59
85
106
123
153
182
223
266
315
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
248
296
342
408
485
569
679
789
939
1177
1409
1655
2097
7
<Pav [rad]
for N N,Imit
0,149
0,108
0,087
0,074
0,065
0,059
0,054
0,051
0,048
0,043
0,040
0,038
0,038
-
-
-
-
-
.
.
-
-
0,111
0,083
0,065
0,052
0,045
0,042
0,039
0,039
0,037
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,073
0,064
0,061
0,058
0,055
0,050
0,047
0,047
0,043
0,044
0,042
0,040
0,045
509
HE AA
HEA
1
Designation
HE 100 AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE 160 AA
HE 180 AA
HE 200 AA
HE 220 AA
HE240AA
HE 260 AA
HE 280 AA
HE 300 AA
HE 320 AA
HE 340 AA
HE 360 AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE 500 AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE 700 AA
HE 800 AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
2 I
Noie: Cay must be divided by ^(see chapter 3.6)
3
Pi
0 ,

J My ______ j *
<Pav
[rad]
0,451
0,309
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,133
0,132
0,124
0,118
0,115
0,106
0,104
0,098
0,628
0.434
0,381
0,343
0,280
0,264
0,255
0.247
0,218
0,212
0,209
0,213
0,214
0,214
0,213
0,200
0,191
0,180
0,172
0,165
0,163
0,147
0,140
0,131

H>
j
<Pav
[rad]
0.276
0,263
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,265
0,269
0,271
0,274
0,278
0,283
0,292
0,297
0,310
0,292
0,284
0,278
0,273
0,269
0,269
0,269
0,266
0,264
0,265
0,271
0,276
0,281
0,288
0,297
0,306
0,311
0,315
0,320
0,325
0,329
0,338
0,343
4 I 5 |
pl
0 L/2
\<r *-'-
S 235
6 I 7
. L/2
|C Pf1-. -
1 ,
Nmax
[kN]
183
218
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1608
1179
1214
1249
1282
1355
1413
1459
250
298
369
456
532
633
756
903
1020
1143
1322
1461
1568
1677
1868
2092
2321
2488
2661
1571
1788
1699
1771
1640
1
<Pav [rad]
for < Nlimit
0,451
0,309
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,133
0,132
0,124
0,118
0,115
0,106
0,104
0,098
0,628
0,434
0,381
0,343
0,280
0,264
0,255
0,247
0,218
0,212
0,209
0,213
0,214
0,214
0,213
0,200
0,191
0,180
0,172
0,165
0,163
0,147
0,140
0,131
r
JMy-N
Nlimit
[kN]
108
126
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1243
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
123
144
179
234
260
325
375
452
513
575
670
737
810
887
1057
1223
1399
1592
1797
-
-
-
-
-
<Pav trad]
for > Num
0,136
0,091
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,033
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,195
0,133
0,116
0,103
0,084
0,078
0,076
0,073
0,064
0,062
0,061
0,062
0,062
0,062
0,060
0,055
0,052
0,048
0,044
-
-
-
"
I -
510
HE AA
HEA
1
Designation
HE 100 AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE 160 AA
HE 180 AA
HE 200 AA
HE 220 AA
HE240AA
HE 260 AA
HE 280 AA
HE 300 AA
HE 320 AA
HE 340 AA
HE 360 AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE 500 AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE 700 AA
HE 800 AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
2 I
Noie: Cay must be divided by ^(see chapter 3.6)
3
Pi
0 ,

J My ______ j *
<Pav
[rad]
0,451
0,309
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,133
0,132
0,124
0,118
0,115
0,106
0,104
0,098
0,628
0.434
0,381
0,343
0,280
0,264
0,255
0.247
0,218
0,212
0,209
0,213
0,214
0,214
0,213
0,200
0,191
0,180
0,172
0,165
0,163
0,147
0,140
0,131

H>
j
<Pav
[rad]
0.276
0,263
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,265
0,269
0,271
0,274
0,278
0,283
0,292
0,297
0,310
0,292
0,284
0,278
0,273
0,269
0,269
0,269
0,266
0,264
0,265
0,271
0,276
0,281
0,288
0,297
0,306
0,311
0,315
0,320
0,325
0,329
0,338
0,343
4 I 5 |
pl
0 L/2
\<r *-'-
S 235
6 I 7
. L/2
|C Pf1-. -
1 ,
Nmax
[kN]
183
218
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1608
1179
1214
1249
1282
1355
1413
1459
250
298
369
456
532
633
756
903
1020
1143
1322
1461
1568
1677
1868
2092
2321
2488
2661
1571
1788
1699
1771
1640
1
<Pav [rad]
for < Nlimit
0,451
0,309
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,133
0,132
0,124
0,118
0,115
0,106
0,104
0,098
0,628
0,434
0,381
0,343
0,280
0,264
0,255
0,247
0,218
0,212
0,209
0,213
0,214
0,214
0,213
0,200
0,191
0,180
0,172
0,165
0,163
0,147
0,140
0,131
r
JMy-N
Nlimit
[kN]
108
126
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1243
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
123
144
179
234
260
325
375
452
513
575
670
737
810
887
1057
1223
1399
1592
1797
-
-
-
-
-
<Pav trad]
for > Num
0,136
0,091
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,033
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,195
0,133
0,116
0,103
0,084
0,078
0,076
0,073
0,064
0,062
0,061
0,062
0,062
0,062
0,060
0,055
0,052
0,048
0,044
-
-
-
"
I -
510
Nete: (pav must be divided by ffjjm(see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE 100 8
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2 3
pl
L
F -
_>y
<Pav
[rad]
0,879
0,699
0,589
0,579
0,515
0,467
0,431
0,403
0,349
0,330
0,318
0,314
0,308
0,303
0,292
0,265
0,247
0,230
0,216
0,205
0,200
0,178
0,167
0,154
3,216
2,381
1,866
1,660
1,393
1,199
1,053
1,153
0,977
0,889
0,974
0,871
0,786
0,714
0,599
0.497
0,424
0,368
0,325
0,292
0,265
0,224
0,196
0,174
HV
<Pav
[rad]
0,338
0,327
0,319
0,312
0,308
0,304
0,301
0,298
0,293
0,289
0,288
0,295
0,299
0,304
0,311
0,320
0,329
0,334
0,339
0,343
0,348
0,352
0,362
0,366
0,461
0,431
0,409
0,392
0,379
0,368
0,360
0,379
0,368
0,359
0,374
0,379
0,379
0,380
0,381
0,381
0,381
0,381
0,382
0,382
0,382
0,383
0,383
0,383
4 I s I
0 L/2
6 I
r
. L/2
- 'T- -
7
X->y-N
Nmax
[kN]
306
400
505
637
767
917
1070
1245
1392
1544
1752
1896
2008
2122
2324
2561
2804
2985
3172
3364
3600
2703
2810
2672
626
780
947
1140
1331
1543
1756
2345
2581
2822
3561
3667
3711
3746
3828
3941
4045
4164
4273
4391
4500
4750
4978
3646
<Pav [rad]
for < Niimit
0,879
0,699
0,589
0,579
0,515
0,467
0,431
0,403
0.349
0,330
0,318
0,314
0,308
0,303
0,292
0,265
0,247
0,230
0,216
0,205
0,200
0,178
0,167
0,154
3,216
2,381
1,866
1,660
1,393
1,199
1,053
1,153
0,977
0,889
0,974
0,871
0,786
0,714
0,599
0,497
0,424
0,368
0,325
0,292
0,265
0,224
0,196
0,174
Nlimit
[kN]
142
179
220
297
349
425
485
573
645
718
824
901
985
1072
1264
1456
1660
1881
2114
2358
2688
-
-
-
255
317
383
486
563
665
750
960
1068
1177
1440
1524
1613
1702
1884
2111
2338
2575
2812
3049
3286
3804
4278
-
Pav [rad]
for 2: N,imit
0,278
0,220
0,185
0,180
0,160
0,144
0,133
0,124
0,107
0,100
0,096
0,095
0,092
0,089
0,084
0,075
0,069
0,062
0,057
0,053
0,051
-
-
-
1,039
0,767
0,600
0,531
0,445
0,382
0,335
0,369
0,312
0,283
0,312
0,277
0,248
0,223
0,183
0,148
0,123
0,104
0,090
0,078
0,070
0,056
0,047
-
511
Nete: (pav must be divided by ffjjm(see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE 100 8
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2 3
pl
L
F -
_>y
<Pav
[rad]
0,879
0,699
0,589
0,579
0,515
0,467
0,431
0,403
0,349
0,330
0,318
0,314
0,308
0,303
0,292
0,265
0,247
0,230
0,216
0,205
0,200
0,178
0,167
0,154
3,216
2,381
1,866
1,660
1,393
1,199
1,053
1,153
0,977
0,889
0,974
0,871
0,786
0,714
0,599
0.497
0,424
0,368
0,325
0,292
0,265
0,224
0,196
0,174
HV
<Pav
[rad]
0,338
0,327
0,319
0,312
0,308
0,304
0,301
0,298
0,293
0,289
0,288
0,295
0,299
0,304
0,311
0,320
0,329
0,334
0,339
0,343
0,348
0,352
0,362
0,366
0,461
0,431
0,409
0,392
0,379
0,368
0,360
0,379
0,368
0,359
0,374
0,379
0,379
0,380
0,381
0,381
0,381
0,381
0,382
0,382
0,382
0,383
0,383
0,383
4 I s I
0 L/2
6 I
r
. L/2
- 'T- -
7
X->y-N
Nmax
[kN]
306
400
505
637
767
917
1070
1245
1392
1544
1752
1896
2008
2122
2324
2561
2804
2985
3172
3364
3600
2703
2810
2672
626
780
947
1140
1331
1543
1756
2345
2581
2822
3561
3667
3711
3746
3828
3941
4045
4164
4273
4391
4500
4750
4978
3646
<Pav [rad]
for < Niimit
0,879
0,699
0,589
0,579
0,515
0,467
0,431
0,403
0.349
0,330
0,318
0,314
0,308
0,303
0,292
0,265
0,247
0,230
0,216
0,205
0,200
0,178
0,167
0,154
3,216
2,381
1,866
1,660
1,393
1,199
1,053
1,153
0,977
0,889
0,974
0,871
0,786
0,714
0,599
0,497
0,424
0,368
0,325
0,292
0,265
0,224
0,196
0,174
Nlimit
[kN]
142
179
220
297
349
425
485
573
645
718
824
901
985
1072
1264
1456
1660
1881
2114
2358
2688
-
-
-
255
317
383
486
563
665
750
960
1068
1177
1440
1524
1613
1702
1884
2111
2338
2575
2812
3049
3286
3804
4278
-
Pav [rad]
for 2: N,imit
0,278
0,220
0,185
0,180
0,160
0,144
0,133
0,124
0,107
0,100
0,096
0,095
0,092
0,089
0,084
0,075
0,069
0,062
0,057
0,053
0,051
-
-
-
1,039
0,767
0,600
0,531
0,445
0,382
0,335
0,369
0,312
0,283
0,312
0,277
0,248
0,223
0,183
0,148
0,123
0,104
0,090
0,078
0,070
0,056
0,047
-
511
UB Available inelastic rotation <pav
Noie: (paV must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
I

r-
1
"
I
c U2 >|c L/2
Designation
3
Mu
<Pav
[rad]
fl
M,
^My-N
<Pav
[rad]
max
[kN]
<Pav [rad]
for < Niimit
Nlimit
[kN]
<Pav Irad]
for > Niimit
UB 178 X 102 X 19
UB 203 X 102 X 23
UB 203 X 133 X 25
UB 203 X 133 X 30
UB 254 X 102 X 22
UB 254 102 X 25
UB 254 X 102 X 28
UB 254 X 146 X 31
UB 254 X 146 X 37
UB 254 146 X 43
UB 305 X 165 X 40
UB 305 165 X 46
UB 305 X 165 X 54
UB 356 X 171 X 45
UB 356 X 171 X 51
UB 356 X 171 X 57
UB 356 X 171 X 67
UB 406 X 178 X 54
UB 406 X 178 X 60
UB 406 X 178 X 67
UB 406 X 178 X 74
UB 457 X 1S2 X 52
UB 457 X 152 60
UB 457 X 152 X 67
UB 457 152 X 74
UB 457 152 82
UB 457 X 191 X 67
UB 457 X 191 X 74
UB 457 X 191 X 82
UB 457 X 191 X 89
UB 457 X 191 X 98
UB 533 X 210 X 82
UB 533 210 X 92
UB 533 X 210 101
UB 533 X 210 X 109
UB 533 X 210 122
UB 610 X 229 101
UB 610 X 229 X 113
UB 610 X 229 125
UB 610 X 229 X 140
UB 610 X 305 X 149
UB 610 X 305 X 179
UB 610 X 305 X 238
UB 686 X 254 125
UB 686 X 254 X 140
UB 686 X 254 152
UB 686 X 254 X 170
UB 762 X 267 X 147
UB 762 X 267 X 173
UB 762 X 267 197
UB 838 X 292 X 176
UB 838 X 292 X 194
UB 838 X 292 X 226
UB 914 305 X 201
UB 914 305 224
UB 914 X 305 X 253
UB 914 X 305 X 289
UB 914 X 419 X 343
UB 914 419 X 388
0,205
0.210
0.192
0.237
0.135
0,158
0,181
0.156
0,184
0.222
0.136
0.159
0.195
0,122
0.140
0.160
0,194
0.119
0.134
0,153
0.172
0.107
0.126
0,144
0.162
0.183
0.122
0.137
0.154
0.170
0,191
0.111
0.127
0.142
0,156
0.178
0.108
0,123
0.139
0,158
0,132
0.165
0.238
0,106
0.121
0.134
0.152
0.103
0.126
0.147
0.101
0.114
0.137
0.100
0.116
0.134
0.156
0,151
0.175
0.308
0,327
0,281
0.300
0,293
0.314
0,336
0.282
0.303
0.320
0.286
0.299
0,314
0,279
0,293
0.305
0,326
0,285
0,300
0.311
0.324
0,299
0.321
0,335
0,353
0,369
0,293
0.306
0.316
0,328
0.341
0,288
0.303
0.315
0,324
0,340
0,290
0,305
0,319
0,333
0,290
0.307
0.340
0,289
0,304
0,315
0.329
0,292
0.312
0.332
0.289
0,303
0,327
0.292
0,309
0,327
0,344
0.306
0,321
285
345
376
449
280
376
424
466
554
644
277
387
808
374
444
580
1005
426
463
646
1110
336
425
606
741
967
502
606
813
967
1472
610
725
900
1119
1826
674
823
1039
1403
1028
1764
3564
826
1018
1258
1693
955
1421
1884
1111
1336
1835
1284
1561
2098
3072
3120
5807
0,205
0,210
0,192
0,237
0.135
0.158
0.181
0.156
0.184
0.222
0.136
0.159
0.195
0.122
0.140
0.160
0.194
0,119
0,134
0.153
0,172
0.107
0.126
0,144
0,162
0,183
0,122
0,137
0.154
0.170
0.191
0.111
0.127
0.142
0.156
0.178
0.108
0,123
0.139
0,158
0,132
0,165
0.238
0.106
0.121
0.134
0.152
0.103
0.126
0,147
0,101
0.114
0,137
0,100
0.116
0.134
0.156
0.151
0.175
194
246
263
294
351
368
342
358
408
541
871
0,054
0,055
0,051
0,065
0.038
0,044
0,040
0,049
0,060
0.051
0,050
0,043
1168
1530
2533
0,048
0,044
0.063
4381 0,044
512
UB Available inelastic rotation <pav
Noie: (paV must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
I

r-
1
"
I
c U2 >|c L/2
Designation
3
Mu
<Pav
[rad]
fl
M,
^My-N
<Pav
[rad]
max
[kN]
<Pav [rad]
for < Niimit
Nlimit
[kN]
<Pav Irad]
for > Niimit
UB 178 X 102 X 19
UB 203 X 102 X 23
UB 203 X 133 X 25
UB 203 X 133 X 30
UB 254 X 102 X 22
UB 254 102 X 25
UB 254 X 102 X 28
UB 254 X 146 X 31
UB 254 X 146 X 37
UB 254 146 X 43
UB 305 X 165 X 40
UB 305 165 X 46
UB 305 X 165 X 54
UB 356 X 171 X 45
UB 356 X 171 X 51
UB 356 X 171 X 57
UB 356 X 171 X 67
UB 406 X 178 X 54
UB 406 X 178 X 60
UB 406 X 178 X 67
UB 406 X 178 X 74
UB 457 X 1S2 X 52
UB 457 X 152 60
UB 457 X 152 X 67
UB 457 152 X 74
UB 457 152 82
UB 457 X 191 X 67
UB 457 X 191 X 74
UB 457 X 191 X 82
UB 457 X 191 X 89
UB 457 X 191 X 98
UB 533 X 210 X 82
UB 533 210 X 92
UB 533 X 210 101
UB 533 X 210 X 109
UB 533 X 210 122
UB 610 X 229 101
UB 610 X 229 X 113
UB 610 X 229 125
UB 610 X 229 X 140
UB 610 X 305 X 149
UB 610 X 305 X 179
UB 610 X 305 X 238
UB 686 X 254 125
UB 686 X 254 X 140
UB 686 X 254 152
UB 686 X 254 X 170
UB 762 X 267 X 147
UB 762 X 267 X 173
UB 762 X 267 197
UB 838 X 292 X 176
UB 838 X 292 X 194
UB 838 X 292 X 226
UB 914 305 X 201
UB 914 305 224
UB 914 X 305 X 253
UB 914 X 305 X 289
UB 914 X 419 X 343
UB 914 419 X 388
0,205
0.210
0.192
0.237
0.135
0,158
0,181
0.156
0,184
0.222
0.136
0.159
0.195
0,122
0.140
0.160
0,194
0.119
0.134
0,153
0.172
0.107
0.126
0,144
0.162
0.183
0.122
0.137
0.154
0.170
0,191
0.111
0.127
0.142
0,156
0.178
0.108
0,123
0.139
0,158
0,132
0.165
0.238
0,106
0.121
0.134
0.152
0.103
0.126
0.147
0.101
0.114
0.137
0.100
0.116
0.134
0.156
0,151
0.175
0.308
0,327
0,281
0.300
0,293
0.314
0,336
0.282
0.303
0.320
0.286
0.299
0,314
0,279
0,293
0.305
0,326
0,285
0,300
0.311
0.324
0,299
0.321
0,335
0,353
0,369
0,293
0.306
0.316
0,328
0.341
0,288
0.303
0.315
0,324
0,340
0,290
0,305
0,319
0,333
0,290
0.307
0.340
0,289
0,304
0,315
0.329
0,292
0.312
0.332
0.289
0,303
0,327
0.292
0,309
0,327
0,344
0.306
0,321
285
345
376
449
280
376
424
466
554
644
277
387
808
374
444
580
1005
426
463
646
1110
336
425
606
741
967
502
606
813
967
1472
610
725
900
1119
1826
674
823
1039
1403
1028
1764
3564
826
1018
1258
1693
955
1421
1884
1111
1336
1835
1284
1561
2098
3072
3120
5807
0,205
0,210
0,192
0,237
0.135
0.158
0.181
0.156
0.184
0.222
0.136
0.159
0.195
0.122
0.140
0.160
0.194
0,119
0,134
0.153
0,172
0.107
0.126
0,144
0,162
0,183
0,122
0,137
0.154
0.170
0.191
0.111
0.127
0.142
0.156
0.178
0.108
0,123
0.139
0,158
0,132
0,165
0.238
0.106
0.121
0.134
0.152
0.103
0.126
0,147
0,101
0.114
0,137
0,100
0.116
0.134
0.156
0.151
0.175
194
246
263
294
351
368
342
358
408
541
871
0,054
0,055
0,051
0,065
0.038
0,044
0,040
0,049
0,060
0.051
0,050
0,043
1168
1530
2533
0,048
0,044
0.063
4381 0,044
512
Available inelastic rotation <pav
Note: <pav must be divided by ffjla f8* chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152 152x37
UC 203 203 46
UC 203 203 52
UC 203 203 60
UC 203 203 71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254 254 73
UC 254 254 89
UC 254 254 107
UC 254 254 132
UC 254 254 167
UC 305 305 97
UC 305 305 118
UC 305 305 137
UC 305 305 158
UC 305 305 198
UC 305 305 240
UC 305 305 283
UC 356 368 129
UC 356 368 153
UC 356 368 177
UC 356 368 202
UC 356 406 235
UC 356 406 287
UC 356 406 340
UC 356 406 393
UC 356 406 467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356 406 634
2 3
pl
0

_>y
<Pav
[rad]
-
0,374
0,548
0,283
0,334
0,450
0,506
0,784
0,270
0,364
0,530
0,734
1,125
0,240
0,330
0,421
0,536
0,759
1,077
1,604
0,211
0,273
0,352
0,444
0,537
0,787
1,196
1,568
2,113
2,891
3,609
t
HI m,
<Pav
[rad]
.
0,285
0,303
0,275
0,285
0,296
0,316
0,336
0,277
0,294
0,310
0,334
0,366
0,270
0,284
0,297
0,312
0,339
0,364
0,393
0,266
0,278
0,289
0,300
0,306
0,327
0,350
0,370
0,398
0,427
0,456
4 5
U L/2
6
r
. L/2
- 'T- -
Nmax
[kN]
_
450
554
690
779
897
1063
1288
1094
1331
1602
1976
2501
1451
1765
2049
2366
2966
3593
3875
1931
2289
2650
3022
3518
4297
4655
5381
6395
7546
8681
7
-^My-N
<Pav [rad]
for < Niimit
_
0,374
0,548
0,283
0,334
0,450
0,506
0,784
0,270
0,364
0,530
0,734
1,125
0,240
0,330
0,421
0,536
0,759
1,077
1,604
0,211
0,273
0,352
0,444
0,537
0,787
1,196
1.568
2,113
2,891
3,609
N|mit
[kN]
|
224
273
328
357
421
447
562
489
579
711
844
1051
691
828
945
1075
1290
1544
1639
830
973
1132
1290
1433
1749
1876
2152
2510
2945
3324
<Pav [rad]
for N s NlimIt
0,112
0,167
0,085
0,101
0,137
0,158
0,246
0,081
0,111
0,164
0,231
0,357
0,071
0,099
0,128
0,166
0,238
0,341
0,482
0,063
0,083
0,108
0,138
0,168
0,249
0,359
0,473
0,640
0,877
1,096
513
Note: <pav must be divided by ffjla f8* chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152 152x37
UC 203 203 46
UC 203 203 52
UC 203 203 60
UC 203 203 71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254 254 73
UC 254 254 89
UC 254 254 107
UC 254 254 132
UC 254 254 167
UC 305 305 97
UC 305 305 118
UC 305 305 137
UC 305 305 158
UC 305 305 198
UC 305 305 240
UC 305 305 283
UC 356 368 129
UC 356 368 153
UC 356 368 177
UC 356 368 202
UC 356 406 235
UC 356 406 287
UC 356 406 340
UC 356 406 393
UC 356 406 467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356 406 634
2 3
pl
0

_>y
<Pav
[rad]
-
0,374
0,548
0,283
0,334
0,450
0,506
0,784
0,270
0,364
0,530
0,734
1,125
0,240
0,330
0,421
0,536
0,759
1,077
1,604
0,211
0,273
0,352
0,444
0,537
0,787
1,196
1,568
2,113
2,891
3,609
t
HI m,
<Pav
[rad]
.
0,285
0,303
0,275
0,285
0,296
0,316
0,336
0,277
0,294
0,310
0,334
0,366
0,270
0,284
0,297
0,312
0,339
0,364
0,393
0,266
0,278
0,289
0,300
0,306
0,327
0,350
0,370
0,398
0,427
0,456
4 5
U L/2
6
r
. L/2
- 'T- -
Nmax
[kN]
_
450
554
690
779
897
1063
1288
1094
1331
1602
1976
2501
1451
1765
2049
2366
2966
3593
3875
1931
2289
2650
3022
3518
4297
4655
5381
6395
7546
8681
7
-^My-N
<Pav [rad]
for < Niimit
_
0,374
0,548
0,283
0,334
0,450
0,506
0,784
0,270
0,364
0,530
0,734
1,125
0,240
0,330
0,421
0,536
0,759
1,077
1,604
0,211
0,273
0,352
0,444
0,537
0,787
1,196
1.568
2,113
2,891
3,609
N|mit
[kN]
|
224
273
328
357
421
447
562
489
579
711
844
1051
691
828
945
1075
1290
1544
1639
830
973
1132
1290
1433
1749
1876
2152
2510
2945
3324
<Pav [rad]
for N s NlimIt
0,112
0,167
0,085
0,101
0,137
0,158
0,246
0,081
0,111
0,164
0,231
0,357
0,071
0,099
0,128
0,166
0,238
0,341
0,482
0,063
0,083
0,108
0,138
0,168
0,249
0,359
0,473
0,640
0,877
1,096
513
514
514
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: 9aV must be divided by YfJia> (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 137
IPE 750 147
IPE 750 173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE O 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
2 3
pl
*
j My
<Pav
[rad]
0,427
0,321
0,264
0,229
0,205
0,188
0,175
0,166
0,158
0,144
0,135
0,130
0,129
0,124
0,119
0,117
0,115
0.117
0,080
0,085
0,105
0,122
0,327
0,252
0,204
0,167
0,148
0,140
0,131
0,132
0,126
0,115
0,111
0,108
0,108
0,102
0,099
0,099
0,097
0,099
0,226
0,203
0,194
0,185
0,176
0,163
0,156
0,156
0,146
0,148
0,145
0,139
0,155
!=
Hk
<Pav
[rad]
0,352
0,339
0,332
0,327
0,321
0,318
0,314
0,312
0,310
0,302
0,296
0,297
0,300
0,301
0,303
0,308
0,310
0,316
0,287
0,287
0,309
0,328
0,323
0,315
0,307
0,303
0,297
0,296
0,294
0,294
0,293
0,287
0,283
0,284
0,291
0,290
0,293
0,298
0,300
0,307
0,332
0,325
0,323
0,319
0,321
0,313
0,312
0,315
0,314
0,323
0,327
0,328
0,344
4 I 5 I
6 I
f
c L/2 >K L/2 A
^*max
[kN]
105
142
182
226
276
329
392
459
538
632
740
530
586
657
747
844
990
1133
526
1003
1403
1853
88
121
152
184
222
269
195
239
252
258
311
344
318
335
360
426
465
541
373
439
514
601
740
864
998
1157
1325
1618
1379
1495
2706
7
< ^My-N
<Pav [rad]
for < Num
0,427
0,321
0,264
0,229
0,205
0,188
0,175
0,166
0,158
0,144
0,135
0,130
0,129
0,124
0,119
0,117
0.115
0,117
0,080
0,085
0,105
0,122
0,327
0,252
0,204
0,167
0,148
0,140
0,131
0,132
0,126
0,115
0,111
0,108
0,108
0,102
0,099
0,099
0,097
0,099
0,226
0,203
0,194
0,185
0,176
0,163
0,156
0,156
0,146
0,148
0,145
0,139
0,155
Nlimit
[kN]
79
111
142
175
219
258
316
361
429
506
597
-
-
-
-
.
-
.
-
-
-
-
69
99
124
143
179
213
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
.
-
-
-
290
346
400
477
568
666
794
923
1099
1377
.
-
2454
<Pav [rad]
for at Numit
0,136
0,098
0,079
0,068
0,059
0,054
0,049
0,047
0,044
0,039
0,037
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,101
0,075
0,059
0,047
0,041
0,039
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
0,066
0,058
0,056
0,052
0,050
0,046
0,043
0,043
0,039
0,040
-
-
0,041
515
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: 9aV must be divided by YfJia> (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 137
IPE 750 147
IPE 750 173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE O 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
2 3
pl
*
j My
<Pav
[rad]
0,427
0,321
0,264
0,229
0,205
0,188
0,175
0,166
0,158
0,144
0,135
0,130
0,129
0,124
0,119
0,117
0,115
0.117
0,080
0,085
0,105
0,122
0,327
0,252
0,204
0,167
0,148
0,140
0,131
0,132
0,126
0,115
0,111
0,108
0,108
0,102
0,099
0,099
0,097
0,099
0,226
0,203
0,194
0,185
0,176
0,163
0,156
0,156
0,146
0,148
0,145
0,139
0,155
!=
Hk
<Pav
[rad]
0,352
0,339
0,332
0,327
0,321
0,318
0,314
0,312
0,310
0,302
0,296
0,297
0,300
0,301
0,303
0,308
0,310
0,316
0,287
0,287
0,309
0,328
0,323
0,315
0,307
0,303
0,297
0,296
0,294
0,294
0,293
0,287
0,283
0,284
0,291
0,290
0,293
0,298
0,300
0,307
0,332
0,325
0,323
0,319
0,321
0,313
0,312
0,315
0,314
0,323
0,327
0,328
0,344
4 I 5 I
6 I
f
c L/2 >K L/2 A
^*max
[kN]
105
142
182
226
276
329
392
459
538
632
740
530
586
657
747
844
990
1133
526
1003
1403
1853
88
121
152
184
222
269
195
239
252
258
311
344
318
335
360
426
465
541
373
439
514
601
740
864
998
1157
1325
1618
1379
1495
2706
7
< ^My-N
<Pav [rad]
for < Num
0,427
0,321
0,264
0,229
0,205
0,188
0,175
0,166
0,158
0,144
0,135
0,130
0,129
0,124
0,119
0,117
0.115
0,117
0,080
0,085
0,105
0,122
0,327
0,252
0,204
0,167
0,148
0,140
0,131
0,132
0,126
0,115
0,111
0,108
0,108
0,102
0,099
0,099
0,097
0,099
0,226
0,203
0,194
0,185
0,176
0,163
0,156
0,156
0,146
0,148
0,145
0,139
0,155
Nlimit
[kN]
79
111
142
175
219
258
316
361
429
506
597
-
-
-
-
.
-
.
-
-
-
-
69
99
124
143
179
213
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
.
-
-
-
290
346
400
477
568
666
794
923
1099
1377
.
-
2454
<Pav [rad]
for at Numit
0,136
0,098
0,079
0,068
0,059
0,054
0,049
0,047
0,044
0,039
0,037
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,101
0,075
0,059
0,047
0,041
0,039
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
0,066
0,058
0,056
0,052
0,050
0,046
0,043
0,043
0,039
0,040
-
-
0,041
515
Note: (f>av must be divided by /|(see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE 100 AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE 260 AA
HE 280 AA
HE 300 AA
HE 320 AA
HE 340 AA
HE360AA
HE 400 AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE 650 AA
HE 700 AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
2 I 3
pl
0 ,
L
IDMy
<Pav
[rad]
0,372
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,109
0,103
0,098
0,095
0,088
0,086
0,081
0,517
0,359
0,315
0,284
0,233
0,219
0,212
0,206
-
-
-
0,178
0,178
0,179
0,177
0,167
0,160
0,150
0,143
0.137
0,135
0,122
0,117
0,108
HV
9av
[rad]
0,274
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,267
0,270
0,272
0,276
0,281
0,290
0,294
0,307
0,290
0,282
0,276
0,271
0,267
0,267
0,267
-
~
0,270
0,274
0,279
0,285
0,294
0,303
0,308
0,312
0,317
0,321
0,326
0,335
0,339
4 I
Nmax
[kN]
214
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1186
1211
1233
1253
1300
1325
1334
292
348
432
533
622
740
885
1056
-
-
-
1710
1835
1963
2186
2448
2716
2912
1544
1573
1786
1660
1699
1523
5 I
pl
L/2
6 I
. L/2
- -- -
T-'
<Pav [rad]
for < Nnmit
0,372
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,109
0,103
0,098
0,095
0,088
0,086
0,081
0,517
0,359
0,315
0,284
0,233
0,219
0,212
0,206
-
-
-
0,178
0,178
0,179
0,177
0,167
0,160
0,150
0,143
0,137
0,135
0,122
0,117
0,108
) My -N
Nlimit
[kN]
126
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
|
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
144
169
209
274
304
380
438
529
-
-
-
863
948
1038
1237
1431
1637
1863
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
<Pav [rad]
for > Num
0,123
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,178
0,122
0,106
0,094
0,077
0,071
0,069
0,067
-
-
-
0,057
0,056
0,056
0,054
0,050
0,047
0,043
-
-
-
-
-
-
516
Note: (f>av must be divided by /|(see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE 100 AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE 260 AA
HE 280 AA
HE 300 AA
HE 320 AA
HE 340 AA
HE360AA
HE 400 AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE 650 AA
HE 700 AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
2 I 3
pl
0 ,
L
IDMy
<Pav
[rad]
0,372
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,109
0,103
0,098
0,095
0,088
0,086
0,081
0,517
0,359
0,315
0,284
0,233
0,219
0,212
0,206
-
-
-
0,178
0,178
0,179
0,177
0,167
0,160
0,150
0,143
0.137
0,135
0,122
0,117
0,108
HV
9av
[rad]
0,274
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,267
0,270
0,272
0,276
0,281
0,290
0,294
0,307
0,290
0,282
0,276
0,271
0,267
0,267
0,267
-
~
0,270
0,274
0,279
0,285
0,294
0,303
0,308
0,312
0,317
0,321
0,326
0,335
0,339
4 I
Nmax
[kN]
214
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1186
1211
1233
1253
1300
1325
1334
292
348
432
533
622
740
885
1056
-
-
-
1710
1835
1963
2186
2448
2716
2912
1544
1573
1786
1660
1699
1523
5 I
pl
L/2
6 I
. L/2
- -- -
T-'
<Pav [rad]
for < Nnmit
0,372
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,109
0,103
0,098
0,095
0,088
0,086
0,081
0,517
0,359
0,315
0,284
0,233
0,219
0,212
0,206
-
-
-
0,178
0,178
0,179
0,177
0,167
0,160
0,150
0,143
0,137
0,135
0,122
0,117
0,108
) My -N
Nlimit
[kN]
126
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
|
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
144
169
209
274
304
380
438
529
-
-
-
863
948
1038
1237
1431
1637
1863
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
<Pav [rad]
for > Num
0,123
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,178
0,122
0,106
0,094
0,077
0,071
0,069
0,067
-
-
-
0,057
0,056
0,056
0,054
0,050
0,047
0,043
-
-
-
-
-
-
516
Itola: (pav must be divided by ^(see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
2 I 3
Pi
\r-
L
l^ -
_) My
<Pav
[rad]
0,722
0,575
0,485
0,477
0,425
0,386
0,357
0,334
0,290
0,274
0,264
0,261
0,256
0,251
0,242
0,221
0,206
0,191
HE 600 0,179
HE 650 | 0,170
HE 700 | 0,166
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
0,147
0,139
0,128
2,620
1,943
1,524
1,357
1,140
0,982
0,864
0,946
0,803
0,731
0,800
0,717
0,647
0,589
0,494
0,411
0,351
0,304
0,269
0,242
0.220
0,186
0,162
0,144
HV
<Pav
[rad]
0,334
0,323
0,316
0,309
0,305
0,301
0,298
0,295
0,291
0,287
0,285
0,292
0,297
0,301
0,308
0,317
0,326
0,330
0,335
0,339
0,344
0,348
0,357
0,362
0,454
0,425
0,403
0,387
0,374
0,364
0,355
0,374
0,364
0,355
0.370
0,375
0,375
0,375
0,376
0,376
0,376
0,376
0,377
0,377
0,378
0,378
0,379
0,379
4 I
Nmax
[kN]
358
468
591
746
897
1074
1252
1457
1629
1806
2050
2218
2350
2484
2719
2997
3281
3493
3712
3937
4213
2717
2789
2601
732
913
1108
1334
1557
1805
2055
2744
3020
3302
4167
4291
4343
4384
4479
4612
4734
4873
5000
5139
5266
5559
4102
3623
5 I
pl
6 I
I: L'2 >K L'2 ff
T-'
<Pav [rad]
for < Niimit
0,722
0,575
0,485
0,477
0,425
0,386
0,357
0,334
0,290
0,274
0,264
0,261
0,256
0,251
0,242
0,221
0,206
0,191
0.179
0,170
0,166
0,147
0,139
0,128
2,620
1,943
1,524
1,357
1,140
0,982
0,864
0,946
0,803
0,731
0,800
0.717
0,647
0,589
0,494
0,411
0,351
0,304
0,269
0,242
0,220
0,186
0,162
0,144
5 My-
Niimit
[kN]
166
209
257
348
408
497
568
671
755
841
965
1054
1152
1255
1479
1704
1943
2202
2474
2759
3145
-
-
-
298
371
449
569
659
778
878
1124
1250
1377
1685
1783
1887
1991
2205
2471
2736
3013
3291
3568
3845
4451
-
-
7
<Pav [rad]
for N s N|imlt
0,254
0,201
0,169
0,164
0,146
0,132
0,121
0,113
0,098
0,092
0,088
0,086
0,084
0,082
0,077
0,069
0,063
0,057
0,052
0,048
0,046
-
-
-
0,947
0,700
0,547
0,485
0,406
0,348
0,305
0,337
0,285
0,258
0.285
0,254
0,227
0,204
0,168
0,136
0,113
0,095
0,082
0,072
0,064
0,051
-
-
517
Itola: (pav must be divided by ^(see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
2 I 3
Pi
\r-
L
l^ -
_) My
<Pav
[rad]
0,722
0,575
0,485
0,477
0,425
0,386
0,357
0,334
0,290
0,274
0,264
0,261
0,256
0,251
0,242
0,221
0,206
0,191
HE 600 0,179
HE 650 | 0,170
HE 700 | 0,166
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
0,147
0,139
0,128
2,620
1,943
1,524
1,357
1,140
0,982
0,864
0,946
0,803
0,731
0,800
0,717
0,647
0,589
0,494
0,411
0,351
0,304
0,269
0,242
0.220
0,186
0,162
0,144
HV
<Pav
[rad]
0,334
0,323
0,316
0,309
0,305
0,301
0,298
0,295
0,291
0,287
0,285
0,292
0,297
0,301
0,308
0,317
0,326
0,330
0,335
0,339
0,344
0,348
0,357
0,362
0,454
0,425
0,403
0,387
0,374
0,364
0,355
0,374
0,364
0,355
0.370
0,375
0,375
0,375
0,376
0,376
0,376
0,376
0,377
0,377
0,378
0,378
0,379
0,379
4 I
Nmax
[kN]
358
468
591
746
897
1074
1252
1457
1629
1806
2050
2218
2350
2484
2719
2997
3281
3493
3712
3937
4213
2717
2789
2601
732
913
1108
1334
1557
1805
2055
2744
3020
3302
4167
4291
4343
4384
4479
4612
4734
4873
5000
5139
5266
5559
4102
3623
5 I
pl
6 I
I: L'2 >K L'2 ff
T-'
<Pav [rad]
for < Niimit
0,722
0,575
0,485
0,477
0,425
0,386
0,357
0,334
0,290
0,274
0,264
0,261
0,256
0,251
0,242
0,221
0,206
0,191
0.179
0,170
0,166
0,147
0,139
0,128
2,620
1,943
1,524
1,357
1,140
0,982
0,864
0,946
0,803
0,731
0,800
0.717
0,647
0,589
0,494
0,411
0,351
0,304
0,269
0,242
0,220
0,186
0,162
0,144
5 My-
Niimit
[kN]
166
209
257
348
408
497
568
671
755
841
965
1054
1152
1255
1479
1704
1943
2202
2474
2759
3145
-
-
-
298
371
449
569
659
778
878
1124
1250
1377
1685
1783
1887
1991
2205
2471
2736
3013
3291
3568
3845
4451
-
-
7
<Pav [rad]
for N s N|imlt
0,254
0,201
0,169
0,164
0,146
0,132
0,121
0,113
0,098
0,092
0,088
0,086
0,084
0,082
0,077
0,069
0,063
0,057
0,052
0,048
0,046
-
-
-
0,947
0,700
0,547
0,485
0,406
0,348
0,305
0,337
0,285
0,258
0.285
0,254
0,227
0,204
0,168
0,136
0,113
0,095
0,082
0,072
0,064
0,051
-
-
517
Note: <p3V must be divided by f Ma (see chapter 3.6)
I
cr
1
"
1
fe L/2 >|c L/2 ff
Designation
ID
Mv
<Pav
[rad]
)
M,
z^
Mu-N
<Pav
[rad]
max
[kN]
<Pav [rad]
for < Niimit
Niimit
[kN]
<Pav [rad]
for > N,|mit
UB 178 X 102 X 19
UB 203 X 102 X 23
UB 203 X 133 X 25
UB 203 X 133 X 30
UB 254 X 102 X 22
UB 254 X 102 X 25
UB 254 X 102 X 28
UB 254 146 X 31
UB 254 X 146 X 37
UB 254 146 X 43
UB 305 X 165 X 40
UB 305 X 165 X 46
UB 305 X 165 54
UB 356 171 45
UB 356 X 171 X 51
UB 356 X 171 57
UB 356 X 171 67
UB 406 X 178 X 54
UB 406 X 178 X 60
UB 406 X 178 X 67
UB 406 X 178 X 74
UB 457 X 152 X 52
UB 457 X 152 X 60
UB 457 X 152 X 67
UB 457 X 152 X 74
UB 457 X 152 82
UB 457 191 67
UB 457 X 191 74
UB 457 X 191 X 82
UB 457 191 X 89
UB 457 191 98
UB 533 X 210 X 82
UB 533 X 210 X 92
UB 533 X 210 101
UB 533 X 210 X 109
UB 533 X 210 X 122
UB 610 X 229 X 101
UB610X229X 113
UB 610 X 229 X 125
UB 610 X 229 X 140
UB 610x305x149
UB 610 305 X 179
UB 610 X 305 X 238
UB 686 X 254 X 125
UB 686 X 254 140
UB 686 254 X 152
UB 686 X 254 170
UB 762 X 267 147
UB 762 X 267 X 173
UB 762 267 X 197
UB 838 X 292 X 176
UB 838 X 292 X 194
UB 838 292 X 226
UB 914 X 305 X 201
UB 914 305 X 224
UB 914 X 305 X 253
UB 914 305 X 289
UB 914 X 419 X 343
UB 914 419 X 388
0.170
0,174
0.159
0.196
0.111
0,131
0,150
0.130
0.153
0.184
0.113
0.132
0.162
0.101
0.117
0.133
0,161
0.099
0.111
0.127
0.143
0,088
0.105
0.120
0.134
0.151
0.101
0.113
0.128
0,141
0,158
0,092
0,106
0,118
0.129
0.148
0,089
0,102
0.115
0.131
0.110
0.137
0.197
0.087
0,100
0.111
0,126
0.085
0,104
0.122
0,083
0,094
0.113
0.083
0.096
0.111
0.130
0.126
0,145
0.305
0.323
0.279
0.297
0.290
0.311
0,332
0,280
0.301
0,317
0.284
0.296
0,311
0.277
0.291
0.302
0.322
0.283
0.297
0.308
0,320
0.297
0.317
0.332
0.349
0,364
0,290
0.303
0.313
0,325
0.337
0.285
0,301
0.312
0.320
0,336
0.288
0,302
0.316
0,330
0,287
0.304
0.336
0.286
0.301
0,311
0,325
0,289
0.309
0.328
0.287
0.300
0.323
0.290
0.306
0.323
0,341
0,303
0.318
334
404
440
525
281
328
378
336
649
753
272
387
946
366
440
583
1175
412
451
643
813
309
402
591
733
970
482
591
809
970
1236
579
699
683
1114'
1468
628
783
1009
1391
1001
1774
4171
767
967
1218
1674
879
1364
1850
1014
1248
1769
1170
1459
2019
3041
3102
4186
0.170
0.174
0.159
0,196
0.111
0.131
0,150
0,130
0,153
0,184
0.113
0,132
0,162
0.101
0.117
0.133
0.161
0.099
0.111
0.127
0,143
0,088
0.105
0.120
0.134
0.151
0.101
0,113
0,128
0,141
0.158
0.092
0.106
0.118
0.129
0,148
0.089
0,102
0.115
0,131
0,110
0,137
0.197
0.087
0.100
0.111
0,126
0.085
0.104
0.122
0,083
0.094
0.113
0.083
0.096
0.111
0,130
0,126
0.145
227
288
308
344
419
477
634
855
2964
0.049
0,050
0.046
0,059
0,044
0.055
0,047
0.046
0,058
518
Note: <p3V must be divided by f Ma (see chapter 3.6)
I
cr
1
"
1
fe L/2 >|c L/2 ff
Designation
ID
Mv
<Pav
[rad]
)
M,
z^
Mu-N
<Pav
[rad]
max
[kN]
<Pav [rad]
for < Niimit
Niimit
[kN]
<Pav [rad]
for > N,|mit
UB 178 X 102 X 19
UB 203 X 102 X 23
UB 203 X 133 X 25
UB 203 X 133 X 30
UB 254 X 102 X 22
UB 254 X 102 X 25
UB 254 X 102 X 28
UB 254 146 X 31
UB 254 X 146 X 37
UB 254 146 X 43
UB 305 X 165 X 40
UB 305 X 165 X 46
UB 305 X 165 54
UB 356 171 45
UB 356 X 171 X 51
UB 356 X 171 57
UB 356 X 171 67
UB 406 X 178 X 54
UB 406 X 178 X 60
UB 406 X 178 X 67
UB 406 X 178 X 74
UB 457 X 152 X 52
UB 457 X 152 X 60
UB 457 X 152 X 67
UB 457 X 152 X 74
UB 457 X 152 82
UB 457 191 67
UB 457 X 191 74
UB 457 X 191 X 82
UB 457 191 X 89
UB 457 191 98
UB 533 X 210 X 82
UB 533 X 210 X 92
UB 533 X 210 101
UB 533 X 210 X 109
UB 533 X 210 X 122
UB 610 X 229 X 101
UB610X229X 113
UB 610 X 229 X 125
UB 610 X 229 X 140
UB 610x305x149
UB 610 305 X 179
UB 610 X 305 X 238
UB 686 X 254 X 125
UB 686 X 254 140
UB 686 254 X 152
UB 686 X 254 170
UB 762 X 267 147
UB 762 X 267 X 173
UB 762 267 X 197
UB 838 X 292 X 176
UB 838 X 292 X 194
UB 838 292 X 226
UB 914 X 305 X 201
UB 914 305 X 224
UB 914 X 305 X 253
UB 914 305 X 289
UB 914 X 419 X 343
UB 914 419 X 388
0.170
0,174
0.159
0.196
0.111
0,131
0,150
0.130
0.153
0.184
0.113
0.132
0.162
0.101
0.117
0.133
0,161
0.099
0.111
0.127
0.143
0,088
0.105
0.120
0.134
0.151
0.101
0.113
0.128
0,141
0,158
0,092
0,106
0,118
0.129
0.148
0,089
0,102
0.115
0.131
0.110
0.137
0.197
0.087
0,100
0.111
0,126
0.085
0,104
0.122
0,083
0,094
0.113
0.083
0.096
0.111
0.130
0.126
0,145
0.305
0.323
0.279
0.297
0.290
0.311
0,332
0,280
0.301
0,317
0.284
0.296
0,311
0.277
0.291
0.302
0.322
0.283
0.297
0.308
0,320
0.297
0.317
0.332
0.349
0,364
0,290
0.303
0.313
0,325
0.337
0.285
0,301
0.312
0.320
0,336
0.288
0,302
0.316
0,330
0,287
0.304
0.336
0.286
0.301
0,311
0,325
0,289
0.309
0.328
0.287
0.300
0.323
0.290
0.306
0.323
0,341
0,303
0.318
334
404
440
525
281
328
378
336
649
753
272
387
946
366
440
583
1175
412
451
643
813
309
402
591
733
970
482
591
809
970
1236
579
699
683
1114'
1468
628
783
1009
1391
1001
1774
4171
767
967
1218
1674
879
1364
1850
1014
1248
1769
1170
1459
2019
3041
3102
4186
0.170
0.174
0.159
0,196
0.111
0.131
0,150
0,130
0,153
0,184
0.113
0,132
0,162
0.101
0.117
0.133
0.161
0.099
0.111
0.127
0,143
0,088
0.105
0.120
0.134
0.151
0.101
0,113
0,128
0,141
0.158
0.092
0.106
0.118
0.129
0,148
0.089
0,102
0.115
0,131
0,110
0,137
0.197
0.087
0.100
0.111
0,126
0.085
0.104
0.122
0,083
0.094
0.113
0.083
0.096
0.111
0,130
0,126
0.145
227
288
308
344
419
477
634
855
2964
0.049
0,050
0.046
0,059
0,044
0.055
0,047
0.046
0,058
518
Available inelastic rotation (f>av
Not: <jpav must be divided by ( chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
UC 152 152 23
UC 152 152 30
UC 152 152 37
UC 203 203 46
UC 203 203 52
UC 203 203 60
UC 203 203 71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254 254 73
UC 254 254 89
UC 254 254 107
UC 254 254 132
UC 254 254 167
UC 305 305 97
UC 305 305 118
UC 305 305 137
UC 305 305 158
UC 305 305 198
UC 305 305 240
UC 305 305 283
UC 356 368 129
UC 356 368 153
UC 356 368 177
UC 356 368 202
UC 356 406 235
UC 356 406 287
UC 356 406 340
UC 356 406 393
UC 356 406 467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356 406 634
2 3
"1
Wi
L
L î
l^ -
.
<Pav
[rad]
-
0,309
0,451
0,235
0,276
0,371
0,418
0,644
0,224
0,301
0,437
0,604
0,922
0,200
0,273
0,347
0,442
0,624
0,883
1,298
-
0,227
0,292
0,367
0,443
0,646
0,969
1,269
1,707
2,331
2,907
H>,
<Pav
[rad]
-
0,283
0,301
0,273
0,283
0,293
0,313
0,333
0,275
0,291
0,307
0,331
0,362
0,268
0,282
0,295
0,309
0,335
0,360
0,387
-
0,276
0,286
0,297
0,303
0,324
0,346
0,366
0,393
0,421
0,449
4 5
0 L/2
6
r
, L/2
- ->K -
Nmax
[kN]
_
526
648
808
911
1050
1243
1508
1280
1558
1875
2312
2927
1697
2065
2398
2769
3471
4205
4595
-
2679
3101
3537
4117
5028
5521
6382
7585
8950
10296
1
<Pav [rad]
for < Nmit
.
0,309
0,451
0,235
0,276
0,371
0,418
0,644
0,224
0,301
0,437
0,604
0,922
0,200
0,273
0,347
0,442
0,624
0,883
1,298
-
0,227
0,292
0,367
0,443
0,646
0,969
1,269
1,707
2,331
2,907
5 My -
Niimit
[kN]
_
262
319
383
418
493
523
657
572
677
833
988
1230
809
969
1106
1259
1510
1807
1944
_
1139
1324
1509
1677
2047
2225
2552
2977
3492
3942
7
<Pav [rad]
for Niimit
_
0,102
0,153
0,077
0,092
0,125
0,144
0,225
0,074
0,102
0,150
0,211
0,326
0,065
0,091
0,117
0,151
0,217
0,311
0,437
.
0,076
0,099
0,126
0,154
0,227
0,326
0,429
0,580
0,795
0,994
519
Available inelastic rotation (f>av
Not: <jpav must be divided by ( chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
UC 152 152 23
UC 152 152 30
UC 152 152 37
UC 203 203 46
UC 203 203 52
UC 203 203 60
UC 203 203 71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254 254 73
UC 254 254 89
UC 254 254 107
UC 254 254 132
UC 254 254 167
UC 305 305 97
UC 305 305 118
UC 305 305 137
UC 305 305 158
UC 305 305 198
UC 305 305 240
UC 305 305 283
UC 356 368 129
UC 356 368 153
UC 356 368 177
UC 356 368 202
UC 356 406 235
UC 356 406 287
UC 356 406 340
UC 356 406 393
UC 356 406 467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356 406 634
2 3
"1
Wi
L
L î
l^ -
.
<Pav
[rad]
-
0,309
0,451
0,235
0,276
0,371
0,418
0,644
0,224
0,301
0,437
0,604
0,922
0,200
0,273
0,347
0,442
0,624
0,883
1,298
-
0,227
0,292
0,367
0,443
0,646
0,969
1,269
1,707
2,331
2,907
H>,
<Pav
[rad]
-
0,283
0,301
0,273
0,283
0,293
0,313
0,333
0,275
0,291
0,307
0,331
0,362
0,268
0,282
0,295
0,309
0,335
0,360
0,387
-
0,276
0,286
0,297
0,303
0,324
0,346
0,366
0,393
0,421
0,449
4 5
0 L/2
6
r
, L/2
- ->K -
Nmax
[kN]
_
526
648
808
911
1050
1243
1508
1280
1558
1875
2312
2927
1697
2065
2398
2769
3471
4205
4595
-
2679
3101
3537
4117
5028
5521
6382
7585
8950
10296
1
<Pav [rad]
for < Nmit
.
0,309
0,451
0,235
0,276
0,371
0,418
0,644
0,224
0,301
0,437
0,604
0,922
0,200
0,273
0,347
0,442
0,624
0,883
1,298
-
0,227
0,292
0,367
0,443
0,646
0,969
1,269
1,707
2,331
2,907
5 My -
Niimit
[kN]
_
262
319
383
418
493
523
657
572
677
833
988
1230
809
969
1106
1259
1510
1807
1944
_
1139
1324
1509
1677
2047
2225
2552
2977
3492
3942
7
<Pav [rad]
for Niimit
_
0,102
0,153
0,077
0,092
0,125
0,144
0,225
0,074
0,102
0,150
0,211
0,326
0,065
0,091
0,117
0,151
0,217
0,311
0,437
.
0,076
0,099
0,126
0,154
0,227
0,326
0,429
0,580
0,795
0,994
519
3.6.3 Tables of (pav for S 355 steel grade
520
3.6.3 Tables of (pav for S 355 steel grade
520
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
m\Smm'. <Pav <& be divided by ^(see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 137
IPE 750 147
IPE 750 173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE O 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
2 3
pl
Wi
l^
_>y
<Pav
[rad]
0,303
0,228
0,188
0,164
0,146
0,135
0,125
0,119
0,114
0,104
0,097
0,093
0.093
0,089
0,086
0,084
0,083
0,084
0,057
0,061
0,075
0,087
0,232
0,180
0,146
0,120
0,106
0,101
0,094
0,095
0,091
0,083
0,080
0,078
0,078
0,073
0,071
0,071
0,070
0,072
0,161.
0,145
0.139
0,133
0,126
0,117
0,112
0,112
0,105
0,106
0,104
0,100
0,111
L
>\
I \*\ M
I I JM2
<Pav
[rad]
0,346
0,333
0,327
0,322
0,316
0,313
0,309
0,308
0,305
0,297
0,292
0,292
0,296
0,296
0,299
0,303
0,305
0,311
0,284
0,283
0,305
0,323
0,318
0,310
0,303
0,299
0,293
0,292
0,290
0,290
0,289
0,283
0,279
0,280
0,287
0,286
0,289
0,293
0,296
0,303
0,326
0,320
0,317
0,314
0,316
0,308
0,307
0,310
0,310
0,318
0,321
0,323
0,338
4 5
6
r
% U2 >\<l L/2 ff
''max
[kN]
136
183
234
292
357
425
506
592
694
447
491
529
579
644
721
803
937
1065
313
815
1240
1720
113
156
196
238
171
186
195
240
251
250
298
327
291
297
306
355
377
433
481
567
664
776
956
699
772
890
942
1200
1382
1484
2243
" 1
<Pav [rad]
for < Niimit
0,303
0,228
0,188
0,164
0,146
0,135
0,125
0,119
0,114
0,104
0,097
0,093
0,093
0,089
0,086
0,084
0,083
0,084
0,057
0,061
0,075
0,087
0,232
0,180
0,146
0,120
0,106
0,101
0,094
0,095
0,091
0,083
0,080
0,078
0,078
0,073
0,071
0,071
0,070
0,072
0,161
0,145
0,139
0,133
0,126
0,117
0,112
0,112
0,105
0,106
0,104
0,100
0,111
^My-N
Nlimit
[kN]
102
144
183
225
282
333
408
466
554
.
-
_
_
.
-
-
-
.
.
_
.
-
89
128
160
185
-
-
-
_
-
-
.
.
.
_
.
.
.
-
374
447
516
616
733
.
_
.
_
_
.
.
-
7
<Pav [rad]
for > Niimit
0,116
0,084
0,068
0,058
0,050
0,046
0,042
0,040
0,037
_
.
.
.
_
-
.
.
_
_
.
-
-
0,086
0,064
0,050
0,040
.
_
_
.
.
-
.
.
-
-
-
_
-
-
0,057
0,050
0,047
0,045
0,042
.
.
.
_
.
_
-
-
521
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
m\Smm'. <Pav <& be divided by ^(see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 137
IPE 750 147
IPE 750 173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE O 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
2 3
pl
Wi
l^
_>y
<Pav
[rad]
0,303
0,228
0,188
0,164
0,146
0,135
0,125
0,119
0,114
0,104
0,097
0,093
0.093
0,089
0,086
0,084
0,083
0,084
0,057
0,061
0,075
0,087
0,232
0,180
0,146
0,120
0,106
0,101
0,094
0,095
0,091
0,083
0,080
0,078
0,078
0,073
0,071
0,071
0,070
0,072
0,161.
0,145
0.139
0,133
0,126
0,117
0,112
0,112
0,105
0,106
0,104
0,100
0,111
L
>\
I \*\ M
I I JM2
<Pav
[rad]
0,346
0,333
0,327
0,322
0,316
0,313
0,309
0,308
0,305
0,297
0,292
0,292
0,296
0,296
0,299
0,303
0,305
0,311
0,284
0,283
0,305
0,323
0,318
0,310
0,303
0,299
0,293
0,292
0,290
0,290
0,289
0,283
0,279
0,280
0,287
0,286
0,289
0,293
0,296
0,303
0,326
0,320
0,317
0,314
0,316
0,308
0,307
0,310
0,310
0,318
0,321
0,323
0,338
4 5
6
r
% U2 >\<l L/2 ff
''max
[kN]
136
183
234
292
357
425
506
592
694
447
491
529
579
644
721
803
937
1065
313
815
1240
1720
113
156
196
238
171
186
195
240
251
250
298
327
291
297
306
355
377
433
481
567
664
776
956
699
772
890
942
1200
1382
1484
2243
" 1
<Pav [rad]
for < Niimit
0,303
0,228
0,188
0,164
0,146
0,135
0,125
0,119
0,114
0,104
0,097
0,093
0,093
0,089
0,086
0,084
0,083
0,084
0,057
0,061
0,075
0,087
0,232
0,180
0,146
0,120
0,106
0,101
0,094
0,095
0,091
0,083
0,080
0,078
0,078
0,073
0,071
0,071
0,070
0,072
0,161
0,145
0,139
0,133
0,126
0,117
0,112
0,112
0,105
0,106
0,104
0,100
0,111
^My-N
Nlimit
[kN]
102
144
183
225
282
333
408
466
554
.
-
_
_
.
-
-
-
.
.
_
.
-
89
128
160
185
-
-
-
_
-
-
.
.
.
_
.
.
.
-
374
447
516
616
733
.
_
.
_
_
.
.
-
7
<Pav [rad]
for > Niimit
0,116
0,084
0,068
0,058
0,050
0,046
0,042
0,040
0,037
_
.
.
.
_
-
.
.
_
_
.
-
-
0,086
0,064
0,050
0,040
.
_
_
.
.
-
.
.
-
-
-
_
-
-
0,057
0,050
0,047
0,045
0,042
.
.
.
_
.
_
-
-
521
Note: (pay must be divided by ^(see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE100AA
HE 120 AA
HE140AA
HE 160 AA
HE 180 AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE 340 AA
HE 360 AA
HE 400 AA
HE 450 AA
HE SOO AA
HE550AA
HE 600 AA
HE650AA
HE 700 AA
HE800AA
HE 900 AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
2 I
3
"l
1^
I
L o
: -
j ^
LJMy
9av
[rad]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,068
0,063
0,061
0,058
0,368
0,257
0,226
0,204
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,130
0,129
0,121
0,116
0,109
0,104
0,099
0,098
0,088
0,084
0,078
l^t
HV
" j
9av
[rad]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,273
0,277
0,286
0,290
0,303
0,286
0,278
0,273
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,275
0,282
0,290
0,299
0,303
0,308
0,312
0,316
0,320
0,329
0,333
4 I
Nmax
[kN)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1152
1137
1090
1016
377
450
558
688
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2534
2822
3160
1512
1521
1527
1527
1725
1522
1487
1214
S I
pl
U L/2
6 I
, L/2
- 'T- -

1
<Pav [rad]
for < Niimit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,068
0,063
0,061
0,058
0,368
0,257
0,226
0,204
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,130
0,129
0,121
0,116
0,109
0,104
0,099
0,098
0,088
0,084
0,078
r
JMy-N
Nmit
[kN]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
186
218
270
354
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1340
1597
1847
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
<Pav [rad]
for N S Nmit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,152
0,104
0,090
0,080
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,048
0,046
0,043
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
522
Note: (pay must be divided by ^(see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE100AA
HE 120 AA
HE140AA
HE 160 AA
HE 180 AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE 340 AA
HE 360 AA
HE 400 AA
HE 450 AA
HE SOO AA
HE550AA
HE 600 AA
HE650AA
HE 700 AA
HE800AA
HE 900 AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
2 I
3
"l
1^
I
L o
: -
j ^
LJMy
9av
[rad]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,068
0,063
0,061
0,058
0,368
0,257
0,226
0,204
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,130
0,129
0,121
0,116
0,109
0,104
0,099
0,098
0,088
0,084
0,078
l^t
HV
" j
9av
[rad]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,273
0,277
0,286
0,290
0,303
0,286
0,278
0,273
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,275
0,282
0,290
0,299
0,303
0,308
0,312
0,316
0,320
0,329
0,333
4 I
Nmax
[kN)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1152
1137
1090
1016
377
450
558
688
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2534
2822
3160
1512
1521
1527
1527
1725
1522
1487
1214
S I
pl
U L/2
6 I
, L/2
- 'T- -

1
<Pav [rad]
for < Niimit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,068
0,063
0,061
0,058
0,368
0,257
0,226
0,204
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,130
0,129
0,121
0,116
0,109
0,104
0,099
0,098
0,088
0,084
0,078
r
JMy-N
Nmit
[kN]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
186
218
270
354
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1340
1597
1847
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
<Pav [rad]
for N S Nmit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,152
0,104
0,090
0,080
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,048
0,046
0,043
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
522
Note: (pay must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2
3
P
L
L Î
r^ -
_>y
9av
[rad]
0,512
0,410
0,347
0,340
0,304
0,276
0,256
0,240
0,209
0,198
0,190
0,188
0,185
0,182
0,175
0,160
0,149
0,138
0,130
0,123
0,120
0,106
0,100
0,092
1,836
1,365
1,073
0,956
0,804
0,694
0,611
0,670
0,570
0,519
0,568
0,510
0,461
0,420
0,353
0,294
0,252
0,219
0,193
0,174
0,158
0,134
0,117
0,103

l I JMZ
9av
[rad]
0,329
0,318
0,311
0,305
0,301
0,297
0,294
0,291
0,287
0,283
0,282
0,288
0,293
0,297
0,303
0,312
0,321
0,325
0,329
0,334
0,338
0,342
0,351
0,355
0,443
0,415
0,395
0,379
0,367
0,357
0,349
0,367
0,357
0,348
0,363
0,367
0,367
0,368
0,368
0,368
0,369
0,369
0,370
0,370
0,370
0,371
0,371
0,371
4 I 5 I
0 L/2
6 I
t
, L/2
i1- 'T- -
7
I->y-N
**max
[kN]
462
604
762
963
1158
1386
1616
1881
2102
2332
2646
2864
3033
3206
3511
3869
4236
4510
2605
2621
2884
2662
2656
2361
945
1179
1430
1723
2010
2330
2653
3543
3899
4263
5380
5539
5606
5659
5783
5954
6111
6290
6455
6634
6799
4684
4079
3460
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,512
0,410
0,347
0,340
0,304
0,276
0,256
0,240
0,209
0,198
0,190
0,188
0,185
0,182
0,175
0,160
0,149
0,138
0,130
0,123
0,120
0,106
0,100
0,092
1,836
1,365
1,073
0,956
0,804
0,694
0,611
0,670
0.570
0.519
0,568
0,510
0,461
0,420
0,353
0,294
0,252
0,219
0,193
0,174
0,158
0,134
0,117
0,103
Niimit
[kN]
214
270
332
449
527
642
733
866
974
1085
1245
1361
1487
1620
1909
2200
2508
2842
-
-
-
-
-
-
385
479
579
735
851
1004
1133
1451
1613
1778
2175
2302
2436
2570
2846
3189
3532
3890
4248
4606
4964
-
-
"
9av [rad]
for N Nmit
0,216
0,172
0,144
0.140
0,124
0,112
0,104
0,097
0,083
0,078
0,075
0,074
0,072
0,070
0,066
0,059
0,054
0,049
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,806
0.597
0,467
0,413
0,346
0,297
0,261
0,288
0,244
0,221
0,244
0.218
0,195
0,175
0,144
0,117
0.097
0,082
0,070
0,062
0,055
-
-
-
523
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2
3
P
L
L Î
r^ -
_>y
9av
[rad]
0,512
0,410
0,347
0,340
0,304
0,276
0,256
0,240
0,209
0,198
0,190
0,188
0,185
0,182
0,175
0,160
0,149
0,138
0,130
0,123
0,120
0,106
0,100
0,092
1,836
1,365
1,073
0,956
0,804
0,694
0,611
0,670
0,570
0,519
0,568
0,510
0,461
0,420
0,353
0,294
0,252
0,219
0,193
0,174
0,158
0,134
0,117
0,103

l I JMZ
9av
[rad]
0,329
0,318
0,311
0,305
0,301
0,297
0,294
0,291
0,287
0,283
0,282
0,288
0,293
0,297
0,303
0,312
0,321
0,325
0,329
0,334
0,338
0,342
0,351
0,355
0,443
0,415
0,395
0,379
0,367
0,357
0,349
0,367
0,357
0,348
0,363
0,367
0,367
0,368
0,368
0,368
0,369
0,369
0,370
0,370
0,370
0,371
0,371
0,371
4 I 5 I
0 L/2
6 I
t
, L/2
i1- 'T- -
7
I->y-N
**max
[kN]
462
604
762
963
1158
1386
1616
1881
2102
2332
2646
2864
3033
3206
3511
3869
4236
4510
2605
2621
2884
2662
2656
2361
945
1179
1430
1723
2010
2330
2653
3543
3899
4263
5380
5539
5606
5659
5783
5954
6111
6290
6455
6634
6799
4684
4079
3460
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,512
0,410
0,347
0,340
0,304
0,276
0,256
0,240
0,209
0,198
0,190
0,188
0,185
0,182
0,175
0,160
0,149
0,138
0,130
0,123
0,120
0,106
0,100
0,092
1,836
1,365
1,073
0,956
0,804
0,694
0,611
0,670
0.570
0.519
0,568
0,510
0,461
0,420
0,353
0,294
0,252
0,219
0,193
0,174
0,158
0,134
0,117
0,103
Niimit
[kN]
214
270
332
449
527
642
733
866
974
1085
1245
1361
1487
1620
1909
2200
2508
2842
-
-
-
-
-
-
385
479
579
735
851
1004
1133
1451
1613
1778
2175
2302
2436
2570
2846
3189
3532
3890
4248
4606
4964
-
-
"
9av [rad]
for N Nmit
0,216
0,172
0,144
0.140
0,124
0,112
0,104
0,097
0,083
0,078
0,075
0,074
0,072
0,070
0,066
0,059
0,054
0,049
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,806
0.597
0,467
0,413
0,346
0,297
0,261
0,288
0,244
0,221
0,244
0.218
0,195
0,175
0,144
0,117
0.097
0,082
0,070
0,062
0,055
-
-
-
523
tifila: (pav mu$t & divided by (se* chapter 3.6}
1
Designation
UB 178 X 102 X 19
UB 203 X 102 X 23
UB 203 X 133 25
UB 203 X 133 X 30
UB 254 X 102 X 22
U8 254 X 102 X 25
UB 254 X 102 X 28
UB 254 X 146 X 31
UB 254 X 146 X 37
UB 254 X 146 X 43
UB 305 X 165 X 40
UB 305 X 165 X 46
UB 305 X 165 X 54
UB 356 X 171 X 45
UB 356 X 171 X 51
UB 356 X 171 57
UB 356 X 171 X 67
UB 406 X 178 X 54
UB 406 X 178 X 60
UB 406 X 178 X 67
UB 406 X 178 74
UB 457 X 152 X 52
UB 457 X 152 X 60
UB 457 X 152 X 67
UB 457 X 152 X 74
UB 457 152 X 82
UB 457 X 191 X 67
UB 457 X 191 X 74
UB 457 X 191 X 82
UB 457 X 191 X 89
UB 457 191 X 98
UB 533 X 210 X 82
UB 533 X 210 X 92
UB 533 X 210 X 101
UB 533 210 X 109
UB 533 X 210 X 122
UB 610 229 X 101
UB610X229X 113
UB 610 X 229 X 125
UB 610 X 229 X 140
UB 610 305 X 149
UB 610 X 305 X 179
UB 610 X 305 X 238
UB 686 X 254 X 125
UB 686 X 254 X 140
UB 686 X 254 152
UB 686 X 254 170
UB 762 X 267 X 147
UB 762 X 267 173
UB 762 X 267 X 197
UB 838 X 292 176
UB 838 X 292 X 194
UB 838 X 292 X 226
UB 914 305 201
UB 914 X 305 X 224
UB 914 X 305 X 253
UB 914 X 305 X 289
UB 914 X 419 X 343
UB 914 419 X 388
2 I 3
Pi
0 ,
le- L "il
- 't
_>y
9av
[rad]
0.122
0.125
0.114
0,141
0.079
0.093
0.107
0,093
0,110
0,133
0.082
0,096
0.117
0.073
0,084
0,096
0,116
0,071
0,080
0.092
0,103
0.063
0,075
0,086
0.096
0,109
0.073
0.082
0,092
0.101
0.114
0.066
0.076
0.085
0,093
0,106
0,064
0,073
0.083
0.094
0,079
0.099
0.142
0,063
0.072
0,080
0,091
0,061
0.075
0.087
0,059
0.067
0,081
0,059
0.069
0.079
0.093
0.091
0.105
Kk
9av
[rad]
0.301
0.318
0.276
0.293
0.287
0,307
0.327
0.276
0.296
0.312
0.280
0.292
0,306
0.273
0.287
0.298
0.317
0,279
0,293
0,304
0,315
0.293
0.313
0,326
0.343
0.358
0.287
0.299
0.308
0.319
0.332
0.282
0,297
0.307
0.315
0,330
0.284
0.298
0.311
0.324
0,284
0,300
0,331
0.283
0.297
0.307
0.320
0.285
0.305
0.323
0.283
0,296
0,318
0,286
0.302
0.318
0.335
0.299
0.313
4 I
Nmax
[kN]
431
316
567
678
273
324
378
335
390
972
251
376
635
338
417
571
826
368
409
616
800
240
338
539
692
948
423
539
774
948
1238
493
621
818
1066
1450
507
671
912
1322
907
1741
5384
612
825
1092
1581
682
1197
1717
768
1015
1569
881
1185
1780
2876
2966
4140
5 I
P
L/2
\c *-' -.It
6 I
- L/2
- -- 'i
-
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0.122
0.12S
0.114
0.141
0.079
0.093
0.107
0.093
0.110
0,133
0.082
0.096
0.117
0.073
0.084
0,096
0.116
0,071
0,080
0.092
0,103
0.063
0.075
0.086
0.096
0.109
0.073
0.082
0.092
0.101
0.114
0,066
0,076
0,085
0,093
0.106
0.064
0.073
0.083
0.094
0.079
0.099
0.142
0,063
0,072
0.080
0.091
0.061
0,075
0.087
0.059
0.067
0.081
0.059
0.069
0.079
0.093
0.091
0.105
5 My"
Nmit
[kN]
294
-
397
444
-
-
-
-
-
616
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3826
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
9av [rad]
for N S Nmit
0,042
-
0,040
0,050
-
-
-
-
-
0.047
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.049
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
524
tifila: (pav mu$t & divided by (se* chapter 3.6}
1
Designation
UB 178 X 102 X 19
UB 203 X 102 X 23
UB 203 X 133 25
UB 203 X 133 X 30
UB 254 X 102 X 22
U8 254 X 102 X 25
UB 254 X 102 X 28
UB 254 X 146 X 31
UB 254 X 146 X 37
UB 254 X 146 X 43
UB 305 X 165 X 40
UB 305 X 165 X 46
UB 305 X 165 X 54
UB 356 X 171 X 45
UB 356 X 171 X 51
UB 356 X 171 57
UB 356 X 171 X 67
UB 406 X 178 X 54
UB 406 X 178 X 60
UB 406 X 178 X 67
UB 406 X 178 74
UB 457 X 152 X 52
UB 457 X 152 X 60
UB 457 X 152 X 67
UB 457 X 152 X 74
UB 457 152 X 82
UB 457 X 191 X 67
UB 457 X 191 X 74
UB 457 X 191 X 82
UB 457 X 191 X 89
UB 457 191 X 98
UB 533 X 210 X 82
UB 533 X 210 X 92
UB 533 X 210 X 101
UB 533 210 X 109
UB 533 X 210 X 122
UB 610 229 X 101
UB610X229X 113
UB 610 X 229 X 125
UB 610 X 229 X 140
UB 610 305 X 149
UB 610 X 305 X 179
UB 610 X 305 X 238
UB 686 X 254 X 125
UB 686 X 254 X 140
UB 686 X 254 152
UB 686 X 254 170
UB 762 X 267 X 147
UB 762 X 267 173
UB 762 X 267 X 197
UB 838 X 292 176
UB 838 X 292 X 194
UB 838 X 292 X 226
UB 914 305 201
UB 914 X 305 X 224
UB 914 X 305 X 253
UB 914 X 305 X 289
UB 914 X 419 X 343
UB 914 419 X 388
2 I 3
Pi
0 ,
le- L "il
- 't
_>y
9av
[rad]
0.122
0.125
0.114
0,141
0.079
0.093
0.107
0,093
0,110
0,133
0.082
0,096
0.117
0.073
0,084
0,096
0,116
0,071
0,080
0.092
0,103
0.063
0,075
0,086
0.096
0,109
0.073
0.082
0,092
0.101
0.114
0.066
0.076
0.085
0,093
0,106
0,064
0,073
0.083
0.094
0,079
0.099
0.142
0,063
0.072
0,080
0,091
0,061
0.075
0.087
0,059
0.067
0,081
0,059
0.069
0.079
0.093
0.091
0.105
Kk
9av
[rad]
0.301
0.318
0.276
0.293
0.287
0,307
0.327
0.276
0.296
0.312
0.280
0.292
0,306
0.273
0.287
0.298
0.317
0,279
0,293
0,304
0,315
0.293
0.313
0,326
0.343
0.358
0.287
0.299
0.308
0.319
0.332
0.282
0,297
0.307
0.315
0,330
0.284
0.298
0.311
0.324
0,284
0,300
0,331
0.283
0.297
0.307
0.320
0.285
0.305
0.323
0.283
0,296
0,318
0,286
0.302
0.318
0.335
0.299
0.313
4 I
Nmax
[kN]
431
316
567
678
273
324
378
335
390
972
251
376
635
338
417
571
826
368
409
616
800
240
338
539
692
948
423
539
774
948
1238
493
621
818
1066
1450
507
671
912
1322
907
1741
5384
612
825
1092
1581
682
1197
1717
768
1015
1569
881
1185
1780
2876
2966
4140
5 I
P
L/2
\c *-' -.It
6 I
- L/2
- -- 'i
-
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0.122
0.12S
0.114
0.141
0.079
0.093
0.107
0.093
0.110
0,133
0.082
0.096
0.117
0.073
0.084
0,096
0.116
0,071
0,080
0.092
0,103
0.063
0.075
0.086
0.096
0.109
0.073
0.082
0.092
0.101
0.114
0,066
0,076
0,085
0,093
0.106
0.064
0.073
0.083
0.094
0.079
0.099
0.142
0,063
0,072
0.080
0.091
0.061
0,075
0.087
0.059
0.067
0.081
0.059
0.069
0.079
0.093
0.091
0.105
5 My"
Nmit
[kN]
294
-
397
444
-
-
-
-
-
616
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3826
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
9av [rad]
for N S Nmit
0,042
-
0,040
0,050
-
-
-
-
-
0.047
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.049
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
524
Moje.: <Pav * b divided by Ym9 (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152 152 30
UC 152 152x37
UC 203 203 46
UC 203 203 52
UC 203 203 60
UC 203 203 71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254 254 73
UC 254 254 89
UC 254 254 107
UC 254 254 132
UC 254 254 167
UC 305 305 97
UC 305 305 118
UC 305 305 137
UC 305 305 158
UC 305 305 198
UC 305 305 240
UC 305 305 283
UC 356 368 129
UC 356 368 153
UC 356 368 177
UC 356 368 202
UC 356 406 235
UC 356 406 287
UC 356 406 340
UC 356 406 393
UC 356 406 467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356 406 634
2 3
pl
\4
1
_>y
9av
[rad]
-
0,221
0,321
-
0,199
0,265
0,299
0,457
-
0,217
0,312
0,429
0,652
-
0,196
0,249
0,315
0,443
0,625
0,901
-
0,164
0,210
0,263
0,316
0,459
0,675
0,881
1,181
1,608
2,003
L
L ^l
HV
9av
[rad]
-
0,280
0,296
-
0,279
0,289
0,309
0,327
-
0,287
0,303
0,325
0,355
-
0,279
0,291
0,304
0,329
0,353
0,379
-
0,272
0,283
0,293
0,299
0,319
0,339
0,358
0,384
0,411
0,438
4
Nmax
[kN]
.
679
836
-
1177
1356
1605
1946
-
2011
2421
2984
3778
-
2666
3096
3574
4480
5428
6037
-
3458
4003
4566
5315
6491
7253
8385
9965
11757
13526
5
L/2
\r~ L/ -il
6
r
, L/2
- 'T- -
>'
9av [rad]
for < Num
.
0,221
0,321
_
0,199
0,265
0,299
0,457
.
0,217
0,312
0,429
0,652
-
0,196
0,249
0,315
0,443
0,625
0,901
-
0,164
0,210
0,263
0,316
0,459
0,675
0,881
1,181
1,608
2,003
^My-N
Nmit
[kN]
.
338
412
.
540
636
675
849
_
874
1075
1275
1588
_
1251
1428
1625
1949
2333
2554
,
1470
1709
1948
2165
2643
2923
3353
3911
4588
5179
7
9av [rad]
for N > Num
_
0,087
0,130
.
0,079
0,107
0,123
0,192
.
0,087
0,128
0,180
0,279
.
0,077
0,100
0,129
0,186
0,266
0,370
,
0,065
0,084
0,107
0,132
0,194
0,276
0,363
0,491
0,672
0,839
525
Moje.: <Pav * b divided by Ym9 (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152 152 30
UC 152 152x37
UC 203 203 46
UC 203 203 52
UC 203 203 60
UC 203 203 71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254 254 73
UC 254 254 89
UC 254 254 107
UC 254 254 132
UC 254 254 167
UC 305 305 97
UC 305 305 118
UC 305 305 137
UC 305 305 158
UC 305 305 198
UC 305 305 240
UC 305 305 283
UC 356 368 129
UC 356 368 153
UC 356 368 177
UC 356 368 202
UC 356 406 235
UC 356 406 287
UC 356 406 340
UC 356 406 393
UC 356 406 467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356 406 634
2 3
pl
\4
1
_>y
9av
[rad]
-
0,221
0,321
-
0,199
0,265
0,299
0,457
-
0,217
0,312
0,429
0,652
-
0,196
0,249
0,315
0,443
0,625
0,901
-
0,164
0,210
0,263
0,316
0,459
0,675
0,881
1,181
1,608
2,003
L
L ^l
HV
9av
[rad]
-
0,280
0,296
-
0,279
0,289
0,309
0,327
-
0,287
0,303
0,325
0,355
-
0,279
0,291
0,304
0,329
0,353
0,379
-
0,272
0,283
0,293
0,299
0,319
0,339
0,358
0,384
0,411
0,438
4
Nmax
[kN]
.
679
836
-
1177
1356
1605
1946
-
2011
2421
2984
3778
-
2666
3096
3574
4480
5428
6037
-
3458
4003
4566
5315
6491
7253
8385
9965
11757
13526
5
L/2
\r~ L/ -il
6
r
, L/2
- 'T- -
>'
9av [rad]
for < Num
.
0,221
0,321
_
0,199
0,265
0,299
0,457
.
0,217
0,312
0,429
0,652
-
0,196
0,249
0,315
0,443
0,625
0,901
-
0,164
0,210
0,263
0,316
0,459
0,675
0,881
1,181
1,608
2,003
^My-N
Nmit
[kN]
.
338
412
.
540
636
675
849
_
874
1075
1275
1588
_
1251
1428
1625
1949
2333
2554
,
1470
1709
1948
2165
2643
2923
3353
3911
4588
5179
7
9av [rad]
for N > Num
_
0,087
0,130
.
0,079
0,107
0,123
0,192
.
0,087
0,128
0,180
0,279
.
0,077
0,100
0,129
0,186
0,266
0,370
,
0,065
0,084
0,107
0,132
0,194
0,276
0,363
0,491
0,672
0,839
525
526
526
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: (paV must be divided by Ym9 (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 137
IPE 750 147
IPE 750 173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE 0 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
2 I 3
Pi
%
j My
9av
[rad]
0,238
0,179
0,148
0,129
0,116
0,107
0,099
0,094
0,090
0,082
0,077
0,074
0,074
0,071
0,068
0,067
0,066
0,066
0,045
0,048
0,059
0,069
0.182
0,142
0,115
0,095
0.084
0,080
0,075
0,075
0,072
0,066
0,064
0,062
0,062
0,058
0,057
0,057
0,056
0,057
0,127
0,115
0,110
0,105
0,100
0,093
0,089
0,089
0,083
0,084
0,082
0,079
0,088
!= ff
H>,
9av
trad]
0,342
0,330
0,323
0,319
0,313
0,310
0,306
0,305
0,302
0,295
0,290
0,290
0,294
0,294
0,296
0,300
0,303
0,308
0,281
0,281
0,302
0,319
0,314
0,307
0,300
0,296
0,290
0,290
0,288
0,288
0,286
0,281
0,277
0,278
0,285
0,283
0,286
0,291
0,294
0,300
0,323
0,317
0,314
0,311
0,313
0,305
0,304
0,307
0,307
0,315
0,318
0,319
0,335
4 I S I
6 I
Ye L/2 >l< L/2 ff
Nmax
[kN]
161
217
277
345
422
503
598
395
428
445
484
517
562
618
682
749
871
982
115
627
1066
1565
134
184
232
167
172
184
192
235
244
237
281
305
260
257
250
283
290
327
569
671
785
918
654
704
774
889
933
1186
1357
1444
2219
7
-^My-N
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,238
0,179
0,148
0,129
0,116
0,107
0,099
0,094
0,090
0,082
0,077
0,074
0,074
0,071
0,068
0,067
0,066
0,066
0,045
0,048
0,059
0,069
0,182
0,142
0,115
0,095
0,084
0,080
0,075
0,075
0,072
0,066
0,064
0,062
0,062
0,058
0,057
0,057
0,056
0,057
0,127
0,115
0,110
0,105
0,100
0,093
0,089
0,089
0,083
0,084
0,082
0,079
0,088
Niimit
[kN]
120
170
216
267
334
394
482
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
105
152
189
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
442
528
611
729
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9av [rad]
for Nmit
0,104
0,075
0,060
0,052
0,045
0,041
0,037
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,077
0,057
0,045
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.051
0,044
0,042
0,040
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
527
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: (paV must be divided by Ym9 (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 137
IPE 750 147
IPE 750 173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE 0 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
2 I 3
Pi
%
j My
9av
[rad]
0,238
0,179
0,148
0,129
0,116
0,107
0,099
0,094
0,090
0,082
0,077
0,074
0,074
0,071
0,068
0,067
0,066
0,066
0,045
0,048
0,059
0,069
0.182
0,142
0,115
0,095
0.084
0,080
0,075
0,075
0,072
0,066
0,064
0,062
0,062
0,058
0,057
0,057
0,056
0,057
0,127
0,115
0,110
0,105
0,100
0,093
0,089
0,089
0,083
0,084
0,082
0,079
0,088
!= ff
H>,
9av
trad]
0,342
0,330
0,323
0,319
0,313
0,310
0,306
0,305
0,302
0,295
0,290
0,290
0,294
0,294
0,296
0,300
0,303
0,308
0,281
0,281
0,302
0,319
0,314
0,307
0,300
0,296
0,290
0,290
0,288
0,288
0,286
0,281
0,277
0,278
0,285
0,283
0,286
0,291
0,294
0,300
0,323
0,317
0,314
0,311
0,313
0,305
0,304
0,307
0,307
0,315
0,318
0,319
0,335
4 I S I
6 I
Ye L/2 >l< L/2 ff
Nmax
[kN]
161
217
277
345
422
503
598
395
428
445
484
517
562
618
682
749
871
982
115
627
1066
1565
134
184
232
167
172
184
192
235
244
237
281
305
260
257
250
283
290
327
569
671
785
918
654
704
774
889
933
1186
1357
1444
2219
7
-^My-N
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,238
0,179
0,148
0,129
0,116
0,107
0,099
0,094
0,090
0,082
0,077
0,074
0,074
0,071
0,068
0,067
0,066
0,066
0,045
0,048
0,059
0,069
0,182
0,142
0,115
0,095
0,084
0,080
0,075
0,075
0,072
0,066
0,064
0,062
0,062
0,058
0,057
0,057
0,056
0,057
0,127
0,115
0,110
0,105
0,100
0,093
0,089
0,089
0,083
0,084
0,082
0,079
0,088
Niimit
[kN]
120
170
216
267
334
394
482
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
105
152
189
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
442
528
611
729
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9av [rad]
for Nmit
0,104
0,075
0,060
0,052
0,045
0,041
0,037
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,077
0,057
0,045
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.051
0,044
0,042
0,040
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
527
Note: Cpav musl be divided by (* chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE 100 AA
HE 120 AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE 220 AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE 300 AA
HE320AA
HE 340 AA
HE 360 AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE 700 AA
HE 800 AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
2 I 3
Pi
,
M
1 ^.
LM
9av
[rad]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,048
0,046
0,290
0,203
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,102
0,096
0,092
0,087
0,083
0,079
0,078
0,070
0,066
0,062
'
H>2
" J
9av
[rad]
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,284
0,288
0,300
0,284
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,280
0,288
0,296
0,301
0,305
0,309
0,313
0,317
0,326
0,330
4 I
NfTiax
[kN]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
854
707
446
532
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3339
1509
1511
1498
1479
1455
1635
1366
1264
911
S I
pl
0 L/2
6 I
. L/2
- 'T- -
~i

9av [rad]
for < Num
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,048
0,046
0,290
0,203
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,102
0,096
0,092
0,087
0,083
0,079
0,078
0,070
0,066
0,062
r
JMy-N
Niimit
[kN]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
220
258
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1889
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
9av [rad]
for N > Nmit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,136
0,093
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,042
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
528
Note: Cpav musl be divided by (* chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE 100 AA
HE 120 AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE 220 AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE 300 AA
HE320AA
HE 340 AA
HE 360 AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE 700 AA
HE 800 AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
2 I 3
Pi
,
M
1 ^.
LM
9av
[rad]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,048
0,046
0,290
0,203
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,102
0,096
0,092
0,087
0,083
0,079
0,078
0,070
0,066
0,062
'
H>2
" J
9av
[rad]
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,284
0,288
0,300
0,284
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,280
0,288
0,296
0,301
0,305
0,309
0,313
0,317
0,326
0,330
4 I
NfTiax
[kN]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
854
707
446
532
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3339
1509
1511
1498
1479
1455
1635
1366
1264
911
S I
pl
0 L/2
6 I
. L/2
- 'T- -
~i

9av [rad]
for < Num
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,048
0,046
0,290
0,203
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,102
0,096
0,092
0,087
0,083
0,079
0,078
0,070
0,066
0,062
r
JMy-N
Niimit
[kN]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
220
258
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1889
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
9av [rad]
for N > Nmit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,136
0,093
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,042
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
528
Usus: Cpav mua be divided by Ym (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400 8
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2 3
Pi
Wi
L
l^ -
_>y
9av
[rad]
0,403
0,323
0,274
0,269
0,240
0,219
0,203
0,190
0,166
0,157
0,151
0,150
0,147
0,144
0,139
0,127
0,118
0,110
0,103
0,098
0,095
0,084
0,079
0,073
1,433
1,067
0,840
0,748
0,630
0,545
0,480
0,526
0,448
0,409
0,447
0,402
0,363
0,331
0,279
0,233
0,199
0,173
0,153
0,138
0,125
0,106
0,092
0,082
H>2
9av
[rad]
0,325
0,315
0,308
0,302
0,298
0,294
0,292
0,289
0,285
0,281
0,280
0,286
0,290
0,294
0,301
0,309
0,317
0,322
0,326
0,330
0,334
0,338
0,347
0,351
0.437
0,410
0.390
0,374
0,363
0,353
0,345
0,362
0,353
0,344
0,358
0,363
0,363
0,364
0,364
0,364
0,365
0,365
0,365
0,365
0,366
0,366
0,367
0,367
4
Nmax
[kN]
547
714
902
1139
1370
1640
1912
2226
2487
2759
3131
3388
3589
3793
4153
4578
5011
2624
2618
2606
2853
2558
2481
2095
1118
1395
1692
2038
2378
2757
3138
4191
4613
5043
6365
6553
6632
6695
6841
7044
7230
7442
7637
7848
8043
4689
3973
3242
5
6
r
< 2 > L/2 ff
-
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,403
0,323
0,274
0,269
0,240
0,219
0,203
0,190
0,166
0,157
0,151
0,150
0,147
0,144
0,139
0,127
0,118
0,110
0.103
0,098
0,095
0,084
0,079
0,073
1,433
1,067
0,840
0,748
0,630
0,545
0,480
0,526
0,448
0,409
0,447
0,402
0,363
0,331
0,279
0,233
0,199
0,173
0,153
0,138
0,125
0,106
0,092
0,082
^My-N
Nmit
[kN]
254
319
393
531
624
759
867
1024
1153
1284
1473
1610
1760
1917
2259
2603
2967.
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
455
566
685
869
1007
1188
1341
1716
1909
2104
2574
2724
2882
3041
3367
3773
4179
4602
5026
5449
5872
-
-
-
7
9av [rad]
for N 2: Nmit
0,194
0,154
0,129
0,126
0,112
0,101
0,093
0,087
0,075
0,070
0,067
0,066
0,064
0,063
0,059
0,053
0,048
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,721
0,534
0,418
0,370
0,310
0,267
0,234
0,259
0,219
0,199
0,219
0,196
0,175
0,158
0,130
0,105
0,087
0,074
0,063
0,055
0,049
-
-
-
529
Usus: Cpav mua be divided by Ym (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400 8
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2 3
Pi
Wi
L
l^ -
_>y
9av
[rad]
0,403
0,323
0,274
0,269
0,240
0,219
0,203
0,190
0,166
0,157
0,151
0,150
0,147
0,144
0,139
0,127
0,118
0,110
0,103
0,098
0,095
0,084
0,079
0,073
1,433
1,067
0,840
0,748
0,630
0,545
0,480
0,526
0,448
0,409
0,447
0,402
0,363
0,331
0,279
0,233
0,199
0,173
0,153
0,138
0,125
0,106
0,092
0,082
H>2
9av
[rad]
0,325
0,315
0,308
0,302
0,298
0,294
0,292
0,289
0,285
0,281
0,280
0,286
0,290
0,294
0,301
0,309
0,317
0,322
0,326
0,330
0,334
0,338
0,347
0,351
0.437
0,410
0.390
0,374
0,363
0,353
0,345
0,362
0,353
0,344
0,358
0,363
0,363
0,364
0,364
0,364
0,365
0,365
0,365
0,365
0,366
0,366
0,367
0,367
4
Nmax
[kN]
547
714
902
1139
1370
1640
1912
2226
2487
2759
3131
3388
3589
3793
4153
4578
5011
2624
2618
2606
2853
2558
2481
2095
1118
1395
1692
2038
2378
2757
3138
4191
4613
5043
6365
6553
6632
6695
6841
7044
7230
7442
7637
7848
8043
4689
3973
3242
5
6
r
< 2 > L/2 ff
-
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,403
0,323
0,274
0,269
0,240
0,219
0,203
0,190
0,166
0,157
0,151
0,150
0,147
0,144
0,139
0,127
0,118
0,110
0.103
0,098
0,095
0,084
0,079
0,073
1,433
1,067
0,840
0,748
0,630
0,545
0,480
0,526
0,448
0,409
0,447
0,402
0,363
0,331
0,279
0,233
0,199
0,173
0,153
0,138
0,125
0,106
0,092
0,082
^My-N
Nmit
[kN]
254
319
393
531
624
759
867
1024
1153
1284
1473
1610
1760
1917
2259
2603
2967.
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
455
566
685
869
1007
1188
1341
1716
1909
2104
2574
2724
2882
3041
3367
3773
4179
4602
5026
5449
5872
-
-
-
7
9av [rad]
for N 2: Nmit
0,194
0,154
0,129
0,126
0,112
0,101
0,093
0,087
0,075
0,070
0,067
0,066
0,064
0,063
0,059
0,053
0,048
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,721
0,534
0,418
0,370
0,310
0,267
0,234
0,259
0,219
0,199
0,219
0,196
0,175
0,158
0,130
0,105
0,087
0,074
0,063
0,055
0,049
-
-
-
529
UB Available inelastic rotation (pav
<T
1
"
cr
r*"
I
L/2
>lc ^
Designation
ID
Mv
9av
[rad]
KJ M:
X->y-N
9av
[rad]
^max
[kN]
257
318
802
260
313
371
384
S82
228
358
631
387
549
817
321
364
580
772
172
273
482
641
909
361
482
726
909
1213
406
538
742
1001
1404
387
555
805
1233
804
1676
3931
459
678
955
1464
490
1021
1560
530
783
1355
601
914
1528
2668
2782
4012
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0.097
0,099
0.112
0.062
0.074
0,085
0,088
0,106
0.065
0.076
0.093
0.067
0.076
0.092
0,056
0.063
0,073
0,082
0.050
0.059
0.068
0.076
0.086
0.057
0,065
0.073
0.080
0.090
0,052
0,060
0,067
0.073
0.084
0.051
0.058
0.066
0.075
0,063
0,079
0.112
0,049
0.057
0.063
0.072
0.048
0,059
0.069
0.047
0,053
0,064
0.047
0.054
0,063
0,073
0.072
0.083
Nmit
[kN]
-
-
525
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9av [rad]
for N 2 Nmit
-
-
0,045
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
UB 178 X 102 X 19
UB 203 X 102 X 23
UB 203 X 133 X 25
UB 203 X 133 X 30
UB 254 102 X 22
UB 254 102 X 25
UB 254 102 X 28
UB 254 X 146 X 31
UB 254 X 146 X 37
UB 254 X 146 X 43
UB 305 X 165 X 40
UB 305 X 165 X 46
UB 305 X 165 X 54
UB 356 X 171 X 45
UB 356 X 171 X 51
UB 356 X 171 X 57
UB 356 X 171 X 67
UB 406 X 178 X 54
UB 406 X 178 X 60
UB 406 X 178 X 67
UB 406 X 178 X 74
UB 457 X 152 X 52
UB 457 X 152 X 60
UB 457 X 152 67
UB 457 152 74
UB 457 X 152 X 82
UB 457 X 191 67
UB 457 X 191 X 74
UB 457 191 82
UB 457 191 X 89
UB 457 X 191 X 98
UB 533 X 210 X 82
UB 533 X 210 X 92
UB 533 X 210 X 101
UB 533 X 210 X 109
UB 533 210 X 122
UB 610 X 229 X 101
UB610X229X 113
UB 610 X 229 X 125
UB 610 X 229 140
UB 610 X 305 X 149
UB 610 305 X 179
UB 610 X 305 X 238
UB 686 X 254 125
UB 686 254 140
UB 686 X 254 X 152
UB 686 X 254 170
UB 762 X 267 147
UB 762 X 267 X 173
UB 762 X 267 X 197
UB 836 X 292 176
UB 838 X 292 X 194
UB 838 X 292 X 226
UB 914 305 201
UB 914 305 X 224
UB 914 X 305 X 253
UB 914 X 305 X 289
UB 914 X 419 343
UB 914 X 419 X 388
0.097
0.099
0,112
0,062
0.074
0,085
0.088
0.106
0.065
0.076
0.093
0.067
0.076
0.092
0,056
0,063
0.073
0.082
0.050
0,059
0,068
0.076
0.086
0.057
0,065
0,073
0.080
0.090
0.052
0,060
0.067
0.073
0.084
0,051
0.058
0,066
0.075
0.063
0.079
0.112
0.049
0.057
0.063
0.072
0.048
0.059
0,069
0,047
0,053
0,064
0.047
0.054
0,063
0.073
0,072
0.083
0.298
0.315
0.290
0.284
0.304
0.323
0.294
0.309
0.278
0.290
0,304
0,285
0,295
0,314
0.277
0.291
0,301
0,312
0,290
0,310
0,323
0.339
0,353
0,284
0.296
0,306
0.316
0.328
0,280
0.294
0.304
0.312
0,327
0.282
0.296
0.308
0.321
0.282
0.297
0.327
0.281
0.294
0.304
0.317
0.283
0.302
0.320
0,281
0.294
0.315
0,284
0.299
0.315
0,331
0,296
0,310
530
UB Available inelastic rotation (pav
<T
1
"
cr
r*"
I
L/2
>lc ^
Designation
ID
Mv
9av
[rad]
KJ M:
X->y-N
9av
[rad]
^max
[kN]
257
318
802
260
313
371
384
S82
228
358
631
387
549
817
321
364
580
772
172
273
482
641
909
361
482
726
909
1213
406
538
742
1001
1404
387
555
805
1233
804
1676
3931
459
678
955
1464
490
1021
1560
530
783
1355
601
914
1528
2668
2782
4012
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0.097
0,099
0.112
0.062
0.074
0,085
0,088
0,106
0.065
0.076
0.093
0.067
0.076
0.092
0,056
0.063
0,073
0,082
0.050
0.059
0.068
0.076
0.086
0.057
0,065
0.073
0.080
0.090
0,052
0,060
0,067
0.073
0.084
0.051
0.058
0.066
0.075
0,063
0,079
0.112
0,049
0.057
0.063
0.072
0.048
0,059
0.069
0.047
0,053
0,064
0.047
0.054
0,063
0,073
0.072
0.083
Nmit
[kN]
-
-
525
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9av [rad]
for N 2 Nmit
-
-
0,045
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
UB 178 X 102 X 19
UB 203 X 102 X 23
UB 203 X 133 X 25
UB 203 X 133 X 30
UB 254 102 X 22
UB 254 102 X 25
UB 254 102 X 28
UB 254 X 146 X 31
UB 254 X 146 X 37
UB 254 X 146 X 43
UB 305 X 165 X 40
UB 305 X 165 X 46
UB 305 X 165 X 54
UB 356 X 171 X 45
UB 356 X 171 X 51
UB 356 X 171 X 57
UB 356 X 171 X 67
UB 406 X 178 X 54
UB 406 X 178 X 60
UB 406 X 178 X 67
UB 406 X 178 X 74
UB 457 X 152 X 52
UB 457 X 152 X 60
UB 457 X 152 67
UB 457 152 74
UB 457 X 152 X 82
UB 457 X 191 67
UB 457 X 191 X 74
UB 457 191 82
UB 457 191 X 89
UB 457 X 191 X 98
UB 533 X 210 X 82
UB 533 X 210 X 92
UB 533 X 210 X 101
UB 533 X 210 X 109
UB 533 210 X 122
UB 610 X 229 X 101
UB610X229X 113
UB 610 X 229 X 125
UB 610 X 229 140
UB 610 X 305 X 149
UB 610 305 X 179
UB 610 X 305 X 238
UB 686 X 254 125
UB 686 254 140
UB 686 X 254 X 152
UB 686 X 254 170
UB 762 X 267 147
UB 762 X 267 X 173
UB 762 X 267 X 197
UB 836 X 292 176
UB 838 X 292 X 194
UB 838 X 292 X 226
UB 914 305 201
UB 914 305 X 224
UB 914 X 305 X 253
UB 914 X 305 X 289
UB 914 X 419 343
UB 914 X 419 X 388
0.097
0.099
0,112
0,062
0.074
0,085
0.088
0.106
0.065
0.076
0.093
0.067
0.076
0.092
0,056
0,063
0.073
0.082
0.050
0,059
0,068
0.076
0.086
0.057
0,065
0,073
0.080
0.090
0.052
0,060
0.067
0.073
0.084
0,051
0.058
0,066
0.075
0.063
0.079
0.112
0.049
0.057
0.063
0.072
0.048
0.059
0,069
0,047
0,053
0,064
0.047
0.054
0,063
0.073
0,072
0.083
0.298
0.315
0.290
0.284
0.304
0.323
0.294
0.309
0.278
0.290
0,304
0,285
0,295
0,314
0.277
0.291
0,301
0,312
0,290
0,310
0,323
0.339
0,353
0,284
0.296
0,306
0.316
0.328
0,280
0.294
0.304
0.312
0,327
0.282
0.296
0.308
0.321
0.282
0.297
0.327
0.281
0.294
0.304
0.317
0.283
0.302
0.320
0,281
0.294
0.315
0,284
0.299
0.315
0,331
0,296
0,310
530
Available inelastic rotation 3
tlflls: <pav must be divided by ffja (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
UC 152 152 23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152 152 37
UC 203 203 46
UC 203 203 52
UC 203 203 60
UC 203 203 71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254 254 73
UC 254 254 89
UC 254 254 107
UC 254 254 132
UC 254 254 167
UC 305 305 97
UC 305 305 118
UC 305 305 137
UC 305 305 158
UC 305 305 198
UC 305 305 240
UC 305 305 283
UC 356 368 129
UC 356 368 153
UC 356 368 177
UC 356 368 202
UC 356 406 235
UC 356 406 287
UC 356 406 340
UC 356 406 393
UC 356 406 467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356 406 634
2 3
pl
0

J My
9av
[rad]
-
0,175
0,253
-
0,157
0,209
0,236
0,360
-
0,172
0,246
0,338
0.511
-
0,155
0,197
0,249
0,349
0,490
0,725
-
-
0,166
0,208
0,250
0,361
0,544
0,709
0,949
1,291
1,606
!= ff
HV
9av
[rad]
-
0,278
0,294
-
0,277
0,287
0,306
0,324
-
0,285
0,300
0,322
0,351
-
0,277
0,289
0,301
0,326
0,349
0,375
-
-
0,281
0,291
0,297
0,315
0,336
0,354
0,380
0,406
0,432
4
Nmax
[kN]
_
804
989
-
1392
1604
1899
2302
-
2380
2864
3531
4470
-
3154
3663
4229
5301
6422
7028
-
-
4736
5402
6288
7680
8444
9761
11601
13688
15747
5
6
r
Ve L/2 >!<: L/2 ff
z-
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
_
0,175
0,253
_
0,157
0,209
0,236
0,360
.
0,172
0,246
0,338
0,511
.
0,155
0,197
0,249
0,349
0,490
0,725
.
.
0,166
0,208
0,250
0,361
0,544
0,709
0,949
1,291
1,606
^My-N
Niimit
[kN]
_
400
487
_
639
753
799
1004
.
1035
1272
1508
1878
_
1480
1689
1922
2306
2760
2974
_
.
2022
2305
2561
3126
3403
3903
4554
5341
6029
7
9av [rad]
for N S Nmit
,.
0,078
0.117
_
0,071
0,096
0,111
0,172
_
0,078
0,115
0,162
0,250
.
0,069
0,090
0,116
0,167
0,238
0,336
.
.
0,076
0,097
0,118
0,174
0,251
0,329
0,445
0,608
0,760
531
Available inelastic rotation 3
tlflls: <pav must be divided by ffja (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
UC 152 152 23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152 152 37
UC 203 203 46
UC 203 203 52
UC 203 203 60
UC 203 203 71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254 254 73
UC 254 254 89
UC 254 254 107
UC 254 254 132
UC 254 254 167
UC 305 305 97
UC 305 305 118
UC 305 305 137
UC 305 305 158
UC 305 305 198
UC 305 305 240
UC 305 305 283
UC 356 368 129
UC 356 368 153
UC 356 368 177
UC 356 368 202
UC 356 406 235
UC 356 406 287
UC 356 406 340
UC 356 406 393
UC 356 406 467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356 406 634
2 3
pl
0

J My
9av
[rad]
-
0,175
0,253
-
0,157
0,209
0,236
0,360
-
0,172
0,246
0,338
0.511
-
0,155
0,197
0,249
0,349
0,490
0,725
-
-
0,166
0,208
0,250
0,361
0,544
0,709
0,949
1,291
1,606
!= ff
HV
9av
[rad]
-
0,278
0,294
-
0,277
0,287
0,306
0,324
-
0,285
0,300
0,322
0,351
-
0,277
0,289
0,301
0,326
0,349
0,375
-
-
0,281
0,291
0,297
0,315
0,336
0,354
0,380
0,406
0,432
4
Nmax
[kN]
_
804
989
-
1392
1604
1899
2302
-
2380
2864
3531
4470
-
3154
3663
4229
5301
6422
7028
-
-
4736
5402
6288
7680
8444
9761
11601
13688
15747
5
6
r
Ve L/2 >!<: L/2 ff
z-
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
_
0,175
0,253
_
0,157
0,209
0,236
0,360
.
0,172
0,246
0,338
0,511
.
0,155
0,197
0,249
0,349
0,490
0,725
.
.
0,166
0,208
0,250
0,361
0,544
0,709
0,949
1,291
1,606
^My-N
Niimit
[kN]
_
400
487
_
639
753
799
1004
.
1035
1272
1508
1878
_
1480
1689
1922
2306
2760
2974
_
.
2022
2305
2561
3126
3403
3903
4554
5341
6029
7
9av [rad]
for N S Nmit
,.
0,078
0.117
_
0,071
0,096
0,111
0,172
_
0,078
0,115
0,162
0,250
.
0,069
0,090
0,116
0,167
0,238
0,336
.
.
0,076
0,097
0,118
0,174
0,251
0,329
0,445
0,608
0,760
531
532
532
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: (pav must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 137
IPE 750 147
IPE 750 173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE 0 600
2 3
Pi
^
_>y
9av
[rad]
0,208
0,157
0,130
0,113
0,101
0,093
0,087
0,083
0,079
0,072
0,068
0,065
0,065
0,062
0,060
0,058
0,057
0,058
-
0,042
0,052
0,060
0,159
0,124
0,101
0,083
0,074
0,070
0,066
0,066
0,063
0,058
-
-
0.055
0,051
0,050
0,050
0,049
0,050
0,112
0,101
0,096
0,092
0,088
0,082
0,078
0,078
0,073
0,074
0,072
0,069
0,077
L
L *
u
I I JM2
9av
[rad]
0,340
0,328
0,322
0,317
0,312
0,309
0,305
0,303
0,301
0,293
0,288
0,289
0,292
0,293
0,295
0,299
0,301
0,307
0,280
0,280
0,301
0,318
0,313
0,305
0,298
0,295
0,289
0,288
0,286
0,286
0,285
0,280
-
-
0,284
0,282
0,285
0,290
0,292
0,298
0,321
0,315
0,313
0,309
0,311
0,303
0,303
0,306
0,305
0,313
0,316
0,318
0,333
4 I
Nmax
[kN]
176
237
304
378
462
347
377
395
427
441
476
506
546
598
652
708
822
921
.
500
945
1453
147
202
254
167
171
182
189
231
238
228
-
-
238
228
212
235
230
255
623
735
860
611
656
702
770
883
921
1169
1332
1409
2189
5 I
6 I
r
L/2 > U2 ff
X-
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,208
0,157
0,130
0,113
0,101
0,093
0,087
0,083
0,079
0,072
0,068
0,065
0,065
0,062
0,060
0,058
0,057
0,058
-
0,042
0,052
0,060
0,159
0,124
0,101
0,083
0,074
0,070
0,066
0,066
0,063
0,058
_
-
0,055
0,051
0,050
0,050
0,049
0,050
0,112
0,101
0,096
0,092
0,088
0,082
0,078
0,078
0,073
0,074
0,072
0,069
0,077
5 My-
Nmit
[kN]
132
186
237
292
366
-
-
.
.
.
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
116
166
207
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
_
.
.
-
.
-
-
-
485
579
669
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
9av [rad]
for N 2 Nmit
0,097
0,070
0,057
0,049
0,042
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,072
0,053
0,042
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
0,048
0,042
0,040
-
.
-
-
.
-
.
-
-
-
533
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: (pav must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 137
IPE 750 147
IPE 750 173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE 0 600
2 3
Pi
^
_>y
9av
[rad]
0,208
0,157
0,130
0,113
0,101
0,093
0,087
0,083
0,079
0,072
0,068
0,065
0,065
0,062
0,060
0,058
0,057
0,058
-
0,042
0,052
0,060
0,159
0,124
0,101
0,083
0,074
0,070
0,066
0,066
0,063
0,058
-
-
0.055
0,051
0,050
0,050
0,049
0,050
0,112
0,101
0,096
0,092
0,088
0,082
0,078
0,078
0,073
0,074
0,072
0,069
0,077
L
L *
u
I I JM2
9av
[rad]
0,340
0,328
0,322
0,317
0,312
0,309
0,305
0,303
0,301
0,293
0,288
0,289
0,292
0,293
0,295
0,299
0,301
0,307
0,280
0,280
0,301
0,318
0,313
0,305
0,298
0,295
0,289
0,288
0,286
0,286
0,285
0,280
-
-
0,284
0,282
0,285
0,290
0,292
0,298
0,321
0,315
0,313
0,309
0,311
0,303
0,303
0,306
0,305
0,313
0,316
0,318
0,333
4 I
Nmax
[kN]
176
237
304
378
462
347
377
395
427
441
476
506
546
598
652
708
822
921
.
500
945
1453
147
202
254
167
171
182
189
231
238
228
-
-
238
228
212
235
230
255
623
735
860
611
656
702
770
883
921
1169
1332
1409
2189
5 I
6 I
r
L/2 > U2 ff
X-
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,208
0,157
0,130
0,113
0,101
0,093
0,087
0,083
0,079
0,072
0,068
0,065
0,065
0,062
0,060
0,058
0,057
0,058
-
0,042
0,052
0,060
0,159
0,124
0,101
0,083
0,074
0,070
0,066
0,066
0,063
0,058
_
-
0,055
0,051
0,050
0,050
0,049
0,050
0,112
0,101
0,096
0,092
0,088
0,082
0,078
0,078
0,073
0,074
0,072
0,069
0,077
5 My-
Nmit
[kN]
132
186
237
292
366
-
-
.
.
.
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
116
166
207
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
_
.
.
-
.
-
-
-
485
579
669
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
9av [rad]
for N 2 Nmit
0,097
0,070
0,057
0,049
0,042
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,072
0,053
0,042
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
0,048
0,042
0,040
-
.
-
-
.
-
.
-
-
-
533
Note: Cpav must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE 100 AA
HE 120 AA
HE 140 AA
HE 160 AA
HE 180 AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE 240 AA
HE 260 AA
HE 280 AA
HE 300 AA
HE 320 AA
HE 340 AA
HE 360 AA
HE 400 AA
HE 450 AA
HE 500 AA
HE 550 AA
HE 600 AA
HE650AA
HE 700 AA
HE 800 AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
2 I 3
pl
1^
L
L .j
- -
_>y
9av
[rad]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.042
0,040
0,254
0,178
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,085
0,081
0.076
0,073
0,070
0,068
0,061
0,058
0,054
I H M
I I JM2
9av
[rad]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,282
0,287
0,299
0,283
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,287
0,295
0,299
0,303
0,308
0,312
0,316
0,324
0,328
4 I 5 I
P
0 L/2
6 I
- L/2
fs. P|s. ^|
7
X^->y-N
Nmax
[kN]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
694
499
488
583
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1511
1500
1473
1439
1398
1565
1255
1109
705
9av [rad]
for N < Nmit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,042
0,040
0,254
0,178
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,085
0,081
0,076
0,073
0,070
0,068
0,061
0,058
0,054
Nmit
[kN]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
241
282
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
:
9av [rad]
for N > Nlimit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,128
0,087
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
534
Note: Cpav must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE 100 AA
HE 120 AA
HE 140 AA
HE 160 AA
HE 180 AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE 240 AA
HE 260 AA
HE 280 AA
HE 300 AA
HE 320 AA
HE 340 AA
HE 360 AA
HE 400 AA
HE 450 AA
HE 500 AA
HE 550 AA
HE 600 AA
HE650AA
HE 700 AA
HE 800 AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
2 I 3
pl
1^
L
L .j
- -
_>y
9av
[rad]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.042
0,040
0,254
0,178
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,085
0,081
0.076
0,073
0,070
0,068
0,061
0,058
0,054
I H M
I I JM2
9av
[rad]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,282
0,287
0,299
0,283
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,287
0,295
0,299
0,303
0,308
0,312
0,316
0,324
0,328
4 I 5 I
P
0 L/2
6 I
- L/2
fs. P|s. ^|
7
X^->y-N
Nmax
[kN]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
694
499
488
583
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1511
1500
1473
1439
1398
1565
1255
1109
705
9av [rad]
for N < Nmit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,042
0,040
0,254
0,178
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,085
0,081
0,076
0,073
0,070
0,068
0,061
0,058
0,054
Nmit
[kN]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
241
282
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
:
9av [rad]
for N > Nlimit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,128
0,087
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
534
Note: <Pav must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2 I 3
pl
w-
I
-si
r=- -
_>y
9av
[rad]
0,352
0,283
0,240
0,235
0,210
0,192
0,178
0,167
0,146
0,138
-
0,132
0,129
0,127
0,122
0,111
0,104
0,097
0,091
0,086
0,083
0,074
0,069
0,064
1,248
0,929
0,732
0,653
0,550
0,476
0,420
0.459
0,392
0,357
0,391
0,352
0,318
0,290
0,245
0,204
0,175
0,152
0,134
0,121
0,110
0,093
0,081
0,072
I ft M
I I JMZ
9av
[rad]
0,324
0,314
0,306
0,301
0,297
0,293
0,290
0,288
0,283
0,280
-
0,285
0,289
0,293
0,299
0,308
0,316
0,320
0,324
0,328
0,332
0,336
0,345
0,349
0,434
0,407
0,387
0,372
0,360
0,351
0,343
0,360
0,351
0,342
0,356
0,361
0,361
0,361
0,362
0,362
0,362
0,362
0,363
0,363
0.363
0,364
0,364
0,364
4 I
Nmax
[kN]
599
782
988
1248
1501
1796
2094
2438
2724
3021
-
3711
3931
4155
4549
5013
5489
2633
2609
2579
2815
2473
2350
1907
1224
1527
1853
2232
2605
3019
3437
4590
5052
5524
6971
7177
7264
7333
7493
7715
7919
8151
8364
8596
5415
4663
3878
3077
5 I
pl
L/2
\c L/ -jit
6 I
. L/2
- 'T- -
I-
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,352
0,283
0,240
0,235
0,210
0,192
0,178
0,167
0,146
0,138
-
0,132
0,129
0,127
0,122
0,111
0,104
0,097
0,091
0,086
0,083
0,074
0,069
0,064
1,248
0,929
0,732
0,653
0,550
0,476
0,420
0,459
0,392
0,357
0,391
0,352
0,318
0,290
0,245
0,204
0,175
0,152
0,134
0,121
0,110
0,093
0,081
0,072
^My-N
Nmit
[kN] .
278
350
430
582
683
832
949
1122
1262
1406
-
1764
1927
2099
2474
2851
3249
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
498
620
751
952
1103
1301
1468
1880
2090
2304
2819
2983
3157
3331
3688
4133
4577
5041
5504
5968
-
-
-
-
7
9av [rad]
for N Nmit
0,182
0,145
0,122
0,118
0,105
0,095
0,088
0,082
0,070
0,066
-
0,062
0,061
0,059
0,056
0,050
0,045
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,678
0,502
0,394
0,348
0,292
0,251
0,220
0,244
0,206
0,187
0,207
0,185
0.165
0,149
0,122
0,099
0,082
0,069
0,060
0,052
-
-
-
"
535
Note: <Pav must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2 I 3
pl
w-
I
-si
r=- -
_>y
9av
[rad]
0,352
0,283
0,240
0,235
0,210
0,192
0,178
0,167
0,146
0,138
-
0,132
0,129
0,127
0,122
0,111
0,104
0,097
0,091
0,086
0,083
0,074
0,069
0,064
1,248
0,929
0,732
0,653
0,550
0,476
0,420
0.459
0,392
0,357
0,391
0,352
0,318
0,290
0,245
0,204
0,175
0,152
0,134
0,121
0,110
0,093
0,081
0,072
I ft M
I I JMZ
9av
[rad]
0,324
0,314
0,306
0,301
0,297
0,293
0,290
0,288
0,283
0,280
-
0,285
0,289
0,293
0,299
0,308
0,316
0,320
0,324
0,328
0,332
0,336
0,345
0,349
0,434
0,407
0,387
0,372
0,360
0,351
0,343
0,360
0,351
0,342
0,356
0,361
0,361
0,361
0,362
0,362
0,362
0,362
0,363
0,363
0.363
0,364
0,364
0,364
4 I
Nmax
[kN]
599
782
988
1248
1501
1796
2094
2438
2724
3021
-
3711
3931
4155
4549
5013
5489
2633
2609
2579
2815
2473
2350
1907
1224
1527
1853
2232
2605
3019
3437
4590
5052
5524
6971
7177
7264
7333
7493
7715
7919
8151
8364
8596
5415
4663
3878
3077
5 I
pl
L/2
\c L/ -jit
6 I
. L/2
- 'T- -
I-
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,352
0,283
0,240
0,235
0,210
0,192
0,178
0,167
0,146
0,138
-
0,132
0,129
0,127
0,122
0,111
0,104
0,097
0,091
0,086
0,083
0,074
0,069
0,064
1,248
0,929
0,732
0,653
0,550
0,476
0,420
0,459
0,392
0,357
0,391
0,352
0,318
0,290
0,245
0,204
0,175
0,152
0,134
0,121
0,110
0,093
0,081
0,072
^My-N
Nmit
[kN] .
278
350
430
582
683
832
949
1122
1262
1406
-
1764
1927
2099
2474
2851
3249
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
498
620
751
952
1103
1301
1468
1880
2090
2304
2819
2983
3157
3331
3688
4133
4577
5041
5504
5968
-
-
-
-
7
9av [rad]
for N Nmit
0,182
0,145
0,122
0,118
0,105
0,095
0,088
0,082
0,070
0,066
-
0,062
0,061
0,059
0,056
0,050
0,045
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,678
0,502
0,394
0,348
0,292
0,251
0,220
0,244
0,206
0,187
0,207
0,185
0.165
0,149
0,122
0,099
0,082
0,069
0,060
0,052
-
-
-
"
535
Note: <pav must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
"
1
"
1
L/2
*-
L/2
Designation
Z^
Mv
9av
[rad]
fl
M, >y- N
9av
[rad]
max
[kN]
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
Niimit
[kN]
9av [rad]
for at Nmit
UB 178 X
UB203X
UB203X
UB203X
UB254X
UB 254 X
UB 254 X
UB 254
UB 254 X
UB254X
UB305X
UB305X
UB30SX
UB356X
UB356X
UB356X
UB356X
UB406X
UB406X
UB 406 X
UB406X
UB4S7X
UB457X
UB457X
UB4S7X
UB457X
UB457X
UB457X
UB457X
UB457X
UB457X
UB533X
UBS33X
UB 533 X
UB 533 X
UB533X
UB 610 X
UB 610
UB 610
UB 610
UB 610 X
UB 610 X
UB 610 X
UB 686 X
UB 686 X
UB 686 X
UB 686 X
US 762 X
UB762X
UB 762 X
UB 838 X
UB838X
UB 838 X
UB914X
UB 914 X
UB 914
UB 914
UB 914
UB 914
102 X 19
102 X 23
133 X 25
133 X 30
102x22
102 X 25
102 X 28
146x31
146x37
146X43
165x40
165x46
165 X 54
171 X45
171 X 51
171 57
171 X 67
178 X 54
178 60
178 67
178 X 74
152 X 52
152 X 60
152 X 67
152 X 74
152 X 82
191 X 67
191 X 74
191 X 82
191 X 89
191 X 98
210 X 82
210 92
210 X 101
210 X 109
210 122
229 X 101
229 X 113
229x125
229 140
305 X 149
305 X 179
305 X 238
254 X 125
254 X 140
254x152
254 X 170
267 147
267 X 173
267 X 197
292 X 176
292 X 194
292X226
305 X 201
305 X 224
305 X 253
305 X 289
419 X 343
419 388
0.085
0,087
0,098
0.055
0,065
0.074
0,077
0,093
0.067
0,082
0.058
0.067
0.081
0.297
0,314
0,289
0,283
0,302
0.322
0.293
0.307
0.289
0.302
0,283
0.294
0.313
0,056
0.064
0.072
0.044
0,052
0,059
0,067
0.075
0.050
0.057
0.064
0.070
0.079
0.053
0.059
0.064
0,074
0,044
0,051
0,057
0.065
0.055
0.069
0.099
0.043
0.050
0.055
0.063
0,042
0,052
0.060
0.041
0,047
0.056
0,041
0,047
0.055
0.064
0.063
0.073
0.289
0.299
0.311
0.289
0.308
0.321
0.337
0.351
0,283
0.295
0.304
0.315
0,327
0.293
0,303
0,311
0,325
0.281
0,294
0,306
0.319
0.280
0.296
0.325
0.280
0.293
0,303
0,315
0.282
0.301
0.318
0.280
0.292
0.313
0,283
0,298
0.314
0.329
0,295
0,308
257
317
879
250
304
363
378
562
344
624
366
531
806
331
552
749
127
228
440
603
877
318
440
690
877
1189
480
687
952
1365
305
476
730
1166
731
1622
3942
356
578
859
1378
361
898
1448
370
626
1206
414
729
1352
2513
2643
3903
0,085
0.087
0.098
0.055
0,065
0.074
0.077
0,093
0.067
0.082
0,058
0.067
0,081
0.056
0.064
0.072
0.044
0.052
0,059
0.067
0.075
0.050
0.057
0.064
0.070
0,079
0,053
0.059
0.064
0.074
0,044
0.051
0.057
0,065
0,055
0.069
0.099
0.043
0,050
0,055
0.063
0.042
0,052
0.060
0.041
0.047
0.056
0.041
0,047
0,055
0.064
0.063
0.073
575 0,043
536
Note: <pav must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
"
1
"
1
L/2
*-
L/2
Designation
Z^
Mv
9av
[rad]
fl
M, >y- N
9av
[rad]
max
[kN]
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
Niimit
[kN]
9av [rad]
for at Nmit
UB 178 X
UB203X
UB203X
UB203X
UB254X
UB 254 X
UB 254 X
UB 254
UB 254 X
UB254X
UB305X
UB305X
UB30SX
UB356X
UB356X
UB356X
UB356X
UB406X
UB406X
UB 406 X
UB406X
UB4S7X
UB457X
UB457X
UB4S7X
UB457X
UB457X
UB457X
UB457X
UB457X
UB457X
UB533X
UBS33X
UB 533 X
UB 533 X
UB533X
UB 610 X
UB 610
UB 610
UB 610
UB 610 X
UB 610 X
UB 610 X
UB 686 X
UB 686 X
UB 686 X
UB 686 X
US 762 X
UB762X
UB 762 X
UB 838 X
UB838X
UB 838 X
UB914X
UB 914 X
UB 914
UB 914
UB 914
UB 914
102 X 19
102 X 23
133 X 25
133 X 30
102x22
102 X 25
102 X 28
146x31
146x37
146X43
165x40
165x46
165 X 54
171 X45
171 X 51
171 57
171 X 67
178 X 54
178 60
178 67
178 X 74
152 X 52
152 X 60
152 X 67
152 X 74
152 X 82
191 X 67
191 X 74
191 X 82
191 X 89
191 X 98
210 X 82
210 92
210 X 101
210 X 109
210 122
229 X 101
229 X 113
229x125
229 140
305 X 149
305 X 179
305 X 238
254 X 125
254 X 140
254x152
254 X 170
267 147
267 X 173
267 X 197
292 X 176
292 X 194
292X226
305 X 201
305 X 224
305 X 253
305 X 289
419 X 343
419 388
0.085
0,087
0,098
0.055
0,065
0.074
0,077
0,093
0.067
0,082
0.058
0.067
0.081
0.297
0,314
0,289
0,283
0,302
0.322
0.293
0.307
0.289
0.302
0,283
0.294
0.313
0,056
0.064
0.072
0.044
0,052
0,059
0,067
0.075
0.050
0.057
0.064
0.070
0.079
0.053
0.059
0.064
0,074
0,044
0,051
0,057
0.065
0.055
0.069
0.099
0.043
0.050
0.055
0.063
0,042
0,052
0.060
0.041
0,047
0.056
0,041
0,047
0.055
0.064
0.063
0.073
0.289
0.299
0.311
0.289
0.308
0.321
0.337
0.351
0,283
0.295
0.304
0.315
0,327
0.293
0,303
0,311
0,325
0.281
0,294
0,306
0.319
0.280
0.296
0.325
0.280
0.293
0,303
0,315
0.282
0.301
0.318
0.280
0.292
0.313
0,283
0,298
0.314
0.329
0,295
0,308
257
317
879
250
304
363
378
562
344
624
366
531
806
331
552
749
127
228
440
603
877
318
440
690
877
1189
480
687
952
1365
305
476
730
1166
731
1622
3942
356
578
859
1378
361
898
1448
370
626
1206
414
729
1352
2513
2643
3903
0,085
0.087
0.098
0.055
0,065
0.074
0.077
0,093
0.067
0.082
0,058
0.067
0,081
0.056
0.064
0.072
0.044
0.052
0,059
0.067
0.075
0.050
0.057
0.064
0.070
0,079
0,053
0.059
0.064
0.074
0,044
0.051
0.057
0,065
0,055
0.069
0.099
0.043
0,050
0,055
0.063
0.042
0,052
0.060
0.041
0.047
0.056
0.041
0,047
0,055
0.064
0.063
0.073
575 0,043
536
Naia: CPav mus, be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
UC 152 152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152 152 37
UC 203 203 46
UC 203 203 52
UC 203 203 60
UC 203 203 71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254 254 73
UC 254 254 89
UC 254 254 107
UC 254 254 132
UC 254 254 167
UC 305 305 97
UC 305 305 118
UC 305 305 137
UC 305 305 158
UC 305 305 198
UC 305 305 240
UC 305 305 283
UC 356 368 129
UC 356 368 153
UC 356 368 177
UC 356 368 202
UC 356 406 235
UC 356 406 287
UC 356 406 340
UC 356 406 393
UC 356 406 467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356 406 634
2 3
pl
r*
j My
9av
[rad]
-
-
0,221
-
-
0,183
0,207
0,315
-
0,151
0,216
0,296
0,447
-
-
0,172
0,218
0,305
0,428
0.628
-
-
0,146
0,182
0,219
0,316
0,472
0,614
0,821
1,116
1,388
L
I ft M
I IJM2
9av
[rad]
.
.
0,293
-
-
0,286
0,304
0,322
-
0,284
0,299
0,321
0,349
.
-
0,287
0,300
0,324
0,347
0,372
-
-
0,280
0,290
0,295
0,314
0,334
0.352
0.377
0,403
0,428
4 5
6
r
Y< L/2 sic L/2 ff
max
[kN]
.
-
1084
-
-
1757
2080
2522
-
2606
3137
3867
4896
-
-
4012
4631
5806
7033
7749
-
-
5187
5916
6887
8411
9310
10762
12791
15092
17362
- 1
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
.
.
0,221
-
_
0,183
0,207
0,315
-
0,151
0,216
0,296
0,447
-
-
0,172
0,218
0,305
0,428
0,628
-
.
0,146
0.182
0,219
0,316
0.472
0,614
0,821
1,116
1,388
^My-N
Niimit
[kN]
_
.
534
_
_
825
875
1100
-
1133
1393
1652
2057
_
.
1850
2105
2526
3023
3279
.
_
2215
2525
2805
3424
3752
4304
5021
5889
6647
7
9av [rad]
for > Nmit
_
0,110
-
_
0,090
0,105
0,162
-
0,074
0,108
0,152
0,235
.
.
0,085
0,109
0,157
0,224
0,315
.
.
0,071
0,091
0,111
0,164
0,235
0,309
0,417
0,570
0,711
537
Naia: CPav mus, be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
1
Designation
UC 152 152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152 152 37
UC 203 203 46
UC 203 203 52
UC 203 203 60
UC 203 203 71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254 254 73
UC 254 254 89
UC 254 254 107
UC 254 254 132
UC 254 254 167
UC 305 305 97
UC 305 305 118
UC 305 305 137
UC 305 305 158
UC 305 305 198
UC 305 305 240
UC 305 305 283
UC 356 368 129
UC 356 368 153
UC 356 368 177
UC 356 368 202
UC 356 406 235
UC 356 406 287
UC 356 406 340
UC 356 406 393
UC 356 406 467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356 406 634
2 3
pl
r*
j My
9av
[rad]
-
-
0,221
-
-
0,183
0,207
0,315
-
0,151
0,216
0,296
0,447
-
-
0,172
0,218
0,305
0,428
0.628
-
-
0,146
0,182
0,219
0,316
0,472
0,614
0,821
1,116
1,388
L
I ft M
I IJM2
9av
[rad]
.
.
0,293
-
-
0,286
0,304
0,322
-
0,284
0,299
0,321
0,349
.
-
0,287
0,300
0,324
0,347
0,372
-
-
0,280
0,290
0,295
0,314
0,334
0.352
0.377
0,403
0,428
4 5
6
r
Y< L/2 sic L/2 ff
max
[kN]
.
-
1084
-
-
1757
2080
2522
-
2606
3137
3867
4896
-
-
4012
4631
5806
7033
7749
-
-
5187
5916
6887
8411
9310
10762
12791
15092
17362
- 1
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
.
.
0,221
-
_
0,183
0,207
0,315
-
0,151
0,216
0,296
0,447
-
-
0,172
0,218
0,305
0,428
0,628
-
.
0,146
0.182
0,219
0,316
0.472
0,614
0,821
1,116
1,388
^My-N
Niimit
[kN]
_
.
534
_
_
825
875
1100
-
1133
1393
1652
2057
_
.
1850
2105
2526
3023
3279
.
_
2215
2525
2805
3424
3752
4304
5021
5889
6647
7
9av [rad]
for > Nmit
_
0,110
-
_
0,090
0,105
0,162
-
0,074
0,108
0,152
0,235
.
.
0,085
0,109
0,157
0,224
0,315
.
.
0,071
0,091
0,111
0,164
0,235
0,309
0,417
0,570
0,711
537
3.7 Graphs with values of <pav
The present chapter provides diagrams with <pav values for standard European and British I and
H hot-rolledsteel profiles:
, IPE A, IPE 0, HE AA, HE A, HE B, HE M, UB and UC.
These diagrams constitute a graphical presentation of Feldmann's formulas and concern die same
values already presented in tables of chapter 3.6.
In regard to me load case, the following 2 series of die diagrams are available:
3 .7. 1 Concentrated load witii bending about major axis y-y of cross-section (My).
3.7.2 Concentrated load with bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section (My.
Five steel grades (see table 3.1 with fy depending on material thickness according to Eurocode 3 [3]
[4]) are used to calculate (pav presented in graphs :
S 235 (fy = 235 MPa for tf < 40 mm),
S 275 (fy = 275 MPa for tf < 40 mm),
S 355 (fy = 355 MPa for tf < 40 mm),
S 420 (fy = 420 MPa for tf < 40 mm),
S 460 (fy = 460 MPa for tf < 40 mm).
Each graph evaluates the value of 2 in function of the cross-section and steel grade. Considering
tiiat present Eurocode 3 rules [3] [4] about classification of cross-section are respected in tiiis Guide,
all cross-sections having class 3 or 4 have been excluded from the graphs. This is indicated by the
missing of marks on the graph curves.
The values of available inelastic rotation <pay are given in radians ([rad]) in the left co-ordinates axis
and in degrees ([deg]) in the right co-ordinates axis in each diagram.
The graphs furnish characteristic values of available inelastic rotation (pav of plastic hinge which
shall be divided by appropriate partial safety factor ^ (see chapter 1.6.2, table 1.6) to obtain
design values of available inelastic rotation :
9av.d = 9av/YMq>
1,52
1,73
Load cases
j My : Bending about major axis yy
j Mz : Bending about minor axis zz
<pav formulas
(3.1) &
(3.3)
(3.2)
538
3.7 Graphs with values of <pav
The present chapter provides diagrams with <pav values for standard European and British I and
H hot-rolledsteel profiles:
, IPE A, IPE 0, HE AA, HE A, HE B, HE M, UB and UC.
These diagrams constitute a graphical presentation of Feldmann's formulas and concern die same
values already presented in tables of chapter 3.6.
In regard to me load case, the following 2 series of die diagrams are available:
3 .7. 1 Concentrated load witii bending about major axis y-y of cross-section (My).
3.7.2 Concentrated load with bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section (My.
Five steel grades (see table 3.1 with fy depending on material thickness according to Eurocode 3 [3]
[4]) are used to calculate (pav presented in graphs :
S 235 (fy = 235 MPa for tf < 40 mm),
S 275 (fy = 275 MPa for tf < 40 mm),
S 355 (fy = 355 MPa for tf < 40 mm),
S 420 (fy = 420 MPa for tf < 40 mm),
S 460 (fy = 460 MPa for tf < 40 mm).
Each graph evaluates the value of 2 in function of the cross-section and steel grade. Considering
tiiat present Eurocode 3 rules [3] [4] about classification of cross-section are respected in tiiis Guide,
all cross-sections having class 3 or 4 have been excluded from the graphs. This is indicated by the
missing of marks on the graph curves.
The values of available inelastic rotation <pay are given in radians ([rad]) in the left co-ordinates axis
and in degrees ([deg]) in the right co-ordinates axis in each diagram.
The graphs furnish characteristic values of available inelastic rotation (pav of plastic hinge which
shall be divided by appropriate partial safety factor ^ (see chapter 1.6.2, table 1.6) to obtain
design values of available inelastic rotation :
9av.d = 9av/YMq>
1,52
1,73
Load cases
j My : Bending about major axis yy
j Mz : Bending about minor axis zz
<pav formulas
(3.1) &
(3.3)
(3.2)
538
3.7.1 Concentrated load with bending about major axis y-y of I and H cross-
sections
"
~3>-J
zo
M,
539
3.7.1 Concentrated load with bending about major axis y-y of I and H cross-
sections
"
~3>-J
zo
M,
539
IPEcross-sections

"-
ZO
M>
[rad] 9av
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0.00
[deg]
-F-17.2
14,3
11.5
8,6
5,7
--S 235 l
-D-S 275
--S355 j
-O-S420
- S 460
2,9
4-0,0 IPE
oooooooooooooooooof*-r>
ajocy^tDcoocj^rôcocpomotooTO^r^
^^^T-^-wcMCjcvjcocoH-e-'WinintO'-'-^-
X X X X
o o o o
tn in to to
r- r r r-
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for cross-sections
(Note: <pav values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
IPE A cross-sections
F
^-
ZO

9av[deg]
17,2
14,3
11,5
8,6
5,7
--S235
-D-S 275
--S355
-O-S420
- S 460
2,9
0.0 IPE A
^ to to CO
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge cpav for A cross-sections
(Note: <pav values must be divided by yj^m (see chapter 3.7))
540
IPEcross-sections

"-
ZO
M>
[rad] 9av
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0.00
[deg]
-F-17.2
14,3
11.5
8,6
5,7
--S 235 l
-D-S 275
--S355 j
-O-S420
- S 460
2,9
4-0,0 IPE
oooooooooooooooooof*-r>
ajocy^tDcoocj^rôcocpomotooTO^r^
^^^T-^-wcMCjcvjcocoH-e-'WinintO'-'-^-
X X X X
o o o o
tn in to to
r- r r r-
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for cross-sections
IPE A cross-sections
F
^-
ZO

9av[deg]
17,2
14,3
11,5
8,6
5,7
--S235
-D-S 275
--S355
-O-S420
- S 460
2,9
0.0 IPE A
^ to to CO
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge cpav for A cross-sections
(Note: <pav values must be divided by yj^m (see chapter 3.7))
540
VJ cross-sections
"
"-
o
Mv
--S 235
-D-S275
--S 355
-O-S420
-S 460
, IPEO
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for O cross-sections
(Note: (pav values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
541
VJ cross-sections
"
"-
o
Mv
--S 235
-D-S275
--S 355
-O-S420
-S 460
, IPEO
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for O cross-sections
(Note: (pav values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
541
XTjt/ AJ\ cross-sections

"-
ZO
M>
[rad](j)av
0,50
0,45-
0,40
0,35
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
0.10
0.05
0.00
9av (de9l
28,6
1
\
A
\
1 1

5â1
Tt^
]
\
;
-*!
<(=}(
25,8
22,9
20,1
172
14,3
11.5
8,6
-B-S235
-D-S275
-S355
-O- S 420
--S 460
5.7
2.9
cv^cocoocsj^rcocoocM^rtootnoinotnoo
0.0 HEAA
^rtniototot^coo
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge (pav for HE AA cross-sections
JrlJC/ A. cross-sections

-&~
l^

[rad] 9av
0,30
0,25
0.20
0.15
0,10
0,05
0,00
9av [deg]
17,2
14,3
11,5
8,6
5,7
--S235
-Q-S275
--S355
-O-S420
- S 460
2.9
0.0 HEA
oooooooooooooogogooooogo
OCM-J-UJCOOCMfttJCOOCgtlOOlOOlOCJtOOOOO
^-^.^^Y-cMCMCMCMCMcoconn^r^-toiococo^Gocno
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge (pav for HE A cross-sections
(Note: cpav values must be divided by yjvf (see chapter 3.7))
542
XTjt/ AJ\ cross-sections

"-
ZO
M>
[rad](j)av
0,50
0,45-
0,40
0,35
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
0.10
0.05
0.00
9av (de9l
28,6
1
\
A
\
1 1

5â1
Tt^
]
\
;
-*!
<(=}(
25,8
22,9
20,1
172
14,3
11.5
8,6
-B-S235
-D-S275
-S355
-O- S 420
--S 460
5.7
2.9
cv^cocoocsj^rcocoocM^rtootnoinotnoo
0.0 HEAA
^rtniototot^coo
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge (pav for HE AA cross-sections
JrlJC/ A. cross-sections

-&~
l^

[rad] 9av
0,30
0,25
0.20
0.15
0,10
0,05
0,00
9av [deg]
17,2
14,3
11,5
8,6
5,7
--S235
-Q-S275
--S355
-O-S420
- S 460
2.9
0.0 HEA
oooooooooooooogogooooogo
OCM-J-UJCOOCMfttJCOOCgtlOOlOOlOCJtOOOOO
^-^.^^Y-cMCMCMCMCMcoconn^r^-toiococo^Gocno
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge (pav for HE A cross-sections
(Note: cpav values must be divided by yjvf (see chapter 3.7))
542
HEB cross-sections
"
--J
^
Mv
[rad] 9av
0.30
0.25
0.20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,00
9av [deg]
172
14,3
11,5
8,6
5,7
--S235
-O-S 275
--S355
-O-S420
S 460
25
0.0 HE
-o-toioo<or~coe>
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for HE cross-sections
(Note: cpav values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
HEM cross-sections
&-
*a-
ZO
M>
lfl (pav
0.30
025-
020-
0,15-
0.10-
0.05-
0.00-
<J>av Ideg]
17,2
14,3
11,5
8,6
5,7
--S235
-D-S275
*-S355
-O S 420
--S460
2,9
oooooooooooooooooooooooo
OCM-'J-DdOCiJ'^-tDCOOCMTfiOOlOOtfOiOOOOO
-'-^--cMcacj<MCiCTc5co^-'<Ttoto<o cor^coeo
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge (pav for HE M cross-sections
(Note: <pav values must be divided by ^| (see chapter 3.7))
co HEM
543
HEB cross-sections
"
--J
^
Mv
[rad] 9av
0.30
0.25
0.20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,00
9av [deg]
172
14,3
11,5
8,6
5,7
--S235
-O-S 275
--S355
-O-S420
S 460
25
0.0 HE
-o-toioo<or~coe>
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for HE cross-sections
HEM cross-sections
&-
*a-
ZO
M>
lfl (pav
0.30
025-
020-
0,15-
0.10-
0.05-
0.00-
<J>av Ideg]
17,2
14,3
11,5
8,6
5,7
--S235
-D-S275
*-S355
-O S 420
--S460
2,9
OCM-'J-DdOCiJ'^-tDCOOCMTfiOOlOOtfOiOOOOO
-'-^--cMcacj<MCiCTc5co^-'<Ttoto<o cor^coeo
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge (pav for HE M cross-sections
(Note: <pav values must be divided by ^| (see chapter 3.7))
co HEM
543
UB cross-sections

-* a*.*
^
M,
tradl (pav
0.20 |V
0,15
0.10
<Pav Ide9l
11,5
MXXXMKMXXKXX
***-*4*<4-*~**>**^**-*''*'*^
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for UB cross-sections
(Note: <p3v values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
UB cross-sections

*&-
Z-0
M>
[rad] ,
020
0,15
0,10
[deg]
W O ^
SI5Sssssg5
sassassssxxss S3SS8SS22
(Note: <pav values must be divided by (see chapter 3.7))
544
UB cross-sections

-* a*.*
^
M,
tradl (pav
0.20 |V
0,15
0.10
<Pav Ide9l
11,5
MXXXMKMXXKXX
***-*4*<4-*~**>**^**-*''*'*^
(Note: <p3v values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
UB cross-sections

*&-
Z-0
M>
[rad] ,
020
0,15
0,10
[deg]
W O ^
SI5Sssssg5
sassassssxxss S3SS8SS22
544
UCcross-sections
~
-3*-
- 3
M.
[rad] 9av
0,60
0.50
0.40
9av [deg]
34,4
28,6
22,9
17,2
11.5
--S235
-Q-S275
-S 355
O-S420
--S 460
5,7
x xxxxxxx"-"---"***-
<M<v<t<i<-><t<i-*<<*
ssassssaasasSsssss
XXXXXXX*X**tWWP*
0.0
UC
M O
J 3 i
333S3ISS3
SS8888SS88SS8888S
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for UC cross-sections
545
UCcross-sections
~
-3*-
- 3
M.
[rad] 9av
0,60
0.50
0.40
9av [deg]
34,4
28,6
22,9
17,2
11.5
--S235
-Q-S275
-S 355
O-S420
--S 460
5,7
x xxxxxxx"-"---"***-
<M<v<t<i<-><t<i-*<<*
ssassssaasasSsssss
XXXXXXX*X**tWWP*
0.0
UC
M O
J 3 i
333S3ISS3
SS8888SS88SS8888S
545
3.7.2 Concentrated load with bending about major axis z-z of I and H cross-
sections
&-
HO
M,
546
3.7.2 Concentrated load with bending about major axis z-z of I and H cross-
sections
&-
HO
M,
546
IPE
cross-sections
~
~--
O
M,
[rad]
0.36
0,35
0,34
0,33
0,32-
0,31
0,30-
0,29
028-
0,27
9av
i
<
^
^*
's
^
^
k
I
1 '
pj^-
T.
k
g
b
L
1 1
<
Pav
'
:
il/i
V
;
j
"
frteg]
20,6
20,1
19,5
185
185
17,8
172
16,6
16.0
15,5
--S235
-D-S275
--S355
-O-S420
--S460
IPE
<M CM CM CM CO CT CT IO IO tO y y- i-
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for IPE cross-sections
IPE A cross-sections F -^-
tO
Mz
[rad]
033-1
0,32
0 31
0,30
0,29-
028
0.27
Pav
I
<\
^
^
"\V
^
kl ^
1 1
-i
^ 3 1
fc!
^
-^1
r^
ri''/)
\
<Pav I
Y
'
18,9
18,3
17,8
17,2
16,6
16.0
KS5?000oooooooooooo
^'-'-'-'-CMcycyoiejriS^Trwoo
15.5 IPE A
Available inelastic rotation ofplastic hinge (pav for IPE A cross-sections
(Note: 3 values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
547
IPE
cross-sections
~
~--
O
M,
[rad]
0.36
0,35
0,34
0,33
0,32-
0,31
0,30-
0,29
028-
0,27
9av
i
<
^
^*
's
^
^
k
I
1 '
pj^-
T.
k
g
b
L
1 1
<
Pav
'
:
il/i
V
;
j
"
frteg]
20,6
20,1
19,5
185
185
17,8
172
16,6
16.0
15,5
--S235
-D-S275
--S355
-O-S420
--S460
IPE
<M CM CM CM CO CT CT IO IO tO y y- i-
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for IPE cross-sections
IPE A cross-sections F -^-
tO
Mz
[rad]
033-1
0,32
0 31
0,30
0,29-
028
0.27
Pav
I
<\
^
^
"\V
^
kl ^
1 1
-i
^ 3 1
fc!
^
-^1
r^
ri''/)
\
<Pav I
Y
'
18,9
18,3
17,8
17,2
16,6
16.0
KS5?000oooooooooooo
^'-'-'-'-CMcycyoiejriS^Trwoo
15.5 IPE A
Available inelastic rotation ofplastic hinge (pav for IPE A cross-sections
(Note: 3 values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
547
lx JE/ kJ cross-sections "
1
~3>-
HO
M,
[rad] Pav
0,35
0,34
0.33
0,32
0,31
0,30
0,29
0,28 4
<Pav teg]
20,1
19,5
18,9
18,3
17,8
17,2
--S235
-O-S 275
--S 355
O-S420
--S 460
16,6
16,0
IPE O
180 200 220 240 270 300 330 360 400 450 500 550 600
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge (pav for IPE O cross-sections
(Note: (pay values must be divided by (see chapter 3.7))
548
lx JE/ kJ cross-sections "
1
~3>-
HO
M,
[rad] Pav
0,35
0,34
0.33
0,32
0,31
0,30
0,29
0,28 4
<Pav teg]
20,1
19,5
18,9
18,3
17,8
17,2
--S235
-O-S 275
--S 355
O-S420
--S 460
16,6
16,0
IPE O
180 200 220 240 270 300 330 360 400 450 500 550 600
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge (pav for IPE O cross-sections
(Note: (pay values must be divided by (see chapter 3.7))
548
HE AA cross-sections

"-
3
M2
[rad]
0 30
029
028
0 27
026
025
0.24
,
t
IV
I
\
<Pav
W'
17,2
16,6
16,0
15,5
14,9
--S 235
-D-S275
-S 355
-O-S420
--S 460
14,3
13
OCM'iJ'DCOOCM^'tOCOOCM^CpOlOOlOOmOOOO
'-'-^'-'-CMCMCMCMCMCOCOCOCO^f^-lOlOCOCDr-COOO
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge ^for HE AA cross-sections
(Note: q>av values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
s HEAA
-LXC/ . cross-sections
&-~
.
-&-
HO
[rad] (pav
0,34
M2
9av [deg]
'-in 19,5
18,9
18,3
17,8
172
16.6
16,0
15,5
14,9
--S235
-D-S275
--S35S
-0-S42Q
--S460
HEA
*r-*rioio<otor^coo
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge cpav for HE A cross-sections
549
HE AA cross-sections

"-
3
M2
[rad]
0 30
029
028
0 27
026
025
0.24
,
t
IV
I
\
<Pav
W'
17,2
16,6
16,0
15,5
14,9
--S 235
-D-S275
-S 355
-O-S420
--S 460
14,3
13
OCM'iJ'DCOOCM^'tOCOOCM^CpOlOOlOOmOOOO
'-'-^'-'-CMCMCMCMCMCOCOCOCO^f^-lOlOCOCDr-COOO
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge ^for HE AA cross-sections
s HEAA
-LXC/ . cross-sections
&-~
.
-&-
HO
[rad] (pav
0,34
M2
9av [deg]
'-in 19,5
18,9
18,3
17,8
172
16.6
16,0
15,5
14,9
--S235
-D-S275
--S35S
-0-S42Q
--S460
HEA
*r-*rioio<otor^coo
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge cpav for HE A cross-sections
549
HEB cross-sections
~4 IO
M,
Pav [deg]
21,2
15.5
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for HE B cross-sections
(Note: <pav values must be divided by < (see chapter 3.7))
--S235
-D-S275
--S355
O-S420
--S460
HEB
XJll/ IVI cross-sections
&--
-&-~
O
M,
[rad]
0,46
0,45
0,44
0,43
0,42
0,41
0,40
0,39
0,38
0.37
0,36
0,35
0,34
Pav
r
<
t
;
;
;
l\\
4
\
!
^
\
i
i^
f
1
y
^
^
^
^
^
y/p&$
Xv5^ r^J
'{
1
^
\ t *
f=4
tt
>=<
'av [deg]
-
I-
J 1

f=y
258
-25 2
-24 6
-24 1
-235
:229
223
21 8
>212
^20 1
-19,5
--S235
-D-S275
--S355|
^S42oj
*-S460|
oooooooo
CMCgojcgCM<oco U) U) (
o o
o o
co a>
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for HE M cross-sections
550
HEB cross-sections
~4 IO
M,
Pav [deg]
21,2
15.5
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for HE B cross-sections
(Note: <pav values must be divided by < (see chapter 3.7))
--S235
-D-S275
--S355
O-S420
--S460
HEB
XJll/ IVI cross-sections
&--
-&-~
O
M,
[rad]
0,46
0,45
0,44
0,43
0,42
0,41
0,40
0,39
0,38
0.37
0,36
0,35
0,34
Pav
r
<
t
;
;
;
l\\
4
\
!
^
\
i
i^
f
1
y
^
^
^
^
^
y/p&$
Xv5^ r^J
'{
1
^
\ t *
f=4
tt
>=<
'av [deg]
-
I-
J 1

f=y
258
-25 2
-24 6
-24 1
-235
:229
223
21 8
>212
^20 1
-19,5
--S235
-D-S275
--S355|
^S42oj
*-S460|
oooooooo
CMCgojcgCM<oco U) U) (
o o
o o
co a>
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for HE M cross-sections
550
UB cross-sections
F
-&-~
tO
M,
[rad] Pav
0.37
0.36
0,35
0,34
0,33
0,32
0,31
0,30
0,29
0,28
0,27
Pav
Ideg]
212
20,6
20,1
19,5
18,9
18,3
17,8
172
16,6
16,0
--S235
-D-S275
--S355
-O-S420
S 460
3 S
I^j y J
<M <* rt rt
S S S r. r~ r r r
S 8 8 8
15,5 UB
Ct *3- *
Available inelastic rotation ofplastic hinge <pav for UB cross-sections
UB cross-sections
[rad] Pav
0,34
to
Pav [deg]
19,5
Mz
0.33
18,9
0,32
0.31
0,30
029
18,3
17,8
17,2
16,6
--S235
-D-S275
--S355
-O-S420
-S460
028
5 8 S S g
o *^ ^ <e - <
2 * * e* * S 3
N4MOCJ4*OJO<rtrtrt040J<M<*tSI<VO<5c3<5rtrtrtrt
3 3 3
16.0 UB
(Note: <pav values must be divided by ]^ (see chapter 3.7))
551
UB cross-sections
F
-&-~
tO
M,
[rad] Pav
0.37
0.36
0,35
0,34
0,33
0,32
0,31
0,30
0,29
0,28
0,27
Pav
Ideg]
212
20,6
20,1
19,5
18,9
18,3
17,8
172
16,6
16,0
--S235
-D-S275
--S355
-O-S420
S 460
3 S
I^j y J
<M <* rt rt
S S S r. r~ r r r
S 8 8 8
15,5 UB
Ct *3- *
Available inelastic rotation ofplastic hinge <pav for UB cross-sections
UB cross-sections
[rad] Pav
0,34
to
Pav [deg]
19,5
Mz
0.33
18,9
0,32
0.31
0,30
029
18,3
17,8
17,2
16,6
--S235
-D-S275
--S355
-O-S420
-S460
028
5 8 S S g
o *^ ^ <e - <
2 * * e* * S 3
N4MOCJ4*OJO<rtrtrt040J<M<*tSI<VO<5c3<5rtrtrtrt
3 3 3
16.0 UB
(Note: <pav values must be divided by ]^ (see chapter 3.7))
551
UCcross-sections
&-
-&-~
O
M,
Jra
0?6-
pav Pav [deg]
-264
-252
241
229
^21 8
- 206
195
- 183
: 172
: 16 0
:14,9
<* f- tp O
oicvc**!'*''*****
s s ? s
r-iMCKtc4i<nyrmi <0
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
ti*tw*<<ato<a<
no
,...,,,.,,-, x x X x x x
~ * W CH c*
--S235
-D-S275
-S 355
-- S 420
-S 460
UC
(Note: (Dav values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
552
UCcross-sections
&-
-&-~
O
M,
Jra
0?6-
pav Pav [deg]
-264
-252
241
229
^21 8
- 206
195
- 183
: 172
: 16 0
:14,9
<* f- tp O
oicvc**!'*''*****
s s ? s
r-iMCKtc4i<nyrmi <0
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
ti*tw*<<ato<a<
no
,...,,,.,,-, x x X x x x
~ * W CH c*
--S235
-D-S275
-S 355
-- S 420
-S 460
UC
(Note: (Dav values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
552
4.1 Introduction
Four design examples are given in ds chapter. Only die checking methods for die inelastic rotation
and for die bearing capacity of structure are considered under a loading system for verification at die
Ultimate Limit State. Otiier limit states should be investigated (deflection at die Serviceability Limit
State...).
Design examples 1 and 2 use formulas (developed in chapter 2) to calculate die required inelastic
rotations <preq- Design example 3 is performed by using die computer program PEP [15] for plastic
global analysis. In design example 4 the step-by-step metiiod, presented in chapter 2.4.2.2, is applied
eitiier witii die help of a computer program for elastic global analysis (or according to a usual
manual metiiod).
In all four design examples, die following values ofdifferent partial safety factors have been used:
for bending moment resistance of cross-sections (Mpi.Rd) : ymo = 1,1 (CEN official value
from Eurocode 3 [3] [4]);
for ductility ofplastic hinges (<pav <j) for My load case : = 1,52 (see table 1.6).
As explained in chapter 2.2.3, it is more conservative to check die ductility of plastic hinges at
collapse instead of at die design load level (ductility requirement : <preq.u instead of <preq.d)-
Therefore die check of die required inelastic rotation in all examples hereafter is related to die state
of collapse ; die ultimate limit state check is :
Preq.u <<Pav.d
4.2 Design example 1 : continuous beam with concentrated load
4.2.1 Data
X-
3m
/
X-
Fd = 45kN
6m
E200
6m
Steel grade: S 235
Figure 4.1
fy = 235MPa
E = 210000 MPa
Cross-section : IPE 200 Class 1 (for My and S 235)
Iy=1943xl0-8m4
Wpl y = 220,6 IO"6 m3
Design plastic moment resistance:
M
pl.y.Rd
_ WpLyfy _ 220,6x235
M0 11
= 47,13 kNm
-x
l b=100
=8,5_~
J '
tw=5,6_
h = 200
200
553
4.1 Introduction
Four design examples are given in ds chapter. Only die checking methods for die inelastic rotation
and for die bearing capacity of structure are considered under a loading system for verification at die
Ultimate Limit State. Otiier limit states should be investigated (deflection at die Serviceability Limit
State...).
Design examples 1 and 2 use formulas (developed in chapter 2) to calculate die required inelastic
rotations <preq- Design example 3 is performed by using die computer program PEP [15] for plastic
global analysis. In design example 4 the step-by-step metiiod, presented in chapter 2.4.2.2, is applied
eitiier witii die help of a computer program for elastic global analysis (or according to a usual
manual metiiod).
In all four design examples, die following values ofdifferent partial safety factors have been used:
for bending moment resistance of cross-sections (Mpi.Rd) : ymo = 1,1 (CEN official value
from Eurocode 3 [3] [4]);
for ductility ofplastic hinges (<pav <j) for My load case : = 1,52 (see table 1.6).
As explained in chapter 2.2.3, it is more conservative to check die ductility of plastic hinges at
collapse instead of at die design load level (ductility requirement : <preq.u instead of <preq.d)-
Therefore die check of die required inelastic rotation in all examples hereafter is related to die state
of collapse ; die ultimate limit state check is :
Preq.u <<Pav.d
4.2 Design example 1 : continuous beam with concentrated load
4.2.1 Data
X-
3m
/
X-
Fd = 45kN
6m
E200
6m
Steel grade: S 235
Figure 4.1
fy = 235MPa
E = 210000 MPa
Cross-section : IPE 200 Class 1 (for My and S 235)
Iy=1943xl0-8m4
Wpl y = 220,6 IO"6 m3
Design plastic moment resistance:
M
pl.y.Rd
_ WpLyfy _ 220,6x235
M0 11
= 47,13 kNm
-x
l b=100
=8,5_~
J '
tw=5,6_
h = 200
200
553
4.2.2 Structural resistance
From formulas (2.5) and (2.6) (using Mpi = Mpi.y.Rd) w load a* collapse (Fu) and the load at
occurrence of first plastic hinge (Fl) can be determined (see figure 4.2).
2nd ptate hinge : Fu = 47 kN
1tt ptartc hinge : F1 = 38.SS kN
V = 15,7kN
= -47.13 kNm
Mp = 47,13 kNm
Bending moment diagram at collapse
V = 7.8SkN
31.3 kN
Shear force diagram at collapse
Figure 4.2
Bending resistance
The load at collapse is reached for F = 47 kN, greater tiian die applied load
Shear resistance
Av.z=14.10-4m2
Vpi.z.Rd = 0,577 Av.z fy / YMO = 0,577 14. "4 235000 / 1,1 = 172,6 kN
So, Vz.sd < 0,5 Vpi Rd : die shear force has no influence on the moment resistance (EC3
5.4.7(2)).
Moreover, die slendemess of die web is less than 69 (d/tw = 28,4), it is not necessary to
check die shear buckling resistance (EC3 5.6.1(1)).
LTB resistance
Let's assume tiiat die distance between lateral restraints is 1 m along die compressed flange. The
most critical part is at die origin of the second span.
.1m
Figure 4.3
Therefore, in tiiis less favourable case, the moment ratio between the two lateral restraints is :
= 0,833
Fromtiiis, one can calculate the critical moment from EC3 Annex F, and die reduced slendemess
=0,39
554
From formulas (2.5) and (2.6) (using Mpi = Mpi.y.Rd) w load a* collapse (Fu) and the load at
occurrence of first plastic hinge (Fl) can be determined (see figure 4.2).
2nd ptate hinge : Fu = 47 kN
1tt ptartc hinge : F1 = 38.SS kN
V = 15,7kN
= -47.13 kNm
Mp = 47,13 kNm
Bending moment diagram at collapse
V = 7.8SkN
31.3 kN
Shear force diagram at collapse
Figure 4.2
Bending resistance
The load at collapse is reached for F = 47 kN, greater tiian die applied load
Shear resistance
Av.z=14.10-4m2
Vpi.z.Rd = 0,577 Av.z fy / YMO = 0,577 14. "4 235000 / 1,1 = 172,6 kN
So, Vz.sd < 0,5 Vpi Rd : die shear force has no influence on the moment resistance (EC3
5.4.7(2)).
LTB resistance
Let's assume tiiat die distance between lateral restraints is 1 m along die compressed flange. The
most critical part is at die origin of the second span.
.1m
Figure 4.3
Therefore, in tiiis less favourable case, the moment ratio between the two lateral restraints is :
= 0,833
Fromtiiis, one can calculate the critical moment from EC3 Annex F, and die reduced slendemess
=0,39
554
It is not necessary to check die lateral torsional buckling resistance because die reduced slendemess
is less then 0,4 (EC3 5.5.2(7)).
Note : The minimal spacing between lateral restraints according to " Additif 80 - CM66 " is
Lmin =35ize since the moment ratio is between 0, 625 and 1, 00. So Lmj = 0, 783 cm.
F(kN)
1
M Itw intermediate support ,
0
rth toed |
10 20 30 40 S50 M (kNm)
Mp
Figure 4.4 : Evolution of die bending moment
4.2.3 Required inelastic rotation
The required inelastic rotation is given by formula (2. 14) and must be calculated for die first plastic
hinge :
_ Mpl.y.Rd L (+3)(1-)
47,13 3 6
with = 0,5
(0,5 + 3)(l-0,5)
(Prequ 6 210000 6 1943 IO*8 0,5
^req.u^040^
4.2.4 Available inelastic rotation
In case of bending about major axis y-y of cross-section, die available inelastic rotation is given by
formula (3.1) (or can be issued from column 2 of die table of chapter 3.6.1 or from graphs of
chapter 3.7.1):
5,6
<Pav =
'4W+0,25)f* + ACT'bh 5h
4 Eb _ ^ ht^ +^(fy htw)2+4 fy btf tw hA(T
with : = 150 MPa
Therefore :
cpav = 0,211 rad ,pavd=^=MU= 0,139 rad
****** *
?
1,52
555
It is not necessary to check die lateral torsional buckling resistance because die reduced slendemess
is less then 0,4 (EC3 5.5.2(7)).
Note : The minimal spacing between lateral restraints according to " Additif 80 - CM66 " is
Lmin =35ize since the moment ratio is between 0, 625 and 1, 00. So Lmj = 0, 783 cm.
F(kN)
1
M Itw intermediate support ,
0
rth toed |
10 20 30 40 S50 M (kNm)
Mp
Figure 4.4 : Evolution of die bending moment
The required inelastic rotation is given by formula (2. 14) and must be calculated for die first plastic
hinge :
_ Mpl.y.Rd L (+3)(1-)
47,13 3 6
with = 0,5
(0,5 + 3)(l-0,5)
(Prequ 6 210000 6 1943 IO*8 0,5
^req.u^040^
In case of bending about major axis y-y of cross-section, die available inelastic rotation is given by
formula (3.1) (or can be issued from column 2 of die table of chapter 3.6.1 or from graphs of
chapter 3.7.1):
5,6
<Pav =
'4W+0,25)f* + ACT'bh 5h
4 Eb _ ^ ht^ +^(fy htw)2+4 fy btf tw hA(T
with : = 150 MPa
Therefore :
cpav = 0,211 rad ,pavd=^=MU= 0,139 rad
****** *
?
1,52
555
4.2.5 Conclusion
F 47
a) The load factor at collapse is Xu = -^ = = 1,04 > 1,0, tiierefore the structure has the necessary
Fd 45
resistance to bear the applied design load Fd (= 45 kN);
b) The inelastic rotation of the first plastic hinge that is required to reach the mechanism is lower
than the design available inelastic rotation; therefore regarding ductility of the plastic hinge the
chosen profile is acceptable :
"req.u av.d
0,040 rad< 0,139 rad
4.3 Design example 2 : continuous beam with uniform distributed load
4.3.1 Data
Figure 4.5
Geometrical properties of the cross-section are tiiose fromdie design example 1 (see chapter 4.2).
From formulas (2.16) and (2.20) (using Mp[ = Mp y Rd) the load at collapse (qu) and the load at
occurrence of first plastic hinge (qi) can be determined (see figure 4.6).
2nd plastic hinge :qu = 15,23 kNftn I
A
1st plastic hinge : q1 = 13,74 kN/m
-Mp = -47,13 kNm
Mp = 47,13 kNm
Bending moment diagram
y = 38,5kN
V = 7,85kN I
'""immillili iiiniimmiiiiiiimiill
V = -52,8kN
Shear force diagram
Figure 4.6
556
4.2.5 Conclusion
F 47
a) The load factor at collapse is Xu = -^ = = 1,04 > 1,0, tiierefore the structure has the necessary
Fd 45
resistance to bear the applied design load Fd (= 45 kN);
b) The inelastic rotation of the first plastic hinge that is required to reach the mechanism is lower
than the design available inelastic rotation; therefore regarding ductility of the plastic hinge the
chosen profile is acceptable :
"req.u av.d
0,040 rad< 0,139 rad
4.3 Design example 2 : continuous beam with uniform distributed load
4.3.1 Data
Figure 4.5
Geometrical properties of the cross-section are tiiose fromdie design example 1 (see chapter 4.2).
From formulas (2.16) and (2.20) (using Mp[ = Mp y Rd) the load at collapse (qu) and the load at
occurrence of first plastic hinge (qi) can be determined (see figure 4.6).
2nd plastic hinge :qu = 15,23 kNftn I
A
1st plastic hinge : q1 = 13,74 kN/m
-Mp = -47,13 kNm
Mp = 47,13 kNm
y = 38,5kN
V = 7,85kN I
'""immillili iiiniimmiiiiiiimiill
V = -52,8kN
Shear force diagram
Figure 4.6
556
Bending moment resistance
The collapse is reached for q = 15,23 kN/m, greater than the applied load.
Shear resistance
Av.z=14.10-4m2
Vpl.z.Rd = 0,577 Av.z fy / YMO = 0,577 14. "4235 000 / 1,1 = 172,6 kN
So, Vz.sd < 0,5 Vpi z Rd : the shear force has no influence on die moment resistance (EC3
5.4.7(2)).
LTB resistance
The configuration is similar to the previous example, except tiiat we have to consider tiiat the less
favourable portion of the beam is located in die middle of die first span.
In die vicinity of the plastic hinge, the moment ratio is about 1,00 : this is a conservative value. Then
die reduced slendemess is about 0,41. In order to obtain a value less or equal to 0,4, die distance
between the lateral restrains may be reduced in die vicinity of die plastic hinge, and taken equal to 95
cmfor example.
The required inelastic rotation is given by formula (2.29):
^.u'-^fÛM i-t+i)2
+
4(1 +)
_ Mpl.y.Rd L 3^2 +1 _ 47,13 x l^x 6
<Prequ El 12 " 210000 6 x 1943 x HT8
, with = 0 and = 1,0
0,4369
9req.u = 0,030rad
The design value of available inelastic rotation has been calculated in example 1 (see chapter 4.2.2)
for a concentrated load. According to chapter 3.5, the same value of available inelastic rotation can
be used in case of a uniform distributed load.
yav.d=0'139rad
557
Bending moment resistance
The collapse is reached for q = 15,23 kN/m, greater than the applied load.
Shear resistance
Av.z=14.10-4m2
Vpl.z.Rd = 0,577 Av.z fy / YMO = 0,577 14. "4235 000 / 1,1 = 172,6 kN
So, Vz.sd < 0,5 Vpi z Rd : the shear force has no influence on die moment resistance (EC3
5.4.7(2)).
LTB resistance
The configuration is similar to the previous example, except tiiat we have to consider tiiat the less
favourable portion of the beam is located in die middle of die first span.
In die vicinity of the plastic hinge, the moment ratio is about 1,00 : this is a conservative value. Then
die reduced slendemess is about 0,41. In order to obtain a value less or equal to 0,4, die distance
between the lateral restrains may be reduced in die vicinity of die plastic hinge, and taken equal to 95
cmfor example.
The required inelastic rotation is given by formula (2.29):
^.u'-^fÛM i-t+i)2
+
4(1 +)
_ Mpl.y.Rd L 3^2 +1 _ 47,13 x l^x 6
<Prequ El 12 " 210000 6 x 1943 x HT8
, with = 0 and = 1,0
0,4369
9req.u = 0,030rad
The design value of available inelastic rotation has been calculated in example 1 (see chapter 4.2.2)
for a concentrated load. According to chapter 3.5, the same value of available inelastic rotation can
be used in case of a uniform distributed load.
yav.d=0'139rad
557
4.3.5 Conclusion
a) The load factor at collapse is = -^- = 1^1= i,02 > 1,0 , therefore the structure has the
%
15
necessary resistance to bear the applied design load q (=15 kN/m);
b) The inelastic rotation of the first plastic hinge tiiat is required to reach die mechanism is lower
than die available inelastic rotation; dierefore regarding ductility of die plastic hinge the chosen
profile is acceptable :
req.u TSv.d
0,030 rad< 0,139 rad
4.4 Design example 3 : simple portal frame
In this example, it is assumed tiiat the columns and the beam are laterally and continuously
restrained in such a way tiiat out-of-plane buckling is not a potential mode of failure.
4.4.1 Data
45,45 kN
100 kN
270
300 IPE 300
-X
X-
8m
Figure 4.7
6m
Steel grade : S 235
Cross-section : IPE 270
Design plastic moment resistance :
Cross-section : 300
fy = 235 MPa
Class 1 (for My and S 235)
Wpl.y = 484 x1o-6 m3
484x235
Design plastic moment resistance : Mpl.y.Rd =
Mpl.y.Rd= u
Classi (for My and S 235)
Wpi.y = 628,4 x 10"6 m3
628,4x235
= 103,4 kNm
1,1
= 134,25 kNm
558
4.3.5 Conclusion
a) The load factor at collapse is = -^- = 1^1= i,02 > 1,0 , therefore the structure has the
%
15
necessary resistance to bear the applied design load q (=15 kN/m);
b) The inelastic rotation of the first plastic hinge tiiat is required to reach die mechanism is lower
than die available inelastic rotation; dierefore regarding ductility of die plastic hinge the chosen
profile is acceptable :
req.u TSv.d
0,030 rad< 0,139 rad
4.4 Design example 3 : simple portal frame
In this example, it is assumed tiiat the columns and the beam are laterally and continuously
restrained in such a way tiiat out-of-plane buckling is not a potential mode of failure.
4.4.1 Data
45,45 kN
100 kN
270
300 IPE 300
-X
X-
8m
Figure 4.7
6m
Steel grade : S 235
Cross-section : IPE 270
Design plastic moment resistance :
Cross-section : 300
fy = 235 MPa
Class 1 (for My and S 235)
Wpl.y = 484 x1o-6 m3
484x235
Design plastic moment resistance : Mpl.y.Rd =
Mpl.y.Rd= u
Wpi.y = 628,4 x 10"6 m3
628,4x235
= 103,4 kNm
1,1
= 134,25 kNm
558
The plastic analysis has been carried out witii PEP micro program [15] and witii die assumption that
the loads are increased in a proportional way Goad factor ). The plastic mechanism is plotted in
figure 4.8. Two plastic hinges occur in the beam (IPE 270), then two plastic hinges occur at die
bases of ti columns (TPE 300).
2nd plastic hinge : 2 = 0,832
1st plastic hinge: 1 =0,790
/s
V = -48.7kN
N = 49,7kN g
3rd plastic hinge: 3 =0,900
M = -95.3 kNm
= 38,6 kN
""" '"""" """' INIIMIIHI
N = S1.7kN
V = 51,7kN
Axial force diagram
M = 103,4 kNm
M = -103,4 kNm
V = -e.48kN V= kN
Shear force diagram
M = -134kNm M =
Figure 4.8
Bending resistance
This is a non-sway frame (EC3 5.2.5.2(3)) :
V 0,0403x100
= 0,0148 < 0,10
hH 6x45,45
So the second order effects may be neglected.
Influence of axial force :
In the columns : Npi = A fy / ymo = 0,00538 235000 / 1, 10 = 1 149 kN
In the beam : Npi = A fy / ymo = 0,00459 235000 / 1, 1 0 = 980,6 kN
The applied axial force is very low in comparison witii the axial resistance. So diere is no
influence on the moment resistance (lower tiian Npi/4, see EC3 5.4.8(3)).
The plastic collapse is reached for a load factor equal to 1,014 greater than 1,00.
559
The plastic analysis has been carried out witii PEP micro program [15] and witii die assumption that
the loads are increased in a proportional way Goad factor ). The plastic mechanism is plotted in
figure 4.8. Two plastic hinges occur in the beam (IPE 270), then two plastic hinges occur at die
bases of ti columns (TPE 300).
2nd plastic hinge : 2 = 0,832
1st plastic hinge: 1 =0,790
/s
V = -48.7kN
N = 49,7kN g
3rd plastic hinge: 3 =0,900
M = -95.3 kNm
= 38,6 kN
""" '"""" """' INIIMIIHI
N = S1.7kN
V = 51,7kN
Axial force diagram
M = 103,4 kNm
M = -103,4 kNm
V = -e.48kN V= kN
Shear force diagram
M = -134kNm M =
Figure 4.8
Bending resistance
This is a non-sway frame (EC3 5.2.5.2(3)) :
V 0,0403x100
= 0,0148 < 0,10
hH 6x45,45
So the second order effects may be neglected.
Influence of axial force :
In the columns : Npi = A fy / ymo = 0,00538 235000 / 1, 10 = 1 149 kN
In the beam : Npi = A fy / ymo = 0,00459 235000 / 1, 1 0 = 980,6 kN
The applied axial force is very low in comparison witii the axial resistance. So diere is no
influence on the moment resistance (lower tiian Npi/4, see EC3 5.4.8(3)).
The plastic collapse is reached for a load factor equal to 1,014 greater than 1,00.
559
Shear resistance
In the columns : Vpi.z.Rd = 0,577 Av.z fy / YMO = 0,577 0,002568 235000/1,1 = 316 kN
In die beam : Vvl.zXd = 0,577 Av.z fy / YMO = 0,577 0,002214 235000/1,1 = 273 kN
The shear force is lower than half the shear plastic resistance, diere is no influence on die moment
resistance. Moreover, the slendemess of die web is lower tiian 69 , it is not necessary to check die
shear buckling resistance (d/tw = 33,3 for 270profile, and d/tw = 40,4 for IPE300 profile, see
EC3 5.6.1(1))
Buckling resistance
The buckling lengtii for die columns may be calculated for a non-sway mode. Let's assume that die
buckling lengtii is equal to the system lengtii :l- 6 mfor die columns.
The critical axial force is NCT = 48 1 1 kN.
The reduced slendemess is = 0,5126 (> 0,2)
By using die buckling curve a (EC3 table 5.5.3), the buckling resistance is
Nb.Rd = Xy A fy / YM1 = 0,92 0,00538 235 000 / 1,1 = 1058 kN
Since die plastic moment is reached in die column under die design loads, die buckling criterion
which takes into account die interaction between axial force and bending moment is not satisfied (see
EC3 5.5.4).
The french NAD adds die following condition : if Nsd / Nb.Rd does not exceed 0,10, it is not
necessary to check die buckling resistance. This condition is here fulfilled :
Nsd /Nb.Rd = 51,7/1 058 = 0,0489
1.1
,1.014.-
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
(
I
1 l
r-B-i
I
) 10 2030405060 70 809
I
I
I -
0 1O0J 110 120 130 j 1'
Mp 103,4 kNm
IPE 270
|M| (kN)
rMp* 134,16 WHm\
IPE 300 J
Figure 4.9 : Evolution of the bending moment in different cross-sections
560
Shear resistance
In the columns : Vpi.z.Rd = 0,577 Av.z fy / YMO = 0,577 0,002568 235000/1,1 = 316 kN
In die beam : Vvl.zXd = 0,577 Av.z fy / YMO = 0,577 0,002214 235000/1,1 = 273 kN
The shear force is lower than half the shear plastic resistance, diere is no influence on die moment
resistance. Moreover, the slendemess of die web is lower tiian 69 , it is not necessary to check die
shear buckling resistance (d/tw = 33,3 for 270profile, and d/tw = 40,4 for IPE300 profile, see
EC3 5.6.1(1))
Buckling resistance
The buckling lengtii for die columns may be calculated for a non-sway mode. Let's assume that die
buckling lengtii is equal to the system lengtii :l- 6 mfor die columns.
The critical axial force is NCT = 48 1 1 kN.
The reduced slendemess is = 0,5126 (> 0,2)
By using die buckling curve a (EC3 table 5.5.3), the buckling resistance is
Nb.Rd = Xy A fy / YM1 = 0,92 0,00538 235 000 / 1,1 = 1058 kN
Since die plastic moment is reached in die column under die design loads, die buckling criterion
which takes into account die interaction between axial force and bending moment is not satisfied (see
EC3 5.5.4).
The french NAD adds die following condition : if Nsd / Nb.Rd does not exceed 0,10, it is not
necessary to check die buckling resistance. This condition is here fulfilled :
Nsd /Nb.Rd = 51,7/1 058 = 0,0489
1.1
,1.014.-
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
(
I
1 l
r-B-i
I
) 10 2030405060 70 809
I
I
I -
0 1O0J 110 120 130 j 1'
Mp 103,4 kNm
IPE 270
|M| (kN)
rMp* 134,16 WHm\
IPE 300 J
Figure 4.9 : Evolution of the bending moment in different cross-sections
560
Just before collapse, die inelastic rotations in the tiiree first plastic hinges are given in table 4.1. It
should be mentioned tiiat it is not die first formed plastic hinge which requires the highest inelastic
rotation.
Table 4.1
Plastic hinge
1st
2nd
3rd
Load factor
0,790
0,832
0,900
Cross-section
270
270
300
Required inelastic rotation u
at collapse : ( = 1,014)
radi
0,06038
0,08383
0,01239
For the steel grade S 235 and the two used profiles, available inelastic rotations are given by
formulas (3.1) and (3.3) or are given in die table of chapter 3.6. 1 . :
for 270 : die value of <pav is taken from column 2 of the table (cross-section
submitted to bending about major axis y-y, My).
for 300 : <pav must be taken from column 5 of die table, because die two last formed
plastic hinges are submitted to normal compression force and bending moment My and
because die maximum applied normal compression force is less tiien Nlimit (which is
given in column 6 of die table).
270 and S 235 : <pav = 0, 174 rad design value : . = = 0,114 rad
6" âv.d 152
0,163
300 and S 235 : cpaV = 0,163 rad => design value: <pavd =^^ = 0,107 rad
(witii maximum compressive load in die right column of die frame,N = 52,43 kN < Niimit = 510 kN)
4.4.5 Conclusion
a) The load factor at collapse is = 1,014 > 1,0, tiierefore die structure has the necessary
resistance to bear the applied design loads;
b) The highest inelastic rotations of different plastic hinges that are required to reach die mechanism
are lower tiian die design available inelastic rotations for both profiles; tiierefore regarding
ductility of plastic hinges the chosen profiles are acceptable :
for 270 (2nd hinge):
for 300 (3rd hinge):
<Preq.u < <Pav.d
0,084 rad < 0,1 14 rad
0,012 rad < 0,107 rad
561
Just before collapse, die inelastic rotations in the tiiree first plastic hinges are given in table 4.1. It
should be mentioned tiiat it is not die first formed plastic hinge which requires the highest inelastic
rotation.
Table 4.1
Plastic hinge
1st
2nd
3rd
Load factor
0,790
0,832
0,900
Cross-section
270
270
300
Required inelastic rotation u
at collapse : ( = 1,014)
radi
0,06038
0,08383
0,01239
For the steel grade S 235 and the two used profiles, available inelastic rotations are given by
formulas (3.1) and (3.3) or are given in die table of chapter 3.6. 1 . :
for 270 : die value of <pav is taken from column 2 of the table (cross-section
submitted to bending about major axis y-y, My).
for 300 : <pav must be taken from column 5 of die table, because die two last formed
plastic hinges are submitted to normal compression force and bending moment My and
because die maximum applied normal compression force is less tiien Nlimit (which is
given in column 6 of die table).
270 and S 235 : <pav = 0, 174 rad design value : . = = 0,114 rad
6" âv.d 152
0,163
300 and S 235 : cpaV = 0,163 rad => design value: <pavd =^^ = 0,107 rad
(witii maximum compressive load in die right column of die frame,N = 52,43 kN < Niimit = 510 kN)
4.4.5 Conclusion
a) The load factor at collapse is = 1,014 > 1,0, tiierefore die structure has the necessary
b) The highest inelastic rotations of different plastic hinges that are required to reach die mechanism
are lower tiian die design available inelastic rotations for both profiles; tiierefore regarding
ductility of plastic hinges the chosen profiles are acceptable :
for 270 (2nd hinge):
for 300 (3rd hinge):
<Preq.u < <Pav.d
0,084 rad < 0,1 14 rad
0,012 rad < 0,107 rad
561
4.5 Design example 4 : step by step method with the help of an elastic
analysis program
4.5.1 Data
Aplastic analysis of a three span beam with distributed loads, as shown in figure 4. 10, will hereafter
be performed. This example is meant to highlights the calculation procedure given in figure 2.27 of
chapter 2. For tiiis example, an elastic analysis computer program can be used, but die elastic
calculations could also be made witii die help of a manual metiiod.
30 kN/m
a
X-
6m
"2
b
-X-
25 kN/m
8m
2
C
-X-
Figure 4.10
6m
d
-X
Steel grade S 235 :
Cross-section : 270
Design plastic moment resistance : Mpi.y.Rd =
fy = 235MPa
Wpl.y = 484 x1o-6 m3
484x235
1,1
= 103,4 kNm
562
4.5 Design example 4 : step by step method with the help of an elastic
analysis program
4.5.1 Data
Aplastic analysis of a three span beam with distributed loads, as shown in figure 4. 10, will hereafter
be performed. This example is meant to highlights the calculation procedure given in figure 2.27 of
chapter 2. For tiiis example, an elastic analysis computer program can be used, but die elastic
calculations could also be made witii die help of a manual metiiod.
30 kN/m
a
X-
6m
"2
b
-X-
25 kN/m
8m
2
C
-X-
Figure 4.10
6m
d
-X
Steel grade S 235 :
Cross-section : 270
Design plastic moment resistance : Mpi.y.Rd =
fy = 235MPa
Wpl.y = 484 x1o-6 m3
484x235
1,1
= 103,4 kNm
562
30 kN/m
26 kN/m
6m
2S 2\
8m 6m
Mpl - -103,4 Mpl -103,4
93,81
Mpl = -103,4
Final moment diagram
103,4 kN
71,169
76,82 kN rrrC 34,78 kN
kN
-110,3 kN -103 kN
Shear force diagram
Figure 4.11
Bending resistance
The collapse is reached for a load factor equal to 1,03 15, greater than 1,00.
Shear resistance
The shear plastic resistance is Vpi.z.Rd = 273 kN. So die maximal shear force (1 10,3 kN) does not
exceed half die shear plastic resistance. Therefore it has no influence on the bending moment
resistance.
The web slendemess is lower tiian 69 , die shear buckling is not a potential mode of failure.
LTB Resistance
The most critical portion is in the middle of the second span : The moment is nearly constant and
equal to the plastic moment. If we consider tiiis assumption (constant moment), the condition from
Additif 80 (CM66) for the spacing of lateral restraints may be used : L = 35 iz = 35 1,00 3,02
= 105,8 cm. It would be recommended to have a distance of 1 meter between each lateral restraints.
If we consider the rule from Eurocode 3 : Xlt ^ 0,4 , the minimal distance between each lateral
restraint is about : L = 1,30 m
563
30 kN/m
26 kN/m
6m
2S 2\
8m 6m
Mpl - -103,4 Mpl -103,4
93,81
Mpl = -103,4
Final moment diagram
103,4 kN
71,169
76,82 kN rrrC 34,78 kN
kN
-110,3 kN -103 kN
Shear force diagram
Figure 4.11
Bending resistance
The collapse is reached for a load factor equal to 1,03 15, greater than 1,00.
Shear resistance
The shear plastic resistance is Vpi.z.Rd = 273 kN. So die maximal shear force (1 10,3 kN) does not
exceed half die shear plastic resistance. Therefore it has no influence on the bending moment
resistance.
The web slendemess is lower tiian 69 , die shear buckling is not a potential mode of failure.
LTB Resistance
The most critical portion is in the middle of the second span : The moment is nearly constant and
equal to the plastic moment. If we consider tiiis assumption (constant moment), the condition from
Additif 80 (CM66) for the spacing of lateral restraints may be used : L = 35 iz = 35 1,00 3,02
= 105,8 cm. It would be recommended to have a distance of 1 meter between each lateral restraints.
If we consider the rule from Eurocode 3 : Xlt ^ 0,4 , the minimal distance between each lateral
restraint is about : L = 1,30 m
563
4.5.3 Analysis of the beam
4.53.1 First step
Elastic calculation
Figure 4.12
First plastic hinge
The maximum moment is at support b, so :
^ = MpLy.Rd -M0 = :10MzP_= o,7554 ^ =+
mo -136,89
! = 0,7554
The state of the structure can be determined at die end of tiiis step by multiplying die moment, the
shear force, the deflections ..., by the load factor }.
The moment diagram at die end of the first step is Ml = mo :
Figure 4.13
There is no inelastic rotation to calculate at the end of die first step.
4.5.3.2 Second step
A perfect hinge is introduced at die place where die first plastic hinge was formed, and a new elastic
analysis is performed on die following structure.
564
4.5.3 Analysis of the beam
4.53.1 First step
Elastic calculation
Figure 4.12
First plastic hinge
The maximum moment is at support b, so :
^ = MpLy.Rd -M0 = :10MzP_= o,7554 ^ =+
mo -136,89
! = 0,7554
The state of the structure can be determined at die end of tiiis step by multiplying die moment, the
shear force, the deflections ..., by the load factor }.
The moment diagram at die end of the first step is Ml = mo :
Figure 4.13
There is no inelastic rotation to calculate at the end of die first step.
4.5.3.2 Second step
A perfect hinge is introduced at die place where die first plastic hinge was formed, and a new elastic
analysis is performed on die following structure.
564
-
a
30 kN/m
135
A
b
0
127
25 kN/m
>-
c
-162,5
45,75
^
kNm]
Figure 4.14
We must check that die rotation (obtained from die elastic analysis) in the first hinge at support b
has the same sign as the plastic bending moment which was reached in previous step (Ml):
9b = -0,04825 rad => M cpb = (-103,4) (-0,04825) > 0
This means tiiat there is no elastic return.
The lowest value of 2= will be found among the following four cross-sections:
ml
Span ab : = (103,4 - 56,538) / 135 = 0,3471
Span bc : = (103,4 - 52,773) / 127 = 0,3986
Support C : = (-103,4 + 93,203) / -162,5 = 0,0628
Span cd : = (103,4 - 44,3) / 45,75 = 1,2918
The lowest increment is 2 = 0,0628. Therefore, the second plastic hinge is located at support C
and it occurs at die load factor :
2= + 2= 0,7554 + 0,0628 =>
2 = 0,8182
At the end of step 2, the moment diagram is M2 = Ml + 2mi :
Mpl = -103,4
65,016
Mpi = -103,4
60,749
[kNm]
47,173
Figure 4.15
565
-
a
30 kN/m
135
A
b
0
127
25 kN/m
>-
c
-162,5
45,75
^
kNm]
Figure 4.14
We must check that die rotation (obtained from die elastic analysis) in the first hinge at support b
has the same sign as the plastic bending moment which was reached in previous step (Ml):
9b = -0,04825 rad => M cpb = (-103,4) (-0,04825) > 0
This means tiiat there is no elastic return.
The lowest value of 2= will be found among the following four cross-sections:
ml
Span ab : = (103,4 - 56,538) / 135 = 0,3471
Span bc : = (103,4 - 52,773) / 127 = 0,3986
Support C : = (-103,4 + 93,203) / -162,5 = 0,0628
Span cd : = (103,4 - 44,3) / 45,75 = 1,2918
The lowest increment is 2 = 0,0628. Therefore, the second plastic hinge is located at support C
and it occurs at die load factor :
2= + 2= 0,7554 + 0,0628 =>
2 = 0,8182
At the end of step 2, the moment diagram is M2 = Ml + 2mi :
Mpl = -103,4
65,016
Mpi = -103,4
60,749
[kNm]
47,173
Figure 4.15
565
The inelastic rotation at die end of step 2 is die rotation in die hinge at support b given by die
analysis :
(Preq = 2= 0,0628 0,04825 = 3,0301 IO"3 rad
4.5.3.3 Third step
A new perfect hinge is introduced at the place where the second plastic hinge was formed and a new
elastic analysis is performed on die following structure.
a
30 kN/m
135
b
0
200
25 kN/m
C
0
d
[kNm]
112,5
Figure 4.16
The rotations obtained fromdie elastic analysis are :
1st plastic hinge (at support b) : <pb = -,06607 rad
2nd plastic hinge (at support C) : <pc = -0,06237 rad
M cpb = (-103,4 -0,06607 rad) > 0
M epe = (-103,4 -0,06237 rad) > 0
The rotations in the hinges have the same sign as the plastic bending moments which were reached in
previous step (M2). This means that there is no elastic return.
_ Mpl.y.Rd ~M2
will be found among the following threre cross-sections:
The lowest value of 3=
Spaa ab
Span be
Spaa, cd
The lowest increment is 3 = 0,2133. Therefore the last plastic hinge occurs in the middle of span
be at the load factor :
3= 2+ 3= 0,8182 + 0,2133
m2
= (103,4 - 65,016) / 135 = 0,2843
= (103,4 - 60,749) / 200 = 0,2133
= (103,4 - 47,173) / 1 12,5 = 0,4998
3 = 1,0315
The final moment diagram is M3 = M2 + 3m2
566
The inelastic rotation at die end of step 2 is die rotation in die hinge at support b given by die
analysis :
(Preq = 2= 0,0628 0,04825 = 3,0301 IO"3 rad
4.5.3.3 Third step
A new perfect hinge is introduced at the place where the second plastic hinge was formed and a new
elastic analysis is performed on die following structure.
a
30 kN/m
135
b
0
200
25 kN/m
C
0
d
[kNm]
112,5
Figure 4.16
The rotations obtained fromdie elastic analysis are :
1st plastic hinge (at support b) : <pb = -,06607 rad
2nd plastic hinge (at support C) : <pc = -0,06237 rad
M cpb = (-103,4 -0,06607 rad) > 0
M epe = (-103,4 -0,06237 rad) > 0
The rotations in the hinges have the same sign as the plastic bending moments which were reached in
previous step (M2). This means that there is no elastic return.
_ Mpl.y.Rd ~M2
will be found among the following threre cross-sections:
The lowest value of 3=
Spaa ab
Span be
Spaa, cd
The lowest increment is 3 = 0,2133. Therefore the last plastic hinge occurs in the middle of span
be at the load factor :
3= 2+ 3= 0,8182 + 0,2133
m2
= (103,4 - 65,016) / 135 = 0,2843
= (103,4 - 60,749) / 200 = 0,2133
= (103,4 - 47,173) / 1 12,5 = 0,4998
3 = 1,0315
The final moment diagram is M3 = M2 + 3m2
566
Mpi-- ,4 Mpi =-103,4
[kNm]
93,81
Mpi = 103,4
71,169
Figure 4.17
The inelastic rotation in the hinge at support b is :
(Preq = 3,0301 IO"3 + 0,2133 0,06607 rad
(Preq = 0,01712 rad
The inelastic rotation in the hinge at support C is :
(Preq = 0,2133 0,06237 rad
(preq = 0,01330 rad
The plastic analysis is now completed because a plastic mechanism is obtained in span be. To
reach die mechanism, the highest required inelastic rotation corresponds to the plastic hinge at
support b and is equal to :
(Preq u = 0,01712 rad
For the profile 270 and S 235 steel, the design value of available inelastic rotation has been
determined in design example 3 (see chapter 4.4.2) :
(Pav d = 0,1 14 rad
4.5.6 Conclusion
a) The load factor at collapse is = 1,0315 > 1,0, tiierefore the structure has the necessary
b) The highest inelastic rotation of plastic hinge at support b that is required to reach the mechanism
is lower than the design available inelastic rotation; therefore regarding ductility of plastic hinges
the chosen profile is acceptable:
<Preq.u<<Pav.d
0,01712 rad < 0,114 rad
567
Mpi-- ,4 Mpi =-103,4
[kNm]
93,81
Mpi = 103,4
71,169
Figure 4.17
The inelastic rotation in the hinge at support b is :
(Preq = 3,0301 IO"3 + 0,2133 0,06607 rad
(Preq = 0,01712 rad
The inelastic rotation in the hinge at support C is :
(Preq = 0,2133 0,06237 rad
(preq = 0,01330 rad
The plastic analysis is now completed because a plastic mechanism is obtained in span be. To
reach die mechanism, the highest required inelastic rotation corresponds to the plastic hinge at
support b and is equal to :
(Preq u = 0,01712 rad
For the profile 270 and S 235 steel, the design value of available inelastic rotation has been
determined in design example 3 (see chapter 4.4.2) :
(Pav d = 0,1 14 rad
4.5.6 Conclusion
a) The load factor at collapse is = 1,0315 > 1,0, tiierefore the structure has the necessary
b) The highest inelastic rotation of plastic hinge at support b that is required to reach the mechanism
is lower than the design available inelastic rotation; therefore regarding ductility of plastic hinges
the chosen profile is acceptable:
<Preq.u<<Pav.d
0,01712 rad < 0,114 rad
567
Appendix 1. Plastic resistance of I and H cross-sections
(1) Following tables concern standard European and British I and Hhot-rolled steel profiles :
, , O, HE AA, HE A, HE B, HE M, UB and UC
(2) The following steel grades are considered (see table 3.1 witii fy depending on material thickness
according to Eurocode 3 [3] [4]) :
S 235
S 275
S 355
S 420
S 460
(fy = 235 MPa for tf < 40 mm)
(3) Classification of cross-sections : only class 1 and class 2 cross-sections can develop plastic
resistance; the rules for classification of cross-sections are issued from Eurocode 3 [3] [4]. In the
tables, the following legend is assumed :
44 , ,
means class 4 cross-section without plastic bearing capacity of Npijr<j (see table 1.5b),
- "**" means class 3 or class 4 cross-section without plastic bearing capacity of Mpi,y.Rd ,
Mpi.zR or MNy.Rd (see table 3.3).
(4) Shear buckling : if the web slendemess of a cross-section is % > 69 (where d = h - 2 (tf + r)
(see figure 1.11) and =
ms
), then the web has to be checked for resistance to shear buckling
(see Eurocode 3 [3] chapter 5.6). In die tables the following legend is defined :
- "--" means cross-section where % > 69 , without plastic bearing capacity of Vpijr<j
/lw
(5) Formulas for plastic resistance of cross-sections :
* Conventions and symbols : for dimensions of profiles, see figure 1.11; convention for axial
forces, shear forces and bending moments applied to the cross-section:
&
&
z.Sd
Nx.sd
N.
x.Sd
* The characteristic values of plastic resistance in following tables (Npi, Vpi.z, Vpi.y, Mpi.y>
Mpi.z, MN.y) are calculated assuming die partial safety factor \ equal to 1,0 in Eurocode 3
[3] rules which define following design values of plastic resistance (Npi.Rd Vpi.z.Rd>
Vpi.y.Rd, Mpi.y.Rd, Mpi.z.Rd, MN.yd) :
568
Appendix 1. Plastic resistance of I and H cross-sections
(1) Following tables concern standard European and British I and Hhot-rolled steel profiles :
, , O, HE AA, HE A, HE B, HE M, UB and UC
(2) The following steel grades are considered (see table 3.1 witii fy depending on material thickness
according to Eurocode 3 [3] [4]) :
S 235
S 275
S 355
S 420
S 460
(3) Classification of cross-sections : only class 1 and class 2 cross-sections can develop plastic
resistance; the rules for classification of cross-sections are issued from Eurocode 3 [3] [4]. In the
tables, the following legend is assumed :
44 , ,
means class 4 cross-section without plastic bearing capacity of Npijr<j (see table 1.5b),
- "**" means class 3 or class 4 cross-section without plastic bearing capacity of Mpi,y.Rd ,
Mpi.zR or MNy.Rd (see table 3.3).
(4) Shear buckling : if the web slendemess of a cross-section is % > 69 (where d = h - 2 (tf + r)
(see figure 1.11) and =
ms
), then the web has to be checked for resistance to shear buckling
(see Eurocode 3 [3] chapter 5.6). In die tables the following legend is defined :
- "--" means cross-section where % > 69 , without plastic bearing capacity of Vpijr<j
/lw
(5) Formulas for plastic resistance of cross-sections :
* Conventions and symbols : for dimensions of profiles, see figure 1.11; convention for axial
forces, shear forces and bending moments applied to the cross-section:
&
&
z.Sd
Nx.sd
N.
x.Sd
* The characteristic values of plastic resistance in following tables (Npi, Vpi.z, Vpi.y, Mpi.y>
Mpi.z, MN.y) are calculated assuming die partial safety factor \ equal to 1,0 in Eurocode 3
[3] rules which define following design values of plastic resistance (Npi.Rd Vpi.z.Rd>
Vpi.y.Rd, Mpi.y.Rd, Mpi.z.Rd, MN.yd) :
568
column 2 :
design plastic resistance of gross cross-section submitted to tension or
compression :
N.
pl.Rd
_Npl _Afy
Ymo Ymo
([3] 5.4.4 (2)),
column 3
where A = 2btf+(h-2tf)tw + (4-3t)r2,
: design plastic shear resistance related to bending about yy major axis My.sd :
"pl.z.Rd -
_ "pl.z _ Ayz fy
Ymo Ymo^/3
- column 4
([3] 5.4.6(1)),
where Avz = A-2btf + (tw + 2tr)tf ([3] 5.4.6 (2)) ,
design plastic shear resistance related to bending about zz minor axis Mz.sd :
v _ vpi-y _ Avy fy
"y-Rd"Mo"7^?3
column 5
where Ayy= 2btf+(tw + ytw
: design plastic resistance bending moment about yy major axis
M, , - MpLy - WpLy fy
1..Rd
Ymo Ymo
([3] 5.4.6(1)),
([18]Table 5.14) ,
([3] 5.4.5.2(1)),
where W, - -
Pl.y=-l-+(b-tw)(h-tf)tf+^r2(h-2tf) +^r3,
4 * "" "* 2
column 6 : design plastic resistance bending moment about zz minor axis
M
M
pl.z.Rd
pl.z _ "pl.z *y
Ymo Ymo
([3] 5.4.5.2(1)),
column 7 :
column 8
: limit axial force Niimit over which allowance shall be made for the effect of the
axial force on the plastic resistance bending moment about yy major axis
(=> MN.y.Rd ^ Mpi.y.Rd)>
([3] 5.4.8.1 (3)),
where formula for A is provided for column 2,
: ratio between Niimit (column 7) and NpijRd (column 2) over which allowance shall
be made for die effect of the axial force on the plastic resistance bending moment
about yy major axis (=> MN.y.Rd ^ MpLy.Rd),
limit
pLRd
= minimum
for N-M
1 (A-2btf)
4' 2A
column 7^
column 2
569
column 2 :
design plastic resistance of gross cross-section submitted to tension or
compression :
N.
pl.Rd
_Npl _Afy
Ymo Ymo
([3] 5.4.4 (2)),
column 3
where A = 2btf+(h-2tf)tw + (4-3t)r2,
: design plastic shear resistance related to bending about yy major axis My.sd :
"pl.z.Rd -
_ "pl.z _ Ayz fy
Ymo Ymo^/3
- column 4
([3] 5.4.6(1)),
where Avz = A-2btf + (tw + 2tr)tf ([3] 5.4.6 (2)) ,
design plastic shear resistance related to bending about zz minor axis Mz.sd :
v _ vpi-y _ Avy fy
"y-Rd"Mo"7^?3
column 5
where Ayy= 2btf+(tw + ytw
: design plastic resistance bending moment about yy major axis
M, , - MpLy - WpLy fy
1..Rd
Ymo Ymo
([3] 5.4.6(1)),
([18]Table 5.14) ,
([3] 5.4.5.2(1)),
where W, - -
Pl.y=-l-+(b-tw)(h-tf)tf+^r2(h-2tf) +^r3,
4 * "" "* 2
column 6 : design plastic resistance bending moment about zz minor axis
M
M
pl.z.Rd
pl.z _ "pl.z *y
Ymo Ymo
([3] 5.4.5.2(1)),
column 7 :
column 8
: limit axial force Niimit over which allowance shall be made for the effect of the
axial force on the plastic resistance bending moment about yy major axis
(=> MN.y.Rd ^ Mpi.y.Rd)>
([3] 5.4.8.1 (3)),
: ratio between Niimit (column 7) and NpijRd (column 2) over which allowance shall
be made for die effect of the axial force on the plastic resistance bending moment
about yy major axis (=> MN.y.Rd ^ MpLy.Rd),
limit
pLRd
= minimum
for N-M
1 (A-2btf)
4' 2A
column 7^
column 2
569
column 10 : design value of applied compressive axial force Nsd related to the design plastic
NSd
resistance of die gross cross-section Npi Rd, for the given ratio - = 0, 15 ,
NpiR
NSd=0,15
At,
Ymo
column 11: reduced plastic design resistance bending moment about yy major axis allowing
for axial force NSd,
MN.y
MN.y.Rd =
Ymo
_ "pLy^y
Ymo
1 NSd
A.fy
Ymo
A-2btf
2A
([3] 5.4.8.1 (4)),
where MN.yJld ^ Mpi.y.Rd (defined for column 5),
Nsd is issued from column 10,
^1<0,25)
2A
formula for Wpi_y is given for column 5,
formula for A is provided for column 2,
Ncrf
.y is equal to 0,15 in tiiis case.
A.Iy
Ymo
- columns 12&13, 14&15, 16&17, and 18&19 are similar to columns 10&11 but related to other
NSd
ratios, respectively 0,20, 0,25, 0,30 and 0,35 instead of 0,15.

pl.Rd
In case of high shear (if Vsd > 0,5.Vpi.Rd) , the design resistance bending moment Mpi.Rd of the
cross-section should be reduced to M\r.Rd The following formulas are not used in tables and are
providedfor information according to Eurocode 3 ([3] 5.4.7 (3)):
- if Vz.sd > 0,5.Vpi.zR , then :
M
V.y.Rd -
My.y
YMO
wpi.y-
2V.
z.Sd
Vpl.z.Rd
-1
kvz
4t
w Ymo
Where Mv.y.Rd ^ Mpl.y.Rd (defined for column 5),
formula for Wpi.z is defined for column 5,
formulas for Vpi.zjRd and Ayz are given for column 3,
570
column 10 : design value of applied compressive axial force Nsd related to the design plastic
NSd
resistance of die gross cross-section Npi Rd, for the given ratio - = 0, 15 ,
NpiR
NSd=0,15
At,
Ymo
column 11: reduced plastic design resistance bending moment about yy major axis allowing
for axial force NSd,
MN.y
MN.y.Rd =
Ymo
_ "pLy^y
Ymo
1 NSd
A.fy
Ymo
A-2btf
2A
([3] 5.4.8.1 (4)),
where MN.yJld ^ Mpi.y.Rd (defined for column 5),
Nsd is issued from column 10,
^1<0,25)
2A
formula for Wpi_y is given for column 5,
formula for A is provided for column 2,
Ncrf
.y is equal to 0,15 in tiiis case.
A.Iy
Ymo
- columns 12&13, 14&15, 16&17, and 18&19 are similar to columns 10&11 but related to other
NSd
ratios, respectively 0,20, 0,25, 0,30 and 0,35 instead of 0,15.

pl.Rd
In case of high shear (if Vsd > 0,5.Vpi.Rd) , the design resistance bending moment Mpi.Rd of the
cross-section should be reduced to M\r.Rd The following formulas are not used in tables and are
providedfor information according to Eurocode 3 ([3] 5.4.7 (3)):
- if Vz.sd > 0,5.Vpi.zR , then :
M
V.y.Rd -
My.y
YMO
wpi.y-
2V.
z.Sd
Vpl.z.Rd
-1
kvz
4t
w Ymo
Where Mv.y.Rd ^ Mpl.y.Rd (defined for column 5),
formula for Wpi.z is defined for column 5,
formulas for Vpi.zjRd and Ayz are given for column 3,
570
if vy.Sd > 0>5.Vpi.y.Rd , then :
where Mv\z<Rd ^ Mpl.zR (defined for column 6),
formula for Wpi#z is defined for column 6,
formulas for Vpi.yj^d is given for column 4.
(6) Partial safety factor Ymo : As several values of plastic resistance given in tables are characteristic,
they must be adapted if partial safety factor Ymo is different from 1,0, in order to obtain design
values of plastic resistance needed for checks at Ultimate Limit States (see Eurocode 3 formulas
presented in clause (5)).
In present version of Eurocode 3 [3] [4], ymo isfixed to 1,1 in general ([3] 5.1.1 (2)) but other values
of YMO are provided by several NADs to Eurocode 3.
In practice, all the values given in the following columns of tables must be divided by the partial
safety factor ymo"
- columns 2 to 7 : Npi, Vpi.z, Vpiy, Mpi.y, Mpi.zand Niimit for N-My respectively,
- columns 10 to 19 : Nsd and MN.y for Nsd / Npi.Rd = 0,15 and respectively 0,2, 0,25, 0,3 and 0,35.
* Remark : In case of web classification for cross-section submitted to combined N-My, the
Eurocode 3 rule that defines die border between class 2 and class 3 webs, is used (see table 3.3) :
d ^ 456.
Lw 13
2
(
vdtwfy
+ 1 1
where is the compressive axial load applied to the cross-section,
( \
0,5 <

2dtwfy
+0,5 <1.
J
In tables, = Nsd from different columns (10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 respectively). As explained above
if YM0 differs from 1,0 those values of Nsd must be divided by Ymo Therefore the web
classification calculated in tables is safesided.
(7) Flow-chart explaining the elaboration of tables and the way to use them.
571
if vy.Sd > 0>5.Vpi.y.Rd , then :
where Mv\z<Rd ^ Mpl.zR (defined for column 6),
formula for Wpi#z is defined for column 6,
formulas for Vpi.yj^d is given for column 4.
(6) Partial safety factor Ymo : As several values of plastic resistance given in tables are characteristic,
they must be adapted if partial safety factor Ymo is different from 1,0, in order to obtain design
values of plastic resistance needed for checks at Ultimate Limit States (see Eurocode 3 formulas
presented in clause (5)).
In present version of Eurocode 3 [3] [4], ymo isfixed to 1,1 in general ([3] 5.1.1 (2)) but other values
of YMO are provided by several NADs to Eurocode 3.
In practice, all the values given in the following columns of tables must be divided by the partial
safety factor ymo"
- columns 2 to 7 : Npi, Vpi.z, Vpiy, Mpi.y, Mpi.zand Niimit for N-My respectively,
- columns 10 to 19 : Nsd and MN.y for Nsd / Npi.Rd = 0,15 and respectively 0,2, 0,25, 0,3 and 0,35.
* Remark : In case of web classification for cross-section submitted to combined N-My, the
Eurocode 3 rule that defines die border between class 2 and class 3 webs, is used (see table 3.3) :
d ^ 456.
Lw 13
2
(
vdtwfy
+ 1 1
where is the compressive axial load applied to the cross-section,
( \
0,5 <

2dtwfy
+0,5 <1.
J
In tables, = Nsd from different columns (10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 respectively). As explained above
if YM0 differs from 1,0 those values of Nsd must be divided by Ymo Therefore the web
classification calculated in tables is safesided.
(7) Flow-chart explaining the elaboration of tables and the way to use them.
571
o -g
f 3
GO
s <
a o
B. ~

5
es
4
*5
vi 'S C
3 o
jo
3
2
(M
O
<s\
o
o
o
-
5
572
o -g
f 3
GO
s <
a o
B. ~

5
es
4
*5
vi 'S C
3 o
jo
3
2
(M
O
<s\
o
o
o
-
5
572
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Plastic resistance of cross-sections
Note: all values of columns 2 to 7 must be divided by
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 X 137
IPE 750 147
IPE 750x1 73
IPE 750x196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
2
Npi
IkN]
180
243
310
386
472
563
669
784
919
1080
1265
1471
1709
1985
2322
2 715
++
++
++
++
++
++
150
206
259
315
380
460
552
664
783
920
1093
1286
++
++
++
++
++
++
637
751
879
1027
1265
1476
1706
1977
2 265
2 765
3 213
3668
4 624
3
Vp,.Z
[kN]
49
69
86
104
131
153
190
215
260
300
348
418
477
579
690
812
982
1 137
1260
1430
1580
1727
42
60
73
84
106
125
156
184
221
254
302
366
404
485
573
684
818
952
172
210
240
290
342
394
473
546
651
806
953
1 122
1416
4
vpi.y
[kN]
69
91
116
144
174
208
244
289
337
393
457
525
614
694
792
912
1033
1 193
1258
1277
1626
1916
56
75
94
116
138
168
200
241
285
334
392
456
553
613
705
820
935
1090
237
278
327
378
473
549
624
720
806
965
1095
1225
1538
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
5456
9 261
14 270
20 761
29107
39108
51850
67070
86162
113739
147664
189018
239 499
307180
399921
515 618
654946
825414
1 143 313
1200 825
1 461 295
1685 932
4460
7750
11720
16 826
23 287
31802
42 689
56 449
73 219
96936
127320
164953
213090
268817
351158
457312
581545
738177
44 450
58 614
75470
96 414
135042
174 797
221555
278 730
353010
480872
614051
766894
1050 694
6
Mpl.z
[N.m]
1367
2149
3191
4 523
6133
8131
10 484
13 656
17372
22783
29426
36114
44 908
53 815
64 949
78 932
94126
114128
144308
148 241
190 329
225318
1 103
1771
2580
3648
4863
6 571
8586
11394
14 664
19 351
25 222
31317
40 386
47486
57750
70 881
84 953
103 886
9 379
12195
15 724
19 833
27661
35 858
43 473
53 326
63 238
80 133
96 005
112921
150 420
7
Nfimit
for -My
[kN]
34
48
60
75
93
110
135
154
183
216
255
303
347
421
509
605
731
851
1001
1 101
1245
1347
30
42
53
61
76
91
111
133
157
184
222
267
292
351
420
506
603
705
124
148
171
204
243
285
339
394
470
588
704
828
1049
8
(Nihnh/Npi.Rd)
for -My
0,187
0,196
0,195
0,193
0,198
0,196
0,202
0,197
0,199
0,200
0,202
0,206
0,203
0,212
0,219
0,223
0,231
0,232
0,244
0,250
0,239
0,229
0,197
0,206
0,204
0,195
0,201
0,198
0.202
0,200
0,201
0,200
0,203
0,208
0,194
0,204
0,209
0,213
0,219
0,219
0,194
0,197
0,194
0,199
0,192
0,193
0,199
0,199
0.207
0,213
0,219
0,226
0,227
573
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 X 137
IPE 750 147
IPE 750x1 73
IPE 750x196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
2
Npi
IkN]
180
243
310
386
472
563
669
784
919
1080
1265
1471
1709
1985
2322
2 715
++
++
++
++
++
++
150
206
259
315
380
460
552
664
783
920
1093
1286
++
++
++
++
++
++
637
751
879
1027
1265
1476
1706
1977
2 265
2 765
3 213
3668
4 624
3
Vp,.Z
[kN]
49
69
86
104
131
153
190
215
260
300
348
418
477
579
690
812
982
1 137
1260
1430
1580
1727
42
60
73
84
106
125
156
184
221
254
302
366
404
485
573
684
818
952
172
210
240
290
342
394
473
546
651
806
953
1 122
1416
4
vpi.y
[kN]
69
91
116
144
174
208
244
289
337
393
457
525
614
694
792
912
1033
1 193
1258
1277
1626
1916
56
75
94
116
138
168
200
241
285
334
392
456
553
613
705
820
935
1090
237
278
327
378
473
549
624
720
806
965
1095
1225
1538
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
5456
9 261
14 270
20 761
29107
39108
51850
67070
86162
113739
147664
189018
239 499
307180
399921
515 618
654946
825414
1 143 313
1200 825
1 461 295
1685 932
4460
7750
11720
16 826
23 287
31802
42 689
56 449
73 219
96936
127320
164953
213090
268817
351158
457312
581545
738177
44 450
58 614
75470
96 414
135042
174 797
221555
278 730
353010
480872
614051
766894
1050 694
6
Mpl.z
[N.m]
1367
2149
3191
4 523
6133
8131
10 484
13 656
17372
22783
29426
36114
44 908
53 815
64 949
78 932
94126
114128
144308
148 241
190 329
225318
1 103
1771
2580
3648
4863
6 571
8586
11394
14 664
19 351
25 222
31317
40 386
47486
57750
70 881
84 953
103 886
9 379
12195
15 724
19 833
27661
35 858
43 473
53 326
63 238
80 133
96 005
112921
150 420
7
Nfimit
for -My
[kN]
34
48
60
75
93
110
135
154
183
216
255
303
347
421
509
605
731
851
1001
1 101
1245
1347
30
42
53
61
76
91
111
133
157
184
222
267
292
351
420
506
603
705
124
148
171
204
243
285
339
394
470
588
704
828
1049
8
(Nihnh/Npi.Rd)
for -My
0,187
0,196
0,195
0,193
0,198
0,196
0,202
0,197
0,199
0,200
0,202
0,206
0,203
0,212
0,219
0,223
0,231
0,232
0,244
0,250
0,239
0,229
0,197
0,206
0,204
0,195
0,201
0,198
0.202
0,200
0,201
0,200
0,203
0,208
0,194
0,204
0,209
0,213
0,219
0,219
0,194
0,197
0,194
0,199
0,192
0,193
0,199
0,199
0.207
0,213
0,219
0,226
0,227
573
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: all values of Ns<j and Mfj.y must be divided by Yj0
9
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750x196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
10 | 11
Nsd/Npi.Rd-0,15
Nsd
[kN]
27
36
47
58
71
84
100
118
138
162
190
221
256
298
348
407
474
550
615
661
780
884
22
31
39
47
57
69
83
100
117
138
164
193
225
258
302
356
413
483
96
113
132
154
190
221
256
297
340
415
482
550
694
MN.y
[N.m]
5456
9 261
14 270
20 761
29107
39108
51850
67070
86162
113739
147664
189 018
239499
307180
399921
515618
654946
825 414
*
1200 825
1461295
1685 932
4460
7 750
11720
16 826
23 287
31802
42689
56449
73 219
96 936
127320
164953
213090
268 817
351 158
457312
581545
738177
44 450
58 614
75 470
96 414
135042
174 797
221555
278 730
353010
480 872
614051
766894
1050 694
12 I 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
[kN]
36
49
62
77
94
113
134
157
184
216
253
294
342
397
464
543
632
733
**
881
1040
1 179
30
41
52
63
76
92
110
133
157
184
219
257
301
344
402
475
551
644
127
150
176
205
253
295
341
395
453
553
643
734
925
MN.y
[N.m]
5369
9 218
14178
20 590
29 034
38 913
51850
66 798
86 092
113739
147664
189018
239499
307180
399921
515 618
654946
825414
*
1200 825
1461295
1685 932
4443
7 750
11720
16 716
23 287
31717
42689
56 449
73 219
96 935
127320
164953
211599
268 817
*
*
**
*
44142
58 382
74 951
96 242
133672
173 227
221231
278 546
353010
480 872
614051
766894
1050 694
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
45
61
78
97
118
141
167
196
230
270
316
368
427
496
581
679
790
916
*
1 101
1300
1474
37
52
65
79
95
115
138
166
196
230
273
322
376
429
**
**
**
**
159
188
220
257
316
369
427
494
566
691
803
917
1 156
MN.y
[N.m]
5034
8 642
13 292
19303
27 219
36 481
48 706
62 623
80 712
106 670
138736
178565
225417
292478
384190
497697
638998
806094
**
.
1440991
1639166
4165
7317
11043
15 671
21858
29 735
40109
52 937
68 730
90 877
119871
156144
*
*
**
**
**
41383
54 733
70 267
90 227
125318
162400
207404
261 137
334005
458144
589867
742 746
1 019 141
16 | 17
Nsd/NPi.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
54
73
93
116
142
169
201
235
276
324
379
441
513
595
697
814
948
1 100
**
*
1560
1768
45
62
78
94
114
138
165
199
235
276
328
386
**
*
**
*
*
191
225
264
308
380
443
512
593
680
829
964
1 100
1387
MN.y
[N.m]
4698
8066
12 406
18 016
25 404
34049
45 459
58 448
75 331
99 558
129 487
166661
210 389
272980
358577
464 518
596399
752354
**
**
*
1529 888
3 887
6 829
10 307
14 626
20 401
27 752
37435
49 408
64 148
*
*
*
*
*
*
38 624
51084
65 582
84 212
116963
151573
193577
243 728
311738
427601
550543
693230
951 198
18 19
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,35
Nsd
[kN]
63
85
109
135
165
197
234
274
322
378
443
515
598
695
813
950
1 106
1283
..
..
**
2063
52
72
91
110
133
161
193
232
274
**
*
**
**
*
.*
..
*
**
223
263
308
360
443
517
597
692
793
968
1 124
1284
1618
MN.y
[N.m]
4 362
7490
11520
16 729
23 590
31617
42 212
54 273
69 950
92 447
120 238
154 757
195361
'
1.
k*
'
t.
*
ft
k*
3 610
6 342
9 571
13 582
18 944
25 770
34 761
45 879
59 566
**
**
*
**
*
**
**
*
**
35 865
47 435
60 898
78197
108609
140 747
179 750
226319
289471
397058
511218
643 714
883256
574
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: all values of Ns<j and Mfj.y must be divided by Yj0
9
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750x196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
10 | 11
Nsd/Npi.Rd-0,15
Nsd
[kN]
27
36
47
58
71
84
100
118
138
162
190
221
256
298
348
407
474
550
615
661
780
884
22
31
39
47
57
69
83
100
117
138
164
193
225
258
302
356
413
483
96
113
132
154
190
221
256
297
340
415
482
550
694
MN.y
[N.m]
5456
9 261
14 270
20 761
29107
39108
51850
67070
86162
113739
147664
189 018
239499
307180
399921
515618
654946
825 414
*
1200 825
1461295
1685 932
4460
7 750
11720
16 826
23 287
31802
42689
56449
73 219
96 936
127320
164953
213090
268 817
351 158
457312
581545
738177
44 450
58 614
75 470
96 414
135042
174 797
221555
278 730
353010
480 872
614051
766894
1050 694
12 I 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
[kN]
36
49
62
77
94
113
134
157
184
216
253
294
342
397
464
543
632
733
**
881
1040
1 179
30
41
52
63
76
92
110
133
157
184
219
257
301
344
402
475
551
644
127
150
176
205
253
295
341
395
453
553
643
734
925
MN.y
[N.m]
5369
9 218
14178
20 590
29 034
38 913
51850
66 798
86 092
113739
147664
189018
239499
307180
399921
515 618
654946
825414
*
1200 825
1461295
1685 932
4443
7 750
11720
16 716
23 287
31717
42689
56 449
73 219
96 935
127320
164953
211599
268 817
*
*
**
*
44142
58 382
74 951
96 242
133672
173 227
221231
278 546
353010
480 872
614051
766894
1050 694
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
45
61
78
97
118
141
167
196
230
270
316
368
427
496
581
679
790
916
*
1 101
1300
1474
37
52
65
79
95
115
138
166
196
230
273
322
376
429
**
**
**
**
159
188
220
257
316
369
427
494
566
691
803
917
1 156
MN.y
[N.m]
5034
8 642
13 292
19303
27 219
36 481
48 706
62 623
80 712
106 670
138736
178565
225417
292478
384190
497697
638998
806094
**
.
1440991
1639166
4165
7317
11043
15 671
21858
29 735
40109
52 937
68 730
90 877
119871
156144
*
*
**
**
**
41383
54 733
70 267
90 227
125318
162400
207404
261 137
334005
458144
589867
742 746
1 019 141
16 | 17
Nsd/NPi.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
54
73
93
116
142
169
201
235
276
324
379
441
513
595
697
814
948
1 100
**
*
1560
1768
45
62
78
94
114
138
165
199
235
276
328
386
**
*
**
*
*
191
225
264
308
380
443
512
593
680
829
964
1 100
1387
MN.y
[N.m]
4698
8066
12 406
18 016
25 404
34049
45 459
58 448
75 331
99 558
129 487
166661
210 389
272980
358577
464 518
596399
752354
**
**
*
1529 888
3 887
6 829
10 307
14 626
20 401
27 752
37435
49 408
64 148
*
*
*
*
*
*
38 624
51084
65 582
84 212
116963
151573
193577
243 728
311738
427601
550543
693230
951 198
18 19
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,35
Nsd
[kN]
63
85
109
135
165
197
234
274
322
378
443
515
598
695
813
950
1 106
1283
..
..
**
2063
52
72
91
110
133
161
193
232
274
**
*
**
**
*
.*
..
*
**
223
263
308
360
443
517
597
692
793
968
1 124
1284
1618
MN.y
[N.m]
4 362
7490
11520
16 729
23 590
31617
42 212
54 273
69 950
92 447
120 238
154 757
195361
'
1.
k*
'
t.
*
ft
k*
3 610
6 342
9 571
13 582
18 944
25 770
34 761
45 879
59 566
**
**
*
**
*
**
**
*
**
35 865
47 435
60 898
78197
108609
140 747
179 750
226319
289471
397058
511218
643 714
883256
574
1
Designation
HE100AA
HE120AA
HE 140 AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE200A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE400A
HE 450 A
HE500A
HE550A
HE600A
HE650A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
2
Np,
[kN]
367
436
541
713
858
1037
1209
1419
1621
1834
2 089
2223
2 362
2505
2 766
2986
3 217
3 592
3 855
++
++
++
++
++
499
595
738
911
1053
1265
1512
1806
2040
2 286
2644
2 923
3137
3355
3 736
4184
4 642
4976
5322
5 678
6121
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
[kN]
83
94
107
141
165
210
239
292
336
373
439
480
525
572
651
742
840
986
1 103
1226
1361
1680
1998
2336
103
115
137
179
196
245
280
342
390
431
506
558
610
664
778
893
1014
1 136
1265
1400
1587
1884
2 216
2504
4
Vp..y
[kN]
158
188
237
316
380
452
527
610
697
789
890
933
977
1021
1 105
1 149
1 193
1281
1325
1369
1454
1549
1720
1809
229
272
336
408
481
564
680
811
914
1022
1 181
1306
1390
1475
1603
1770
1936
2021
2106
2191
2280
2 371
2 542
2 628
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
13 714
19 768
605414
734986
851419
977 566
1 137431
1462 828
1879 720
2 297 531
19 508
28 080
40 771
57610
76 340
100929
133587
174986
216146
261372
325069
382601
434862
490 791
602023
755 729
927981
1086127
1257340
1442 028
1652 478
2044 380
2540 350
3 012 700
6
Mpl.z
[N.m]
6684
9546
152585
164180
170250
176404
187932
201289
225 050
238 701
9668
13 830
19 939
27644
36 776
47897
63 590
82 648
101090
121 761
150674
166 789
177648
188535
205123
226900
248 750
260122
271579
283125
295 334
308 381
332402
345382
7
Nlimit
for -My
[kN]
54
63
*
*
**
**
*
*
*
*
**
621
738
835
937
1045
1284
1482
1658
62
72
89
117
130
163
187
226
256
287
335
369
405
444
528
611
700
796
898
1006
1 157
1384
1651
1890
8
(Nfimit /NpiRd)
for -My
0,147
0,144
0,193
0,206
0,217
0,227
0,233
0,250
0,250
0,250
0,123
0,121
0,121
0,129
0,122
0,128
0,124
0,125
0,126
0,126
0,127
0,126
0,129
0,132
0,141
0,146
0,151
0,160
0,169
0,177
0,189
0,206
0,219
0,232
575
1
Designation
HE100AA
HE120AA
HE 140 AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE200A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE400A
HE 450 A
HE500A
HE550A
HE600A
HE650A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
2
Np,
[kN]
367
436
541
713
858
1037
1209
1419
1621
1834
2 089
2223
2 362
2505
2 766
2986
3 217
3 592
3 855
++
++
++
++
++
499
595
738
911
1053
1265
1512
1806
2040
2 286
2644
2 923
3137
3355
3 736
4184
4 642
4976
5322
5 678
6121
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
[kN]
83
94
107
141
165
210
239
292
336
373
439
480
525
572
651
742
840
986
1 103
1226
1361
1680
1998
2336
103
115
137
179
196
245
280
342
390
431
506
558
610
664
778
893
1014
1 136
1265
1400
1587
1884
2 216
2504
4
Vp..y
[kN]
158
188
237
316
380
452
527
610
697
789
890
933
977
1021
1 105
1 149
1 193
1281
1325
1369
1454
1549
1720
1809
229
272
336
408
481
564
680
811
914
1022
1 181
1306
1390
1475
1603
1770
1936
2021
2106
2191
2280
2 371
2 542
2 628
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
13 714
19 768
605414
734986
851419
977 566
1 137431
1462 828
1879 720
2 297 531
19 508
28 080
40 771
57610
76 340
100929
133587
174986
216146
261372
325069
382601
434862
490 791
602023
755 729
927981
1086127
1257340
1442 028
1652 478
2044 380
2540 350
3 012 700
6
Mpl.z
[N.m]
6684
9546
152585
164180
170250
176404
187932
201289
225 050
238 701
9668
13 830
19 939
27644
36 776
47897
63 590
82 648
101090
121 761
150674
166 789
177648
188535
205123
226900
248 750
260122
271579
283125
295 334
308 381
332402
345382
7
Nlimit
for -My
[kN]
54
63
*
*
**
**
*
*
*
*
**
621
738
835
937
1045
1284
1482
1658
62
72
89
117
130
163
187
226
256
287
335
369
405
444
528
611
700
796
898
1006
1 157
1384
1651
1890
8
(Nfimit /NpiRd)
for -My
0,147
0,144
0,193
0,206
0,217
0,227
0,233
0,250
0,250
0,250
0,123
0,121
0,121
0,129
0,122
0,128
0,124
0,125
0,126
0,126
0,127
0,126
0,129
0,132
0,141
0,146
0,151
0,160
0,169
0,177
0,189
0,206
0,219
0,232
575
Note: all values of Njj and Mj>j y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
HE100AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE300A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE450A
HE500A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
10 11
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
55
65
tttt
*
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
tt
**
**
**
482
539
578
620
673
770
889
995
75
89
111
137
160
190
227
271
306
343
397
438
470
503
560
628
696
746
798
852
918
1008
1 130
1223
Mfg.y
[N.m]
13 671
19 635
tt
**
**
**
*
tt*
**
*tt
tt*
605 414
734 986
851 419
977566
1 137431
1 462 828
1879 720
2 297531
18 914
27157
39 436
56194
73 915
98 435
129605
170021
210129
254126
316417
372 141
424444
480 749
596034
752 297
927981
1086 127
1257340
1442 028
1652 478
2044 380
2540 350
3 012 700
12 i 13
Nsd/NpI.Rd=0,2
Nsd
[kN]
73
87
tttt
*
*
**
tt*
*
**
**
*
**
**
**
643
718
771
826
897
1027
1 185
1326
100
119
148
182
213
253
302
361
408
457
529
585
627
671
747
837
928
995
1064
1 136
1224
1343
1506
1630
MN.y
[N.m]
12 867
18480
'
ka
'*
k.
k*
'*
k.
k
k
k.
"
k.
'*
'*
600 279
734986
851 419
977566
1 137 431
1462 828
1879 720
2 297 531
17801
25 559
37116
52 889
69 567
92 645
121 981
160019
197768
239177
297804
350 250
399477
452469
560973
708044
874114
1034 393
1 210 163
1 402 074
1630 131
2044 380
2540 350
3 012 700
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[KN]
92
109
**
*
**
**
**
tt
tt*
*
*
*
804
898
964
1033
1 122
1284
1482
1658
125
149
185
228
266
316
378
451
510
571
661
731
784
839
934
1046
1 161
1244
1330
1420
1530
1679
1883
2 038
MN.y
[N.m]
12 063
17325
**
*.
*.
**
*
*
**
*
tt
**
562762
693 881
815081
948352
1 112072
1 462 828
**
**
16 688
23 962
34 796
49 583
65 219
86 855
114357
150018
185408
224229
279 191
328360
374510
424190
525912
663 791
819481
969 743
1 134 528
1314 444
1 528 247
1931368
*
*
16 | 17
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
110
131
tt*
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
965
1078
1 157
1239
1346
1540
tttt
**
150
179
221
273
319
380
454
542
612
686
793
877
941
1006
1 121
1255
1393
1493
1597
1704
1836
2 015
tt
tt
MN.y
[N.m]
11259
16170
tt
*
'*
*
t
*
>*
k.
k
tt*
*
525 244
647622
760 742
885129
tttt
tt
**
15 576
22364
32 477
46 278
60 871
81064
106 733
140017
173047
209 280
260 579
306469
349542
395911
490 851
619 539
764 849
905094
1058 893
*
..
*
*
18 I 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd
[kN]
128
153
**
*
**
tt
*
*
tt
**
tt
*
1 126
1257
1349
1446
tt
**
175
208
258
319
372
443
529
632
714
800
926
1023
1098
1 174
1308
1464
1625
1 742
1863
*
*
**
Nky
[N.m]
10 455
15 015
**
.*
*
*
**
*
tttt
487727
tt
**
*
*
*
*
14 463
20 767
30157
42 972
56 523
75 274
99110
130016
160687
194 332
241966
284 578
324575
367631
455 790
575 286
710 217
840444
983 257
*
.
*
..
576
Note: all values of Njj and Mj>j y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
HE100AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE300A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE450A
HE500A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
10 11
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
55
65
tttt
*
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
tt
**
**
**
482
539
578
620
673
770
889
995
75
89
111
137
160
190
227
271
306
343
397
438
470
503
560
628
696
746
798
852
918
1008
1 130
1223
Mfg.y
[N.m]
13 671
19 635
tt
**
**
**
*
tt*
**
*tt
tt*
605 414
734 986
851 419
977566
1 137431
1 462 828
1879 720
2 297531
18 914
27157
39 436
56194
73 915
98 435
129605
170021
210129
254126
316417
372 141
424444
480 749
596034
752 297
927981
1086 127
1257340
1442 028
1652 478
2044 380
2540 350
3 012 700
12 i 13
Nsd/NpI.Rd=0,2
Nsd
[kN]
73
87
tttt
*
*
**
tt*
*
**
**
*
**
**
**
643
718
771
826
897
1027
1 185
1326
100
119
148
182
213
253
302
361
408
457
529
585
627
671
747
837
928
995
1064
1 136
1224
1343
1506
1630
MN.y
[N.m]
12 867
18480
'
ka
'*
k.
k*
'*
k.
k
k
k.
"
k.
'*
'*
600 279
734986
851 419
977566
1 137 431
1462 828
1879 720
2 297 531
17801
25 559
37116
52 889
69 567
92 645
121 981
160019
197768
239177
297804
350 250
399477
452469
560973
708044
874114
1034 393
1 210 163
1 402 074
1630 131
2044 380
2540 350
3 012 700
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[KN]
92
109
**
*
**
**
**
tt
tt*
*
*
*
804
898
964
1033
1 122
1284
1482
1658
125
149
185
228
266
316
378
451
510
571
661
731
784
839
934
1046
1 161
1244
1330
1420
1530
1679
1883
2 038
MN.y
[N.m]
12 063
17325
**
*.
*.
**
*
*
**
*
tt
**
562762
693 881
815081
948352
1 112072
1 462 828
**
**
16 688
23 962
34 796
49 583
65 219
86 855
114357
150018
185408
224229
279 191
328360
374510
424190
525912
663 791
819481
969 743
1 134 528
1314 444
1 528 247
1931368
*
*
16 | 17
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
110
131
tt*
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
965
1078
1 157
1239
1346
1540
tttt
**
150
179
221
273
319
380
454
542
612
686
793
877
941
1006
1 121
1255
1393
1493
1597
1704
1836
2 015
tt
tt
MN.y
[N.m]
11259
16170
tt
*
'*
*
t
*
>*
k.
k
tt*
*
525 244
647622
760 742
885129
tttt
tt
**
15 576
22364
32 477
46 278
60 871
81064
106 733
140017
173047
209 280
260 579
306469
349542
395911
490 851
619 539
764 849
905094
1058 893
*
..
*
*
18 I 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd
[kN]
128
153
**
*
**
tt
*
*
tt
**
tt
*
1 126
1257
1349
1446
tt
**
175
208
258
319
372
443
529
632
714
800
926
1023
1098
1 174
1308
1464
1625
1 742
1863
*
*
**
Nky
[N.m]
10 455
15 015
**
.*
*
*
**
*
tttt
487727
tt
**
*
*
*
*
14 463
20 767
30157
42 972
56 523
75 274
99110
130016
160687
194 332
241966
284 578
324575
367631
455 790
575 286
710 217
840444
983 257
*
.
*
..
576
Note; aU values of columns 2 to 7 must be divided by
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE600M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 Ml
HE 1000 M
2
Np,
[kN]
612
799
1009
1275
1533
1835
2139
2 491
2 783
3 087
3503
3 792
4 016
4 245
4648
5 122
5608
5 970
6344
6 729
7200
7853
8 725
++
1251
1561
1893
2 281
2 661
3 085
3 512
4 690
5162
5644
7122
7333
7422
7492
7 656
7883
8 091
8 328
8546
8 783
9 001
9500
9 955
10 439
3
Vplz
[kN]
123
149
177
239
275
337
379
451
510
558
643
702
761
822
949
1081
1219
1358
1503
1656
1860
2195
2 561
2883
245
287
332
418
|_ 470
557
615
815
908
977
1228
1287
1338
1389
1495
1626
1757
1894
2 031
2167
2304
2636
2909
3188
4
Vpl,
[kN]
286
375
474
589
711
847
991
1 149
1281
1417
1603
1729
1814
1899
2 028
2194
2 361
2446
2 532
2 617
2 706
2799
2971
3 057
614
760
916
1091
1269
1465
1665
2 249
2466
2686
3 417
3 491
3 491
3480
3 469
3469
3458
3458
3 447
3 447
3436
3434
3 423
3 423
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
24 490
38 825
57675
83182
113140
150999
194356
247489
301484
360592
439138
505071
565905
630502
759458
935857
1 131 423
1 313 792
1509 907
1 720 172
1 956 876
2 404 050
2 956 300
3492100
55 416
82 394
116049
158523
207610
266760
333570
497482
593049
696 924
958 253
1 042 231
1 108 629
1 172 489
1309 095
1487 789
1667154
1864180
2061440
2 269 385
2476 900
2 935150
3393 400
3 893 950
6
MpU
[N.m]
12084
19028
28149
39 941
54 288
71866
92 562
117128
141528
168629
204483
220688
231644
242635
259448
281449
303 537
315168
326899
338 732
351335
364986
389 710
403323
27334
40 333
56 520
76 483
99 919
127656
159460
236 394
280229
328 219
449597
458420
458887
456453
454521
455 713
454024
455 267
453639
454883
453 264
453642
453 286
455825
7
Nlimit
for - My
[kN]
71
89
110
149
175
212
243
287
322
359
412
451
492
536
632
728
830
941
1057
1 179
1344
1600
1895
2163
127
158
192
243
282
332
375
480
534
588
720
762
806
851
942
1056
1 169
1288
1406
1524
1643
1902
2139
2 381
8
{Nfimit /NpLRd)
for -My
0,116
0,112
0,109
0,117
0,114
0,116
0,113
0,115
0,116
0,116
0,118
0,119
0.123
0,126
0,136
0,142
0,148
0.158
0,167
0,175
0.187
0,204
0,217
0,230
0,102
0,102
0.101
0,107
0,106
0,108
0,107
0.102
0.103
0.104
0,101
0,104
0,109
0,114
0,123
0,134
0.144
0,155
0,165
0.174
0,183
0,200
0,215
0.228
577
Note; aU values of columns 2 to 7 must be divided by
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE600M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 Ml
HE 1000 M
2
Np,
[kN]
612
799
1009
1275
1533
1835
2139
2 491
2 783
3 087
3503
3 792
4 016
4 245
4648
5 122
5608
5 970
6344
6 729
7200
7853
8 725
++
1251
1561
1893
2 281
2 661
3 085
3 512
4 690
5162
5644
7122
7333
7422
7492
7 656
7883
8 091
8 328
8546
8 783
9 001
9500
9 955
10 439
3
Vplz
[kN]
123
149
177
239
275
337
379
451
510
558
643
702
761
822
949
1081
1219
1358
1503
1656
1860
2195
2 561
2883
245
287
332
418
|_ 470
557
615
815
908
977
1228
1287
1338
1389
1495
1626
1757
1894
2 031
2167
2304
2636
2909
3188
4
Vpl,
[kN]
286
375
474
589
711
847
991
1 149
1281
1417
1603
1729
1814
1899
2 028
2194
2 361
2446
2 532
2 617
2 706
2799
2971
3 057
614
760
916
1091
1269
1465
1665
2 249
2466
2686
3 417
3 491
3 491
3480
3 469
3469
3458
3458
3 447
3 447
3436
3434
3 423
3 423
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
24 490
38 825
57675
83182
113140
150999
194356
247489
301484
360592
439138
505071
565905
630502
759458
935857
1 131 423
1 313 792
1509 907
1 720 172
1 956 876
2 404 050
2 956 300
3492100
55 416
82 394
116049
158523
207610
266760
333570
497482
593049
696 924
958 253
1 042 231
1 108 629
1 172 489
1309 095
1487 789
1667154
1864180
2061440
2 269 385
2476 900
2 935150
3393 400
3 893 950
6
MpU
[N.m]
12084
19028
28149
39 941
54 288
71866
92 562
117128
141528
168629
204483
220688
231644
242635
259448
281449
303 537
315168
326899
338 732
351335
364986
389 710
403323
27334
40 333
56 520
76 483
99 919
127656
159460
236 394
280229
328 219
449597
458420
458887
456453
454521
455 713
454024
455 267
453639
454883
453 264
453642
453 286
455825
7
Nlimit
for - My
[kN]
71
89
110
149
175
212
243
287
322
359
412
451
492
536
632
728
830
941
1057
1 179
1344
1600
1895
2163
127
158
192
243
282
332
375
480
534
588
720
762
806
851
942
1056
1 169
1288
1406
1524
1643
1902
2139
2 381
8
{Nfimit /NpLRd)
for -My
0,116
0,112
0,109
0,117
0,114
0,116
0,113
0,115
0,116
0,116
0,118
0,119
0.123
0,126
0,136
0,142
0,148
0.158
0,167
0,175
0.187
0,204
0,217
0,230
0,102
0,102
0.101
0,107
0,106
0,108
0,107
0.102
0.103
0.104
0,101
0,104
0,109
0,114
0,123
0,134
0.144
0,155
0,165
0.174
0,183
0,200
0,215
0.228
577
Note: all values of Ns< and Mjj.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE600B
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE220M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
10 11
Nsd/Npuw-0,15
Nsd
[kN]
92
120
151
191
230
275
321
374
418
463
525
569
602
637
697
768
841
896
952
1009
1080
1 178
1309
1410
188
234
284
342
399
463
527
704
774
847
1068
1 100
1 113
1 124
1 148
1 182
1214
1249
1282
1317
1350
1425
1493
1566
M[M.y
[N.m]
23 546
37156
55 015
80 037
108519
145156
186325
237713
289841
346854
423038
487202
548 221
613409
747114
927309
1 128 770
1 313 792
1509 907
1 720 172
1 956 876
2404050
2956 300
3 492100
52441
77950
109 757
150822
197355
254117
317438
471088
562 257
661344
906117
988621
1057196
1 124 291
1268 873
1460 151
1656 424
1864180
2 061440
2269 385
2 476 900
2935150
3393 400
3 893 950
12 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
122
160
202
255
307
367
428
498
557
617
701
758
803
849
930
1024
1 122
1 194
1269
1346
1440
1571
1 745
1880
250
312
379
456
532
617
702
938
1032
1 129
1424
1467
1484
1498
1531
1577
1618
1666
1709
1757
1 800
1900
1991
2088
MN.y
[N.m]
22161
34 971
51779
75329
102135
136 617
175365
223 730
272 791
326 451
398153
458 543
515 972
577326
703166
872762
1062 372
1247604
1449 420
1668 467
1 924 783
2404050
2956 300
3 492100
49 356
73 365
103 301
141950
185 746
239169
298765
443377
529183
622442
852816
930467
995008
1058156
1 194 234
1374 260
1558 987
1764 082
1973 897
2196 803
2423 941
2935150
3 393 400
3 893 950
14
Nsd/N
Nsd
[kN]
153
200
252
319
383
459
535
623
696
772
876
948
1004
1061
1 162
1281
1402
1493
1586
1682
1800
1963
2181
2350
313
390
473
570
665
771
878
1 173
1290
1411
1781
1833
1855
1873
1914
1971
2 023
2082
2136
2196
2 250
2 375
2489
2 610
15
?l.Rd=0,25
MN.y
[N.m]
20 776
32 785
48 543
70 621
95 752
128078
164 404
209747
255742
306 048
373 268
429884
483 724
541243
659 218
818 214
995 973
1 169 629
1358 831
1564188
1804 484
2264 407
2 832 397
3 401532
46 271
68 779
96 844
133078
174 137
224 221
280092
415 666
496109
583539
799 515
872313
932 820
992021
1 119 594
1288 369
1461550
1653 827
1850 528
2059 503
2 272 444
2 752 381
3 241 452
3 783 247
16
Nsd/N
Nsd
[kN]
184
240
303
382
460
550
642
747
835
926
1051
1 137
1205
1273
1394
1537
1682
1791
1903
2 019
2160
2356
2 617
2 820
375
468
568
684
798
926
1054
1407
1548
1693
2137
2200
2 227
2 248
2 297
2365
2 427
2498
2564
2635
2 700
2850
2 987
3132
17
lpl.Rd=0t3
MN.y
[N.m]
19391
30 599
45 307
65 913
89 368
119 540
153444
195 763
238 692
285 645
348384
401225
451476
505160
615 270
763 667
929 575
1091 654
1268 242
1459 909
1684185
2113 447
2 643 570
**
43187
64194
90 388
124 206
162528
209 273
261419
387955
463035
544636
746 214
814159
870632
925 886
1044 955
1202 477
1364114
1543 571
1 727 160
1922 203
2 120 948
2568 889
3 025 355
3 531030
18 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0I35
Nsd
[kN]
214
280
353
446
537
642
749
872
974
1080
1226
1327
1406
1486
1627
1793
1963
2090
2 220
2 355
2 520
2 749
3 054
438
546
663
798
931
1080
1229
1642
1807
1975
2 493
2 567
2598
2 622
2680
2 759
2832
2 915
2 991
3 074
3 150
3 325
3484
3654
MN.y
[N.m]
18 006
28 414
42 070
61205
82 985
111001
142484
181780
221643
265 241
323499
372566
419 228
469077
571322
709119
863177
1 013 678
1 177654
1355 630
1563 886
tttt
40 102
59 609
83 932
115 335
150919
194325
242746
360244
429961
505 734
692913
756 004
808444
859 752
970315
1 116 586
1266 677
1433316
1603 791
1784902
1969 452
2 385 397
2 809 258
**
578
Note: all values of Ns< and Mjj.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE600B
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE220M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
10 11
Nsd/Npuw-0,15
Nsd
[kN]
92
120
151
191
230
275
321
374
418
463
525
569
602
637
697
768
841
896
952
1009
1080
1 178
1309
1410
188
234
284
342
399
463
527
704
774
847
1068
1 100
1 113
1 124
1 148
1 182
1214
1249
1282
1317
1350
1425
1493
1566
M[M.y
[N.m]
23 546
37156
55 015
80 037
108519
145156
186325
237713
289841
346854
423038
487202
548 221
613409
747114
927309
1 128 770
1 313 792
1509 907
1 720 172
1 956 876
2404050
2956 300
3 492100
52441
77950
109 757
150822
197355
254117
317438
471088
562 257
661344
906117
988621
1057196
1 124 291
1268 873
1460 151
1656 424
1864180
2 061440
2269 385
2 476 900
2935150
3393 400
3 893 950
12 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
122
160
202
255
307
367
428
498
557
617
701
758
803
849
930
1024
1 122
1 194
1269
1346
1440
1571
1 745
1880
250
312
379
456
532
617
702
938
1032
1 129
1424
1467
1484
1498
1531
1577
1618
1666
1709
1757
1 800
1900
1991
2088
MN.y
[N.m]
22161
34 971
51779
75329
102135
136 617
175365
223 730
272 791
326 451
398153
458 543
515 972
577326
703166
872762
1062 372
1247604
1449 420
1668 467
1 924 783
2404050
2956 300
3 492100
49 356
73 365
103 301
141950
185 746
239169
298765
443377
529183
622442
852816
930467
995008
1058156
1 194 234
1374 260
1558 987
1764 082
1973 897
2196 803
2423 941
2935150
3 393 400
3 893 950
14
Nsd/N
Nsd
[kN]
153
200
252
319
383
459
535
623
696
772
876
948
1004
1061
1 162
1281
1402
1493
1586
1682
1800
1963
2181
2350
313
390
473
570
665
771
878
1 173
1290
1411
1781
1833
1855
1873
1914
1971
2 023
2082
2136
2196
2 250
2 375
2489
2 610
15
?l.Rd=0,25
MN.y
[N.m]
20 776
32 785
48 543
70 621
95 752
128078
164 404
209747
255742
306 048
373 268
429884
483 724
541243
659 218
818 214
995 973
1 169 629
1358 831
1564188
1804 484
2264 407
2 832 397
3 401532
46 271
68 779
96 844
133078
174 137
224 221
280092
415 666
496109
583539
799 515
872313
932 820
992021
1 119 594
1288 369
1461550
1653 827
1850 528
2059 503
2 272 444
2 752 381
3 241 452
3 783 247
16
Nsd/N
Nsd
[kN]
184
240
303
382
460
550
642
747
835
926
1051
1 137
1205
1273
1394
1537
1682
1791
1903
2 019
2160
2356
2 617
2 820
375
468
568
684
798
926
1054
1407
1548
1693
2137
2200
2 227
2 248
2 297
2365
2 427
2498
2564
2635
2 700
2850
2 987
3132
17
lpl.Rd=0t3
MN.y
[N.m]
19391
30 599
45 307
65 913
89 368
119 540
153444
195 763
238 692
285 645
348384
401225
451476
505160
615 270
763 667
929 575
1091 654
1268 242
1459 909
1684185
2113 447
2 643 570
**
43187
64194
90 388
124 206
162528
209 273
261419
387955
463035
544636
746 214
814159
870632
925 886
1044 955
1202 477
1364114
1543 571
1 727 160
1922 203
2 120 948
2568 889
3 025 355
3 531030
18 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0I35
Nsd
[kN]
214
280
353
446
537
642
749
872
974
1080
1226
1327
1406
1486
1627
1793
1963
2090
2 220
2 355
2 520
2 749
3 054
438
546
663
798
931
1080
1229
1642
1807
1975
2 493
2 567
2598
2 622
2680
2 759
2832
2 915
2 991
3 074
3 150
3 325
3484
3654
MN.y
[N.m]
18 006
28 414
42 070
61205
82 985
111001
142484
181780
221643
265 241
323499
372566
419 228
469077
571322
709119
863177
1 013 678
1 177654
1355 630
1563 886
tttt
40 102
59 609
83 932
115 335
150919
194325
242746
360244
429961
505 734
692913
756 004
808444
859 752
970315
1 116 586
1266 677
1433316
1603 791
1784902
1969 452
2 385 397
2 809 258
**
578
Note: all values of columns 2 to 7 must be divided by Ym0
1
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203x133x25
UB 203x133x30
UB 254 x 102x22
UB 254 102x25
UB 254x102x28
UB 254 x 146 31
UB 254 X 146 X 37
UB 254 146 43
UB 305 X 165 40
UB 305x165x46
UB 305x165x54
UB 356x171 x45
UB 356x171 51
UB 356x171 x57
UB 356x171x67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178x67
UB 406x178x74
UB 457 152 52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457 152 67
UB 457 152 74
UB 457 152 82
UB 457 191 67
UB 457 191 74
UB 457 191 82
UB 457 191 89
UB 457x191 98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533 210 92
UB 533 210 101
UB 533 210 109
UB 533 210 122
UB 610 229 101
UB 610 229 113
UB610x229x125
UB 610 229 140
UB 610 305 149
UB 610 305 179
UB 610 305 238
UB 686 254 125
UB 686 254 140
UB 686 254 152
UB 686 254 170
UB 762 267 147
UB 762 267 173
UB 762 267 197
UB 838 292 176
UB 838 292 194
UB 838 X 292 226
UB 914 305 201
UB 914 305 224
UB 914 305 253
UB 914 305 289
UB 914 419 343
UB 914 419 388
2
,
[kN]
570
691
751
898
658
753
848
932
1 108
1 287
++
1381
1 616
++
++
1705
2009
++
++
2 010
2 221
++
++
++
++
2 457
++
++
2 455
2 673
2944
++
++
++
3263
3 652
++
++
++
4 188
++
5360
7128
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
10 277
11614
3
Vp,z
[kN]
134
168
174
198
212
227
241
222
239
274
273
306
360
363
389
427
485
452
469
523
568
495
534
595
639
701
556
593
653
696
759
735
782
840
903
994
907
967
1043
1 153
1069
1279
1681
1 144
1223
1307
1441
1389
1565
1721
1678
1775
1967
1956
2 079
2 277
2 575
2 593
2 875
4
Vp..y
[kN]
225
266
292
361
198
243
289
352
445
522
469
545
638
467
553
628
762
544
637
716
805
469
572
649
738
826
676
773
858
951
1059
777
917
1026
1 114
1269
947
1 107
1258
1426
1675
2 025
2 740
1 155
1354
1501
1704
1310
1623
1915
1549
1787
2 211
1733
2048
2398
2 774
3 748
4308
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
40 245
55 006
60 567
73 876
60 868
71799
82 910
92 370
113559
133087
146423
169 211
198828
182036
210561
237383
284552
247840
281875
316316
352689
257570
302509
341472
382248
425701
345 691
388391
430352
473206
524 616
483775
554620
613823
664680
750964
677065
770990
863831
973388
1079 488
1303 627
1759 258
938 623
1 071 154
1 175 107
1323 230
1 211548
1456 454
1684147
1599 811
1 795 427
2 151 381
1962 541
2 240 611
2 570900
2953950
3637800
4152 450
6
Mpi.z
[N.m]
9 774
11692
16 672
20 733
8 760
10 812
12 890
22119
28 053
33 153
33 307
38 900
45 973
34 443
40 937
46 707
57098
41898
49126
55 589
62 741
31326
38 317
43 870
50 085
56 490
55 767
63 944
71416
79 518
89 042
70 586
83 562
93 870
102409
117432
94 058
110 277
125825
143690
220 261
268805
369876
127463
149970
166894
190686
152093
189 758
225 269
197844
228844
284 727
230 765
273409
322078
376 296
679048
785110
7
Nlimit
for - My
[kN]
97
123
131
147
165
175
184
171
179
204
208
231
271
284
299
326
365
355
364
404
436
392
418
463
493
539
438
463
508
539
584
582
612
653
700
765
723
764
817
898
822
977
1266
911
964
1024
1 123
1 100
1236
1345
1316
1409
1540
1504
1648
1790
2013
1991
2190
8
{Nfimit /Np|.Rd)
for N-My
0.170
0,178
0.175
0,164
0,250
0,233
0.217
0,183
0,162
0,158
0,172
0,167
0,167
0,210
0,196
0,191
0,182
0.219
0.202
0.201
0,196
0,250
0,233
0,230
0,222
0,219
0,218
0,208
0,207
0,201
0,198
0.237
0,222
0,216
0,215
0.210
0.239
0,226
0,218
0,215
0,184
0,182
0,178
0,243
0.230
0,225
0,220
0,250
0.239
0,228
0.250
0,243
0,227
0,250
0,246
0,236
0,233
0.194
0.189
579
1
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203x133x25
UB 203x133x30
UB 254 x 102x22
UB 254 102x25
UB 254x102x28
UB 254 x 146 31
UB 254 X 146 X 37
UB 254 146 43
UB 305 X 165 40
UB 305x165x46
UB 305x165x54
UB 356x171 x45
UB 356x171 51
UB 356x171 x57
UB 356x171x67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178x67
UB 406x178x74
UB 457 152 52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457 152 67
UB 457 152 74
UB 457 152 82
UB 457 191 67
UB 457 191 74
UB 457 191 82
UB 457 191 89
UB 457x191 98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533 210 92
UB 533 210 101
UB 533 210 109
UB 533 210 122
UB 610 229 101
UB 610 229 113
UB610x229x125
UB 610 229 140
UB 610 305 149
UB 610 305 179
UB 610 305 238
UB 686 254 125
UB 686 254 140
UB 686 254 152
UB 686 254 170
UB 762 267 147
UB 762 267 173
UB 762 267 197
UB 838 292 176
UB 838 292 194
UB 838 X 292 226
UB 914 305 201
UB 914 305 224
UB 914 305 253
UB 914 305 289
UB 914 419 343
UB 914 419 388
2
,
[kN]
570
691
751
898
658
753
848
932
1 108
1 287
++
1381
1 616
++
++
1705
2009
++
++
2 010
2 221
++
++
++
++
2 457
++
++
2 455
2 673
2944
++
++
++
3263
3 652
++
++
++
4 188
++
5360
7128
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
10 277
11614
3
Vp,z
[kN]
134
168
174
198
212
227
241
222
239
274
273
306
360
363
389
427
485
452
469
523
568
495
534
595
639
701
556
593
653
696
759
735
782
840
903
994
907
967
1043
1 153
1069
1279
1681
1 144
1223
1307
1441
1389
1565
1721
1678
1775
1967
1956
2 079
2 277
2 575
2 593
2 875
4
Vp..y
[kN]
225
266
292
361
198
243
289
352
445
522
469
545
638
467
553
628
762
544
637
716
805
469
572
649
738
826
676
773
858
951
1059
777
917
1026
1 114
1269
947
1 107
1258
1426
1675
2 025
2 740
1 155
1354
1501
1704
1310
1623
1915
1549
1787
2 211
1733
2048
2398
2 774
3 748
4308
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
40 245
55 006
60 567
73 876
60 868
71799
82 910
92 370
113559
133087
146423
169 211
198828
182036
210561
237383
284552
247840
281875
316316
352689
257570
302509
341472
382248
425701
345 691
388391
430352
473206
524 616
483775
554620
613823
664680
750964
677065
770990
863831
973388
1079 488
1303 627
1759 258
938 623
1 071 154
1 175 107
1323 230
1 211548
1456 454
1684147
1599 811
1 795 427
2 151 381
1962 541
2 240 611
2 570900
2953950
3637800
4152 450
6
Mpi.z
[N.m]
9 774
11692
16 672
20 733
8 760
10 812
12 890
22119
28 053
33 153
33 307
38 900
45 973
34 443
40 937
46 707
57098
41898
49126
55 589
62 741
31326
38 317
43 870
50 085
56 490
55 767
63 944
71416
79 518
89 042
70 586
83 562
93 870
102409
117432
94 058
110 277
125825
143690
220 261
268805
369876
127463
149970
166894
190686
152093
189 758
225 269
197844
228844
284 727
230 765
273409
322078
376 296
679048
785110
7
Nlimit
for - My
[kN]
97
123
131
147
165
175
184
171
179
204
208
231
271
284
299
326
365
355
364
404
436
392
418
463
493
539
438
463
508
539
584
582
612
653
700
765
723
764
817
898
822
977
1266
911
964
1024
1 123
1 100
1236
1345
1316
1409
1540
1504
1648
1790
2013
1991
2190
8
{Nfimit /Np|.Rd)
for N-My
0.170
0,178
0.175
0,164
0,250
0,233
0.217
0,183
0,162
0,158
0,172
0,167
0,167
0,210
0,196
0,191
0,182
0.219
0.202
0.201
0,196
0,250
0,233
0,230
0,222
0,219
0,218
0,208
0,207
0,201
0,198
0.237
0,222
0,216
0,215
0.210
0.239
0,226
0,218
0,215
0,184
0,182
0,178
0,243
0.230
0,225
0,220
0,250
0.239
0,228
0.250
0,243
0,227
0,250
0,246
0,236
0,233
0.194
0.189
579
Note: all values of Njj and Mjq.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203x133x25
UB 203x133x30
UB254X 102x22
UB 254 102 25
UB 254 102 28
UB 254 146 31
UB 254x146x37
UB 254 146 43
UB 305x165x40
UB 305x165x46
UB 305x165x54
UB 356x171x45
UB 356 171 51
UB 356 171 57
UB 356 171 67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406 178x67
UB 406 178 74
UB 457 152 52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457 152x67
UB 457 152x74
UB 457 152 82
UB 457 191 67
UB457x191x74
UB457x191x82
UB457x191x89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533 210 82
UB 533 210 92
UB 533 210 101
UB 533 210 109
UB 533 210 122
UB 610 229 101
UB 610 229 113
UB 610 229 125
UB 610 229 140
UB 610 305 149
UB 610 305 179
UB 610 305 238
UB 686 254 125
UB 686x254x140
UB 686 254 152
UB 686 254 170
UB 762 267 147
UB 762 267 173
UB 762 267 197
UB 838 292 176
UB 838 292 194
UB 838 292 226
UB 914 305 201
UB 914 305 224
UB 914 305 253
UB 914 305 289
UB 914 419 343
UB 914 419 388
10 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0.15
Nsd
[kN]
86
104
113
135
99
113
127
140
166
193
181
207
242
202
229
256
301
243
270
302
333
235
269
302
333
368
301
334
368
401
442
369
414
454
490
548
454
507
562
628
670
804
1069
562
629
684
764
660
777
884
790
870
1017
902
1 007
1 138
1298
1541
1 742
MN.y
[N.m]
40 245
55 006
60 567
73 876
60 868
71799
82910
92 370
113559
133087
146 423
169 211
198 828
182036
210 561
237383
284 552
247840
281 875
316316
352689
257570
302509
341472
382248
425 701
345 691
388391
430 352
473 206
524 616
483 775
554620
613 823
664 680
750964
677065
770990
863831
973388
1079 488
1303 627
1 759 258
938 623
1 071 154
1 175 107
1323 230
1211548
1456 454
1684147
1599 811
1 795 427
2 151 381
1962541
2240 611
2 570 900
2 953 950
3 637 800
4 152 450
12 | 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
[kN]
114
138
150
180
132
151
170
186
222
257
241
276
323
269
305
341
402
324
360
402
444
313
358
402
444
491
402
445
491
535
589
492
552
605
653
730
606
677
749
838
893
1072
1426
750
839
912
1019
880
1036
1 178
1053
1 160
1356
1203
1343
1517
1731
2 055
2 323
MN.y
[N.m]
38 813
53 532
58 731
70 660
60 868
71799
82 910
90 485
108367
126518
141 481
162 540
191065
182036
209549
234 879
278 264
247840
281 875
316316
350984
257570
302509
341472
382 248
425 701
345691
388391
430352
473 206
523519
483 775
554620
613823
664680
750964
677065
770990
863831
973388
1 058 375
1 275 311
1711433
938623
1 071 154
1 175 107
1323 230
1211548
1456454
1684147
1599 811
1795 427
2 151 381
1962 541
2 240 611
2 570 900
2953950
3 609 629
4 094 082
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
143
173
188
224
165
188
212
233
277
322
302
345
404
337
381
426
502
405
450
503
555
392
448
503
555
614
502
556
614
668
736
615
690
756
816
913
757
846
936
1047
1 116
1340
1782
937
1048
1 140
1274
1 100
1295
1473
1316
1450
1695
1504
1678
1897
2164
2 569
2904
MN.y
[N.m]
36 387
50186
55 061
66 244
60 868
70193
79 390
84 829
101594
118610
**
152381
179 124
172926
196452
220199
260873
238032
265056
296953
329048
**
**
332 751
368 574
408 919
**
367911
407041
444429
490 799
**
534 544
587216
634732
712 534
tt*
tt
828 814
929401
tttt
1 195 604
1 604 468
*
"*
1 136 648
1272 997
1434 623
1637028
**
**
2 087 734
**
**
2 523 715
2 887079
3 384 027
3838 202
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
171
207
225
269
198
226
254
280
333
386
*
414
485
404
458
512
603
486
539
603
666
**
* '
603
666
737
**
667
737
802
883
**
828
907
979
1096
1 123
1256
**
1608
2138
1368
1529
1554
1767
**
aa
2034
*
2 276
2596
3083
3484
MN.y
[N.m]
33 961
46 841
51390
61828
56 811
65 513
74 097
79174
94 821
110 703
*
*
167 182
*
205 519
243481
**
**
277156
307111
**
*
310 568
344 003
381658
**
**
379 904
414 800
458 079
a.
a.
**
592417
665 032
*
*
867441
**
1 115 897
1497 504
**
.
*
1 188 130
*
**
1 527 893
*
*
**
.
**
..
2 694 607
3 158 425
3 582 322
18 | 19
Nsd/Np,.nd=0,35
Nsd
[kN]
200
242
263
314
230
264
297
326
388
451
**
*
566
**
**
597
703
**
**
704
777
**
aa
704
777
860
*
859
936
1030
**
**
1 142
1 278
1466
"
1876
2 495
*
"
**
1783
.a
**
2 062
..
"
**
"*
**
.
3 029
3 597
4 065
MN.y
[N.m]
31535
43 495
47 719
57 412
52 753
60 834
68 805
73 519
88 048
102796
**
a.
155241
a.
*
**
226090
*
~
285 175
*
.
'
**
354397
**
*
385172
425359
*
**
*
*
617530
**
*
*
*
-*
1390 539
**
a
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
"
*
2 502135
3 326 442
580
Note: all values of Njj and Mjq.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203x133x25
UB 203x133x30
UB254X 102x22
UB 254 102 25
UB 254 102 28
UB 254 146 31
UB 254x146x37
UB 254 146 43
UB 305x165x40
UB 305x165x46
UB 305x165x54
UB 356x171x45
UB 356 171 51
UB 356 171 57
UB 356 171 67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406 178x67
UB 406 178 74
UB 457 152 52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457 152x67
UB 457 152x74
UB 457 152 82
UB 457 191 67
UB457x191x74
UB457x191x82
UB457x191x89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533 210 82
UB 533 210 92
UB 533 210 101
UB 533 210 109
UB 533 210 122
UB 610 229 101
UB 610 229 113
UB 610 229 125
UB 610 229 140
UB 610 305 149
UB 610 305 179
UB 610 305 238
UB 686 254 125
UB 686x254x140
UB 686 254 152
UB 686 254 170
UB 762 267 147
UB 762 267 173
UB 762 267 197
UB 838 292 176
UB 838 292 194
UB 838 292 226
UB 914 305 201
UB 914 305 224
UB 914 305 253
UB 914 305 289
UB 914 419 343
UB 914 419 388
10 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0.15
Nsd
[kN]
86
104
113
135
99
113
127
140
166
193
181
207
242
202
229
256
301
243
270
302
333
235
269
302
333
368
301
334
368
401
442
369
414
454
490
548
454
507
562
628
670
804
1069
562
629
684
764
660
777
884
790
870
1017
902
1 007
1 138
1298
1541
1 742
MN.y
[N.m]
40 245
55 006
60 567
73 876
60 868
71799
82910
92 370
113559
133087
146 423
169 211
198 828
182036
210 561
237383
284 552
247840
281 875
316316
352689
257570
302509
341472
382248
425 701
345 691
388391
430 352
473 206
524 616
483 775
554620
613 823
664 680
750964
677065
770990
863831
973388
1079 488
1303 627
1 759 258
938 623
1 071 154
1 175 107
1323 230
1211548
1456 454
1684147
1599 811
1 795 427
2 151 381
1962541
2240 611
2 570 900
2 953 950
3 637 800
4 152 450
12 | 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
[kN]
114
138
150
180
132
151
170
186
222
257
241
276
323
269
305
341
402
324
360
402
444
313
358
402
444
491
402
445
491
535
589
492
552
605
653
730
606
677
749
838
893
1072
1426
750
839
912
1019
880
1036
1 178
1053
1 160
1356
1203
1343
1517
1731
2 055
2 323
MN.y
[N.m]
38 813
53 532
58 731
70 660
60 868
71799
82 910
90 485
108367
126518
141 481
162 540
191065
182036
209549
234 879
278 264
247840
281 875
316316
350984
257570
302509
341472
382 248
425 701
345691
388391
430352
473 206
523519
483 775
554620
613823
664680
750964
677065
770990
863831
973388
1 058 375
1 275 311
1711433
938623
1 071 154
1 175 107
1323 230
1211548
1456454
1684147
1599 811
1795 427
2 151 381
1962 541
2 240 611
2 570 900
2953950
3 609 629
4 094 082
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
143
173
188
224
165
188
212
233
277
322
302
345
404
337
381
426
502
405
450
503
555
392
448
503
555
614
502
556
614
668
736
615
690
756
816
913
757
846
936
1047
1 116
1340
1782
937
1048
1 140
1274
1 100
1295
1473
1316
1450
1695
1504
1678
1897
2164
2 569
2904
MN.y
[N.m]
36 387
50186
55 061
66 244
60 868
70193
79 390
84 829
101594
118610
**
152381
179 124
172926
196452
220199
260873
238032
265056
296953
329048
**
**
332 751
368 574
408 919
**
367911
407041
444429
490 799
**
534 544
587216
634732
712 534
tt*
tt
828 814
929401
tttt
1 195 604
1 604 468
*
"*
1 136 648
1272 997
1434 623
1637028
**
**
2 087 734
**
**
2 523 715
2 887079
3 384 027
3838 202
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
171
207
225
269
198
226
254
280
333
386
*
414
485
404
458
512
603
486
539
603
666
**
* '
603
666
737
**
667
737
802
883
**
828
907
979
1096
1 123
1256
**
1608
2138
1368
1529
1554
1767
**
aa
2034
*
2 276
2596
3083
3484
MN.y
[N.m]
33 961
46 841
51390
61828
56 811
65 513
74 097
79174
94 821
110 703
*
*
167 182
*
205 519
243481
**
**
277156
307111
**
*
310 568
344 003
381658
**
**
379 904
414 800
458 079
a.
a.
**
592417
665 032
*
*
867441
**
1 115 897
1497 504
**
.
*
1 188 130
*
**
1 527 893
*
*
**
.
**
..
2 694 607
3 158 425
3 582 322
18 | 19
Nsd/Np,.nd=0,35
Nsd
[kN]
200
242
263
314
230
264
297
326
388
451
**
*
566
**
**
597
703
**
**
704
777
**
aa
704
777
860
*
859
936
1030
**
**
1 142
1 278
1466
"
1876
2 495
*
"
**
1783
.a
**
2 062
..
"
**
"*
**
.
3 029
3 597
4 065
MN.y
[N.m]
31535
43 495
47 719
57 412
52 753
60 834
68 805
73 519
88 048
102796
**
a.
155241
a.
*
**
226090
*
~
285 175
*
.
'
**
354397
**
*
385172
425359
*
**
*
*
617530
**
*
*
*
-*
1390 539
**
a
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
"
*
2 502135
3 326 442
580
Note; all values of columns 2 to 7 must be divided by
1
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203x203x52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203x203x71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254x254x73
UC 254x254x89
UC 254x254x107
UC 254x254x132
UC 254x254x167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x1 18
UC 305x305 137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305x305 198
UC 305 x 305 x 240
UC 305x305 283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356 406x235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356x406x340
UC 356x406x393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356x406x551
UC 356x406x634
2
Np,
IkN]
687
899
1 107
1380
1558
1795
2125
2 576
2188
2663
3 205
3 951
5 002
2 901
3530
4099
4 732
5 932
7186
7 749
3 862
4 578
5299
6045
7037
8594
9 310
10 762
12 791
15 092
17362
3
Vplz
IkN]
135
157
194
230
254
301
329
416
348
418
517
627
799
483
586
676
778
956
1 165
1377
576
682
798
916
1027
1272
1516
1765
2105
2308
2664
4
Vy
IkN]
291
402
499
625
712
818
996
1203
1 006
1235
1484
1852
2364
1310
1604
1875
2178
2 769
3 376
3 667
1786
2127
2 464
2 816
3 319
4068
4430
5145
6 162
7 312
8 476
5
Mpl.y
{N.m]
*
58 201
72559
116898
133338
154178
187708
229532
233136
287608
348841
439312
569562
374136
460019
539690
629904
808 395
998062
1097617
582629
696 711
811981
933 358
1 101 328
1365 932
1504801
1767825
2150 000
2 597 200
3 061600
6
Mpl.z
IN.m]
26 224
32801
54 253
62 099
71754
87814
107215
109367
135197
163 805
206418
267258
170 645
210411
247348
289074
371 472
458388
503564
281812
337170
392 640
451090
560058
693078
761894
893050
1082 375
1302 461
1528 300
7
Nfimit
for -My
IkN]
112
136
164
179
211
223
281
244
289
356
422
525
346
414
473
538
645
772
820
415
487
566
645
716
875
938
1076
1 255
1472
1662
8
{Nfimft/NpLRd)
for -My
0,124
0,123
0,119
0,115
0,117
0,105
0,109
0,112
0,109
0,111
0,107
0,105
0,119
0,117
0,115
0,114
0.109
0.107
0,106
0.107
0,106
0.107
0.107
0,102
0,102
0,101
0,100
0,098
0,098
0,096
581
1
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203x203x52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203x203x71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254x254x73
UC 254x254x89
UC 254x254x107
UC 254x254x132
UC 254x254x167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x1 18
UC 305x305 137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305x305 198
UC 305 x 305 x 240
UC 305x305 283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356 406x235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356x406x340
UC 356x406x393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356x406x551
UC 356x406x634
2
Np,
IkN]
687
899
1 107
1380
1558
1795
2125
2 576
2188
2663
3 205
3 951
5 002
2 901
3530
4099
4 732
5 932
7186
7 749
3 862
4 578
5299
6045
7037
8594
9 310
10 762
12 791
15 092
17362
3
Vplz
IkN]
135
157
194
230
254
301
329
416
348
418
517
627
799
483
586
676
778
956
1 165
1377
576
682
798
916
1027
1272
1516
1765
2105
2308
2664
4
Vy
IkN]
291
402
499
625
712
818
996
1203
1 006
1235
1484
1852
2364
1310
1604
1875
2178
2 769
3 376
3 667
1786
2127
2 464
2 816
3 319
4068
4430
5145
6 162
7 312
8 476
5
Mpl.y
{N.m]
*
58 201
72559
116898
133338
154178
187708
229532
233136
287608
348841
439312
569562
374136
460019
539690
629904
808 395
998062
1097617
582629
696 711
811981
933 358
1 101 328
1365 932
1504801
1767825
2150 000
2 597 200
3 061600
6
Mpl.z
IN.m]
26 224
32801
54 253
62 099
71754
87814
107215
109367
135197
163 805
206418
267258
170 645
210411
247348
289074
371 472
458388
503564
281812
337170
392 640
451090
560058
693078
761894
893050
1082 375
1302 461
1528 300
7
Nfimit
for -My
IkN]
112
136
164
179
211
223
281
244
289
356
422
525
346
414
473
538
645
772
820
415
487
566
645
716
875
938
1076
1 255
1472
1662
8
{Nfimft/NpLRd)
for -My
0,124
0,123
0,119
0,115
0,117
0,105
0,109
0,112
0,109
0,111
0,107
0,105
0,119
0,117
0,115
0,114
0.109
0.107
0,106
0.107
0,106
0.107
0.107
0,102
0,102
0,101
0,100
0,098
0,098
0,096
581
Note: all values of Njj and Mj>j must be divided by ^0
9
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203x203x52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203 X 203 71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254 X 254 X 73
UC 254 254 89
UC 254x254x107
UC 254 X 254 X 132
UC 254x254x167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x1 18
UC 305 X 305 X 137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305x305x198
UC 305x305x240
UC 305 305x283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356 368 x 202
UC 356 406 235
UC 356 406 287
UC 356 406 340
UC 356 406 393
UC 356 406 467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356 406 634
10 11
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
135
166
207
234
269
319
386
328
399
481
593
750
435
529
615
710
890
1078
1 162
579
687
795
907
1056
1289
1397
1614
1919
2 264
2604
MN.y
IN.m]
56 498
70 334
112 743
128024
148476
178 296
218975
223079
274 278
333 534
418069
540 952
361030
442974
518 526
604062
770996
950 486
1043 330
554872
662647
772674
888100
1042 245
1292 594
1422 398
1669 560
2 026 347
2446 270
2877809
12 | 13
Nsd/Npi.Rd0.2
Nsd
IkN]
180
221
276
312
359
425
515
438
533
641
790
1 000
580
706
820
946
1 186
1437
1550
772
916
1060
1209
1407
1719
1862
2152
2558
3 018
3 472
MN.y
[N.m]
tt
53175
66196
106111
120493
139 742
167808
206094
209956
258144
313914
393476
509131
339 793
416916
488 025
568529
725 643
894575
981958
522 233
623 668
727222
835859
980936
1216 559
1338 727
1 571 351
1907150
2 302 371
2 708 526
14 i 15
Nsd/Npi.Hd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
tt
225
277
345
389
449
531
644
547
666
801
988
1251
725
882
1025
1 1.83
1483
1797
1937
965
1 144
1325
1511
1759
2149
2 328
2691
3198
3773
4 341
MN.y
[N.m]
49 851
62059
99 479
112962
131008
157320
193 213
196 834
242010
294 295
368884
477310
318 556
390859
457523
532996
680 290
838664
920 585
489593
584 688
681771
783 618
919 628
1 140 524
1 255 057
1 473 141
1787953
2 158 473
2 539 243
16 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
IkN]
**
270
332
414
467
538
638
773
656
799
961
1 185
1501
870
1059
1230
1420
1780
2156
2 325
1 159
1373
1590
1813
2111
2578
2 793
3229
3 837
4 527
5209
MN.y
[N.m]
46 528
57922
92 847
105432
122274
146832
180332
183 712
225876
274 675
344 292
445490
297319
364802
427022
497463
634938
782753
859 213
456 954
545 709
636319
731377
858319
1064 489
1 171386
1 374 932
1668 756
2 014 575
2369 960
18 | 19
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0.35
Nsd
[kN]
*tt
315
387
483
545
628
744
902
766
932
1 122
1383
1751
1015
1235
1435
1656
2 076
2 515
2 712
1352
1602
1855
2116
2463
3008
3 259
3 767
4 477
5 282
6 077
MN.y
[N.m]
tt
43 204
53 785
86 215
97901
113540
136344
167452
170 590
209 742
255 055
319 700
413669
276082
338 745
396 520
461930
589585
726 842
797841
424314
506 730
590868
679135
797011
988 454
1087716
1276 723
1549 560
1 870 677
2 200678
582
Note: all values of Njj and Mj>j must be divided by ^0
9
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203x203x52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203 X 203 71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254 X 254 X 73
UC 254 254 89
UC 254x254x107
UC 254 X 254 X 132
UC 254x254x167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x1 18
UC 305 X 305 X 137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305x305x198
UC 305x305x240
UC 305 305x283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356 368 x 202
UC 356 406 235
UC 356 406 287
UC 356 406 340
UC 356 406 393
UC 356 406 467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356 406 634
10 11
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
135
166
207
234
269
319
386
328
399
481
593
750
435
529
615
710
890
1078
1 162
579
687
795
907
1056
1289
1397
1614
1919
2 264
2604
MN.y
IN.m]
56 498
70 334
112 743
128024
148476
178 296
218975
223079
274 278
333 534
418069
540 952
361030
442974
518 526
604062
770996
950 486
1043 330
554872
662647
772674
888100
1042 245
1292 594
1422 398
1669 560
2 026 347
2446 270
2877809
12 | 13
Nsd/Npi.Rd0.2
Nsd
IkN]
180
221
276
312
359
425
515
438
533
641
790
1 000
580
706
820
946
1 186
1437
1550
772
916
1060
1209
1407
1719
1862
2152
2558
3 018
3 472
MN.y
[N.m]
tt
53175
66196
106111
120493
139 742
167808
206094
209956
258144
313914
393476
509131
339 793
416916
488 025
568529
725 643
894575
981958
522 233
623 668
727222
835859
980936
1216 559
1338 727
1 571 351
1907150
2 302 371
2 708 526
14 i 15
Nsd/Npi.Hd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
tt
225
277
345
389
449
531
644
547
666
801
988
1251
725
882
1025
1 1.83
1483
1797
1937
965
1 144
1325
1511
1759
2149
2 328
2691
3198
3773
4 341
MN.y
[N.m]
49 851
62059
99 479
112962
131008
157320
193 213
196 834
242010
294 295
368884
477310
318 556
390859
457523
532996
680 290
838664
920 585
489593
584 688
681771
783 618
919 628
1 140 524
1 255 057
1 473 141
1787953
2 158 473
2 539 243
16 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
IkN]
**
270
332
414
467
538
638
773
656
799
961
1 185
1501
870
1059
1230
1420
1780
2156
2 325
1 159
1373
1590
1813
2111
2578
2 793
3229
3 837
4 527
5209
MN.y
[N.m]
46 528
57922
92 847
105432
122274
146832
180332
183 712
225876
274 675
344 292
445490
297319
364802
427022
497463
634938
782753
859 213
456 954
545 709
636319
731377
858319
1064 489
1 171386
1 374 932
1668 756
2 014 575
2369 960
18 | 19
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0.35
Nsd
[kN]
*tt
315
387
483
545
628
744
902
766
932
1 122
1383
1751
1015
1235
1435
1656
2 076
2 515
2 712
1352
1602
1855
2116
2463
3008
3 259
3 767
4 477
5 282
6 077
MN.y
[N.m]
tt
43 204
53 785
86 215
97901
113540
136344
167452
170 590
209 742
255 055
319 700
413669
276082
338 745
396 520
461930
589585
726 842
797841
424314
506 730
590868
679135
797011
988 454
1087716
1276 723
1549 560
1 870 677
2 200678
582
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750x137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750X196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE 0 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
2
Npi
IkN]
210
284
363
452
553
659
783
918
1076
1263
1480
1722
2000
2 323
++
++
++
++
++
++
175
241
303
368
445
538
645
916
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
745
879
1028
1202
1480
1728
1997
2 314
2 651
3236
3 759
4 292
5 411
3
Vpu
IkN]
57
81
100
121
153
179
222
252
304
351
408
489
558
678
807
951
1 149
1330
1475
1674
1 849
2 021
49
70
86
99
124
146
182
215
259
298
353
428
473
568
671
800
957
1 114
202
245
280
339
401
461
554
638
762
943
1 115
1313
1657
4
Vpl,
IkN]
81
. 107
136
169
204
243
286
338
394
460
535
615
719
812
926
1067
1209
1396
1472
1494
1903
2 242
66
88
110
136
162
197
234
282
333
391
459
533
647
717
825
960
1094
1275
277
326
382
443
554
642
730
843
943
1 129
1282
1434
1800
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
6385
10 837
16 699
24 295
34 061
45 764
60 676
78487
100827
133099
172798
221 191
280265
359465
467993
603 382
766426
965 910
1337919
1405 221
1 710 026
1972 899
5 219
9 070
13 715
19 690
27 251
37 215
49 955
66 057
85 682
113436
148992
193030
249361
314573
410929
535152
680531
863824
52016
68 590
88 316
112825
158028
204 550
259 266
326 173
413097
562722
718571
897429
1229 535
6
Mp|.z
[N.m]
1600
2 515
3735
5 293
7177
9 515
12 268
15 980
20 329
26 661
34 435
42 262
52 552
62 975
76 005
92 367
110148
133554
168871
173473
222726
263 669
1290
2 073
3 019
4269
5 691
7689
10 047
13 333
17160
22645
29 515
36 648
47260
55 569
67580
82946
99 413
121568
10 976
14 270
18 400
23 209
32 369
41962
50 873
62403
74 002
93 772
112347
132 142
176023
7
Nfimit
for - My
IkN]
39
56
71
87
109
129
158
181
214
253
299
355
406
493
596
708
855
995
1 171
1289
1457
1577
35
50
62
72
89
107
130
156
184
215
260
313
342
411
492
593
706
825
145
173
200
239
284
333
397
462
550
689
824
968
1227
8
{Nlimit /Np|.Rd)
for -My
0,187
0,196
0,195
0,193
0,198
0,196
0,202
0,197
0,199
0,200
0.202
0,206
0,203
0,212
0,219
0,223
0,231
0,232
0,244
0.250
0,239
0,229
0,197
0,206
0,204
0,195
0.201
0,198
0,202
0,200
0,201
0,200
0,203
0.208
0,194
0,204
0,209
0,213
0,219
0,219
0.194
0.197
0.194
0,199
0,192
0,193
0,199
0,199
0,207
0,213
0,219
0,226
0,227
583
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750x137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750X196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE 0 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
2
Npi
IkN]
210
284
363
452
553
659
783
918
1076
1263
1480
1722
2000
2 323
++
++
++
++
++
++
175
241
303
368
445
538
645
916
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
745
879
1028
1202
1480
1728
1997
2 314
2 651
3236
3 759
4 292
5 411
3
Vpu
IkN]
57
81
100
121
153
179
222
252
304
351
408
489
558
678
807
951
1 149
1330
1475
1674
1 849
2 021
49
70
86
99
124
146
182
215
259
298
353
428
473
568
671
800
957
1 114
202
245
280
339
401
461
554
638
762
943
1 115
1313
1657
4
Vpl,
IkN]
81
. 107
136
169
204
243
286
338
394
460
535
615
719
812
926
1067
1209
1396
1472
1494
1903
2 242
66
88
110
136
162
197
234
282
333
391
459
533
647
717
825
960
1094
1275
277
326
382
443
554
642
730
843
943
1 129
1282
1434
1800
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
6385
10 837
16 699
24 295
34 061
45 764
60 676
78487
100827
133099
172798
221 191
280265
359465
467993
603 382
766426
965 910
1337919
1405 221
1 710 026
1972 899
5 219
9 070
13 715
19 690
27 251
37 215
49 955
66 057
85 682
113436
148992
193030
249361
314573
410929
535152
680531
863824
52016
68 590
88 316
112825
158028
204 550
259 266
326 173
413097
562722
718571
897429
1229 535
6
Mp|.z
[N.m]
1600
2 515
3735
5 293
7177
9 515
12 268
15 980
20 329
26 661
34 435
42 262
52 552
62 975
76 005
92 367
110148
133554
168871
173473
222726
263 669
1290
2 073
3 019
4269
5 691
7689
10 047
13 333
17160
22645
29 515
36 648
47260
55 569
67580
82946
99 413
121568
10 976
14 270
18 400
23 209
32 369
41962
50 873
62403
74 002
93 772
112347
132 142
176023
7
Nfimit
for - My
IkN]
39
56
71
87
109
129
158
181
214
253
299
355
406
493
596
708
855
995
1 171
1289
1457
1577
35
50
62
72
89
107
130
156
184
215
260
313
342
411
492
593
706
825
145
173
200
239
284
333
397
462
550
689
824
968
1227
8
{Nlimit /Np|.Rd)
for -My
0,187
0,196
0,195
0,193
0,198
0,196
0,202
0,197
0,199
0,200
0.202
0,206
0,203
0,212
0,219
0,223
0,231
0,232
0,244
0.250
0,239
0,229
0,197
0,206
0,204
0,195
0.201
0,198
0,202
0,200
0,201
0,200
0,203
0.208
0,194
0,204
0,209
0,213
0,219
0,219
0.194
0.197
0.194
0,199
0,192
0,193
0,199
0,199
0,207
0,213
0,219
0,226
0,227
583
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: all values of Ns<j and Mj^.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750x137
IPE 750 147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750x196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
10 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
[kN]
32
43
54
68
83
99
117
138
161
190
222
258
300
348
408
477
554
643
720
773
913
1035
26
36
45
55
67
81
97
117
137
161
192
226
264
302
353
417
484
565
112
132
154
180
222
259
300
347
398
485
564
644
812
MN.y
[N.m]
6385
10 837
16 699
24 295
34 061
45 764
60 676
78 487
100827
133099
172 798
221 191
280 265
359465
467993
603382
766 426
965910
**
1405 221
1 710 026
1972 899
5 219
9 070
13 715
19 690
27 251
37 215
49 955
66 057
85 682
113436
148 992
193030
249 361
314573
410929
535152
*
52 016
68 590
88 316
112825
158 028
204 550
259 266
326173
413 097
562 722
718 571
897429
1229 535
12 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
[kN]
42
57
73
90
111
132
157
184
215
253
296
344
400
465
544
635
739
858
**
1031
1217
1380
35
48
61
74
89
108
129
155
183
215
256
301
352
402
471
556
149
176
206
240
296
346
399
463
530
647
752
858
1082
MN.y
[N.m]
6 283
10 787
16 591
24094
33976
45 536
60 676
78 168
100 746
133 099
172798
221 191
280 265
359465
467993
603382
766426
965910
**
a.
1710 026
1972899
5199
9 070
13 715
19 561
27 251
37115
49955
66 057
85 682
113435
148992
193030
**
tttt
51655
68 319
87 709
112 624
156425
202712
258 887
325958
413097
562722
718571
897429
1229 535
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IkN]
53
71
91
113
138
165
196
229
269
316
370
430
500
581
679
794
924
1072
aa
1522
1724
44
60
76
92
111
135
161
194
229
269
320
376
**
*
*
**
**
186
220
257
301
370
432
499
578
663
809
940
1073
1353
MN.y
[N.m]
5890
10113
15 554
22 589
31852
42690
56 997
73 282
94 450
124 826
162351
208960
263 786
342262
449 584
582412
747764
943301
**
**
1 918 173
4 874
8563
12923
18 339
25 579
34 796
46 936
61948
80 429
tt
*
*
tt*
tt
tt*
48 427
64 050
82 227
105 585
146 649
190042
242 706
305586
390 857
536126
690 270
869171
1 192 612
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
IkN]
63
85
109
136
166
198
235
275
323
379
444
517
600
697
815
953
1 109
1287
*
**
2069
53
72
91
110
133
162
194
233
275
*
*
*
*
*
*
**
224
264
308
361
444
518
599
694
795
971
1 128
1288
1623
MN.y
[N.m]
5498
9439
14 517
21083
29 729
39 844
53197
68 397
88 153
116 504
151 528
195 029
**
.
*
a*
"
"
4549
7992
12 062
17116
23 873
32 476
43 807
57818
**
*
45198
59 780
76 745
98 546
136872
177373
226 526
285 214
364 800
500384
644 252
811 227
1 113 104
18 | 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
NSd
IkN]
74
99
127
158
193
230
274
321
376
442
518
603
**
**
*
*
**
**
*
61
85
106
129
156
188
226
272
*
**
**
**
~
**
261
308
360
421
518
605
699
810
928
1 132
1316
1502
1894
MN.y
IN.m]
5105
8 765
13 480
19 577
27605
36 998
49 397
63 511
81857
108183
140 704
**
**
aa
**
*"
**
**
**
**
*
4 224
7421
11200
15 893
22168
30156
*
*
>
"
'
a
"
k
"
ka
41970
55 510
71263
91507
127095
164 703
210346
264841
338 743
464643
598 234
1033 597
584
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: all values of Ns<j and Mj^.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750x137
IPE 750 147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750x196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
10 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
[kN]
32
43
54
68
83
99
117
138
161
190
222
258
300
348
408
477
554
643
720
773
913
1035
26
36
45
55
67
81
97
117
137
161
192
226
264
302
353
417
484
565
112
132
154
180
222
259
300
347
398
485
564
644
812
MN.y
[N.m]
6385
10 837
16 699
24 295
34 061
45 764
60 676
78 487
100827
133099
172 798
221 191
280 265
359465
467993
603382
766 426
965910
**
1405 221
1 710 026
1972 899
5 219
9 070
13 715
19 690
27 251
37 215
49 955
66 057
85 682
113436
148 992
193030
249 361
314573
410929
535152
*
52 016
68 590
88 316
112825
158 028
204 550
259 266
326173
413 097
562 722
718 571
897429
1229 535
12 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
[kN]
42
57
73
90
111
132
157
184
215
253
296
344
400
465
544
635
739
858
**
1031
1217
1380
35
48
61
74
89
108
129
155
183
215
256
301
352
402
471
556
149
176
206
240
296
346
399
463
530
647
752
858
1082
MN.y
[N.m]
6 283
10 787
16 591
24094
33976
45 536
60 676
78 168
100 746
133 099
172798
221 191
280 265
359465
467993
603382
766426
965910
**
a.
1710 026
1972899
5199
9 070
13 715
19 561
27 251
37115
49955
66 057
85 682
113435
148992
193030
**
tttt
51655
68 319
87 709
112 624
156425
202712
258 887
325958
413097
562722
718571
897429
1229 535
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IkN]
53
71
91
113
138
165
196
229
269
316
370
430
500
581
679
794
924
1072
aa
1522
1724
44
60
76
92
111
135
161
194
229
269
320
376
**
*
*
**
**
186
220
257
301
370
432
499
578
663
809
940
1073
1353
MN.y
[N.m]
5890
10113
15 554
22 589
31852
42690
56 997
73 282
94 450
124 826
162351
208960
263 786
342262
449 584
582412
747764
943301
**
**
1 918 173
4 874
8563
12923
18 339
25 579
34 796
46 936
61948
80 429
tt
*
*
tt*
tt
tt*
48 427
64 050
82 227
105 585
146 649
190042
242 706
305586
390 857
536126
690 270
869171
1 192 612
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
IkN]
63
85
109
136
166
198
235
275
323
379
444
517
600
697
815
953
1 109
1287
*
**
2069
53
72
91
110
133
162
194
233
275
*
*
*
*
*
*
**
224
264
308
361
444
518
599
694
795
971
1 128
1288
1623
MN.y
[N.m]
5498
9439
14 517
21083
29 729
39 844
53197
68 397
88 153
116 504
151 528
195 029
**
.
*
a*
"
"
4549
7992
12 062
17116
23 873
32 476
43 807
57818
**
*
45198
59 780
76 745
98 546
136872
177373
226 526
285 214
364 800
500384
644 252
811 227
1 113 104
18 | 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
NSd
IkN]
74
99
127
158
193
230
274
321
376
442
518
603
**
**
*
*
**
**
*
61
85
106
129
156
188
226
272
*
**
**
**
~
**
261
308
360
421
518
605
699
810
928
1 132
1316
1502
1894
MN.y
IN.m]
5105
8 765
13 480
19 577
27605
36 998
49 397
63 511
81857
108183
140 704
**
**
aa
**
*"
**
**
**
**
*
4 224
7421
11200
15 893
22168
30156
*
*
>
"
'
a
"
k
"
ka
41970
55 510
71263
91507
127095
164 703
210346
264841
338 743
464643
598 234
1033 597
584
1
Designation
HE100AA
HE 120 AA
HE 140 AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE600A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE900A
HE 1000 A
2
Np,
[kN]
429
510
633
835
1005
1214
1415
1660
1897
++
++
2 601
2 764
2 932
3 237
3 494
3 764
4 203
++
++
++
++
++
++
584
697
864
1066
1244
1480
1769
2113
2388
2 675
3095
3 420
3 671
3 926
4 372
4 896
5 432
5 823
6228
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
[kN]
98
110
126
165
193
245
280
342
393
437
514
562
614
670
761
868
983
1 154
1291
1435
1593
1966
2338
2 733
120
134
L_ 161
210
230
287
328
400
457
504
592
653
714
777
910
1044
1 186
1329
1480
1638
1857
2204
2593
2 930
4
vPi.y
[kN]
185
220
278
370
445
529
617
714
816
924
1041
1092
1 143
1 195
1293
1345
1396
1499
1551
1603
1702
1813
2 012
2117
268
318
393
477
563
660
796
948
1070
1 197
1382
1528
1627
1 726
1876
2071
2 265
2 365
2464
2564
2668
2 775
2 975
3 075
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
16 048
23133
*"
**
*
**
*
**
tt
tt*
*
708 463
860 090
996341
1 143 960
1 331 037
1 711 820
2 199 673
2688 600
22 829
32 860
47711
67415
89334
118108
156 326
204 771
252937
305 861
380 399
447724
508 881
574 330
704 494
884363
1085 935
1270 999
1471356
1687480
1933 750
2392 359
2 972 750
3 525 500
6
Mp|.z
[N.m]
7822
-
*
'*
"
'
tt
*
tt
-
*
tt
192126
199 229
206430
219921
235 552
263 356
279331
11314
16185
23 333
32 349
43 036
56 050
74 414
96 715
195178
207886
220626
240038
265 521
291091
304 399
317806
331317
345 604
360 871
388 981
404171
7
Nfimit
for -My
[kN]
63
74
tt*
*
*
*
*
**
**
~
ft
727
864
977
1097
1223
1502
1734
1940
72
84
105
137
152
190
219
264
300
336
392
431
474
519
618
715
819
932
1051
1 178
1354
1620
1932
2 212
8
{NfimH /Np,.Rd)
for -My
M
0.147
0.144
tt
tt*
**
a
tt
0.193
0,206
0,217
0,227
0,233
0,250
0.250
0,250
0,123
0,121
0.121
0,129
0.122
0.128
0,124
0,125
0,126
0,126
0.127
0,126
0,129
0.132
0.141
0.146
0,151
0,160
0,169
0,177
0,189
0,206
0.219
0,232
585
1
Designation
HE100AA
HE 120 AA
HE 140 AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE600A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE900A
HE 1000 A
2
Np,
[kN]
429
510
633
835
1005
1214
1415
1660
1897
++
++
2 601
2 764
2 932
3 237
3 494
3 764
4 203
++
++
++
++
++
++
584
697
864
1066
1244
1480
1769
2113
2388
2 675
3095
3 420
3 671
3 926
4 372
4 896
5 432
5 823
6228
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
[kN]
98
110
126
165
193
245
280
342
393
437
514
562
614
670
761
868
983
1 154
1291
1435
1593
1966
2338
2 733
120
134
L_ 161
210
230
287
328
400
457
504
592
653
714
777
910
1044
1 186
1329
1480
1638
1857
2204
2593
2 930
4
vPi.y
[kN]
185
220
278
370
445
529
617
714
816
924
1041
1092
1 143
1 195
1293
1345
1396
1499
1551
1603
1702
1813
2 012
2117
268
318
393
477
563
660
796
948
1070
1 197
1382
1528
1627
1 726
1876
2071
2 265
2 365
2464
2564
2668
2 775
2 975
3 075
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
16 048
23133
*"
**
*
**
*
**
tt
tt*
*
708 463
860 090
996341
1 143 960
1 331 037
1 711 820
2 199 673
2688 600
22 829
32 860
47711
67415
89334
118108
156 326
204 771
252937
305 861
380 399
447724
508 881
574 330
704 494
884363
1085 935
1270 999
1471356
1687480
1933 750
2392 359
2 972 750
3 525 500
6
Mp|.z
[N.m]
7822
-
*
'*
"
'
tt
*
tt
-
*
tt
192126
199 229
206430
219921
235 552
263 356
279331
11314
16185
23 333
32 349
43 036
56 050
74 414
96 715
195178
207886
220626
240038
265 521
291091
304 399
317806
331317
345 604
360 871
388 981
404171
7
Nfimit
for -My
[kN]
63
74
tt*
*
*
*
*
**
**
~
ft
727
864
977
1097
1223
1502
1734
1940
72
84
105
137
152
190
219
264
300
336
392
431
474
519
618
715
819
932
1051
1 178
1354
1620
1932
2 212
8
{NfimH /Np,.Rd)
for -My
M
0.147
0.144
tt
tt*
**
a
tt
0.193
0,206
0,217
0,227
0,233
0,250
0.250
0,250
0,123
0,121
0.121
0,129
0.122
0.128
0,124
0,125
0,126
0,126
0.127
0,126
0,129
0.132
0.141
0.146
0,151
0,160
0,169
0,177
0,189
0,206
0.219
0,232
585
HE AA
HEA
Note: all values of Ngj and M^.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
HE100AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
10 11
Nsd/NpI.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
64
77
*
*
**
*
**
*
**
**
**
**
565
630
677
725
788
901
1040
1 164
88
105
130
160
187
222
265
317
358
401
464
513
551
589
656
734
815
874
934
997
1074
1 179
1322
1431
MN.y
IN.m]
15 999
*
*
a
*
**
tt
*
**
*
**
**
**
*
860090
996341
1 143 960
1331037
1 711 820
2 199 673
2688 600
22133
31779
46148
65 759
86 496
115190
151665
198960
tt*
*
435484
496690
562578
697486
880347
1085 935
1270 999
1471356
1687480
1933 750
2 392 359
2 972 750
3 525 500
12 | 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0>2
NSd
[kN]
86
*
tttt
*
tt
**
tt*
**
tttt
tttt
**
**
*
**
841
902
967
1050
1202
1387
1552
117
139
173
213
249
296
354
423
tttt
**
**
684
734
785
874
979
1086
1 165
1246
1329
1433
1572
1763
1908
MN.y
IN.m]
15 057
**
**
tt
tt
**
**
*
*
tt*
**
*
*
*
860090
996 341
1 143 960
1 331 037
1711820
*tt
**
20 831
29 910
43 434
61891
81408
108 414
142 744
187257
*
**
409867
467473
529485
656 458
828 562
1022899
1210 460
1 416 148
1640 725
1907600
2392 359
tt*
14 | 15
Nsd/NpI.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IKN]
107
tt
tt
tt
Itt
.*
**
**
'*
*
'*
*
'*
1051
1 128
1208
1313
1502
aa
**
146
174
216
267
311
370
442
528
**
**
a.
855
918
981
1093
1224
1358
1456
1557
1661
1791
1965
MN.y
IN.m]
14116
*
*
**
**
**
*
**
**
tt
**
**
*
811988
953818
1 109 774
**
19 529
28 040
40 719
58023
76 320
101639
133 822
175553
*
384 251
438 256
496 393
615429
776 777
958968
1 134 806
**
aa
*
a*
**
**
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0>3
Nsd
IkN]
129
tt
**
**
tt
*
tt
*
**
**
**
**
1261
1353
1450
"
**
*
175
209
259
320
373
444
531
634
aa
*
1026
1 101
1 178
1312
1469
1630
1747
**
**
a.
MN.y
IN.m]
13175
**
tt
**
*
*
*
**
*
aa
*
**
*a
a*
**
*
18 227
26171
38 004
54 155
71232
94 863
124901
163850
**
358 634
409039
463 300
574400
724992
895036
1059152
**
**
18 19
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,35
Nsd
IkN]
150
**
aa
**
**
**
**
tt
*
**
aa
*
"*
"
204
244
302
373
436
518
619
740
**
a*
1 197
1285
1374
1530
1714
1901
2038
*
*
aa
a.
aa
MN.y
IN.m]
12 234
*
**
*
tt
*
*
*
tt
**
~
tt
tt*
*
"
tt
16925
24 302
35 290
50 287
66144
88 087
115979
152146
*
*
333017
379 822
430 207
533372
673207
831105
983 498
*
tttt
*
**
tt
586
HE AA
HEA
Note: all values of Ngj and M^.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
HE100AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
10 11
Nsd/NpI.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
64
77
*
*
**
*
**
*
**
**
**
**
565
630
677
725
788
901
1040
1 164
88
105
130
160
187
222
265
317
358
401
464
513
551
589
656
734
815
874
934
997
1074
1 179
1322
1431
MN.y
IN.m]
15 999
*
*
a
*
**
tt
*
**
*
**
**
**
*
860090
996341
1 143 960
1331037
1 711 820
2 199 673
2688 600
22133
31779
46148
65 759
86 496
115190
151665
198960
tt*
*
435484
496690
562578
697486
880347
1085 935
1270 999
1471356
1687480
1933 750
2 392 359
2 972 750
3 525 500
12 | 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0>2
NSd
[kN]
86
*
tttt
*
tt
**
tt*
**
tttt
tttt
**
**
*
**
841
902
967
1050
1202
1387
1552
117
139
173
213
249
296
354
423
tttt
**
**
684
734
785
874
979
1086
1 165
1246
1329
1433
1572
1763
1908
MN.y
IN.m]
15 057
**
**
tt
tt
**
**
*
*
tt*
**
*
*
*
860090
996 341
1 143 960
1 331 037
1711820
*tt
**
20 831
29 910
43 434
61891
81408
108 414
142 744
187257
*
**
409867
467473
529485
656 458
828 562
1022899
1210 460
1 416 148
1640 725
1907600
2392 359
tt*
14 | 15
Nsd/NpI.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IKN]
107
tt
tt
tt
Itt
.*
**
**
'*
*
'*
*
'*
1051
1 128
1208
1313
1502
aa
**
146
174
216
267
311
370
442
528
**
**
a.
855
918
981
1093
1224
1358
1456
1557
1661
1791
1965
MN.y
IN.m]
14116
*
*
**
**
**
*
**
**
tt
**
**
*
811988
953818
1 109 774
**
19 529
28 040
40 719
58023
76 320
101639
133 822
175553
*
384 251
438 256
496 393
615429
776 777
958968
1 134 806
**
aa
*
a*
**
**
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0>3
Nsd
IkN]
129
tt
**
**
tt
*
tt
*
**
**
**
**
1261
1353
1450
"
**
*
175
209
259
320
373
444
531
634
aa
*
1026
1 101
1 178
1312
1469
1630
1747
**
**
a.
MN.y
IN.m]
13175
**
tt
**
*
*
*
**
*
aa
*
**
*a
a*
**
*
18 227
26171
38 004
54 155
71232
94 863
124901
163850
**
358 634
409039
463 300
574400
724992
895036
1059152
**
**
18 19
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,35
Nsd
IkN]
150
**
aa
**
**
**
**
tt
*
**
aa
*
"*
"
204
244
302
373
436
518
619
740
**
a*
1 197
1285
1374
1530
1714
1901
2038
*
*
aa
a.
aa
MN.y
IN.m]
12 234
*
**
*
tt
*
*
*
tt
**
~
tt
tt*
*
"
tt
16925
24 302
35 290
50 287
66144
88 087
115979
152146
*
*
333017
379 822
430 207
533372
673207
831105
983 498
*
tttt
*
**
tt
586
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2
Np,
IkN]
716
935
1 181
1492
1794
2147
2504
2 915
3 257
3 613
4100
4 437
4 700
4 967
5439
5994
6563
6 987
7424
7 874
8 425
9190
++
++
1464
1826
2 215
2669
3114
3 610
4 110
5489
6040
6 605
8 335
8 581
8685
8 767
8 959
9 225
9 468
9 745
10 001
10 278
10 533
11 117
11650
++
3
Vp|.z
IkN]
143
174
208
279
321
394
443
528
597
652
753
822
891
962
1 111
1265
1426
1589
1759
1938
2177
2568
2997
3 374
286
336
388
489
550
651
719
954
1062
1 144
1437
1506
1566
1626
1749
1903
2056
2 216
2 376
2536
2696
3084
3404
3 731
4
Vy
IkN]
335
438
555
690
832
991
1159
1345
1499
1658
1876
2023
2122
2222
2 373
2568
2 763
2863
2 962
3 062
3 167
3 276
3 477
3 577
719
889
1072
1277
1485
1714
1948
2 631
2886
3143
3999
4085
4 085
4 072
4 059
4 059
4 047
4 047
4034
4034
4 021
4 019
4006
4006
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
28 659
45 433
67492
97340
132398
176 700
227438
289615
352801
421969
513885
591041
662229
737822
888 728
1 095 151
1324 006
1537417
1766 912
2 012 967
2 289 961
2 813 250
3 459 500
4086 500
64849
96418
135802
185 505
242948
312165
390348
582160
693993
815 549
1 121360
1 219 632
1297332
1372062
1531920
1 741 029
1950925
2181488
2 412323
2655 664
2898 500
3434 750
3 971000
4 556 750
6
Mpl-z
[N.m]
14 141
22 266
32 941
46 740
63 529
84 098
108317
137065
165618
197332
239289
258 252
271 073
283935
303610
329356
355 203
368 814
382541
396388
411 137
427112
456 044
471 974
31986
47198
66141
89 501
116927
149385
186 602
276 632
327928
384086
526 125
536 449
536 995
534147
531886
533 281
531304
532 760
530 854
532310
530 416
530 858
530441
533 412
7
Nfimit
for -My
[kN]
83
105
129
174
204
249
284
335
377
420
482
527
576
627
739
852
971
1 101
1237
1380
1573
1872
2 218
2 531
149
185
224
285
330
389
439
562
625
689
843
892
944
996
1 102
1235
1368
1507
1645
1784
1922
2226
2503
2786
8
{Nfimft/NpLRd)
for -My
0.116
0,112
0,109
0,117
0,114
0,116
0.113
0.115
0,116
0,116
0,118
0.119
0.123
0,126
0,136
0,142
0,148
0,158
0.167
0,175
0,187
0,204
0,217
0,230
0,102
0,102
0,101
0,107
0,106
0,108
0.107
0.102
0,103
0,104
0,101
0,104
0,109
0,114
0.123
0.134
0,144
0,155
0,165
0.174
0.183
0,200
0,215
0.228
587
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2
Np,
IkN]
716
935
1 181
1492
1794
2147
2504
2 915
3 257
3 613
4100
4 437
4 700
4 967
5439
5994
6563
6 987
7424
7 874
8 425
9190
++
++
1464
1826
2 215
2669
3114
3 610
4 110
5489
6040
6 605
8 335
8 581
8685
8 767
8 959
9 225
9 468
9 745
10 001
10 278
10 533
11 117
11650
++
3
Vp|.z
IkN]
143
174
208
279
321
394
443
528
597
652
753
822
891
962
1 111
1265
1426
1589
1759
1938
2177
2568
2997
3 374
286
336
388
489
550
651
719
954
1062
1 144
1437
1506
1566
1626
1749
1903
2056
2 216
2 376
2536
2696
3084
3404
3 731
4
Vy
IkN]
335
438
555
690
832
991
1159
1345
1499
1658
1876
2023
2122
2222
2 373
2568
2 763
2863
2 962
3 062
3 167
3 276
3 477
3 577
719
889
1072
1277
1485
1714
1948
2 631
2886
3143
3999
4085
4 085
4 072
4 059
4 059
4 047
4 047
4034
4034
4 021
4 019
4006
4006
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
28 659
45 433
67492
97340
132398
176 700
227438
289615
352801
421969
513885
591041
662229
737822
888 728
1 095 151
1324 006
1537417
1766 912
2 012 967
2 289 961
2 813 250
3 459 500
4086 500
64849
96418
135802
185 505
242948
312165
390348
582160
693993
815 549
1 121360
1 219 632
1297332
1372062
1531920
1 741 029
1950925
2181488
2 412323
2655 664
2898 500
3434 750
3 971000
4 556 750
6
Mpl-z
[N.m]
14 141
22 266
32 941
46 740
63 529
84 098
108317
137065
165618
197332
239289
258 252
271 073
283935
303610
329356
355 203
368 814
382541
396388
411 137
427112
456 044
471 974
31986
47198
66141
89 501
116927
149385
186 602
276 632
327928
384086
526 125
536 449
536 995
534147
531886
533 281
531304
532 760
530 854
532310
530 416
530 858
530441
533 412
7
Nfimit
for -My
[kN]
83
105
129
174
204
249
284
335
377
420
482
527
576
627
739
852
971
1 101
1237
1380
1573
1872
2 218
2 531
149
185
224
285
330
389
439
562
625
689
843
892
944
996
1 102
1235
1368
1507
1645
1784
1922
2226
2503
2786
8
{Nfimft/NpLRd)
for -My
0.116
0,112
0,109
0,117
0,114
0,116
0.113
0.115
0,116
0,116
0,118
0.119
0.123
0,126
0,136
0,142
0,148
0,158
0.167
0,175
0,187
0,204
0,217
0,230
0,102
0,102
0,101
0,107
0,106
0,108
0.107
0.102
0,103
0,104
0,101
0,104
0,109
0,114
0.123
0.134
0,144
0,155
0,165
0.174
0.183
0,200
0,215
0.228
587
Note: all values of Nsa and Mjj.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400 8
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE800B
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE300M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
10 11
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,15
Nsd
[kN]
107
140
177
224
269
322
376
437
489
542
615
666
705
745
816
899
984
1048
1 114
1 181
1 264
1378
1532
1 650
220
274
332
400
467
542
616
823
906
991
1250
1287
1303
1315
1344
1384
1420
1462
1500
1542
1580
1668
1747
1 832
MN.y
[N.m]
27554
43 481
64 379
93 660
126990
169863
218040
278 174
339175
405893
495044
570130
641535
717819
874282
1085149
1320 901
1 537 417
1766 912
2 012 967
2 289 961
2 813 250
3459 500
4086 500
61367
91218
128 439
176494
230 948
297371
371469
551273
657960
773914
1060 350
1 156 897
1237145
1315 659
1484 852
1708 687
1938 368
2181488
2 412 323
2655 664
2898 500
3434 750
3 971000
4 556 750
12 13
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0.2
Nsd
[kN]
143
187
236
298
359
429
501
583
651
723
820
887
940
993
1088
1 199
1313
1397
1485
1575
1685
1838
2 042
2200
293
365
443
534
623
722
822
1098
1208
1321
1667
1716
1737
1753
1792
1845
1894
1949
2000
2 056
2107
2223
2330
2443
MN.y
[N.m]
25 933
40 923
60 592
88151
119520
159871
205 214
261811
319 224
382017
465924
536593
603798
675 594
822854
1 021 317
1243 201
1459 962
1696130
1952 462
2 252 406
2 813 250
3459 500
4086 500
57 757
85 852
120 884
166112
217363
279879
349618
518845
619 257
728389
997976
1088 844
1 164372
1238 268
1397 508
1608176
1824 347
2 064 351
2309 880
2 570 727
2836 526
3 434 750
3 971000
4 556 750
14 | 15
Nsd/NpI.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
179
234
295
373
449
537
626
729
814
903
1025
1 109
1 175
1242
1360
1499
1641
1747
1856
1969
2106
2 297
2553
2 750
366
457
554
667
779
903
1027
1372
1510
1651
2084
2145
2171
2192
2240
2306
2367
2436
2500
2569
2633
2779
2 912
3 054
MN.y
[N.m]
24 312
38 366
56805
82641
112050
149 879
192388
245448
299272
358141
436 803
503056
566060
633370
771425
957485
1 165 501
1368 715
1590 121
1830 433
2111630
2649 838
3 314 507
**
54147
80 487
113329
155 730
203 777
262386
327767
486 418
580 553
682865
935603
1020 791
1091598
1 160 876
1 310 163
1507665
1710 325
1935 329
2 165 512
2 410 056
2 659 244
3 220 872
3 793188
4 427 204
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
215
281
354
448
538
644
751
874
977
1084
1230
1331
1410
1490
1632
1798
1969
2096
2 227
2 362
2 528
2 757
3063
**
439
548
665
801
934
1083
1233
1647
1812
1981
2500
2 574
2606
2630
2688
2 767
2840
2 924
3000
3083
3160
3335
3 495
3665
MN.y
[N.m]
22 691
35 808
53018
77132
104580
139 887
179562
229085
279321
334 265
407683
469 519
528323
591 145
719 997
893652
1087801
1277467
1484113
1708 404
1 970 855
aa
"
50 537
75121
105 773
145348
190192
244894
305 916
453990
541849
637341
873 229
952 739
1 018 825
1083 484
1 222819
1407154
1596 303
1806 307
2 021 145
2 249 386
2 481961
3006147
3540309
**
18 l 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd
[kN]
251
327
413
522
628
752
876
1020
1 140
1264
1435
1553
1645
1739
1904
2098
2 297
2445
2 598
2 756
2949
*
*
*
512
639
775
934
1090
1264
1438
1921
2114
2 312
2 917
3003
3040
3 069
3136
3229
3 314
3 411
3500
3 597
3 687
3 891
4 077
*
MN.y
[N.m]
21071
33 250
49 231
71622
97110
129895
166 736
212722
259369
310389
378 563
435982
490 586
548 920
668568
829 820
1 010 101
1 186 220
1 378 105
1586375
1830080
*
*
a*
46 928
69 755
98 218
134 966
176 607
227402
284 065
421 562
503146
591816
810 856
884686
946 052
1006 092
1 135 475
1306 643
1 482 282
1677285
1876 777
2088 716
2304 678
2 791422
3 287430
tt
588
Note: all values of Nsa and Mjj.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400 8
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE800B
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE300M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
10 11
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,15
Nsd
[kN]
107
140
177
224
269
322
376
437
489
542
615
666
705
745
816
899
984
1048
1 114
1 181
1 264
1378
1532
1 650
220
274
332
400
467
542
616
823
906
991
1250
1287
1303
1315
1344
1384
1420
1462
1500
1542
1580
1668
1747
1 832
MN.y
[N.m]
27554
43 481
64 379
93 660
126990
169863
218040
278 174
339175
405893
495044
570130
641535
717819
874282
1085149
1320 901
1 537 417
1766 912
2 012 967
2 289 961
2 813 250
3459 500
4086 500
61367
91218
128 439
176494
230 948
297371
371469
551273
657960
773914
1060 350
1 156 897
1237145
1315 659
1484 852
1708 687
1938 368
2181488
2 412 323
2655 664
2898 500
3434 750
3 971000
4 556 750
12 13
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0.2
Nsd
[kN]
143
187
236
298
359
429
501
583
651
723
820
887
940
993
1088
1 199
1313
1397
1485
1575
1685
1838
2 042
2200
293
365
443
534
623
722
822
1098
1208
1321
1667
1716
1737
1753
1792
1845
1894
1949
2000
2 056
2107
2223
2330
2443
MN.y
[N.m]
25 933
40 923
60 592
88151
119520
159871
205 214
261811
319 224
382017
465924
536593
603798
675 594
822854
1 021 317
1243 201
1459 962
1696130
1952 462
2 252 406
2 813 250
3459 500
4086 500
57 757
85 852
120 884
166112
217363
279879
349618
518845
619 257
728389
997976
1088 844
1 164372
1238 268
1397 508
1608176
1824 347
2 064 351
2309 880
2 570 727
2836 526
3 434 750
3 971000
4 556 750
14 | 15
Nsd/NpI.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
179
234
295
373
449
537
626
729
814
903
1025
1 109
1 175
1242
1360
1499
1641
1747
1856
1969
2106
2 297
2553
2 750
366
457
554
667
779
903
1027
1372
1510
1651
2084
2145
2171
2192
2240
2306
2367
2436
2500
2569
2633
2779
2 912
3 054
MN.y
[N.m]
24 312
38 366
56805
82641
112050
149 879
192388
245448
299272
358141
436 803
503056
566060
633370
771425
957485
1 165 501
1368 715
1590 121
1830 433
2111630
2649 838
3 314 507
**
54147
80 487
113329
155 730
203 777
262386
327767
486 418
580 553
682865
935603
1020 791
1091598
1 160 876
1 310 163
1507665
1710 325
1935 329
2 165 512
2 410 056
2 659 244
3 220 872
3 793188
4 427 204
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
215
281
354
448
538
644
751
874
977
1084
1230
1331
1410
1490
1632
1798
1969
2096
2 227
2 362
2 528
2 757
3063
**
439
548
665
801
934
1083
1233
1647
1812
1981
2500
2 574
2606
2630
2688
2 767
2840
2 924
3000
3083
3160
3335
3 495
3665
MN.y
[N.m]
22 691
35 808
53018
77132
104580
139 887
179562
229085
279321
334 265
407683
469 519
528323
591 145
719 997
893652
1087801
1277467
1484113
1708 404
1 970 855
aa
"
50 537
75121
105 773
145348
190192
244894
305 916
453990
541849
637341
873 229
952 739
1 018 825
1083 484
1 222819
1407154
1596 303
1806 307
2 021 145
2 249 386
2 481961
3006147
3540309
**
18 l 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd
[kN]
251
327
413
522
628
752
876
1020
1 140
1264
1435
1553
1645
1739
1904
2098
2 297
2445
2 598
2 756
2949
*
*
*
512
639
775
934
1090
1264
1438
1921
2114
2 312
2 917
3003
3040
3 069
3136
3229
3 314
3 411
3500
3 597
3 687
3 891
4 077
*
MN.y
[N.m]
21071
33 250
49 231
71622
97110
129895
166 736
212722
259369
310389
378 563
435982
490 586
548 920
668568
829 820
1 010 101
1 186 220
1 378 105
1586375
1830080
*
*
a*
46 928
69 755
98 218
134 966
176 607
227402
284 065
421 562
503146
591816
810 856
884686
946 052
1006 092
1 135 475
1306 643
1 482 282
1677285
1876 777
2088 716
2304 678
2 791422
3 287430
tt
588
1
Designation
UB 178 102 19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203x133x25
UB 203 133 30
UB 254 X 102 X 22
UB 254x102x25
UB 254 102 28
UB 254x146x31
UB 254x146x37
UB 254x146x43
UB 305x165x40
UB 305 X 165 X 46
UB 305x165x54
UB 356 X.I 71x45
UB 356x171 51
UB 356x171 X57
UB 356x171 x67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178x67
UB 406 178x74
UB 457x152x52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457x152x67
UB 457x152x74
UB 457x152x82
UB 457x191 67
UB 457x191 74
UB 457x191x82
UB 457x191x89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533 210x92
UB 533x210x101
UB 533x210x109
UB 533x210x122
UB 610x229x101
UB 610x229x1 13
UB 610 229 125
UB 610x229x140
UB 610x305x149
UB 610x305x179
UB 610x305x238
UB 686x254 x 125
UB 686 X 254 X 140
UB 686x254x152
UB 686x254x1 70
UB 762 267 147
UB 762x267x173
UB 762x267x197
UB 838x292x176
UB 838x292x194
UB 838 292 226
UB 914x305 201
UB 914x305x224
UB 914 X 305 X 253
UB 914x305x289
UB 914x419x343
UB 914x419x388
2
Np,
[kN]
667
808
879
1 051
++
881
992
1091
1297
1506
++
++
1891
++
++
1995
2 351
++
++
++
2 599
++
++
++
++
2 875
++
++
++
3129
3445
++
++
++
++
4 273
++
++
++
++
++
6 272
8 342
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
13 591
3
Vp,.z
[kN]
156
197
204
231
248
265
282
260
279
321
319
358
422
425
455
500
567
528
549
613
665
579
625
696
748
820
650
693
764
815
888
860
915
983
1057
1 163
1062
1 132
1221
1349
1251
1496
1967
1339
1431
1530
1687
1626
1832
2 014
1963
2 077
2 301
2289
2433
2665
3 014
3034
3364
4
Vpi,
[kN]
263
312
342
422
231
285
338
412
521
611
549
637
747
546
647
734
891
637
746
838
942
549
669
760
864
967
791
904
1004
1 113
1239
909
1073
1201
1303
1484
1 108
1296
1472
1669
1960
2370
3 207
1351
1585
1757
1993
1533
1899
2 241
1812
2091
2 587
2 027
2396
2 807
3 246
4 387
5 042
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
47095
64 369
70876
86 450
71229
84 020
97022
108093
132888
155 741
171 346
198013
232671
213021
246401
277789
332987
290025
329853
370 157
412 722
301411
353999
399 595
447311
498161
404 532
454500
503603
553 752
613913
566120
649024
718304
//7817
878 788
792311
902222
1010 866
1 139 071
1263 231
1 525 521
2 058 707
1098 389
1 253 478
1 375 126
1548 460
1417 769
1704 362
1 970 810
1872119
2 101 031
2 517574
2 296 591
2621991
3008 500
3 456 750
4 257000
4859 250
6
MpI.Z
[N.m]
11437
13 682
19 510
24 262
10 251
12 652
15 084
25 884
32 828
38 796
38 977
45 521
53 798
40 306
47 905
54 657
66 817
49 029
57 488
65 051
73 420
36 658
44 839
51337
58 610
66 106
65 260
74 828
83 572
93 053
104198
82 600
97 785
109 848
119841
137421
110068
129047
147242
168147
257 752
314559
432 833
149159
175497
195302
223143
177981
222057
263613
231519
267796
333191
270044
319 947
376900
440346
794 631
918 746
7
Nfimit
for -My
[kN]
114
144
154
172
193
205
215
200
210
239
243
270
317
332
350
382
428
415
426
473
510
458
489
542
577
630
513
542
595
630
683
682
716
764
820
895
846
894
957
1051
962
1 143
1482
1066
1 128
1 199
1314
1287
1446
1574
1540
1649
1802
1 759
1929
2095
2356
2330
2563
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
for -My
0.170
0,178
0,175
0,164
0,250
0,233
0,217
0,183
0,162
0,158
0,172
0,167
0.167
0.210
0,196
0,191
0,182
0,219
0,202
0,201
0,196
0,250
0.233
0,230
0,222
0,219
0,218
0,208
0,207
0,201
0,198
0,237
0.222
0,216
0,215
0,210
0.239
0.226
0,218
0.215
0,184
0,182
0,178
0,243
0.230
0,225
0.220
0,250
0,239
0,228
0.250
0,243
0,227
0,250
0,246
0,236
0,233
0,194
0.189
589
1
Designation
UB 178 102 19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203x133x25
UB 203 133 30
UB 254 X 102 X 22
UB 254x102x25
UB 254 102 28
UB 254x146x31
UB 254x146x37
UB 254x146x43
UB 305x165x40
UB 305 X 165 X 46
UB 305x165x54
UB 356 X.I 71x45
UB 356x171 51
UB 356x171 X57
UB 356x171 x67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178x67
UB 406 178x74
UB 457x152x52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457x152x67
UB 457x152x74
UB 457x152x82
UB 457x191 67
UB 457x191 74
UB 457x191x82
UB 457x191x89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533 210x92
UB 533x210x101
UB 533x210x109
UB 533x210x122
UB 610x229x101
UB 610x229x1 13
UB 610 229 125
UB 610x229x140
UB 610x305x149
UB 610x305x179
UB 610x305x238
UB 686x254 x 125
UB 686 X 254 X 140
UB 686x254x152
UB 686x254x1 70
UB 762 267 147
UB 762x267x173
UB 762x267x197
UB 838x292x176
UB 838x292x194
UB 838 292 226
UB 914x305 201
UB 914x305x224
UB 914 X 305 X 253
UB 914x305x289
UB 914x419x343
UB 914x419x388
2
Np,
[kN]
667
808
879
1 051
++
881
992
1091
1297
1506
++
++
1891
++
++
1995
2 351
++
++
++
2 599
++
++
++
++
2 875
++
++
++
3129
3445
++
++
++
++
4 273
++
++
++
++
++
6 272
8 342
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
13 591
3
Vp,.z
[kN]
156
197
204
231
248
265
282
260
279
321
319
358
422
425
455
500
567
528
549
613
665
579
625
696
748
820
650
693
764
815
888
860
915
983
1057
1 163
1062
1 132
1221
1349
1251
1496
1967
1339
1431
1530
1687
1626
1832
2 014
1963
2 077
2 301
2289
2433
2665
3 014
3034
3364
4
Vpi,
[kN]
263
312
342
422
231
285
338
412
521
611
549
637
747
546
647
734
891
637
746
838
942
549
669
760
864
967
791
904
1004
1 113
1239
909
1073
1201
1303
1484
1 108
1296
1472
1669
1960
2370
3 207
1351
1585
1757
1993
1533
1899
2 241
1812
2091
2 587
2 027
2396
2 807
3 246
4 387
5 042
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
47095
64 369
70876
86 450
71229
84 020
97022
108093
132888
155 741
171 346
198013
232671
213021
246401
277789
332987
290025
329853
370 157
412 722
301411
353999
399 595
447311
498161
404 532
454500
503603
553 752
613913
566120
649024
718304
//7817
878 788
792311
902222
1010 866
1 139 071
1263 231
1 525 521
2 058 707
1098 389
1 253 478
1 375 126
1548 460
1417 769
1704 362
1 970 810
1872119
2 101 031
2 517574
2 296 591
2621991
3008 500
3 456 750
4 257000
4859 250
6
MpI.Z
[N.m]
11437
13 682
19 510
24 262
10 251
12 652
15 084
25 884
32 828
38 796
38 977
45 521
53 798
40 306
47 905
54 657
66 817
49 029
57 488
65 051
73 420
36 658
44 839
51337
58 610
66 106
65 260
74 828
83 572
93 053
104198
82 600
97 785
109 848
119841
137421
110068
129047
147242
168147
257 752
314559
432 833
149159
175497
195302
223143
177981
222057
263613
231519
267796
333191
270044
319 947
376900
440346
794 631
918 746
7
Nfimit
for -My
[kN]
114
144
154
172
193
205
215
200
210
239
243
270
317
332
350
382
428
415
426
473
510
458
489
542
577
630
513
542
595
630
683
682
716
764
820
895
846
894
957
1051
962
1 143
1482
1066
1 128
1 199
1314
1287
1446
1574
1540
1649
1802
1 759
1929
2095
2356
2330
2563
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
for -My
0.170
0,178
0,175
0,164
0,250
0,233
0,217
0,183
0,162
0,158
0,172
0,167
0.167
0.210
0,196
0,191
0,182
0,219
0,202
0,201
0,196
0,250
0.233
0,230
0,222
0,219
0,218
0,208
0,207
0,201
0,198
0,237
0.222
0,216
0,215
0,210
0.239
0.226
0,218
0.215
0,184
0,182
0,178
0,243
0.230
0,225
0.220
0,250
0,239
0,228
0.250
0,243
0,227
0,250
0,246
0,236
0,233
0,194
0.189
589
tote: all values of Njj and Mjfy must be divided by Yj^jo
9
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203x133x25
UB 203x133x30
UB 254x102x22
UB 254x102x25
UB 254x102x28
UB 254x146x31
UB 254x146x37
UB 254x146x43
UB 305x165x40
UB 305x165x46
UB 305X165X54
UB 356x171x45
UB 356x171x51
UB 356x171x57
UB 356x171x67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178x67
UB 406x178x74
UB 457x152x52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457x152x67
UB 457x152x74
UB 457x152x82
UB 457x191x67
UB 457x191x74
UB 457x191x82
UB 457x191x89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533x210x92
UB 533x210x101
UB 533 X 210 X 109
UB 533x210x122
UB 610x229x101
UB 610x229x113
UB 610x229x125
UB 610x229x140
UB 610x305x149
UB 610x305x179
UB 610 305 238
UB 686 254 125
UB 686 254 140
UB 686 254 152
UB 686 254 170
UB 762 x 267 147
UB 762 267 173
UB 762 267 197
UB 838 292 176
UB 838 292 194
UB 838 292 226
UB 914 305 201
UB 914 305 224
UB 914 305 253
UB 914 305 289
UB 914 419 343
UB 914 419 388
10 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0f15
Nsd
IkN]
100
121
132
158
116
132
149
164
195
226
212
242
284
236
268
299
353
284
316
353
390
275
314
353
390
431
353
390
431
469
517
432
484
531
573
641
532
594
657
735
784
941
1251
658
736
801
894
772
909
1034
924
1018
1 190
1056
1 178
1332
1519
1804
2039
MN.y
[N.m]
47095
64 369
70876
86 450
71229
84 020
97022
108093
132888
155 741
171346
198013
232671
213021
246401
277789
332987
290025
329 853
370 157
412722
301411
353 999
399595
447311
498161
404 532
454500
503603
553 752
613913
566120
649024
718 304
Til 81 7
878 788
792311
902222
1010 866
1 139 071
1263 231
1 525 521
2 058 707
1098389
1253 478
1 375 126
1548460
1417769
1704 362
1970810
1872119
2 101 031
2 517 574
2 296 591
2 621 991
3008 500
3456 750
4 257 000
4859 250
12 | 13
NSd/Np,.Rd=0,2
NSd
IkN]
133
162
176
210
154
176
198
218
259
301
282
323
378
315
357
399
470
379
421
470
520
367
419
471
520
575
470
520
575
626
689
576
646
708
764
855
709
792
876
980
1045
1254
1668
877
981
1067
1 193
1030
1212
1379
1232
1358
1587
1408
1571
1776
2025
2405
2 718
MN.y
[N.m]
45 419
62644
68 728
82 688
71229
84020
97022
105886
126812
148053
**
190 206
223587
213021
245 217
274859
325629
290025
329853
370157
410 726
*
399595
447311
498161
404 532
454500
503 603
553 752
612629
566120
649024
718304
777817
878788
*
1010 866
1 139 071
**
1492 385
2 002 741
**
1 375 126
1548 460
**
1 704 362
1 970 810
*
*
2 517 574
*
3008 500
3 456 750
4 224 033
4 790 947
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
167
202
220
263
193
220
248
273
324
377
**
404
473
394
446
499
588
474
526
588
650
*
588
650
719
588
651
718
782
861
720
807
885
955
1068
**
1095
1225
**
1568
2085
**
1334
1491
*
1515
1723
*
1984
**
2 219
2 532
3006
3398
MN.y
[N.m]
42580
58 729
64 433
77520
71229
82140
92 903
99 268
118887
138 799
*
**
209613
tt
tt
257680
305 277
**
347498
385056
tt
389389
431310
478523
**
**
476324
520 076
574340
tt
*
742772
833816
**
*
1087597
tt
1399111
1877569
*
**
1489 677
**
**
1 915 671
*
*"
aa
aa
*
*
3 378 497
3960 031
4 491 513
16 | 17
NSd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
200
243
264
315
231
264
298
327
389
452
**
567
tt
**
599
705
**
**
706
780
706
779
862
*
**
862
939
1033
**
**
**
1 146
1282
**
**
1470
tttt
1882
2502
**
1789
2068
*
**
*
**
**
3 038
3608
4 077
MN.y
[N.m]
39 742
54 813
60137
72 352
66 480
76 664
86 709
92 650
110961
129 546
**
**
195 639
**
tt
**
284925
**
**
*"
359386
*
tt
**
**
446621
**
tt
*
485405
536050
**
*
s
778 229
**
*
**
*
*
1 752 398
**
**
*
a*
**
**
aa
*
*
**
*
**
3153 264
*
4192079
18 | 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd
JkN]
234
283
308
368
270
308
347
382
454
527
**
662
823
**
910
tt
**
*
1006
>
*
*
1 095
1206
**
**
*
1496
*
**
2 920
*
**
a.
**
aa
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
3545
**
4 757
MN.y
[N.m]
36903
50898
55842
67184
61732
71 188
80 516
*
103035
120 293
*
181 665
tt
a
a
264 573
*
**
*
a
*
**
497 761
**
**
..
tt>
1627 227
**
tt
*
*
**
**
*
*
**
590
tote: all values of Njj and Mjfy must be divided by Yj^jo
9
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203x133x25
UB 203x133x30
UB 254x102x22
UB 254x102x25
UB 254x102x28
UB 254x146x31
UB 254x146x37
UB 254x146x43
UB 305x165x40
UB 305x165x46
UB 305X165X54
UB 356x171x45
UB 356x171x51
UB 356x171x57
UB 356x171x67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178x67
UB 406x178x74
UB 457x152x52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457x152x67
UB 457x152x74
UB 457x152x82
UB 457x191x67
UB 457x191x74
UB 457x191x82
UB 457x191x89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533x210x92
UB 533x210x101
UB 533 X 210 X 109
UB 533x210x122
UB 610x229x101
UB 610x229x113
UB 610x229x125
UB 610x229x140
UB 610x305x149
UB 610x305x179
UB 610 305 238
UB 686 254 125
UB 686 254 140
UB 686 254 152
UB 686 254 170
UB 762 x 267 147
UB 762 267 173
UB 762 267 197
UB 838 292 176
UB 838 292 194
UB 838 292 226
UB 914 305 201
UB 914 305 224
UB 914 305 253
UB 914 305 289
UB 914 419 343
UB 914 419 388
10 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0f15
Nsd
IkN]
100
121
132
158
116
132
149
164
195
226
212
242
284
236
268
299
353
284
316
353
390
275
314
353
390
431
353
390
431
469
517
432
484
531
573
641
532
594
657
735
784
941
1251
658
736
801
894
772
909
1034
924
1018
1 190
1056
1 178
1332
1519
1804
2039
MN.y
[N.m]
47095
64 369
70876
86 450
71229
84 020
97022
108093
132888
155 741
171346
198013
232671
213021
246401
277789
332987
290025
329 853
370 157
412722
301411
353 999
399595
447311
498161
404 532
454500
503603
553 752
613913
566120
649024
718 304
Til 81 7
878 788
792311
902222
1010 866
1 139 071
1263 231
1 525 521
2 058 707
1098389
1253 478
1 375 126
1548460
1417769
1704 362
1970810
1872119
2 101 031
2 517 574
2 296 591
2 621 991
3008 500
3456 750
4 257 000
4859 250
12 | 13
NSd/Np,.Rd=0,2
NSd
IkN]
133
162
176
210
154
176
198
218
259
301
282
323
378
315
357
399
470
379
421
470
520
367
419
471
520
575
470
520
575
626
689
576
646
708
764
855
709
792
876
980
1045
1254
1668
877
981
1067
1 193
1030
1212
1379
1232
1358
1587
1408
1571
1776
2025
2405
2 718
MN.y
[N.m]
45 419
62644
68 728
82 688
71229
84020
97022
105886
126812
148053
**
190 206
223587
213021
245 217
274859
325629
290025
329853
370157
410 726
*
399595
447311
498161
404 532
454500
503 603
553 752
612629
566120
649024
718304
777817
878788
*
1010 866
1 139 071
**
1492 385
2 002 741
**
1 375 126
1548 460
**
1 704 362
1 970 810
*
*
2 517 574
*
3008 500
3 456 750
4 224 033
4 790 947
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
167
202
220
263
193
220
248
273
324
377
**
404
473
394
446
499
588
474
526
588
650
*
588
650
719
588
651
718
782
861
720
807
885
955
1068
**
1095
1225
**
1568
2085
**
1334
1491
*
1515
1723
*
1984
**
2 219
2 532
3006
3398
MN.y
[N.m]
42580
58 729
64 433
77520
71229
82140
92 903
99 268
118887
138 799
*
**
209613
tt
tt
257680
305 277
**
347498
385056
tt
389389
431310
478523
**
**
476324
520 076
574340
tt
*
742772
833816
**
*
1087597
tt
1399111
1877569
*
**
1489 677
**
**
1 915 671
*
*"
aa
aa
*
*
3 378 497
3960 031
4 491 513
16 | 17
NSd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
200
243
264
315
231
264
298
327
389
452
**
567
tt
**
599
705
**
**
706
780
706
779
862
*
**
862
939
1033
**
**
**
1 146
1282
**
**
1470
tttt
1882
2502
**
1789
2068
*
**
*
**
**
3 038
3608
4 077
MN.y
[N.m]
39 742
54 813
60137
72 352
66 480
76 664
86 709
92 650
110961
129 546
**
**
195 639
**
tt
**
284925
**
**
*"
359386
*
tt
**
**
446621
**
tt
*
485405
536050
**
*
s
778 229
**
*
**
*
*
1 752 398
**
**
*
a*
**
**
aa
*
*
**
*
**
3153 264
*
4192079
18 | 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd
JkN]
234
283
308
368
270
308
347
382
454
527
**
662
823
**
910
tt
**
*
1006
>
*
*
1 095
1206
**
**
*
1496
*
**
2 920
*
**
a.
**
aa
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
3545
**
4 757
MN.y
[N.m]
36903
50898
55842
67184
61732
71 188
80 516
*
103035
120 293
*
181 665
tt
a
a
264 573
*
**
*
a
*
**
497 761
**
**
..
tt>
1627 227
**
tt
*
*
**
**
*
*
**
590
1
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203x203x52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203 X 203 71
UC 203x203x86
UC 254 254 73
UC 254x254x89
UC 254x254x107
UC 254x254x132
UC 254x254x167
UC 305 X 305 97
UC 305x305x118
UC 305x305x137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305 305 x 198
UC 305 305x240
UC 305x305x283
UC 356x368x1 29
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x1 77
UC 356x368 202
UC 356x406x235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356x406x340
UC 356x406x393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356x406x551
UC 356x406x634
2
Np,
[kN]
804
1052
1296
1615
1823
2100
2 487
3015
2560
3116
3 751
4 624
5 854
3 395
4131
4796
5 538
6 941
8409
9191
4 519
5 357
6 201
7074
8 234
10 057
11042
12 765
15170
17 899
20 592
3
VpU
[kN]
158
184
227
270
298
352
385
487
407
489
605
734
934
566
685
791
910
1 119
1363
1611
674
798
934
1072
1 202
1489
1774
2066
2463
2 737
3 160
4
vPi.y
IkN]
341
471
584
731
834
957
1 166
1407
1 177
1446
1737
2167
2 767
1532
1877
2194
2548
3 240
3 951
4350
2 091
2489
2884
3296
3884
4 760
5 254
6102
7308
8 673
10 053
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
*
68108
84 909
136 796
156034
180421
219659
268601
272819
336 562
408 218
514088
666 508
437819
538320
631552
737121
945995
1 167945
1 301 825
681800
815301
950 191
1092 228
1288 788
1598 431
1784 765
2096 723
2550 000
3080 400
3 631200
6
Mpl.z
[N.m]
*
30 687
38 384
63 488
72 668
83 968
102762
125465
127983
158 210
191 687
241553
312749
199690
246 225
289450
338 278
434 701
536411
597251
*
394561
459 472
527871
655387
811049
903 642
1 059 199
1 283 747
1544 779
1812 634
7
Nfimit
for - My
IkN]
**
131
159
192
209
246
261
329
286
339
416
494
615
404
484
553
629
755
904
972
486
569
662
755
838
1024
1 113
1 276
1489
1746
1971
8
{Nfimit /Npi.Rd)
for -My
*
0,124
0,123
0.119
0,115
0,117
0,105
0,109
0.112
0,109
0,111
0,107
0,105
0,119
0,117
0,115
0,114
0,109
0,107
0,106
0,107
0,106
0,107
0,107
0,102
0,102
0,101
0,100
0,098
0,098
0.096
591
1
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203x203x52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203 X 203 71
UC 203x203x86
UC 254 254 73
UC 254x254x89
UC 254x254x107
UC 254x254x132
UC 254x254x167
UC 305 X 305 97
UC 305x305x118
UC 305x305x137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305 305 x 198
UC 305 305x240
UC 305x305x283
UC 356x368x1 29
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x1 77
UC 356x368 202
UC 356x406x235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356x406x340
UC 356x406x393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356x406x551
UC 356x406x634
2
Np,
[kN]
804
1052
1296
1615
1823
2100
2 487
3015
2560
3116
3 751
4 624
5 854
3 395
4131
4796
5 538
6 941
8409
9191
4 519
5 357
6 201
7074
8 234
10 057
11042
12 765
15170
17 899
20 592
3
VpU
[kN]
158
184
227
270
298
352
385
487
407
489
605
734
934
566
685
791
910
1 119
1363
1611
674
798
934
1072
1 202
1489
1774
2066
2463
2 737
3 160
4
vPi.y
IkN]
341
471
584
731
834
957
1 166
1407
1 177
1446
1737
2167
2 767
1532
1877
2194
2548
3 240
3 951
4350
2 091
2489
2884
3296
3884
4 760
5 254
6102
7308
8 673
10 053
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
*
68108
84 909
136 796
156034
180421
219659
268601
272819
336 562
408 218
514088
666 508
437819
538320
631552
737121
945995
1 167945
1 301 825
681800
815301
950 191
1092 228
1288 788
1598 431
1784 765
2096 723
2550 000
3080 400
3 631200
6
Mpl.z
[N.m]
*
30 687
38 384
63 488
72 668
83 968
102762
125465
127983
158 210
191 687
241553
312749
199690
246 225
289450
338 278
434 701
536411
597251
*
394561
459 472
527871
655387
811049
903 642
1 059 199
1 283 747
1544 779
1812 634
7
Nfimit
for - My
IkN]
**
131
159
192
209
246
261
329
286
339
416
494
615
404
484
553
629
755
904
972
486
569
662
755
838
1024
1 113
1 276
1489
1746
1971
8
{Nfimit /Npi.Rd)
for -My
*
0,124
0,123
0.119
0,115
0,117
0,105
0,109
0.112
0,109
0,111
0,107
0,105
0,119
0,117
0,115
0,114
0,109
0,107
0,106
0,107
0,106
0,107
0,107
0,102
0,102
0,101
0,100
0,098
0,098
0.096
591
Note: all values of Ngj and Mjty must be divided by Y^0
9
Designation
UC 152x152 23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203x203x52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203x203x71
UC 203x203x86
UC 254x254x73
UC 254x254x89
UC 254x254x107
UC 254x254x132
UC 254x254 167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x1 18
UC 305x305x137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305x305x198
UC 305x305x240
UC 305x305x283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356 368 153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356x406x235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356x406x340
UC 356x406x393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356 X 406 X 551
UC 356x406x634
10 | 11
Nsd/Np|.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
tt
158
194
242
273
315
373
452
384
467
563
694
878
509
620
719
831
1041
1261
1379
678
804
930
1061
1 235
1509
1656
1915
2 276
2685
3 089
MN.y
IN.m]
*
66115
82 305
131933
149 815
173748
208645
256 247
261050
320963
390306
489 229
633029
422482
518373
606786
706881
902229
1 112 271
1237438
**
775438
904193
1039 266
1219 648
1512 610
1687030
1980176
2 403 342
2 901389
3 413 215
12 | 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
210
259
323
365
420
497
603
512
623
750
925
1 171
679
826
959
1 108
1388
1682
1838
**
1071
1240
1415
1647
2011
2208
2553
3034
3580
4118
MN.y
IN.m]
*
62226
77464
124172
141003
163528
196371
241 174
245694
302083
367347
460 451
595 792
397630
487881
571 093
665300
849157
1046 843
1 164 647
729824
851005
978133
1 147904
1423 633
1587 793
1863 695
2261969
2 730 719
3 212 438
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
263
324
404
456
525
622
754
640
779
938
1 156
1463
849
1033
1 199
1384
1735
2102
2298
1339
1550
1768
2 059
2 514
2 761
3191
3 793
4 475
5148
MN.y
[N.m]
**
58336
72 622
116412
132190
153307
184098
226101
230338
283 203
344387
431 673 '
558555
372778
457388
535399
623 718
796 084
981415
1091857
*
684 210
797817
917000
1 076 160
1334 656
1488 556
1747 214
2120 596
2 560 050
3 011661
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
*
316
389
485
547
630
746
905
768
935
1 125
1387
1756
1018
1239
1439
1661
2 082
2 523
2 757
**
1607
1860
2122
2470
3 017
3 313
3 829
4 551
5 370
6 178
MN.y
[N.m]
54 447
67 781
108651
123377
143087
171 825
211027
214982
264323
321428
402895
521 318
347927
426896
499706
582137
743012
915988
1019 066
**
638 596
744629
855866
1004 416
1 245 678
1 389 319
1630 733
1979 223
2 389 380
2 810 883
18 | 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
NSd
IkN]
368
453
565
638
735
870
1055
896
1091
1313
1618
2049
1 188
1446
1679
1938
2429
2943
3 217
1875
2171
2 476
2 882
3 520
3 865
4 468
5 310
6265
7 207
MN.y
[N.m]
**
50 558
62939
100890
114565
132866
159 552
195954
199626
245443
298469
374117
484081
323075
396403
464013
540556
689940
850 560
946 276
592982
691 441
794 733
932672
1 156 701
1290 081
1514 252
1837850
2 218 710
2 610106
592
Note: all values of Ngj and Mjty must be divided by Y^0
9
Designation
UC 152x152 23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203x203x52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203x203x71
UC 203x203x86
UC 254x254x73
UC 254x254x89
UC 254x254x107
UC 254x254x132
UC 254x254 167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x1 18
UC 305x305x137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305x305x198
UC 305x305x240
UC 305x305x283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356 368 153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356x406x235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356x406x340
UC 356x406x393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356 X 406 X 551
UC 356x406x634
10 | 11
Nsd/Np|.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
tt
158
194
242
273
315
373
452
384
467
563
694
878
509
620
719
831
1041
1261
1379
678
804
930
1061
1 235
1509
1656
1915
2 276
2685
3 089
MN.y
IN.m]
*
66115
82 305
131933
149 815
173748
208645
256 247
261050
320963
390306
489 229
633029
422482
518373
606786
706881
902229
1 112 271
1237438
**
775438
904193
1039 266
1219 648
1512 610
1687030
1980176
2 403 342
2 901389
3 413 215
12 | 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
210
259
323
365
420
497
603
512
623
750
925
1 171
679
826
959
1 108
1388
1682
1838
**
1071
1240
1415
1647
2011
2208
2553
3034
3580
4118
MN.y
IN.m]
*
62226
77464
124172
141003
163528
196371
241 174
245694
302083
367347
460 451
595 792
397630
487881
571 093
665300
849157
1046 843
1 164 647
729824
851005
978133
1 147904
1423 633
1587 793
1863 695
2261969
2 730 719
3 212 438
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
263
324
404
456
525
622
754
640
779
938
1 156
1463
849
1033
1 199
1384
1735
2102
2298
1339
1550
1768
2 059
2 514
2 761
3191
3 793
4 475
5148
MN.y
[N.m]
**
58336
72 622
116412
132190
153307
184098
226101
230338
283 203
344387
431 673 '
558555
372778
457388
535399
623 718
796 084
981415
1091857
*
684 210
797817
917000
1 076 160
1334 656
1488 556
1747 214
2120 596
2 560 050
3 011661
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
*
316
389
485
547
630
746
905
768
935
1 125
1387
1756
1018
1239
1439
1661
2 082
2 523
2 757
**
1607
1860
2122
2470
3 017
3 313
3 829
4 551
5 370
6 178
MN.y
[N.m]
54 447
67 781
108651
123377
143087
171 825
211027
214982
264323
321428
402895
521 318
347927
426896
499706
582137
743012
915988
1019 066
**
638 596
744629
855866
1004 416
1 245 678
1 389 319
1630 733
1979 223
2 389 380
2 810 883
18 | 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
NSd
IkN]
368
453
565
638
735
870
1055
896
1091
1313
1618
2049
1 188
1446
1679
1938
2429
2943
3 217
1875
2171
2 476
2 882
3 520
3 865
4 468
5 310
6265
7 207
MN.y
[N.m]
**
50 558
62939
100890
114565
132866
159 552
195954
199626
245443
298469
374117
484081
323075
396403
464013
540556
689940
850 560
946 276
592982
691 441
794 733
932672
1 156 701
1290 081
1514 252
1837850
2 218 710
2 610106
592
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750x137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750x196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
2
Np,
IkN]
271
366
469
583
713
850
1011
1 185
1389
1631
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
226
312
392
475
574
695
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
962
1 135
1327
1552
1911
2230
2 578
2 987
3 422
++
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
IkN]
73
104
129
157
198
231
287
326
392
454
526
631
720
875
1042
1227
1483
1717
-
2161
2 387
2609
63
91
111
127
160
188
235
278
334
384
456
553
610
733
866
1033
1236
1437
260
317
362
438
517
595
715
824
983
1217
1439
1695
2139
4
vpt.y
IkN]
105
138
176
' 218
263
314
369
436
509
594
690
793
928
1048
1 196
1377
1560
1802
1900
1928
2 457
2 895
85
114
142
176
209
254
302
365
430
505
592
689
835
926
1065
1239
1412
1646
358
420
493
572
715
829
943
1088
1217
1457
1654
1851
2 324
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
8 242
13 989
21557
31362
43 970
59 077
78 327
101 319
130 159
171 819
223066
285 537
361797
464037
604136
778912
989387
1 246 901
1 727 132
1814 012
2207488
2546 833
6 737
11708
17 704
25 417
35178
48 041
64 487
85 274
110 608
146435
192335
249184
321902
406085
530472
690832
878504
1 115119
67 148
88 544
114008
145647
204000
264056
334 689
421060
533 271
726423
927609
1 158 499
1 587 218
6
,
[N.m]
2065
3 247
4 821
6833
9265
12 283
15 837
20 629
26 243
34 417
44 453
54 556
67840
81295
98115
119 237
142190
172405
217997
223 938
287519
340373
1666
2 676
3 897
5 510
7347
9 926
12 970
17212
22152
29 232
38101
47 309
61008
71735
87 240
107076
128 333
156 934
14169
18 422
23 753
29 961
41786
54169
65 672
80 557
95 529
121 052
145029
170583
227230
7
Nfimit
for -My
IkN]
51
72
91
113
141
167
204
233
277
327
385
458
524
637
769
915
1 104
1285
1512
1664
1881
2035
45
64
80
93
115
138
168
201
238
278
336
404
441
531
635
765
911
1065
187
223
258
308
367
430
513
596
709
889
1064
1 250
1584
8
{Nfimit /Np|.Rd)
for -My
0.187
0,196
0,195
0,193
0,198
0,196
0,202
0,197
0,199
0,200
0,202
0.206
0.203
0,212
0,219
0.223
0.231
0.232
0.244
0,250
0,239
0,229
0,197
0,206
0,204
0,195
0,201
0.198
0,202
0,200
0.201
0,200
0,203
0.208
0.194
0,204
0,209
0,213
0,219
0.219
0.194
0,197
0,194
0,199
0,192
0,193
0,199
0,199
0.207
0,213
0.219
0,226
0,227
593
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750x137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750x196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
2
Np,
IkN]
271
366
469
583
713
850
1011
1 185
1389
1631
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
226
312
392
475
574
695
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
962
1 135
1327
1552
1911
2230
2 578
2 987
3 422
++
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
IkN]
73
104
129
157
198
231
287
326
392
454
526
631
720
875
1042
1227
1483
1717
-
2161
2 387
2609
63
91
111
127
160
188
235
278
334
384
456
553
610
733
866
1033
1236
1437
260
317
362
438
517
595
715
824
983
1217
1439
1695
2139
4
vpt.y
IkN]
105
138
176
' 218
263
314
369
436
509
594
690
793
928
1048
1 196
1377
1560
1802
1900
1928
2 457
2 895
85
114
142
176
209
254
302
365
430
505
592
689
835
926
1065
1239
1412
1646
358
420
493
572
715
829
943
1088
1217
1457
1654
1851
2 324
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
8 242
13 989
21557
31362
43 970
59 077
78 327
101 319
130 159
171 819
223066
285 537
361797
464037
604136
778912
989387
1 246 901
1 727 132
1814 012
2207488
2546 833
6 737
11708
17 704
25 417
35178
48 041
64 487
85 274
110 608
146435
192335
249184
321902
406085
530472
690832
878504
1 115119
67 148
88 544
114008
145647
204000
264056
334 689
421060
533 271
726423
927609
1 158 499
1 587 218
6
,
[N.m]
2065
3 247
4 821
6833
9265
12 283
15 837
20 629
26 243
34 417
44 453
54 556
67840
81295
98115
119 237
142190
172405
217997
223 938
287519
340373
1666
2 676
3 897
5 510
7347
9 926
12 970
17212
22152
29 232
38101
47 309
61008
71735
87 240
107076
128 333
156 934
14169
18 422
23 753
29 961
41786
54169
65 672
80 557
95 529
121 052
145029
170583
227230
7
Nfimit
for -My
IkN]
51
72
91
113
141
167
204
233
277
327
385
458
524
637
769
915
1 104
1285
1512
1664
1881
2035
45
64
80
93
115
138
168
201
238
278
336
404
441
531
635
765
911
1065
187
223
258
308
367
430
513
596
709
889
1064
1 250
1584
8
{Nfimit /Np|.Rd)
for -My
0.187
0,196
0,195
0,193
0,198
0,196
0,202
0,197
0,199
0,200
0,202
0.206
0.203
0,212
0,219
0.223
0.231
0.232
0.244
0,250
0,239
0,229
0,197
0,206
0,204
0,195
0,201
0.198
0,202
0,200
0.201
0,200
0,203
0.208
0.194
0,204
0,209
0,213
0,219
0.219
0.194
0,197
0,194
0,199
0,192
0,193
0,199
0,199
0.207
0,213
0.219
0,226
0,227
593
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: all values of Ngj and Mjj.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750x137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
10
11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0t15
Nsd
IkN]
41
55
70
87
107
128
152
178
208
245
287
333
387
450
526
615
716
831
930
998
1 179
1336
34
47
59
71
86
104
125
150
177
208
248
291
341
389
456
538
625
730
144
170
199
233
287
335
387
448
513
627
728
831
1048
MN.y
[N.m]
8 242
13 989
21557
31362
43 970
59 077
78 327
101 319
130159
171 819
223066
285 537
361797
464037
604136
778 912
989 387
1 246 901
*
2207488
2546 833
6 737
11708
17 704
25 417
35178
48 041
64 487
85 274
110608
146435
192335
249184
**
**
**
67148
88 544
114008
145647
204000
264056
334 689
421060
533 271
726 423
927609
1 158 499
1 587 218
12 13
Nsd/Npi.Rd-0,2
Nsd
IkN]
54
73
94
117
143
170
202
237
278
326
382
445
516
600
702
820
954
1 107
*
**
1571
1781
45
62
78
95
115
139
167
201
237
278
330
389
*
a
*
**
aa
*
192
227
265
310
382
446
516
597
684
835
971
1 108
1397
MN.y
[N.m]
8111
13925
21418
31 104
43 859
58 783
78 327
100908
130055
171 819
223066
285537
361797
464037
604136
"
**
**
*
tt
6 711
11708
17704
25 252
35178
47913
64 487
85 274
110608
*
*
**
**
*
66 682
88194
113 224
145387
201931
261683
334199
420 783
533 271
726423
927609
1 158 499
1587 218
14
Nsd/N
Nsd
IkN]
68
92
117
146
178
213
253
296
347
408
478
556
645
750
877
.
*
aa
a*
**
57
78
98
119
144
174
208
251
296
**
**
**
*
a.
.
**
**
240
284
332
388
478
558
644
747
855
1044
1213
1385
1746
15
pl.Rd=0|25
MN.y
[N.m]
7604
13055
20 079
29160
41 118
55109
73 577
94 601
121926
161 139
209580
**
"
6 292
11054
16 683
23 673
33 020
44 918
tt
**
**
62 515
82 682
106148
136301
189310
245 328
313312
394484
504561
692090
891076
1 122 021
1539 554
16 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
81
110
141
175
214
255
303
355
417
489
573
*
**
**
aa
**
aa
*
**
68
94
117
143
172
208
**
a.
**
**
289
340
398
466
573
669
773
896
1027
1253
1456
1662
2096
MN.y
[N.m]
7097
12185
18 740
27216
38377
51435
68 672
88 294
113 798
**
**
*
**
**
**
aa
aa
**
*
**
**
**
5 873
10 317
15 570
22 095
*
**
aa
aa
aa
aa
"*
**
aa
**
58 347
77170
99 071
127214
176 689
228972
*
tt
1436 917
18
NSd/N
Nsd
IkN]
95
128
164
204
250
298
354
415
486
t
'*
'*
ka
k.
'
ka
ka
'
ka
'
79
109
137
166
*
*
'*
ka
"
ka
'*
"
"
'*
*
"
**
337
397
465
543
669
781
tt
**
2445
19
3i.Rd=n>35
MN.y
[N.m]
6 590
11314
17402
25 272
35 636
47 761
63 767
81987
105669
*
**
*
tt
*
**
*
5453
9580
14 458
20 517
*
*
*
*
**
tt
"
**
"
54179
71658
91995
118127
164069
'
ka
ka
'
ka
y
'
'*
594
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: all values of Ngj and Mjj.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750x137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
10
11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0t15
Nsd
IkN]
41
55
70
87
107
128
152
178
208
245
287
333
387
450
526
615
716
831
930
998
1 179
1336
34
47
59
71
86
104
125
150
177
208
248
291
341
389
456
538
625
730
144
170
199
233
287
335
387
448
513
627
728
831
1048
MN.y
[N.m]
8 242
13 989
21557
31362
43 970
59 077
78 327
101 319
130159
171 819
223066
285 537
361797
464037
604136
778 912
989 387
1 246 901
*
2207488
2546 833
6 737
11708
17 704
25 417
35178
48 041
64 487
85 274
110608
146435
192335
249184
**
**
**
67148
88 544
114008
145647
204000
264056
334 689
421060
533 271
726 423
927609
1 158 499
1 587 218
12 13
Nsd/Npi.Rd-0,2
Nsd
IkN]
54
73
94
117
143
170
202
237
278
326
382
445
516
600
702
820
954
1 107
*
**
1571
1781
45
62
78
95
115
139
167
201
237
278
330
389
*
a
*
**
aa
*
192
227
265
310
382
446
516
597
684
835
971
1 108
1397
MN.y
[N.m]
8111
13925
21418
31 104
43 859
58 783
78 327
100908
130055
171 819
223066
285537
361797
464037
604136
"
**
**
*
tt
6 711
11708
17704
25 252
35178
47913
64 487
85 274
110608
*
*
**
**
*
66 682
88194
113 224
145387
201931
261683
334199
420 783
533 271
726423
927609
1 158 499
1587 218
14
Nsd/N
Nsd
IkN]
68
92
117
146
178
213
253
296
347
408
478
556
645
750
877
.
*
aa
a*
**
57
78
98
119
144
174
208
251
296
**
**
**
*
a.
.
**
**
240
284
332
388
478
558
644
747
855
1044
1213
1385
1746
15
pl.Rd=0|25
MN.y
[N.m]
7604
13055
20 079
29160
41 118
55109
73 577
94 601
121926
161 139
209580
**
"
6 292
11054
16 683
23 673
33 020
44 918
tt
**
**
62 515
82 682
106148
136301
189310
245 328
313312
394484
504561
692090
891076
1 122 021
1539 554
16 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
81
110
141
175
214
255
303
355
417
489
573
*
**
**
aa
**
aa
*
**
68
94
117
143
172
208
**
a.
**
**
289
340
398
466
573
669
773
896
1027
1253
1456
1662
2096
MN.y
[N.m]
7097
12185
18 740
27216
38377
51435
68 672
88 294
113 798
**
**
*
**
**
**
aa
aa
**
*
**
**
**
5 873
10 317
15 570
22 095
*
**
aa
aa
aa
aa
"*
**
aa
**
58 347
77170
99 071
127214
176 689
228972
*
tt
1436 917
18
NSd/N
Nsd
IkN]
95
128
164
204
250
298
354
415
486
t
'*
'*
ka
k.
'
ka
ka
'
ka
'
79
109
137
166
*
*
'*
ka
"
ka
'*
"
"
'*
*
"
**
337
397
465
543
669
781
tt
**
2445
19
3i.Rd=n>35
MN.y
[N.m]
6 590
11314
17402
25 272
35 636
47 761
63 767
81987
105669
*
**
*
tt
*
**
*
5453
9580
14 458
20 517
*
*
*
*
**
tt
"
**
"
54179
71658
91995
118127
164069
'
ka
ka
'
ka
y
'
'*
594
1
Designation
HE 100 AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE200A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE800A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
2
Np,
IkN]
554
659
817
1078
1297
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
4 178
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
754
899
1 115
1376
1606
1911
2 284
2 728
3 082
3453
3 995
4 415
4 738
5068
5644
6 320
7013
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
IkN]
126
141
162
213
249
317
361
441
507
564
663
726
793
864
983
1 121
1269
1489
1666
1853
2 056
2538
3 018
3 529
155
173
207
271
297
371
424
516
589
651
764
843
921
1003
1 175
1348
1531
1716
1910
2115
2 397
2 845
3348
3 783
4
Vpl,
[kN]
239
284
359
477
574
682
796
922
1053
1192
1344
1410
1476
1542
1670
1736
1802
1935
2 002
2069
2197
2340
2598
2 733
345
411
508
616
727
852
1028
1224
1381
1545
1784
1973
2100
2228
2422
2673
2924
3 053
3181
3309
3444
3 582
3840
3969
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
20 717
29 863
*
tt
**
*
tt
**
914 562
1 110 298
1286186
1 476 748
1 718 248
2209 803
2839 578
3470 738
29 470
42 419
61591
87027
115323
152467
201802
264341
326519
394 839
491061
577971
656 919
741408
909438
1 141633
1401844
1640 745
1899 387
2178 383
2496 296
3 088 318
3837550
4 551 100
6
M
IN
pLz
.m]
*
Itt
>
k.
'*
'*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
283 898
304076
339 969
360 591
14 605
20 893
30 121
41760
**
*
**
**
*
**
284809
309867
342764
375 772
392951
410 258
427700
446143
465852
502140
521748
7
Nfimit
for -My
[kN]
82
95
**
**
*
tt
*
tttt
*
**
939
1 115
1261
1416
1579
1939
2239
2 505
93
109
135
177
196
246
283
341
387
434
506
557
612
670
798
923
1057
1203
1357
1520
1748
2091
2494
2 855
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
for -My
0,147
0,144
*
-
tttt
tttt
tt*
*
tt
*
**
*
tt
0,193
0,206
0,217
0,227
0,233
0,250
0,250
0.250
0,123
0.121
0.121
0,129
0,122
0,128
0.124
0,125
0.126
0,126
0,127
0,126
0.129
0,132
0,141
0,146
0.151
0,160
0,169
0,177
0,189
0,206
0,219
0,232
595
1
Designation
HE 100 AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE200A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE800A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
2
Np,
IkN]
554
659
817
1078
1297
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
4 178
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
754
899
1 115
1376
1606
1911
2 284
2 728
3 082
3453
3 995
4 415
4 738
5068
5644
6 320
7013
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
IkN]
126
141
162
213
249
317
361
441
507
564
663
726
793
864
983
1 121
1269
1489
1666
1853
2 056
2538
3 018
3 529
155
173
207
271
297
371
424
516
589
651
764
843
921
1003
1 175
1348
1531
1716
1910
2115
2 397
2 845
3348
3 783
4
Vpl,
[kN]
239
284
359
477
574
682
796
922
1053
1192
1344
1410
1476
1542
1670
1736
1802
1935
2 002
2069
2197
2340
2598
2 733
345
411
508
616
727
852
1028
1224
1381
1545
1784
1973
2100
2228
2422
2673
2924
3 053
3181
3309
3444
3 582
3840
3969
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
20 717
29 863
*
tt
**
*
tt
**
914 562
1 110 298
1286186
1 476 748
1 718 248
2209 803
2839 578
3470 738
29 470
42 419
61591
87027
115323
152467
201802
264341
326519
394 839
491061
577971
656 919
741408
909438
1 141633
1401844
1640 745
1899 387
2178 383
2496 296
3 088 318
3837550
4 551 100
6
M
IN
pLz
.m]
*
Itt
>
k.
'*
'*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
283 898
304076
339 969
360 591
14 605
20 893
30 121
41760
**
*
**
**
*
**
284809
309867
342764
375 772
392951
410 258
427700
446143
465852
502140
521748
7
Nfimit
for -My
[kN]
82
95
**
**
*
tt
*
tttt
*
**
939
1 115
1261
1416
1579
1939
2239
2 505
93
109
135
177
196
246
283
341
387
434
506
557
612
670
798
923
1057
1203
1357
1520
1748
2091
2494
2 855
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
for -My
0,147
0,144
*
-
tttt
tttt
tt*
*
tt
*
**
*
tt
0,193
0,206
0,217
0,227
0,233
0,250
0,250
0.250
0,123
0.121
0.121
0,129
0,122
0,128
0.124
0,125
0.126
0,126
0,127
0,126
0.129
0,132
0,141
0,146
0.151
0,160
0,169
0,177
0,189
0,206
0,219
0,232
595
HE AA
HEA
Note: all values of Ngj and Mjf-y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
HE100AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA.
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE220A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE300A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE500A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE800A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
10 11
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
83
99
*
**
*
**
*
**
**
tt
*
*
729
814
874
936
1017
1 163
1343
1503
113
135
167
206
241
287
343
409
462
518
599
662
711
760
847
948
1052
1 128
1206
1287
1387
1522
1707
1847
MN.y
IN.m]
**
**
*
*
**
**
tt*
*
**
**
1 718 248
*
aa
**
28 572
41024
59 573
84 889
tt
tt*
**
**
726 237
900 391
1 136 449
1401844
1640 745
1899 387
2178 383
2496 296
3 088 318
*
**
12 13
Nsd/Npi.Hd-0,2
Nsd
IkN]
1356
151
180
223
275
*
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
1014
1 129
1264
1403
1503
1608
1716
1849
2 029
*
aa
MN.y
[N.m]
**
**
*
tt*
*
**
**
tt*
**
*
*
*
26 891
38 611
56 069
79 896
tt*
*
**
**
683518
847427
1069 599
1320 469
1562 593
*
*
*
*
*
14
Nsd/N
Nsd
[kN]
188
225
279
344
**
tt
**
tt*
1267
1411
1580
1753
1879
15
pl.Rd=0.25
MN.y
[N.m]
a.
a*
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
"
**
*
**
**
"
"
25 210
36198
52 565
74 902
a.
*
a.
*
**
*
**
640 798
794463
1002 749
**
*
**
**
aa
**
*
16 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
*
*
**
1
tt
k*
tt
k*
'*
k*
ktt
*
*
ktt
ktt
ktt
*
'*
226
270
335
413
tt*
**
**
*
*
tt
tt
1520
1693
1896
*
ktt
k
k*
tt
t
ktt
MN.y
[N.m]
*
*
*
*
*
**
**
**
**
*
*
*
**
*
*
23 530
33 785
49 060
69 909
**
*
**
*
**
**
**
598078
741499
935 899
18
N&J/N.
Nsd
[kN]
aa
**
"*
**
**
aa
*
**
**
**
aa
*
*"
a.
"
"
**
**
**
**
264
315
390
482
**
*
**
tt*
*
*
*
1774
1975
2 212
*
aa
**
**
**
**
*
**
19
>1.Rd=0,35
MN.y
[N.m]
21849
31371
45 556
64915
tt
**
tt
**
tt
tt
555358
688 535
869 049
*
*
**
**
*
**
*
596
HE AA
HEA
Note: all values of Ngj and Mjf-y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
HE100AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA.
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE220A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE300A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE500A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE800A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
10 11
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
83
99
*
**
*
**
*
**
**
tt
*
*
729
814
874
936
1017
1 163
1343
1503
113
135
167
206
241
287
343
409
462
518
599
662
711
760
847
948
1052
1 128
1206
1287
1387
1522
1707
1847
MN.y
IN.m]
**
**
*
*
**
**
tt*
*
**
**
1 718 248
*
aa
**
28 572
41024
59 573
84 889
tt
tt*
**
**
726 237
900 391
1 136 449
1401844
1640 745
1899 387
2178 383
2496 296
3 088 318
*
**
12 13
Nsd/Npi.Hd-0,2
Nsd
IkN]
1356
151
180
223
275
*
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
1014
1 129
1264
1403
1503
1608
1716
1849
2 029
*
aa
MN.y
[N.m]
**
**
*
tt*
*
**
**
tt*
**
*
*
*
26 891
38 611
56 069
79 896
tt*
*
**
**
683518
847427
1069 599
1320 469
1562 593
*
*
*
*
*
14
Nsd/N
Nsd
[kN]
188
225
279
344
**
tt
**
tt*
1267
1411
1580
1753
1879
15
pl.Rd=0.25
MN.y
[N.m]
a.
a*
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
"
**
*
**
**
"
"
25 210
36198
52 565
74 902
a.
*
a.
*
**
*
**
640 798
794463
1002 749
**
*
**
**
aa
**
*
16 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
*
*
**
1
tt
k*
tt
k*
'*
k*
ktt
*
*
ktt
ktt
ktt
*
'*
226
270
335
413
tt*
**
**
*
*
tt
tt
1520
1693
1896
*
ktt
k
k*
tt
t
ktt
MN.y
[N.m]
*
*
*
*
*
**
**
**
**
*
*
*
**
*
*
23 530
33 785
49 060
69 909
**
*
**
*
**
**
**
598078
741499
935 899
18
N&J/N.
Nsd
[kN]
aa
**
"*
**
**
aa
*
**
**
**
aa
*
*"
a.
"
"
**
**
**
**
264
315
390
482
**
*
**
tt*
*
*
*
1774
1975
2 212
*
aa
**
**
**
**
*
**
19
>1.Rd=0,35
MN.y
[N.m]
21849
31371
45 556
64915
tt
**
tt
**
tt
tt
555358
688 535
869 049
*
*
**
**
*
**
*
596
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE300B
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE300M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE800M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2
Np,
IkN]
924
1207
1525
1926
2 316
2772
3 232
3 762
4 205
4663
5 292
5 728
6 067
6 412
7021
7738
8 472
9 019
9584
10165
++
++
++
++
1890
2 357
2860
3445
4 020
4660
5 305
7085
7 797
8 526
10 759
11078
11212
11318
11565
11908
12 223
12 580
12 910
13 268
13 597
14 351
++
++
3
Vp,.z
IkN]
185
225
268
361
415
509
572
681
771
842
972
1061
1 150
1242
1434
1633
1841
2 051
2 271
2 501
2 810
3 315
3869
4355
370
434
501
632
710
841
929
1231
,_ 1371
1476
1855
1944
2 021
2099
2 258
2456
2654
2 861
3 067
3 274
3 481
3 982
4 395
4 817
4
Vp..y
[kN]
432
. 566
716
890
1074
1280
1496
1736
1935
2140
2 422
2612
2 740
2868
3063
3 315
3 567
3 695
3 824
3 953
4089
4 229
4488
4 618
928
1 147
1383
1648
1918
2 213
2 515
3 397
3 725
4 057
5 163
5 273
5 273
5 257
5 240
5 240
5 224
5 224
5208
5208
5 191
5 188
5 171
5 171
5
Mpl.y .
[N.m]
36 996
58 650
87126
125658
170914
228104
293602
373867
455 433
544 724
663379
762980
854877
952461
1 147267
1 413 741
1 709 171
1984 665
2280 923
2 598 557
2 956 131
3631650
4465 900
5 275 300
83 714
124467
175308
239 471
313624
402977
503904
751 516
895 882
1052 800
1447574
1574 434
1674 738
1771207
1977569
2 247 511
2 518 466
2 816 102
3114 090
3 428 221
3 741 700
4 433 950
5 126 200
5882350
6
Mp].z
[N.m]
18 255
28 744
42524
60 337
82 010
108563
139828
176939
213 798
254738
308900
333379
349931
366534
391933
425168
458 535
476106
493825
511701
530 741
551363
588 711
609 275
41291
60 929
85 382
115 538
150942
192842
240886
357106
423325
495 821
679179
692 507
693 212
689535
686617
688417
685866
687744
685 285
687163
684 718
685 289
684 751
688 587
7
Nfimit
for -My
IkN]
107
135
166
225
264
321
366
433
487
543
623
681
744
810
955
1 100
1254
1421
1597
1781
2030
2417
2863
3 267
192
239
290
367
425
502
567
725
807
889
1088
1 151
1218
1285
1423
1595
1766
1945
2124
2303
2 482
2 873
3 231
3596
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
for -My
0,116
0.112
0,109
0,117
0,114
0,116
0,113
0,115
0,116
0.116
0.118
0,119
0,123
0,126
0,136
0,142
0,148
0,158
0,167
0,175
0,187
0,204
0.217
0,230
0,102
0,102
0.101
0,107
0,106
0,108
0.107
0,102
0,103
0,104
0,101
0,104
0,109
0,114
0.123
0,134
0,144
0,155
0,165
0.174
0.183
0,200
0,215
0,228
597
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE300B
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE300M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE800M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2
Np,
IkN]
924
1207
1525
1926
2 316
2772
3 232
3 762
4 205
4663
5 292
5 728
6 067
6 412
7021
7738
8 472
9 019
9584
10165
++
++
++
++
1890
2 357
2860
3445
4 020
4660
5 305
7085
7 797
8 526
10 759
11078
11212
11318
11565
11908
12 223
12 580
12 910
13 268
13 597
14 351
++
++
3
Vp,.z
IkN]
185
225
268
361
415
509
572
681
771
842
972
1061
1 150
1242
1434
1633
1841
2 051
2 271
2 501
2 810
3 315
3869
4355
370
434
501
632
710
841
929
1231
,_ 1371
1476
1855
1944
2 021
2099
2 258
2456
2654
2 861
3 067
3 274
3 481
3 982
4 395
4 817
4
Vp..y
[kN]
432
. 566
716
890
1074
1280
1496
1736
1935
2140
2 422
2612
2 740
2868
3063
3 315
3 567
3 695
3 824
3 953
4089
4 229
4488
4 618
928
1 147
1383
1648
1918
2 213
2 515
3 397
3 725
4 057
5 163
5 273
5 273
5 257
5 240
5 240
5 224
5 224
5208
5208
5 191
5 188
5 171
5 171
5
Mpl.y .
[N.m]
36 996
58 650
87126
125658
170914
228104
293602
373867
455 433
544 724
663379
762980
854877
952461
1 147267
1 413 741
1 709 171
1984 665
2280 923
2 598 557
2 956 131
3631650
4465 900
5 275 300
83 714
124467
175308
239 471
313624
402977
503904
751 516
895 882
1052 800
1447574
1574 434
1674 738
1771207
1977569
2 247 511
2 518 466
2 816 102
3114 090
3 428 221
3 741 700
4 433 950
5 126 200
5882350
6
Mp].z
[N.m]
18 255
28 744
42524
60 337
82 010
108563
139828
176939
213 798
254738
308900
333379
349931
366534
391933
425168
458 535
476106
493825
511701
530 741
551363
588 711
609 275
41291
60 929
85 382
115 538
150942
192842
240886
357106
423325
495 821
679179
692 507
693 212
689535
686617
688417
685866
687744
685 285
687163
684 718
685 289
684 751
688 587
7
Nfimit
for -My
IkN]
107
135
166
225
264
321
366
433
487
543
623
681
744
810
955
1 100
1254
1421
1597
1781
2030
2417
2863
3 267
192
239
290
367
425
502
567
725
807
889
1088
1 151
1218
1285
1423
1595
1766
1945
2124
2303
2 482
2 873
3 231
3596
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
for -My
0,116
0.112
0,109
0,117
0,114
0,116
0,113
0,115
0,116
0.116
0.118
0,119
0,123
0,126
0,136
0,142
0,148
0,158
0,167
0,175
0,187
0,204
0.217
0,230
0,102
0,102
0.101
0,107
0,106
0,108
0.107
0,102
0,103
0,104
0,101
0,104
0,109
0,114
0.123
0,134
0,144
0,155
0,165
0.174
0.183
0,200
0,215
0,228
597
Note: all values of tiâ -^ ^N.y must ** divided by f^0
9
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE500B
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE450M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
10 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
[kN]
139
181
229
289
347
416
485
564
631
700
794
859
910
962
1053
1 161
1271
1353
1438
1525
1631
1779
1977
2130
283
354
429
517
603
699
796
1063
1 170
1279
1614
1662
1682
1698
1735
1786
1833
1887
1936
1990
2040
2153
2 256
2365
MN.y
[N.m]
35 569
56130
83108
120 907
163933
219 278
281469
359 098
437844
523971
639057
735986
828163
926639
1 128 618
1400 829
1 705 163
1984 665
2280 923
2 598 557
2956131
3 631650
4465 900
5 275 300
79 219
117754
165 803
227838
298132
383 879
479533
711644
849367
999052
1368 815
1493 449
1597041
1698397
1916 809
2 205 760
2 502 257
2 816 102
3114090
3 428 221
3 741700
4 433 950
5 126 200
5 882 350
12 13
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,2
Nsd
[kN]
185
241
305
385
463
554
646
752
841
933
1058
1 146
1213
1282
1404
1548
1694
1804
1917
2033
2175
2 373
2636
2840
378
471
572
689
804
932
1061
1417
1559
1705
2152
2 216
2 242
2264
2313
2382
2445
2 516
2 582
2654
2 719
2870
3008
3154
MN.y
[N.m]
33 477
52 828
78 219
113 795
154289
206379
264912
337975
412089
493149
601465
692692
779448
872 131
1062 229
1 318 428
1604 859
1884 679
2 189 549
2520 451
2 907651
3 631650
4465 900
74 559
110 828
156050
214435
280 595
361298
451325
669 782
799404
940 284
1288 296
1405 599
1503 098
1598 491
1804 055
2 076 010
2355 066
2664 889
2 981844
3 318 575
3 661698
4 433 950
5 126 200
5 882 350
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IkN]
231
302
381
481
579
693
808
941
1051
1 166
1323
1432
1517
1603
1755
1935
2118
2255
2396
2 541
2 719
2966
3 295
*
472
589
715
861
1005
1 165
1326
1771
1949
2131
2690
2 769
2803
2829
2 891
2 977
3056
3145
3 227
3 317
3399
3588
3 760
3 942
MN.y
[N.m]
31385
49 526
73 331
106682
144646
193480
248355
316851
386 333
462327
563 874
649399
730 732
817623
995840
1236 026
1504 556
1766 886
2 052 702
2362 923
2 725 923
**
aa
**
69 899
103901
146 297
201033
263 058
338 717
423118
627921
749441
881516
1207 778
1317 749
1409154
1498 585
1691302
1946 259
2 207874
2498 334
2795 479
3 111 164
3 432 842
4157853
4896 661
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
IkN]
277
362
457
578
695
832
970
1 129
1261
1399
1588
1718
1820
1924
2106
2 321
2 541
2 706
2 875
3 049
3263
*
.
**
567
707
858
1034
1206
1398
1592
2126
2339
2558
3 228
3 323
3364
3 395
3 470
3 572
3 667
3 774
3 873
3980
4 079
4305
4 512
tt*
MN.y
[N.m]
29 292
46 225
68 442
99 570
135003
180582
231798
295 728
360 578
431506
526 282
606106
682017
763114
929450
1 153 624
1404 252
1649 094
**
**
**
*
65 239
96 974
136 544
187631
245521
316136
394910
586 059
699478
822 749
1 127 259
1229 899
1315 211
1398 680
1578 548
1816 508
2060 682
2331778
2609114
2 903 753
3 203 986
3880 663
**
aa
18 19
Nad/Npi.Rd-0,35
NSd
[kN]
323
423
534
674
811
970
1 131
1317
1472
1632
1852
2005
2123
2 244
2 457
2 708
2965
3 157
*
*
**
**
661
825
1 001
1206
1407
1631
1857
2480
2729
2984
3 766
3 877
3 924
3 961
4048
4168
4 278
4 403
4 518
4644
4 759
5 023
*
**
MN.y
[N.m]
27 200
42 923
63 553
92458
125360
167683
215 241
274604
334 822
400684
488690
562813
633 301
708 606
863061
1071222
1303 948
1531302
**
**
aa
aa
aa
**
60 579
90 047
126 791
174229
227984
293555
366 702
544198
649516
763981
1046 741
1 142 049
1221267
1298 774
1465 795
1686 758
1913 491
2165 223
2422 749
2696 342
2 975129
*
tt
598
Note: all values of tiâ -^ ^N.y must ** divided by f^0
9
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE500B
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE450M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
10 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
[kN]
139
181
229
289
347
416
485
564
631
700
794
859
910
962
1053
1 161
1271
1353
1438
1525
1631
1779
1977
2130
283
354
429
517
603
699
796
1063
1 170
1279
1614
1662
1682
1698
1735
1786
1833
1887
1936
1990
2040
2153
2 256
2365
MN.y
[N.m]
35 569
56130
83108
120 907
163933
219 278
281469
359 098
437844
523971
639057
735986
828163
926639
1 128 618
1400 829
1 705 163
1984 665
2280 923
2 598 557
2956131
3 631650
4465 900
5 275 300
79 219
117754
165 803
227838
298132
383 879
479533
711644
849367
999052
1368 815
1493 449
1597041
1698397
1916 809
2 205 760
2 502 257
2 816 102
3114090
3 428 221
3 741700
4 433 950
5 126 200
5 882 350
12 13
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,2
Nsd
[kN]
185
241
305
385
463
554
646
752
841
933
1058
1 146
1213
1282
1404
1548
1694
1804
1917
2033
2175
2 373
2636
2840
378
471
572
689
804
932
1061
1417
1559
1705
2152
2 216
2 242
2264
2313
2382
2445
2 516
2 582
2654
2 719
2870
3008
3154
MN.y
[N.m]
33 477
52 828
78 219
113 795
154289
206379
264912
337975
412089
493149
601465
692692
779448
872 131
1062 229
1 318 428
1604 859
1884 679
2 189 549
2520 451
2 907651
3 631650
4465 900
74 559
110 828
156050
214435
280 595
361298
451325
669 782
799404
940 284
1288 296
1405 599
1503 098
1598 491
1804 055
2 076 010
2355 066
2664 889
2 981844
3 318 575
3 661698
4 433 950
5 126 200
5 882 350
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IkN]
231
302
381
481
579
693
808
941
1051
1 166
1323
1432
1517
1603
1755
1935
2118
2255
2396
2 541
2 719
2966
3 295
*
472
589
715
861
1005
1 165
1326
1771
1949
2131
2690
2 769
2803
2829
2 891
2 977
3056
3145
3 227
3 317
3399
3588
3 760
3 942
MN.y
[N.m]
31385
49 526
73 331
106682
144646
193480
248355
316851
386 333
462327
563 874
649399
730 732
817623
995840
1236 026
1504 556
1766 886
2 052 702
2362 923
2 725 923
**
aa
**
69 899
103901
146 297
201033
263 058
338 717
423118
627921
749441
881516
1207 778
1317 749
1409154
1498 585
1691302
1946 259
2 207874
2498 334
2795 479
3 111 164
3 432 842
4157853
4896 661
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
IkN]
277
362
457
578
695
832
970
1 129
1261
1399
1588
1718
1820
1924
2106
2 321
2 541
2 706
2 875
3 049
3263
*
.
**
567
707
858
1034
1206
1398
1592
2126
2339
2558
3 228
3 323
3364
3 395
3 470
3 572
3 667
3 774
3 873
3980
4 079
4305
4 512
tt*
MN.y
[N.m]
29 292
46 225
68 442
99 570
135003
180582
231798
295 728
360 578
431506
526 282
606106
682017
763114
929450
1 153 624
1404 252
1649 094
**
**
**
*
65 239
96 974
136 544
187631
245521
316136
394910
586 059
699478
822 749
1 127 259
1229 899
1315 211
1398 680
1578 548
1816 508
2060 682
2331778
2609114
2 903 753
3 203 986
3880 663
**
aa
18 19
Nad/Npi.Rd-0,35
NSd
[kN]
323
423
534
674
811
970
1 131
1317
1472
1632
1852
2005
2123
2 244
2 457
2 708
2965
3 157
*
*
**
**
661
825
1 001
1206
1407
1631
1857
2480
2729
2984
3 766
3 877
3 924
3 961
4048
4168
4 278
4 403
4 518
4644
4 759
5 023
*
**
MN.y
[N.m]
27 200
42 923
63 553
92458
125360
167683
215 241
274604
334 822
400684
488690
562813
633 301
708 606
863061
1071222
1303 948
1531302
**
**
aa
aa
aa
**
60 579
90 047
126 791
174229
227984
293555
366 702
544198
649516
763981
1046 741
1 142 049
1221267
1298 774
1465 795
1686 758
1913 491
2165 223
2422 749
2696 342
2 975129
*
tt
598
1
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203 X 102 X 23
UB 203 133 25
UB 203 X 133 30
UB 254 X 102 X 22
UB 254 X 102 X 25
UB 254 X 102 X 28
UB 254 X 146 X 31
UB 254 146 37
UB 254 X 146 X 43
UB 305 X 165 X 40
UB 305x165x46
UB 305 x 165 X 54
UB 356x171x45
UB 356x171x51
UB 356x171 X57
UB 356 X 171 67
UB 406 X 178 54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178x67
UB 406x178x74
UB 457x152x52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457x152x67
UB 457 152 x 74
UB 457 X 152 82
UB 457x191x67
UB 457 191 74
UB 457x191x82
UB 457 X 191 89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533x210x92
UB 533x210x101
UB 533x210x109
UB 533x210x122
UB 610x229x101
UB 610x229x1 13
UB 610 229 125
UB 610 229 140
UB 610 305 X 149
UB 610 305 179
UB 610 305 238
UB 686 254 125
UB 686 254 X 140
UB 686 254 152
UB 686 254 170
UB 762 267 147
UB 762 267 173
UB 762 267 197
UB 838 292 176
UB 838 292 X 194
UB 838 292 226
UB 914 305 201
UB 914 305 224
UB 914 305 253
UB 914 305 289
UB 914 419 343
UB 914 419 388
2
,
IkN]
861
1044
1 135
1356
++
++
++
++
++
1 944
++
++
2 441
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
10 768
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vp|.z
IkN]
202
254
263
299
320
342
365
336
361
414
412
462
544
549
587
645
732
682
709
791
858
748
807
898
965
1059
839
895
986
1051
1 146
1 111
1 181
1268
1364
1501
1370
1461
1 576
1741
1615
1932
2540
1728
1 848
1975
2177
2 098
2 365
2600
2535
2 682
2 971
2 955
3 140
3440
3890
3 917
4343
4
Vpl.y
IkN]
340
402
441
545
299
368
437
532
672
789
708
823
964
705
835
948
1 151
822
963
1082
1216
709
864
981
1 115
1248
1021
1 167
1295
1437
1600
1 174
1386
1550
1682
1916
1431
1672
1900
2155
2530
3 059
4140
1745
2046
2268
2 573
1979
2452
2 893
2339
2 699
3339
2 617
3 093
3 623
4 190
5663
6508
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
60 796
83095
91494
111600
91950
108462
125 246
139538
171 547
201047
221 192
255616
300357
274991
318081
358600
429856
374396
425 811
477840
532 786
389095
456 981
515 841
577438
643080
522 213
586 718
650106
714844
792505
730809
837831
927265
1004 092
1 134 436
1022801
1 164 687
1304 937
1 470 437
1630 716
1969 308
2657603
1417920
1 618 127
1 775 162
1998 921
1830 211
2 200 176
2 544136
2 416 736
2 712 240
3 249 959
2964 690
3 384 752
3883 700
4462 350
5 495 400
6 272 850
6
Mpl.z
[N.m]
14 764
17662
25185
31320
13 233
16 333
19 472
33 414
42 378
50 082
50 315
58 764
69 449
52 032
61841
70 558
86 254
63 292
74 212
83 975
94 778
47323
57 883
66 272
75 660
85 337
84 244
96 596
107884
120123
134510
106629
126 232
141803
154 703
177398
142087
166588
190076
217063
332735
406067
558748
192551
226551
252117
288057
229 757
286656
340300
298870
345 700
430120
348602
413022
486 543
568 447
1025 796
1 186 017
7
Nfimit
for N-My
IkN]
147
186
199
222
249
265
278
258
271
308
313
349
409
428
452
493
552
536
550
611
658
591
631
700
745
814
662
700
768
814
882
880
924
987
1058
1 156
1093
1 154
1235
1357
1242
1476
1913
1376
1456
1548
1697
1661
1866
2 032
1988
2129
2 327
2 271
2490
2 704
3 041
3008
3309
8
{Nnmn/Npi.Rd)
for N-My
0,170
0,178
0,175
0,164
0.250
0,233
0,217
0,183
0,162
0.158
0.172
0,167
0,167
0,210
0,196
0,191
0,182
0,219
0,202
0.201
0.196
0,250
0,233
0.230
0,???
0,219
0.218
0,208
0,207
0,201
0,198
0,237
0,222
0,216
0,215
0,210
0,239
0,226
0.218
0.215
0,184
0,182
0.178
0,243
0,230
0,225
0,220
0.250
0,239
0,228
0,250
0,243
0,227
0,250
0,246
0,236
0,233
0,194
0,189
599
1
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203 X 102 X 23
UB 203 133 25
UB 203 X 133 30
UB 254 X 102 X 22
UB 254 X 102 X 25
UB 254 X 102 X 28
UB 254 X 146 X 31
UB 254 146 37
UB 254 X 146 X 43
UB 305 X 165 X 40
UB 305x165x46
UB 305 x 165 X 54
UB 356x171x45
UB 356x171x51
UB 356x171 X57
UB 356 X 171 67
UB 406 X 178 54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178x67
UB 406x178x74
UB 457x152x52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457x152x67
UB 457 152 x 74
UB 457 X 152 82
UB 457x191x67
UB 457 191 74
UB 457x191x82
UB 457 X 191 89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533x210x92
UB 533x210x101
UB 533x210x109
UB 533x210x122
UB 610x229x101
UB 610x229x1 13
UB 610 229 125
UB 610 229 140
UB 610 305 X 149
UB 610 305 179
UB 610 305 238
UB 686 254 125
UB 686 254 X 140
UB 686 254 152
UB 686 254 170
UB 762 267 147
UB 762 267 173
UB 762 267 197
UB 838 292 176
UB 838 292 X 194
UB 838 292 226
UB 914 305 201
UB 914 305 224
UB 914 305 253
UB 914 305 289
UB 914 419 343
UB 914 419 388
2
,
IkN]
861
1044
1 135
1356
++
++
++
++
++
1 944
++
++
2 441
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
10 768
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vp|.z
IkN]
202
254
263
299
320
342
365
336
361
414
412
462
544
549
587
645
732
682
709
791
858
748
807
898
965
1059
839
895
986
1051
1 146
1 111
1 181
1268
1364
1501
1370
1461
1 576
1741
1615
1932
2540
1728
1 848
1975
2177
2 098
2 365
2600
2535
2 682
2 971
2 955
3 140
3440
3890
3 917
4343
4
Vpl.y
IkN]
340
402
441
545
299
368
437
532
672
789
708
823
964
705
835
948
1 151
822
963
1082
1216
709
864
981
1 115
1248
1021
1 167
1295
1437
1600
1 174
1386
1550
1682
1916
1431
1672
1900
2155
2530
3 059
4140
1745
2046
2268
2 573
1979
2452
2 893
2339
2 699
3339
2 617
3 093
3 623
4 190
5663
6508
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
60 796
83095
91494
111600
91950
108462
125 246
139538
171 547
201047
221 192
255616
300357
274991
318081
358600
429856
374396
425 811
477840
532 786
389095
456 981
515 841
577438
643080
522 213
586 718
650106
714844
792505
730809
837831
927265
1004 092
1 134 436
1022801
1 164 687
1304 937
1 470 437
1630 716
1969 308
2657603
1417920
1 618 127
1 775 162
1998 921
1830 211
2 200 176
2 544136
2 416 736
2 712 240
3 249 959
2964 690
3 384 752
3883 700
4462 350
5 495 400
6 272 850
6
Mpl.z
[N.m]
14 764
17662
25185
31320
13 233
16 333
19 472
33 414
42 378
50 082
50 315
58 764
69 449
52 032
61841
70 558
86 254
63 292
74 212
83 975
94 778
47323
57 883
66 272
75 660
85 337
84 244
96 596
107884
120123
134510
106629
126 232
141803
154 703
177398
142087
166588
190076
217063
332735
406067
558748
192551
226551
252117
288057
229 757
286656
340300
298870
345 700
430120
348602
413022
486 543
568 447
1025 796
1 186 017
7
Nfimit
for N-My
IkN]
147
186
199
222
249
265
278
258
271
308
313
349
409
428
452
493
552
536
550
611
658
591
631
700
745
814
662
700
768
814
882
880
924
987
1058
1 156
1093
1 154
1235
1357
1242
1476
1913
1376
1456
1548
1697
1661
1866
2 032
1988
2129
2 327
2 271
2490
2 704
3 041
3008
3309
8
{Nnmn/Npi.Rd)
for N-My
0,170
0,178
0,175
0,164
0.250
0,233
0,217
0,183
0,162
0.158
0.172
0,167
0,167
0,210
0,196
0,191
0,182
0,219
0,202
0.201
0.196
0,250
0,233
0.230
0,???
0,219
0.218
0,208
0,207
0,201
0,198
0,237
0,222
0,216
0,215
0,210
0,239
0,226
0.218
0.215
0,184
0,182
0.178
0,243
0,230
0,225
0,220
0.250
0,239
0,228
0,250
0,243
0,227
0,250
0,246
0,236
0,233
0,194
0,189
599
Note: all values of Ns<j and Mfj.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203x133x25
UB 203x133x30
UB 254x102x22
UB 254x102x25
UB 254x102x28
UB 254X146X31
UB 254x146x37
UB 254x146x43
UB 305x165x40
UB 305x165x46
UB 305x165x54
UB 356x171x45
UB 356 171 51
UB356X171X57
UB356x171x67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178 67
UB 406x178x74
UB 457x152x52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457x152x67
UB 457x152x74
UB 457x152x82
UB 457x191x67
UB457x191x74
UB457x191x82
UB 457 191x89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533X210X92
UB 533x210x101
UB 533x210x109
UB 533x210x122
UB 610x229x101
UB 610x229x113
UB 610x229x125
UB 610x229x140
UB 610x305x149
UB 610x305x179
UB 610x305x238
UB 686x254x125
UB 686x254x140
UB 686x254x152
UB 686x254x170
UB 762x267x147
UB 762x267 173
UB 762x267x197
UB 838x292x176
UB 838x292x194
UB 838 292 X 226
UB 914x305x201
UB 914x305x224
UB 914x305x253
UB 914x305x289
UB 914x419x343
UB 914x419x388
10 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
[kN]
129
157
170
203
149
171
192
211
251
292
273
313
366
305
346
386
455
367
407
456
503
355
406
456
503
557
455
504
556
606
667
557
625
685
739
827
686
767
848
949
1012
1215
1615
849
950
1033
1 155
997
1 173
1335
1 193
1314
1537
1363
1521
1719
1961
2 329
2 632
MN.y
[N.m]
60 796
83 095
91494
111600
91950
108462
125246
139 538
171 547
201047
**
255616
300357
274991
318081
358600
429 856
374396
425 811
477840
532 786
*"
515 841
577438
643080
**
586 718
650106
714 844
792 505
**
927265
1004 092
1 134 436
*"
**
1304 937
1 470 437
**
1969 308
2 657603
**
1 775 162
1998 921
2 200 176
2 544 136
**
3 249 959
**
**
3 883 700
4 462 350
5 495 400
6 272 850
12 | 13
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
172
209
227
271
199
227
256
282
335
389
**
417
488
407
461
515
607
490
543
607
671
a
607
671
742
**
672
742
808
889
**
914
986
1 103
tt
tt*
1 131
1265
1619
2154
1378
1539
1565
1 780
**
**
2 049
*tt
**
2 292
2 615
3105
3509
MN.y
[N.m]
58632
80 868
88 722
106 742
91950
108 462
125246
136689
163703
191 122
**
288 631
*
354 817
420357
*
tt
477840
530 211
*
.
**
577438
643 080
**
**
650106
714 844
790 848
*
**
1004 092
1 134 436
*
**
**
1 470 437
**
1926 534
2 585 356
**
tt
**
1998 921
*
"*
**
tt
*
**
**
**
**
4 462 350
a
6 184 678
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IkN]
215
261
284
339
249
284
320
352
419
486
**
610
*
tt
644
759
**
*
759
839
**
a.
aa
838
928
**
**
927
1010
1 112
**
1232
1379
tt
tt*
1581
**
2024
2 692
**
tttt
1924
tt
**
**
tttt
tt*
**
*
**
3268
**
4386
MN.y
[N.m]
54 967
75 813
83177
100071
91950
106036
119929
**
a.
179177
**
270 591
*
*
394 085
tt
*
*
**
**
**
617729
*
tt
tt*
**
741 420
**
**
tt
**
1 076 381
"*
**
**
**
**
*
2 423 771
"
"
**
**
**
"*
**
*
**
tt
**
*tt
tt*
*
tttt
**
16 17
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
258
313
340
407
298
341
384
**
aa
583
**
732
**
**
**
910
**
**
**
*
**
**
1 113
*
**
*
*
1 334
**
*
1655
**
**
*w
*
3 230
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
*
**
**
MN.y
[N.m]
51303
70 759
77632
93 399
**
**
**
*
*
167 232
**
*
tttt
**
**
**
tt
**
tt
*
tt
**
**
tt*
tt
*
*
**
"*
"*
**
**
*
2 262 187
"*
*"
"*
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
18 19
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0.35
Nsd
[kN]
301
365
397
475
*
*
**
*
681
**
*
**
**
**
**
*
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
*
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
tt*
*
**
3 769
**
tt
tttt
**
tttt
**
**
**
**
**
**
*a
**
*
MN.y
IN.m]
47638
*
72 087
86 728
**
*
*
**
155 287
*
**
**
**
*
**
tt
*
**
*
**
**
tt*
*
tt
tt*
tt*
*
*
tt
**
tt
*
**
tt
**
**
**
tt
tt
**
2100 602
tt
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
*
**
*
tttt
**
**
600
Note: all values of Ns<j and Mfj.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203x133x25
UB 203x133x30
UB 254x102x22
UB 254x102x25
UB 254x102x28
UB 254X146X31
UB 254x146x37
UB 254x146x43
UB 305x165x40
UB 305x165x46
UB 305x165x54
UB 356x171x45
UB 356 171 51
UB356X171X57
UB356x171x67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178 67
UB 406x178x74
UB 457x152x52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457x152x67
UB 457x152x74
UB 457x152x82
UB 457x191x67
UB457x191x74
UB457x191x82
UB 457 191x89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533X210X92
UB 533x210x101
UB 533x210x109
UB 533x210x122
UB 610x229x101
UB 610x229x113
UB 610x229x125
UB 610x229x140
UB 610x305x149
UB 610x305x179
UB 610x305x238
UB 686x254x125
UB 686x254x140
UB 686x254x152
UB 686x254x170
UB 762x267x147
UB 762x267 173
UB 762x267x197
UB 838x292x176
UB 838x292x194
UB 838 292 X 226
UB 914x305x201
UB 914x305x224
UB 914x305x253
UB 914x305x289
UB 914x419x343
UB 914x419x388
10 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
[kN]
129
157
170
203
149
171
192
211
251
292
273
313
366
305
346
386
455
367
407
456
503
355
406
456
503
557
455
504
556
606
667
557
625
685
739
827
686
767
848
949
1012
1215
1615
849
950
1033
1 155
997
1 173
1335
1 193
1314
1537
1363
1521
1719
1961
2 329
2 632
MN.y
[N.m]
60 796
83 095
91494
111600
91950
108462
125246
139 538
171 547
201047
**
255616
300357
274991
318081
358600
429 856
374396
425 811
477840
532 786
*"
515 841
577438
643080
**
586 718
650106
714 844
792 505
**
927265
1004 092
1 134 436
*"
**
1304 937
1 470 437
**
1969 308
2 657603
**
1 775 162
1998 921
2 200 176
2 544 136
**
3 249 959
**
**
3 883 700
4 462 350
5 495 400
6 272 850
12 | 13
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
172
209
227
271
199
227
256
282
335
389
**
417
488
407
461
515
607
490
543
607
671
a
607
671
742
**
672
742
808
889
**
914
986
1 103
tt
tt*
1 131
1265
1619
2154
1378
1539
1565
1 780
**
**
2 049
*tt
**
2 292
2 615
3105
3509
MN.y
[N.m]
58632
80 868
88 722
106 742
91950
108 462
125246
136689
163703
191 122
**
288 631
*
354 817
420357
*
tt
477840
530 211
*
.
**
577438
643 080
**
**
650106
714 844
790 848
*
**
1004 092
1 134 436
*
**
**
1 470 437
**
1926 534
2 585 356
**
tt
**
1998 921
*
"*
**
tt
*
**
**
**
**
4 462 350
a
6 184 678
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IkN]
215
261
284
339
249
284
320
352
419
486
**
610
*
tt
644
759
**
*
759
839
**
a.
aa
838
928
**
**
927
1010
1 112
**
1232
1379
tt
tt*
1581
**
2024
2 692
**
tttt
1924
tt
**
**
tttt
tt*
**
*
**
3268
**
4386
MN.y
[N.m]
54 967
75 813
83177
100071
91950
106036
119929
**
a.
179177
**
270 591
*
*
394 085
tt
*
*
**
**
**
617729
*
tt
tt*
**
741 420
**
**
tt
**
1 076 381
"*
**
**
**
**
*
2 423 771
"
"
**
**
**
"*
**
*
**
tt
**
*tt
tt*
*
tttt
**
16 17
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
258
313
340
407
298
341
384
**
aa
583
**
732
**
**
**
910
**
**
**
*
**
**
1 113
*
**
*
*
1 334
**
*
1655
**
**
*w
*
3 230
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
*
**
**
MN.y
[N.m]
51303
70 759
77632
93 399
**
**
**
*
*
167 232
**
*
tttt
**
**
**
tt
**
tt
*
tt
**
**
tt*
tt
*
*
**
"*
"*
**
**
*
2 262 187
"*
*"
"*
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
18 19
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0.35
Nsd
[kN]
301
365
397
475
*
*
**
*
681
**
*
**
**
**
**
*
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
*
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
tt*
*
**
3 769
**
tt
tttt
**
tttt
**
**
**
**
**
**
*a
**
*
MN.y
IN.m]
47638
*
72 087
86 728
**
*
*
**
155 287
*
**
**
**
*
**
tt
*
**
*
**
**
tt*
*
tt
tt*
tt*
*
*
tt
**
tt
*
**
tt
**
**
**
tt
tt
**
2100 602
tt
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
*
**
*
tttt
**
**
600
1
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203 203 x 52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203 203 x 71
UC 203 X 203 X 86
UC 254 254x73
UC 254 254 89
UC 254 254 107
UC 254 254 132
UC 254 254 167
UC 305 X 305 97
UC 305x305x118
UC 305x305x137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305 X 305 198
UC 305x305 X 240
UC 305 305 283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356 406 X 235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356 X 406 340
UC 356 x 406 x 393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356x406x551
UC 356x406x634
2
Np,
IkN]
1038
1358
1672
2085
2353
2 711
3 210
3 892
3 305
4 023
4 842
5 969
7556
4 382
5 332
6 192
7148
8 961
10 856
12 074
5834
6 916
8006
9 131
10 630
12 983
14 507
16 769
19 929
23 515
27053
3
Vplz
IkN]
204
237
292
348
384
454
497
629
525
631
781
947
1206
730
885
1021
1 175
1444
1 760
2080
870
1030
1205
1384
1552
1922
2290
2666
3 180
3 595
4 152
4
Vp.,
IkN]
440
608
753
944
1076
1236
1505
1817
1520
1866
2 242
2798
3 572
1978
2 423
2 832
3290
4182
5101
5 714
2699
3 213
3 722
4 254
5 014
6145
6903
8 017
9 601
11394
13 207
5
MpJ.y
IN.m]
**
87921
109610
176591
201425
232907
283 560
346 740
352184
434 471
526 973
663 641
860 402
565185
694 923
815 276
951 557
1 221 193
1507 711
1 710 241
880141
1 052 479
1226 610
1409 967
1663 708
2 063 429
2 344 691
2 754 518
3350 000
4046 800
4 770 400
6
Mp|.z
IN.m]
**
39 614
49 551
*
93 808
108 395
132656
161964
*
204 234
247450
311822
403 731
~
317855
373 653
436 686
561 159
692458
784624
*
509 342
593137
681434
846 045
1046 991
1 187 138
1 391 497
1686 492
2 029 416
2 381304
7
Nfimit
for -My
IkN]
169
206
247
270
318
337
424
369
437
537
638
794
522
625
714
812
975
1 166
1277
627
735
855
974
1082
1321
1462
1676
1956
2294
2 589
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
for - My
0.124
0,123
0,119
0,115
0.117
0,105
0,109
0,112
0,109
0,111
0,107
0,105
0,119
0,117
0.115
0.114
0.109
0,107
0,106
0.107
0,106
0,107
0,107
0.102
0,102
0,101
0.100
0.098
0.098
0,096
601
1
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203 203 x 52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203 203 x 71
UC 203 X 203 X 86
UC 254 254x73
UC 254 254 89
UC 254 254 107
UC 254 254 132
UC 254 254 167
UC 305 X 305 97
UC 305x305x118
UC 305x305x137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305 X 305 198
UC 305x305 X 240
UC 305 305 283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356 406 X 235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356 X 406 340
UC 356 x 406 x 393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356x406x551
UC 356x406x634
2
Np,
IkN]
1038
1358
1672
2085
2353
2 711
3 210
3 892
3 305
4 023
4 842
5 969
7556
4 382
5 332
6 192
7148
8 961
10 856
12 074
5834
6 916
8006
9 131
10 630
12 983
14 507
16 769
19 929
23 515
27053
3
Vplz
IkN]
204
237
292
348
384
454
497
629
525
631
781
947
1206
730
885
1021
1 175
1444
1 760
2080
870
1030
1205
1384
1552
1922
2290
2666
3 180
3 595
4 152
4
Vp.,
IkN]
440
608
753
944
1076
1236
1505
1817
1520
1866
2 242
2798
3 572
1978
2 423
2 832
3290
4182
5101
5 714
2699
3 213
3 722
4 254
5 014
6145
6903
8 017
9 601
11394
13 207
5
MpJ.y
IN.m]
**
87921
109610
176591
201425
232907
283 560
346 740
352184
434 471
526 973
663 641
860 402
565185
694 923
815 276
951 557
1 221 193
1507 711
1 710 241
880141
1 052 479
1226 610
1409 967
1663 708
2 063 429
2 344 691
2 754 518
3350 000
4046 800
4 770 400
6
Mp|.z
IN.m]
**
39 614
49 551
*
93 808
108 395
132656
161964
*
204 234
247450
311822
403 731
~
317855
373 653
436 686
561 159
692458
784624
*
509 342
593137
681434
846 045
1046 991
1 187 138
1 391 497
1686 492
2 029 416
2 381304
7
Nfimit
for -My
IkN]
169
206
247
270
318
337
424
369
437
537
638
794
522
625
714
812
975
1 166
1277
627
735
855
974
1082
1321
1462
1676
1956
2294
2 589
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
for - My
0.124
0,123
0,119
0,115
0.117
0,105
0,109
0,112
0,109
0,111
0,107
0,105
0,119
0,117
0.115
0.114
0.109
0,107
0,106
0.107
0,106
0,107
0,107
0.102
0,102
0,101
0.100
0.098
0.098
0,096
601
bte: all values of Ns<j and Mfj_y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
UC 152 X 152 X 23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203x203x52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203x203x71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254x254x73
UC 254x254x89
UC 254x254x107
UC 254x254x132
UC 254x254x167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x118
UC 305x305x137
UC 305 X 305 158
UC 305 X 305 X 198
UC 305x305x240
UC 305 305 X 283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356 368 177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356 406 235
UC 356 406 287
UC 356 406 340
UC 356 406 393
UC 356 406 467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356 406 634
10 j 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
-
204
251
313
353
407
482
584
496
603
726
895
1 133
657
800
929
1072
1 344
1628
1811
875
1037
1201
1370
1594
1947
2176
2 515
2 989
3 527
4 058
MN.y
[N.m]
85 348
106 249
*
193398
224 293
269341
330 792
**
414335
503849
631551
817182
**
669173
783306
912 519
1 164 695
1435 840
1625 654
1001020
1 167 230
1341598
1574 455
1 952 641
2 216 294
2 601408
3157332
3 811629
4 484 028
12 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
272
334
**
471
542
642
778
**
805
968
1 194
1511
1066
1238
1430
1792
2171
2 415
**
1383
1601
1826
2126
2 597
2 901
3354
3986
4 703
5 411
MN.y
[N.m]
**
80 327
99 999
**
182022
211100
253498
311334
*
389962
474 211
594401
769113
tt
629810
737229
858841
1096184
1351379
1530 027
**
942136
1098 570
1262 681
1481840
1837 780
2 085 924
2448 384
2 971606
3 587416
4 220 262
14 | 15
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IkN]
*
340
418
**
588
678
803
973
1006
1210
1492
1889
tttt
1333
1548
1787
2 240
2 714
3 019
1729
2 001
2283
2657
3 246
3 627
4192
4 982
5 879
6 763
MN.y
[N.m]
75 307
93 749
*
170645
197906
237654
291875
365589
444573
557251
721043
**
590447
691 152
805164
1027672
1266 918
1434 400
**
883 253
1029 909
1 183 763
1389 225
1722 919
1955 553
2295 360
2 785 881
3 363 202
3 956 495
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0>3
Nsd
IkN]
*
408
502
706
813
963
1 168
1207
1452
1791
2 267
*
1600
1858
2145
2688
3 257
3 622
**
2075
2402
2739
3189
3 895
4 352
5 031
5 979
7054
8116
MN.y
[N.m]
tt*
70 287
87499
**
159 269
184 712
221810
272417
341217
414935
520100
672974
w
551084
645075
751486
959 161
1 182 457
1338 774
**
824369
961249
1 104 846
1296 610
1608 058
1 825 183
2142 336
2 600155
3138 989
3 692 729
18 | 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd
IkN]
475
585
**
824
949
1 124
1362
1408
1695
2089
2645
tttt
1866
2167
2 502
3136
3799
4226
*
2 420
2 802
3196
3 720
4544
5 077
5869
6 975
8 230
9469
MN.y
[N.m]
"
65 266
81249
*
147893
171 518
205967
252959
**
316844
385 296
482950
624904
**
511721
598998
697809
890649
1097995
1 243 147
*
765486
892588
1025 928
1203 995
1493196
1694813
1989312
2414430
2 914 775
3 428 963
602
bte: all values of Ns<j and Mfj_y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
UC 152 X 152 X 23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203x203x52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203x203x71
UC 203 203 86
UC 254x254x73
UC 254x254x89
UC 254x254x107
UC 254x254x132
UC 254x254x167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x118
UC 305x305x137
UC 305 X 305 158
UC 305 X 305 X 198
UC 305x305x240
UC 305 305 X 283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356 368 177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356 406 235
UC 356 406 287
UC 356 406 340
UC 356 406 393
UC 356 406 467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356 406 634
10 j 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
-
204
251
313
353
407
482
584
496
603
726
895
1 133
657
800
929
1072
1 344
1628
1811
875
1037
1201
1370
1594
1947
2176
2 515
2 989
3 527
4 058
MN.y
[N.m]
85 348
106 249
*
193398
224 293
269341
330 792
**
414335
503849
631551
817182
**
669173
783306
912 519
1 164 695
1435 840
1625 654
1001020
1 167 230
1341598
1574 455
1 952 641
2 216 294
2 601408
3157332
3 811629
4 484 028
12 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
272
334
**
471
542
642
778
**
805
968
1 194
1511
1066
1238
1430
1792
2171
2 415
**
1383
1601
1826
2126
2 597
2 901
3354
3986
4 703
5 411
MN.y
[N.m]
**
80 327
99 999
**
182022
211100
253498
311334
*
389962
474 211
594401
769113
tt
629810
737229
858841
1096184
1351379
1530 027
**
942136
1098 570
1262 681
1481840
1837 780
2 085 924
2448 384
2 971606
3 587416
4 220 262
14 | 15
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IkN]
*
340
418
**
588
678
803
973
1006
1210
1492
1889
tttt
1333
1548
1787
2 240
2 714
3 019
1729
2 001
2283
2657
3 246
3 627
4192
4 982
5 879
6 763
MN.y
[N.m]
75 307
93 749
*
170645
197906
237654
291875
365589
444573
557251
721043
**
590447
691 152
805164
1027672
1266 918
1434 400
**
883 253
1029 909
1 183 763
1389 225
1722 919
1955 553
2295 360
2 785 881
3 363 202
3 956 495
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0>3
Nsd
IkN]
*
408
502
706
813
963
1 168
1207
1452
1791
2 267
*
1600
1858
2145
2688
3 257
3 622
**
2075
2402
2739
3189
3 895
4 352
5 031
5 979
7054
8116
MN.y
[N.m]
tt*
70 287
87499
**
159 269
184 712
221810
272417
341217
414935
520100
672974
w
551084
645075
751486
959 161
1 182 457
1338 774
**
824369
961249
1 104 846
1296 610
1608 058
1 825 183
2142 336
2 600155
3138 989
3 692 729
18 | 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd
IkN]
475
585
**
824
949
1 124
1362
1408
1695
2089
2645
tttt
1866
2167
2 502
3136
3799
4226
*
2 420
2 802
3196
3 720
4544
5 077
5869
6 975
8 230
9469
MN.y
[N.m]
"
65 266
81249
*
147893
171 518
205967
252959
**
316844
385 296
482950
624904
**
511721
598998
697809
890649
1097995
1 243 147
*
765486
892588
1025 928
1203 995
1493196
1694813
1989312
2414430
2 914 775
3 428 963
602
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750x137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750 173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
2
Np,
IkN]
321
434
555
690
844
1006
1 196
1402
1643
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
268
369
463
562
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
. ++
++
++
++
++
1 138
1342
1570
1836
2 261
2639
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vpi.z
IkN]
87
123
153
185
234
273
339
385
464
537
623
747
852
1035
1233
1452
1 754
2 032
-
-
2 824
3 086
74
108
131
151
189
223
278
329
396
455
539
654
722
868
1025
1222
-
-
308
375
428
518
612
704
846
975
1 163
1440
1702
2 005
2 531
4
Vpl,
IkN]
124
163
208
258
311
371
436
516
602
702
816
939
1097
1240
1415
1629
1846
2132
2 248
2 281
2 907
3 425
100
135
168
208
247
301
357
431
509
597
700
815
987
1095
1260
1466
1671
1947
423
497
584
676
846
981
1 115
1287
1440
1724
1957
2190
2 749
5
Mp|.y
[N.m]
9 751
16 551
25 505
37105
52 021
69 894
92 668
119870
153 991
203 279
263909
337819
428042
549002
714753
921529
1 170 542
1 475 207
2043 368
2146155
2 611676
3 013 155
7971
13852
20 946
30 071
41619
56 837
76 295
100888
130860
173 247
227551
294810
380842
480438
627601
817323
1039 357
1319 295
79 443
104 756
134883
172315
241 352
312404
395 970
498155
630912
859431
1097453
1 370 619
1877836
6
Mp|.z
[N.m]
2443
3 841
5 704
8084
10 962
14 532
18 737
24 406
31048
40 719
52 592
64 545
80 262
96180
116 080
141069
168 225
203973
257912
264941
340163
402695
1971
3166
4611
6 519
8 692
11743
15 345
20 364
26 208
34 585
45 078
55 971
72179
84 869
103 213
126 681
151 831
185668
16 763
21795
28102
35 447
49 437
64 087
77697
95 306
113021
143 216
171584
201816
268 835
7
Nfimit
for - My
IkN]
60
85
108
133
167
197
241
276
328
387
456
542
621
753
910
1082
1306
1520
1788
1969
2 226
2408
53
76
95
110
137
163
199
238
281
329
397
477
522
628
751
905
1078
1 260
221
264
305
365
434
509
606
705
839
1052
1259
1479
1874
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
for - My
0,187
0,196
0.195
0.193
0,198
0,196
0,202
0,197
0,199
0,200
0.202
0,206
0,203
0,212
0,219
0.223
0,231
0.232
0.244
0.250
0,239
0.229
0.197
0,206
0,204
0,195
0,201
0,198
0,202
0,200
0.201
0.200
0,203
0,208
0,194
0,204
0.209
0.213
0,219
0.219
0,194
0.197
0,194
0,199
0.192
0.193
0,199
0,199
0,207
0,213
0,219
0,226
0.227
603
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750x137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750 173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
2
Np,
IkN]
321
434
555
690
844
1006
1 196
1402
1643
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
268
369
463
562
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
. ++
++
++
++
++
1 138
1342
1570
1836
2 261
2639
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vpi.z
IkN]
87
123
153
185
234
273
339
385
464
537
623
747
852
1035
1233
1452
1 754
2 032
-
-
2 824
3 086
74
108
131
151
189
223
278
329
396
455
539
654
722
868
1025
1222
-
-
308
375
428
518
612
704
846
975
1 163
1440
1702
2 005
2 531
4
Vpl,
IkN]
124
163
208
258
311
371
436
516
602
702
816
939
1097
1240
1415
1629
1846
2132
2 248
2 281
2 907
3 425
100
135
168
208
247
301
357
431
509
597
700
815
987
1095
1260
1466
1671
1947
423
497
584
676
846
981
1 115
1287
1440
1724
1957
2190
2 749
5
Mp|.y
[N.m]
9 751
16 551
25 505
37105
52 021
69 894
92 668
119870
153 991
203 279
263909
337819
428042
549002
714753
921529
1 170 542
1 475 207
2043 368
2146155
2 611676
3 013 155
7971
13852
20 946
30 071
41619
56 837
76 295
100888
130860
173 247
227551
294810
380842
480438
627601
817323
1039 357
1319 295
79 443
104 756
134883
172315
241 352
312404
395 970
498155
630912
859431
1097453
1 370 619
1877836
6
Mp|.z
[N.m]
2443
3 841
5 704
8084
10 962
14 532
18 737
24 406
31048
40 719
52 592
64 545
80 262
96180
116 080
141069
168 225
203973
257912
264941
340163
402695
1971
3166
4611
6 519
8 692
11743
15 345
20 364
26 208
34 585
45 078
55 971
72179
84 869
103 213
126 681
151 831
185668
16 763
21795
28102
35 447
49 437
64 087
77697
95 306
113021
143 216
171584
201816
268 835
7
Nfimit
for - My
IkN]
60
85
108
133
167
197
241
276
328
387
456
542
621
753
910
1082
1306
1520
1788
1969
2 226
2408
53
76
95
110
137
163
199
238
281
329
397
477
522
628
751
905
1078
1 260
221
264
305
365
434
509
606
705
839
1052
1259
1479
1874
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
for - My
0,187
0,196
0.195
0.193
0,198
0,196
0,202
0,197
0,199
0,200
0.202
0,206
0,203
0,212
0,219
0.223
0,231
0.232
0.244
0.250
0,239
0.229
0.197
0,206
0,204
0,195
0,201
0,198
0,202
0,200
0.201
0.200
0,203
0,208
0,194
0,204
0.209
0.213
0,219
0.219
0,194
0.197
0,194
0,199
0.192
0.193
0,199
0,199
0,207
0,213
0,219
0,226
0.227
603
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: all values of Njj and Mj^.y must be divided by Y^j0
9
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750x137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750x196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
1PEO180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
10 I 11
Nsd/NpuM-0,15
Nsd
[kN]
48
65
83
103
127
151
179
210
246
289
339
394
458
532
623
728
847
983
1 100
1 181
1394
1580
40
55
69
84
102
123
148
178
210
247
293
345
403
461
539
637
739
863
171
201
236
275
339
396
457
530
607
741
861
983
1240
MN.y
[N.m]
9 751
16 551
25 505
37105
52 021
69 894
92 668
119 870
153 991
203 279
263909
337819
428042
549002
714753
921529
1 170 542
**
7971
13 852
20 946
30 071
41619
56 837
76 295
100 888
130860
1
*'
*'
<
1
1
**
**
1
79 443
104756
134883
172315
241 352
312404
395 970
498155
630912
859431
1097453
1 370 619
1877 836
12 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
64
87
111
138
169
201
239
280
329
386
452
526
611
709
830
970
1 129
*
**
**
54
74
93
112
136
164
197
237
280
**
**
**
*
*
**
**
228
268
314
367
452
528
610
707
810
988
1 148
1311
1653
MN.y
[N.m]
9596
16 475
25 339
36 799
51890
69 546
92668
119384
153867
203 279
263909
tt
**
'*
*
'*
*
tt
'*
ktt
7940
13 852
20 946
29 875
41619
56 685
ktt
ktt
ktt
tt
ktt
"
'*
ktt
ktt
ktt
k*
"
78 892
104342
133955
172007
238904
309 596
395391
497827
630912
859431
1097453
1 370 619
1877836
14 j 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
80
108
139
172
211
251
299
350
411
482
565
**
*
tt
**
**
**
tt
tt*
67
92
116
141
170
206
**
**
aa
**
**
**
**
aa
285
336
393
459
565
660
762
883
1012
1235
1435
1639
2066
MN.y
[N.m]
8996
15 445
23 756
34 499
48 647
65 200
87049
111922
144 251
aa
aa
**
**
a
**
**
**
**
7444
13 077
19 737
28 008
39 066
**
a.
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
*
73 961
97821
125583
161 257
223972
290 247
370 679
466 713
*
a.
"
1821444
16 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
IkN]
96
130
166
207
253
302
359
420
493
**
**
tt*
**
*
tt*
80
111
139
169
204
**
a.
aa
**
**
**
**
aa
**
tt
*
341
403
471
551
678
792
915
1060
tt*
**
tt*
*
2 479
MN.y
IN.m]
8396
14 416
22172
32199
45 404
60 853
81246
**
"
**
**
**
aa
6948
12 206
18 421
**
a.
**
**
**
*
..
*
**
*
**
69 030
91300
117211
150506
**
tt
*
**
18 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd
IkN]
112
152
194
241
295
352
419
**
**
**
94
129
162
*
*
'*
*"
**
k
398
470
550
643
**
**
k
"
ktt
ktt
ktt
*
ktt
MN.y
[N.m]
7797
13 386
20 588
29 899
42161
56 507
75 443
**
*
**
**
*
**
*
*
*
"
*
**
6 452
11334
17106
tt
**
*
**
**
tttt
**
**
*
**
64100
84 778
108839
139 756
**
tt
M
604
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: all values of Njj and Mj^.y must be divided by Y^j0
9
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750x137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750x196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
1PEO180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
10 I 11
Nsd/NpuM-0,15
Nsd
[kN]
48
65
83
103
127
151
179
210
246
289
339
394
458
532
623
728
847
983
1 100
1 181
1394
1580
40
55
69
84
102
123
148
178
210
247
293
345
403
461
539
637
739
863
171
201
236
275
339
396
457
530
607
741
861
983
1240
MN.y
[N.m]
9 751
16 551
25 505
37105
52 021
69 894
92 668
119 870
153 991
203 279
263909
337819
428042
549002
714753
921529
1 170 542
**
7971
13 852
20 946
30 071
41619
56 837
76 295
100 888
130860
1
*'
*'
<
1
1
**
**
1
79 443
104756
134883
172315
241 352
312404
395 970
498155
630912
859431
1097453
1 370 619
1877 836
12 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
64
87
111
138
169
201
239
280
329
386
452
526
611
709
830
970
1 129
*
**
**
54
74
93
112
136
164
197
237
280
**
**
**
*
*
**
**
228
268
314
367
452
528
610
707
810
988
1 148
1311
1653
MN.y
[N.m]
9596
16 475
25 339
36 799
51890
69 546
92668
119384
153867
203 279
263909
tt
**
'*
*
'*
*
tt
'*
ktt
7940
13 852
20 946
29 875
41619
56 685
ktt
ktt
ktt
tt
ktt
"
'*
ktt
ktt
ktt
k*
"
78 892
104342
133955
172007
238904
309 596
395391
497827
630912
859431
1097453
1 370 619
1877836
14 j 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
80
108
139
172
211
251
299
350
411
482
565
**
*
tt
**
**
**
tt
tt*
67
92
116
141
170
206
**
**
aa
**
**
**
**
aa
285
336
393
459
565
660
762
883
1012
1235
1435
1639
2066
MN.y
[N.m]
8996
15 445
23 756
34 499
48 647
65 200
87049
111922
144 251
aa
aa
**
**
a
**
**
**
**
7444
13 077
19 737
28 008
39 066
**
a.
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
*
73 961
97821
125583
161 257
223972
290 247
370 679
466 713
*
a.
"
1821444
16 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
IkN]
96
130
166
207
253
302
359
420
493
**
**
tt*
**
*
tt*
80
111
139
169
204
**
a.
aa
**
**
**
**
aa
**
tt
*
341
403
471
551
678
792
915
1060
tt*
**
tt*
*
2 479
MN.y
IN.m]
8396
14 416
22172
32199
45 404
60 853
81246
**
"
**
**
**
aa
6948
12 206
18 421
**
a.
**
**
**
*
..
*
**
*
**
69 030
91300
117211
150506
**
tt
*
**
18 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd
IkN]
112
152
194
241
295
352
419
**
**
**
94
129
162
*
*
'*
*"
**
k
398
470
550
643
**
**
k
"
ktt
ktt
ktt
*
ktt
MN.y
[N.m]
7797
13 386
20 588
29 899
42161
56 507
75 443
**
*
**
**
*
**
*
*
*
"
*
**
6 452
11334
17106
tt
**
*
**
**
tttt
**
**
*
**
64100
84 778
108839
139 756
**
tt
M
604
1
Designation
HE100AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE100A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE160A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE550A
HE 600 A
HE650A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE900A
HE 1000 A
2
Np,
IkN]
655
779
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
892
1064
1319
1628
1901
2 261
2 702
3 227
3646
4 085
4 726
5 223
5606
5996
6 677
7477
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
IkN]
149
167
192
252
295
375
428
522
600
667
785
858
938
1023
1 163
1326
1501
1762
1971
2192
2433
3 002
3 570
-
183
205
245
320
351
438
501
610
697
770
904
997
1090
1 187
1390
1595
1812
2030
2 260
2 502
2836
3366
3960
-
4
Vp..y
[kN]
283
337
424
564
679
807
942
1091
1246
1411
1590
1668
1746
1824
1975
2 054
2132
2290
2369
2448
2599
2 768
3 074
3234
409
486
600
729
860
1009
1216
1449
1633
1827
2110
2334
2 485
2636
2866
3163
3460
3 612
3 763
3 915
4 074
4 237
4543
4 696
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
24 510
35330
**
**
**
**
*
a.
**
**
**
**
1 082 016
1 313 592
1 521 685
1 747 138
2 032 856
2614 415
3359 500
4106 225
34 865
50186
72868
102962
136438
180 384
238 752
312 742
386304
467134
580974
683 797
777199
877159
1 075 955
1350 664
1658 519
1941 163
2 247 162
2 577 242
2 953 364
3 653 785
4540 200
5384 400
6
Mpi.z
[N.m]
*
*
*
*
**
**
*
tt
**
*
**
tt
**
402 217
426 615
17 279
24 718
..
ka
ka
'*
'*
'*
'
"
"
'
366603
405 523
444 575
464 900
485 376
506011
527831
551 149
594 081
617279
7
Nfimit
for - My
IkN]
97
112
**
k*
k*
**
>
*
ktt
k*
*
k*
k
*
k*
k
1 110
1320
1492
1675
1868
2294
2648
2963
110
129
160
209
232
290
335
404
458
514
599
659
724
793
945
1093
1 250
1423
1606
1 798
2068
2 474
2 951
3 378
8
{Nfimit /Np|.Rd)
for -My
0,147
0,144
*
**
**
*
0.193
0,206
0,217
0.227
0.233
0.250
0,250
0,250
0,123
0,121
0.121
0,129
0,122
0.128
0,124
0,125
0.126
0.126
0,127
0,126
0,129
0,132
0,141
0.146
0.151
0.160
0.169
0.177
0,189
0,206
0,219
0,232
605
1
Designation
HE100AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE100A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE160A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE550A
HE 600 A
HE650A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE900A
HE 1000 A
2
Np,
IkN]
655
779
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
892
1064
1319
1628
1901
2 261
2 702
3 227
3646
4 085
4 726
5 223
5606
5996
6 677
7477
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
IkN]
149
167
192
252
295
375
428
522
600
667
785
858
938
1023
1 163
1326
1501
1762
1971
2192
2433
3 002
3 570
-
183
205
245
320
351
438
501
610
697
770
904
997
1090
1 187
1390
1595
1812
2030
2 260
2 502
2836
3366
3960
-
4
Vp..y
[kN]
283
337
424
564
679
807
942
1091
1246
1411
1590
1668
1746
1824
1975
2 054
2132
2290
2369
2448
2599
2 768
3 074
3234
409
486
600
729
860
1009
1216
1449
1633
1827
2110
2334
2 485
2636
2866
3163
3460
3 612
3 763
3 915
4 074
4 237
4543
4 696
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
24 510
35330
**
**
**
**
*
a.
**
**
**
**
1 082 016
1 313 592
1 521 685
1 747 138
2 032 856
2614 415
3359 500
4106 225
34 865
50186
72868
102962
136438
180 384
238 752
312 742
386304
467134
580974
683 797
777199
877159
1 075 955
1350 664
1658 519
1941 163
2 247 162
2 577 242
2 953 364
3 653 785
4540 200
5384 400
6
Mpi.z
[N.m]
*
*
*
*
**
**
*
tt
**
*
**
tt
**
402 217
426 615
17 279
24 718
..
ka
ka
'*
'*
'*
'
"
"
'
366603
405 523
444 575
464 900
485 376
506011
527831
551 149
594 081
617279
7
Nfimit
for - My
IkN]
97
112
**
k*
k*
**
>
*
ktt
k*
*
k*
k
*
k*
k
1 110
1320
1492
1675
1868
2294
2648
2963
110
129
160
209
232
290
335
404
458
514
599
659
724
793
945
1093
1 250
1423
1606
1 798
2068
2 474
2 951
3 378
8
{Nfimit /Np|.Rd)
for -My
0,147
0,144
*
**
**
*
0.193
0,206
0,217
0.227
0.233
0.250
0,250
0,250
0,123
0,121
0.121
0,129
0,122
0.128
0,124
0,125
0.126
0.126
0,127
0,126
0,129
0,132
0,141
0.146
0.151
0.160
0.169
0.177
0,189
0,206
0,219
0,232
605
Note: all values of Nsd and Mj>j y must be divided by 0
9
Designation
HE 100 AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE500A
HE550A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
10 11
Nsd/NpLRd-0,15
Nsd
IkN]
98
117
*
*
**
*
tt
tttt
*
**
*
*
862
963
1034
1 107
1203
1376
1589
1778
134
160
198
244
285
339
405
484
547
613
709
784
841
899
1002
1 122
1244
1334
1427
1522
1641
1801
2019
2185
MN.y
[N.m]
33 803
48 535
**
**
**
**
**
*
tt
**
*
*
tt*
1065 252
1344531
1658 519
1941 163
2 247 162
**
12 | 13
Nsd/Npi.Hd-0,2
Nsd
[kN]
*
**
**
*
**
**
**
178
213
*
*
*
**
**
*
**
*
*
""
1335
1495
1659
1779
1902
*
**
**
**
**
MN.y
[N.m]
31815
45 680
*
**
**
**
tt*
*
**
1002 590
1265 441
a
*
*tt
**
*
14 | 15
Nsd/NpUM-0,25
Nsd
IkN]
*
**
*
*
**
*
*
*
**
aa
*
**
223
266
ka
'"
ka
ka
"*
*
'*
*
"
"
*
'"
1669
1869
**
*
**
aa
**
"*
MN.y
[N.m]
29 826
42 825
**
**
**
*
**
939928
**
*
*
**
**
**
16 I 17
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,3
Nsd
IkN]
268
319
**
**
**
2003
*
*
*
**
*
**
*
MN.y
[N.m]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
k*
'
k*
k
k
*
*
27838
39 970
**
'*
k*
k*
k*
"
"
k*
k
k
**
k*
877 266
**
*
*
*
tt*
"
*
>
*tt
18 | 19
Nsd/Npuw-0,35
Nsd
IkN]
*
*
**
**
**
**
*
*
**
**
**
aa
**
*
aa
**
312
372
**
**
**
tt
*
tt
2 337
**
**
*
**
**
MN.y
[N.m]
*
*
**
**
**
*
*
**
**
a.
*
**
aa
*
25 849
37115
*
*
tt
*
**
**
**
*
**
814604
*
**
*
**
tt
*
606
Note: all values of Nsd and Mj>j y must be divided by 0
9
Designation
HE 100 AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE 300 A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE 400 A
HE 450 A
HE500A
HE550A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
10 11
Nsd/NpLRd-0,15
Nsd
IkN]
98
117
*
*
**
*
tt
tttt
*
**
*
*
862
963
1034
1 107
1203
1376
1589
1778
134
160
198
244
285
339
405
484
547
613
709
784
841
899
1002
1 122
1244
1334
1427
1522
1641
1801
2019
2185
MN.y
[N.m]
33 803
48 535
**
**
**
**
**
*
tt
**
*
*
tt*
1065 252
1344531
1658 519
1941 163
2 247 162
**
12 | 13
Nsd/Npi.Hd-0,2
Nsd
[kN]
*
**
**
*
**
**
**
178
213
*
*
*
**
**
*
**
*
*
""
1335
1495
1659
1779
1902
*
**
**
**
**
MN.y
[N.m]
31815
45 680
*
**
**
**
tt*
*
**
1002 590
1265 441
a
*
*tt
**
*
14 | 15
Nsd/NpUM-0,25
Nsd
IkN]
*
**
*
*
**
*
*
*
**
aa
*
**
223
266
ka
'"
ka
ka
"*
*
'*
*
"
"
*
'"
1669
1869
**
*
**
aa
**
"*
MN.y
[N.m]
29 826
42 825
**
**
**
*
**
939928
**
*
*
**
**
**
16 I 17
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,3
Nsd
IkN]
268
319
**
**
**
2003
*
*
*
**
*
**
*
MN.y
[N.m]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
k*
'
k*
k
k
*
*
27838
39 970
**
'*
k*
k*
k*
"
"
k*
k
k
**
k*
877 266
**
*
*
*
tt*
"
*
>
*tt
18 | 19
Nsd/Npuw-0,35
Nsd
IkN]
*
*
**
**
**
**
*
*
**
**
**
aa
**
*
aa
**
312
372
**
**
**
tt
*
tt
2 337
**
**
*
**
**
MN.y
[N.m]
*
*
**
**
**
*
*
**
**
a.
*
**
aa
*
25 849
37115
*
*
tt
*
**
**
**
*
**
814604
*
**
*
**
tt
*
606
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220 8
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE300M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2
Np,
IkN]
1094
1428
1804
2 279
2 741
3 279
3 824
4 451
4 975
5 517
6 261
6 776
7178
7587
8 307
9155
10 023
10 670
11338
++
++
++
++
++
2236
2 789
3383
4 076
4 757
5 514
6 277
8383
9 225
10 087
12 729
13106
13 265
13 390
13683
14 088
14 461
14 884
15 274
15 697
16 087
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
[kN]
219
266
317
427
491
602
677
806
912
996
1 150
1255
1360
1469
1697
1932
2178
2427
2687
2959
3 324
3 922
4 577
5153
437
513
593
747
840
995
1099
1457
1622
1747
2195
2300
2 392
2483
2672
2906
3140
3385
3 629
3 873
4 118
4711
5200
5699
4
Vp..y
IkN]
511
669
847
1053
1271
1514
1770
2 054
2 289
2532
2866
3090
3 242
3 393
3 624
3 922
4 220
4 372
4 525
4 677
4837
5003
5 310
5463
1098
1358
1637
1950
2 269
2618
2976
4 019
4 407
4800
6108
6 239
6239
6 219
6200
6200
6181
6181
6161
6161
6142
6138
6118
6118
5
Mp|.y
[N.m]
43 769
69 389
103079
148 665
202 208
269 870
347360
442321
538823
644462
784 843
902 680
1011404
1 126855
1357330
1672 595
2022118
2 348 055
2698 557
3 074 349
3497395
4296 600
5283 600
6 241200
99 041
147257
207407
283 317
371048
476 762
596168
889117
1 059 917
1245 566
1 712 623
1862 711
1981380
2095 513
2339 660
2 659 027
2 979 594
3 331 727
3 684 276
4 055 923
4 426 800
5 245 800
6064 800
6959 400
6
Mp|.z
[N.m]
21597
34 007
50 310
71385
97026
128441
165430
209336
252944
301380
365459
394421
414003
433646
463695
503016
542492
563 280
584 244
605393
627919
652316
696 503
720 833
48 851
72 085
101 015
136693
178 579
228151
284992
422492
500 836
586605
803 536
819 304
820138
815 788
812 336
814466
811447
813669
810 759
812982
810 089
810 765
810 128
814666
7
Nfimit
for - My
IkN]
127
160
196
266
312
380
433
512
576
642
737
805
880
958
1 129
1302
1483
1681
1889
2107
2 402
2860
3 387
3865
228
283
343
435
503
594
670
858
954
1052
1287
1362
1441
1521
1684
1887
2 089
2 301
2 513
2 724
2936
3399
3 823
4 255
8
{Nfimit /Npi.Rd)
for - My
0,116
0,112
0,109
0,117
0,114
0,116
0,113
0,115
0,116
0,116
0,118
0,119
0,123
0.126
0.136
0,142
0,148
0.158
0,167
0.175
0,187
0,204
0.217
0,230
0.102
0,102
0.101
0,107
0.106
0,108
0,107
0.102
0.103
0,104
0,101
0,104
0,109
0.114
0.123
0.134
0,144
0.155
0,165
0,174
0.183
0,200
0,215
0,228
607
1
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220 8
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE300M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2
Np,
IkN]
1094
1428
1804
2 279
2 741
3 279
3 824
4 451
4 975
5 517
6 261
6 776
7178
7587
8 307
9155
10 023
10 670
11338
++
++
++
++
++
2236
2 789
3383
4 076
4 757
5 514
6 277
8383
9 225
10 087
12 729
13106
13 265
13 390
13683
14 088
14 461
14 884
15 274
15 697
16 087
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
[kN]
219
266
317
427
491
602
677
806
912
996
1 150
1255
1360
1469
1697
1932
2178
2427
2687
2959
3 324
3 922
4 577
5153
437
513
593
747
840
995
1099
1457
1622
1747
2195
2300
2 392
2483
2672
2906
3140
3385
3 629
3 873
4 118
4711
5200
5699
4
Vp..y
IkN]
511
669
847
1053
1271
1514
1770
2 054
2 289
2532
2866
3090
3 242
3 393
3 624
3 922
4 220
4 372
4 525
4 677
4837
5003
5 310
5463
1098
1358
1637
1950
2 269
2618
2976
4 019
4 407
4800
6108
6 239
6239
6 219
6200
6200
6181
6181
6161
6161
6142
6138
6118
6118
5
Mp|.y
[N.m]
43 769
69 389
103079
148 665
202 208
269 870
347360
442321
538823
644462
784 843
902 680
1011404
1 126855
1357330
1672 595
2022118
2 348 055
2698 557
3 074 349
3497395
4296 600
5283 600
6 241200
99 041
147257
207407
283 317
371048
476 762
596168
889117
1 059 917
1245 566
1 712 623
1862 711
1981380
2095 513
2339 660
2 659 027
2 979 594
3 331 727
3 684 276
4 055 923
4 426 800
5 245 800
6064 800
6959 400
6
Mp|.z
[N.m]
21597
34 007
50 310
71385
97026
128441
165430
209336
252944
301380
365459
394421
414003
433646
463695
503016
542492
563 280
584 244
605393
627919
652316
696 503
720 833
48 851
72 085
101 015
136693
178 579
228151
284992
422492
500 836
586605
803 536
819 304
820138
815 788
812 336
814466
811447
813669
810 759
812982
810 089
810 765
810 128
814666
7
Nfimit
for - My
IkN]
127
160
196
266
312
380
433
512
576
642
737
805
880
958
1 129
1302
1483
1681
1889
2107
2 402
2860
3 387
3865
228
283
343
435
503
594
670
858
954
1052
1287
1362
1441
1521
1684
1887
2 089
2 301
2 513
2 724
2936
3399
3 823
4 255
8
{Nfimit /Npi.Rd)
for - My
0,116
0,112
0,109
0,117
0,114
0,116
0,113
0,115
0,116
0,116
0,118
0,119
0,123
0.126
0.136
0,142
0,148
0.158
0,167
0.175
0,187
0,204
0.217
0,230
0.102
0,102
0.101
0,107
0.106
0,108
0,107
0.102
0.103
0,104
0,101
0,104
0,109
0.114
0.123
0.134
0,144
0.155
0,165
0,174
0.183
0,200
0,215
0,228
607
Note: all values of Ngd and Mr.y must be divided by Jm0
9
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE300B
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE500B
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE900B
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE800M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
10 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
164
214
271
342
411
492
574
668
746
828
939
1016
1077
1 138
1246
1373
1503
1601
1701
1804
1930
2105
2339
2 520
335
418
508
611
713
827
941
1257
1384
1513
1909
1966
1990
2008
2 052
2113
2169
2233
2 291
2355
2 413
2 547
2 669
2798
MN.y
[N.m]
42082
66 407
98325
143 045
193 948
259427
333 006
424 848
518013
619 909
756 067
870 744
979 799
1096 305
1335 267
1 657 319
2 017 376
2 348 055
2 698 557
3 074 349
3 497395
4296 600
5 283 600
93 724
139 315
196 161
269 554
352 720
454167
567335
841944
1004884
1 181 977
1619 443
1766 897
1889 458
2 009 371
2 267 774
2609 632
2960 417
3 331727
3 684 276
4 055 923
4 426 800
5 245 800
6064 800
6 959 400
12 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
219
286
361
456
548
656
765
890
995
1 103
1252
1355
1436
1517
1661
1831
2 005
2134
2268
2 405
2 574
2 807
3119
447
558
677
815
951
1 103
1255
1677
1845
2 017
2 546
2 621
2653
2678
2 737
2818
2 892
2 977
3 055
3139
3 217
3396
3 558
3 731
MN.y
[N.m]
39 607
62 501
92 541
134630
182540
244167
313418
399857
487542
583444
711593
819 523
922164
1 031 817
1256 722
1559 830
1898 707
2 229 761
2 590 452
2 981942
3 440 038
aa
**
**
88 211
131120
184623
253698
331972
427451
533963
792418
945 774
1 112449
1 524 182
1662 962
1 778 313
1 891 172
2134 375
2456124
2 786 275
3 152 827
3 527 816
3 926 201
4 332149
5 245 800
6064 800
14 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0.25
Nsd
IkN]
273
357
451
570
685
820
956
1 113
1244
1379
1565
1694
1794
1897
2077
2289
2506
2668
2835
3007
3217
*
*
559
697
846
1019
1 189
1378
1569
2096
2306
2 522
3182
3 277
3316
3 347
3 421
3522
3 615
3 721
3 818
3 924
4 022
4 245
4448
*
MN.y
[N.m]
37131
58 595
86 757
126 216
171 131
228906
293 829
374 866
457070
546979
667118
768303
864 528
967328
1 178177
1462340
1780 037
aa
**
**
**
**
"*
82 698
122925
173084
237842
311224
400 736
500 590
742892
886663
1042921
1 428 920
1 559 027
1667168
1772 974
2000 977
2302616
2 612133
2 955 775
3 307327
3 680 813
4 061390
4 919150
*
M
16 17
Nsd/Np,.Hd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
328
428
541
684
822
984
1 147
1335
1492
1655
1878
2033
2153
2276
2 492
2747
3 007
*
**
*
*
**
671
837
1015
1223
1427
1654
1883
2 515
2 768
3 026
3 819
3 932
3 979
4 017
4 105
4 227
4338
4465
4 582
4 709
4 826
5094
*
MN.y
[N.m]
34 656
54 688
80 974
117801
159 722
213 646
274 240
349 875
426 599
510 514
622644
717083
806893
902840
1099 631
1364 851
1661368
*
*
**
"
**
**
**
77184
114 730
161545
221986
290475
374020
467217
693 366
827552
973 393
1333 659
1455 092
1556 024
1654 776
1867578
2149108
2437 990
2 758 724
3086 839
3 435 426
3 790 631
18 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd
IkN]
383
500
631
797
959
1 148
1338
1558
1741
1931
2191
2372
2 512
2655
2 907
3204
3508
**
**
*
**
**
*
783
976
1 184
1427
1665
1930
2197
2934
3229
3530
4455
4 587
4643
4686
4789
4 931
5 061
5209
5 346
5494
5630
*
**
*
MN.y
[N.m]
32180
50 782
75190
109387
148313
198385
254652
324884
396128
474048
578169
665863
749258
838351
1021086
1267362
1542 699
**
**
*
*
*
*
71671
106535
150006
206130
269 727
347304
433 845
643840
768441
903865
1 238398
1 351 157
1444 879
1536 578
1734 180
1995 601
2263 848
2561672
2866 350
3190 038
3 519 871
**
a*
608
Note: all values of Ngd and Mr.y must be divided by Jm0
9
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE300B
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE500B
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE900B
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE800M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
10 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
164
214
271
342
411
492
574
668
746
828
939
1016
1077
1 138
1246
1373
1503
1601
1701
1804
1930
2105
2339
2 520
335
418
508
611
713
827
941
1257
1384
1513
1909
1966
1990
2008
2 052
2113
2169
2233
2 291
2355
2 413
2 547
2 669
2798
MN.y
[N.m]
42082
66 407
98325
143 045
193 948
259427
333 006
424 848
518013
619 909
756 067
870 744
979 799
1096 305
1335 267
1 657 319
2 017 376
2 348 055
2 698 557
3 074 349
3 497395
4296 600
5 283 600
93 724
139 315
196 161
269 554
352 720
454167
567335
841944
1004884
1 181 977
1619 443
1766 897
1889 458
2 009 371
2 267 774
2609 632
2960 417
3 331727
3 684 276
4 055 923
4 426 800
5 245 800
6064 800
6 959 400
12 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
219
286
361
456
548
656
765
890
995
1 103
1252
1355
1436
1517
1661
1831
2 005
2134
2268
2 405
2 574
2 807
3119
447
558
677
815
951
1 103
1255
1677
1845
2 017
2 546
2 621
2653
2678
2 737
2818
2 892
2 977
3 055
3139
3 217
3396
3 558
3 731
MN.y
[N.m]
39 607
62 501
92 541
134630
182540
244167
313418
399857
487542
583444
711593
819 523
922164
1 031 817
1256 722
1559 830
1898 707
2 229 761
2 590 452
2 981942
3 440 038
aa
**
**
88 211
131120
184623
253698
331972
427451
533963
792418
945 774
1 112449
1 524 182
1662 962
1 778 313
1 891 172
2134 375
2456124
2 786 275
3 152 827
3 527 816
3 926 201
4 332149
5 245 800
6064 800
14 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0.25
Nsd
IkN]
273
357
451
570
685
820
956
1 113
1244
1379
1565
1694
1794
1897
2077
2289
2506
2668
2835
3007
3217
*
*
559
697
846
1019
1 189
1378
1569
2096
2306
2 522
3182
3 277
3316
3 347
3 421
3522
3 615
3 721
3 818
3 924
4 022
4 245
4448
*
MN.y
[N.m]
37131
58 595
86 757
126 216
171 131
228906
293 829
374 866
457070
546979
667118
768303
864 528
967328
1 178177
1462340
1780 037
aa
**
**
**
**
"*
82 698
122925
173084
237842
311224
400 736
500 590
742892
886663
1042921
1 428 920
1 559 027
1667168
1772 974
2000 977
2302616
2 612133
2 955 775
3 307327
3 680 813
4 061390
4 919150
*
M
16 17
Nsd/Np,.Hd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
328
428
541
684
822
984
1 147
1335
1492
1655
1878
2033
2153
2276
2 492
2747
3 007
*
**
*
*
**
671
837
1015
1223
1427
1654
1883
2 515
2 768
3 026
3 819
3 932
3 979
4 017
4 105
4 227
4338
4465
4 582
4 709
4 826
5094
*
MN.y
[N.m]
34 656
54 688
80 974
117801
159 722
213 646
274 240
349 875
426 599
510 514
622644
717083
806893
902840
1099 631
1364 851
1661368
*
*
**
"
**
**
**
77184
114 730
161545
221986
290475
374020
467217
693 366
827552
973 393
1333 659
1455 092
1556 024
1654 776
1867578
2149108
2437 990
2 758 724
3086 839
3 435 426
3 790 631
18 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd
IkN]
383
500
631
797
959
1 148
1338
1558
1741
1931
2191
2372
2 512
2655
2 907
3204
3508
**
**
*
**
**
*
783
976
1 184
1427
1665
1930
2197
2934
3229
3530
4455
4 587
4643
4686
4789
4 931
5 061
5209
5 346
5494
5630
*
**
*
MN.y
[N.m]
32180
50 782
75190
109387
148313
198385
254652
324884
396128
474048
578169
665863
749258
838351
1021086
1267362
1542 699
**
**
*
*
*
*
71671
106535
150006
206130
269 727
347304
433 845
643840
768441
903865
1 238398
1 351 157
1444 879
1536 578
1734 180
1995 601
2263 848
2561672
2866 350
3190 038
3 519 871
**
a*
608
1
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203 102 23
UB 203 133x25
UB 203 X 133 X 30
UB 254 X 102 22
UB 254 X 102 25
UB 254 X 102 X 28
UB 254 146 31
UB 254x146x37
UB 254x146x43
UB 305 165 40
UB 305 165 46
UB 305x165 54
UB 356 171 45
UB 356 171 51
UB 356 171 57
UB 356 171 67
UB 406 178x54
UB 406 178x60
UB 406 178x67
UB 406 178x74
UB 457 152x52
UB 457 152 60
UB 457 152x67
UB 457 152x74
UB 457 152 82
UB 457 191 67
UB 457 X 191 74
UB 457 191 82
UB 457x191x89
UB 457 191 98
UB 533 210 82
UB 533 210 92
UB 533 210 101
UB 533 21 109
UB 533 210 122
UB 61 229 101
UB 610 229 113
UB 610 229 125
UB 610 229 140
UB 610 305 149
UB 610 305 179
UB 610 305 238
UB 686 254 125
UB 686 254 140
UB 686 254 152
UB 686 254 170
UB 762 267 147
UB 762 267 173
UB 762 267 197
UB 838 292 176
UB 838 292 194
UB 838 292 226
UB 91 4 305 201
UB 914 305 224
UB 914 305 253
UB 914 305 289
UB 914 419 343
UB 914 419 388
2
,
IkN]
1019
1 235
1343
1605
++
++
++
++
++
2300
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
12 740
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
IkN]
239
300
311
353
379
405
431
397
427
490
487
546
644
650
695
764
867
807
839
935
1015
954
1063
1 142
1253
993
1059
1 167
1244
1356
1314
1397
1501
1614
1776
1729
1864
2060
1910
2 285
3 005
2186
2336
2 576
2798
3076
3 515
-
4 070
4 602
4634
5 138
4
vpi.y
IkN]
402
476
522
645
353
435
517
629
795
933
838
974
1 141
834
988
1 122
1361
973
1 139
1281
1438
838
1022
1 161
1319
1476
1 208
1381
1533
1700
1892
1389
1639
1834
1990
2 267
1693
1979
2 248
2549
2 993
3 620
4898
2064
2 421
2683
3045
2 342
2 901
3 423
2 768
3 193
3 951
3096
3660
4 286
4 958
6699
7 700
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
71928
98 309
108 247
132033
108 786
128 321
148179
165087
202957
237858
261 692
302419
355352
325 342
376322
424 260
508 562
442948
503 776
565 331
630338
460 337
540 654
610 291
683166
760827
617830
694145
769139
845 731
937612
864620
991237
1097046
1 187 939
1342149
1 210 074
1377939
1 543 869
1739 671
1929 298
2329 886
3 144 207
1677539
1914 403
2 100 192
2 364 921
2 165 321
2 603 025
3009 964
2 859 237
3 208 847
3 845 022
3 507521
4 004 495
4594 800
5279 400
6 501 600
7421400
6
Mpi.z
[N.m]
17468
20 896
**
37054
15 655
19 323
23 037
**
50 137
59 252
59 528
69 524
82165
**
73164
83477
102047
74 881
87800
99351
112132
55 987
68 482
78 406
89 514
100962
99 669
114 282
127637
142118
159139
126153
149 345
167767
183029
209879
168103
197090
224 878
256807
393658
480418
661054
227807
268032
298 279
340 800
271826
339142
402609
353 593
408997
508 874
412431
488 646
575 628
672529
1 213 618
1 403 175
7
Nfimit
for - My
IkN]
174
220
235
263
294
313
328
306
320
365
371
412
484
507
535
583
653
635
651
722
778
700
747
828
882
962
783
828
909
962
1043
1041
1094
1 167
1252
1368
1293
1365
1461
1605
1469
1746
2263
1628
1723
1831
2 007
1965
2208
2 405
2 352
2 518
2 753
2 687
2946
3200
3598
3559
3 915
8
{Nfimit /Npi.Rd)
for N-My
0.170
0,178
0,175
0,164
0,250
0,233
0,217
0,183
0,162
0,158
0,172
0,167
0,167
0,210
0,196
0.191
0.182
0.219
0,202
0,201
0,196
0,250
0,233
0,230
0,222
0,219
0,218
0,208
0,207
0.201
0,198
0,237
0,222
0,216
0,215
0,210
0,239
0,226
0,218
0.215
0.184
0,182
0,178
0.243
0,230
0.225
0.220
0.250
0,239
0,228
0,250
0,243
0.227
0.250
0,246
0.236
0,233
0,194
0.189
609
1
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203 102 23
UB 203 133x25
UB 203 X 133 X 30
UB 254 X 102 22
UB 254 X 102 25
UB 254 X 102 X 28
UB 254 146 31
UB 254x146x37
UB 254x146x43
UB 305 165 40
UB 305 165 46
UB 305x165 54
UB 356 171 45
UB 356 171 51
UB 356 171 57
UB 356 171 67
UB 406 178x54
UB 406 178x60
UB 406 178x67
UB 406 178x74
UB 457 152x52
UB 457 152 60
UB 457 152x67
UB 457 152x74
UB 457 152 82
UB 457 191 67
UB 457 X 191 74
UB 457 191 82
UB 457x191x89
UB 457 191 98
UB 533 210 82
UB 533 210 92
UB 533 210 101
UB 533 21 109
UB 533 210 122
UB 61 229 101
UB 610 229 113
UB 610 229 125
UB 610 229 140
UB 610 305 149
UB 610 305 179
UB 610 305 238
UB 686 254 125
UB 686 254 140
UB 686 254 152
UB 686 254 170
UB 762 267 147
UB 762 267 173
UB 762 267 197
UB 838 292 176
UB 838 292 194
UB 838 292 226
UB 91 4 305 201
UB 914 305 224
UB 914 305 253
UB 914 305 289
UB 914 419 343
UB 914 419 388
2
,
IkN]
1019
1 235
1343
1605
++
++
++
++
++
2300
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
12 740
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
IkN]
239
300
311
353
379
405
431
397
427
490
487
546
644
650
695
764
867
807
839
935
1015
954
1063
1 142
1253
993
1059
1 167
1244
1356
1314
1397
1501
1614
1776
1729
1864
2060
1910
2 285
3 005
2186
2336
2 576
2798
3076
3 515
-
4 070
4 602
4634
5 138
4
vpi.y
IkN]
402
476
522
645
353
435
517
629
795
933
838
974
1 141
834
988
1 122
1361
973
1 139
1281
1438
838
1022
1 161
1319
1476
1 208
1381
1533
1700
1892
1389
1639
1834
1990
2 267
1693
1979
2 248
2549
2 993
3 620
4898
2064
2 421
2683
3045
2 342
2 901
3 423
2 768
3 193
3 951
3096
3660
4 286
4 958
6699
7 700
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
71928
98 309
108 247
132033
108 786
128 321
148179
165087
202957
237858
261 692
302419
355352
325 342
376322
424 260
508 562
442948
503 776
565 331
630338
460 337
540 654
610 291
683166
760827
617830
694145
769139
845 731
937612
864620
991237
1097046
1 187 939
1342149
1 210 074
1377939
1 543 869
1739 671
1929 298
2329 886
3 144 207
1677539
1914 403
2 100 192
2 364 921
2 165 321
2 603 025
3009 964
2 859 237
3 208 847
3 845 022
3 507521
4 004 495
4594 800
5279 400
6 501 600
7421400
6
Mpi.z
[N.m]
17468
20 896
**
37054
15 655
19 323
23 037
**
50 137
59 252
59 528
69 524
82165
**
73164
83477
102047
74 881
87800
99351
112132
55 987
68 482
78 406
89 514
100962
99 669
114 282
127637
142118
159139
126153
149 345
167767
183029
209879
168103
197090
224 878
256807
393658
480418
661054
227807
268032
298 279
340 800
271826
339142
402609
353 593
408997
508 874
412431
488 646
575 628
672529
1 213 618
1 403 175
7
Nfimit
for - My
IkN]
174
220
235
263
294
313
328
306
320
365
371
412
484
507
535
583
653
635
651
722
778
700
747
828
882
962
783
828
909
962
1043
1041
1094
1 167
1252
1368
1293
1365
1461
1605
1469
1746
2263
1628
1723
1831
2 007
1965
2208
2 405
2 352
2 518
2 753
2 687
2946
3200
3598
3559
3 915
8
{Nfimit /Npi.Rd)
for N-My
0.170
0,178
0,175
0,164
0,250
0,233
0,217
0,183
0,162
0,158
0,172
0,167
0,167
0,210
0,196
0.191
0.182
0.219
0,202
0,201
0,196
0,250
0,233
0,230
0,222
0,219
0,218
0,208
0,207
0.201
0,198
0,237
0,222
0,216
0,215
0,210
0,239
0,226
0,218
0.215
0.184
0,182
0,178
0.243
0,230
0.225
0.220
0.250
0,239
0,228
0,250
0,243
0.227
0.250
0,246
0.236
0,233
0,194
0.189
609
Note: all values of Njj and Mjq y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203x133x25
UB 203x133x30
UB 254x102x22
UB 254 102x25
UB 254x102x28
UB 254x146x31
UB 254x146x37
UB 254x146x43
UB 305x165x40
UB 305x165x46
UB 305x165x54
UB 356x171x45
UB 356x171x51
UB 356x171x57
UB356X171X67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178x67
UB 406x178x74
UB 457x152x52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457x152x67
UB 457x152x74
UB 457x152x82
UB 457x191x67
UB 457 191x74
UB 457x191x82
UB 457x191x89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533x210x92
UB 533x210x101
UB 533x210x109
UB 533x210x122
UB 610x229x101
UB 610x229x1 13
UB 610x229x125
UB 610 229x140
UB 610x305x149
UB 610x305x179
UB 610x305x238
UB 686 254x125
UB 686x254x140
UB 686 X 254 X 152
UB 686x254x170
UB 762x267x147
UB 762x267x173
UB 762x267x197
UB 838x292x176
UB 838x292x194
UB 838 292 X 226
UB 914x305x201
UB 914x305x224
UB 914x305x253
UB 914x305x289
UB 914x419x343
UB 914x419x388
10 11
Nsd/Npl.fld-0,15
Nsd
[kN]
153
185
201
241
177
202
227
250
297
345
323
370
433
361
409
457
539
434
482
539
595
420
480
539
595
659
539
596
658
717
789
660
739
811
875
979
812
907
1004
1 123
1 197
1437
1911
1005
1 124
1223
1366
1 179
1388
1579
1411
1555
1818
1612
1800
2034
2 320
2 755
3 114
MN.y
[N.m]
71928
98 309
**
132033
108 786
128321
148 179
**
202957
237858
**
**
355 352
*
*
424 260
508 562
**
565 331
630 338
**
*
683166
760 827
**
769 139
845 731
937612
**
**
*
1 187 939
1 342149
**
**
1 739 671
2 329 886
3 144 207
*
**
**
2 364 921
**
*
**
tt
*
**
5 279 400
6 501600
7421400
12 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
[kN]
204
247
**
321
235
269
303
tt
396
460
tttt
**
578
tt*
609
718
719
794
**
"
tt
794
878
**
tt
878
956
1052
*
1 166
1305
**
1497
1916
2548
tt
1821
**
**
*"
**
3 093
3 673
4 151
MN.y
[N.m]
69 367
95 674
**
126 287
108 786
128 321
148179
**
**
226117
**
**
341478
tt
497324
**
**
tt*
**
*
**
**
**
760 827
**
**
935 651
**
*
**
**
1 342 149
**
*tt
*
*"
**
3 058 731
**
**
**
*
**
tt
*tt
**
**
**
**
tt
tt
**
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IkN]
255
309
401
294
336
379
tt
*
575
**
**
722
tt
**
tt
898
*"
**
**
**
**
*
1098
tt>
tt
1315
**
*
tt*
*
1632
**
*
*
*
**
3185
**
"*
tt
**
**
**
*
*
*
tt
**
*
**
**
MN.y
[N.m]
65 032
89 695
**
118 394
tt
**
**
**
**
211984
*
tt*
**
**
tt
tt*
**
tt*
*
**
**
**
**
"*
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
2867560
**
**
**
""
**
**
**
*
**
**
*
**
16 | 17
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,3
NSd
IkN]
306
370
*
481
**
690
**
*
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
*
**
*"
*"
**
**
3 822
*
**
*
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
*
*
MN.y
[N.m]
110 501
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
*
*
**
**
*"
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
tttt
**
**
*tt
**
*"
**
2 676 390
**
**
*
*
**
*
*
*
**
*
**
*
**
18 ! 19
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,35
Nsd
[kN]
tt*
562
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
*
*
**
**
**
4 459
**
**
**
*
**
**
*
*
*
**
*
**
**
MN.y
[N.m]
*
*
102608
**
*
*
**
**
*
**
tt
**
**
tt
w
**
**
**
**
**
a
*
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
*
610
Note: all values of Njj and Mjq y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203x133x25
UB 203x133x30
UB 254x102x22
UB 254 102x25
UB 254x102x28
UB 254x146x31
UB 254x146x37
UB 254x146x43
UB 305x165x40
UB 305x165x46
UB 305x165x54
UB 356x171x45
UB 356x171x51
UB 356x171x57
UB356X171X67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178x67
UB 406x178x74
UB 457x152x52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457x152x67
UB 457x152x74
UB 457x152x82
UB 457x191x67
UB 457 191x74
UB 457x191x82
UB 457x191x89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533x210x92
UB 533x210x101
UB 533x210x109
UB 533x210x122
UB 610x229x101
UB 610x229x1 13
UB 610x229x125
UB 610 229x140
UB 610x305x149
UB 610x305x179
UB 610x305x238
UB 686 254x125
UB 686x254x140
UB 686 X 254 X 152
UB 686x254x170
UB 762x267x147
UB 762x267x173
UB 762x267x197
UB 838x292x176
UB 838x292x194
UB 838 292 X 226
UB 914x305x201
UB 914x305x224
UB 914x305x253
UB 914x305x289
UB 914x419x343
UB 914x419x388
10 11
Nsd/Npl.fld-0,15
Nsd
[kN]
153
185
201
241
177
202
227
250
297
345
323
370
433
361
409
457
539
434
482
539
595
420
480
539
595
659
539
596
658
717
789
660
739
811
875
979
812
907
1004
1 123
1 197
1437
1911
1005
1 124
1223
1366
1 179
1388
1579
1411
1555
1818
1612
1800
2034
2 320
2 755
3 114
MN.y
[N.m]
71928
98 309
**
132033
108 786
128321
148 179
**
202957
237858
**
**
355 352
*
*
424 260
508 562
**
565 331
630 338
**
*
683166
760 827
**
769 139
845 731
937612
**
**
*
1 187 939
1 342149
**
**
1 739 671
2 329 886
3 144 207
*
**
**
2 364 921
**
*
**
tt
*
**
5 279 400
6 501600
7421400
12 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
[kN]
204
247
**
321
235
269
303
tt
396
460
tttt
**
578
tt*
609
718
719
794
**
"
tt
794
878
**
tt
878
956
1052
*
1 166
1305
**
1497
1916
2548
tt
1821
**
**
*"
**
3 093
3 673
4 151
MN.y
[N.m]
69 367
95 674
**
126 287
108 786
128 321
148179
**
**
226117
**
**
341478
tt
497324
**
**
tt*
**
*
**
**
**
760 827
**
**
935 651
**
*
**
**
1 342 149
**
*tt
*
*"
**
3 058 731
**
**
**
*
**
tt
*tt
**
**
**
**
tt
tt
**
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IkN]
255
309
401
294
336
379
tt
*
575
**
**
722
tt
**
tt
898
*"
**
**
**
**
*
1098
tt>
tt
1315
**
*
tt*
*
1632
**
*
*
*
**
3185
**
"*
tt
**
**
**
*
*
*
tt
**
*
**
**
MN.y
[N.m]
65 032
89 695
**
118 394
tt
**
**
**
**
211984
*
tt*
**
**
tt
tt*
**
tt*
*
**
**
**
**
"*
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
2867560
**
**
**
""
**
**
**
*
**
**
*
**
16 | 17
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,3
NSd
IkN]
306
370
*
481
**
690
**
*
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
*
**
*"
*"
**
**
3 822
*
**
*
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
*
*
MN.y
[N.m]
110 501
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
*
*
**
**
*"
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
tttt
**
**
*tt
**
*"
**
2 676 390
**
**
*
*
**
*
*
*
**
*
**
*
**
18 ! 19
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,35
Nsd
[kN]
tt*
562
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
*
*
**
**
**
4 459
**
**
**
*
**
**
*
*
*
**
*
**
**
MN.y
[N.m]
*
*
102608
**
*
*
**
**
*
**
tt
**
**
tt
w
**
**
**
**
**
a
*
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
*
610
1
Designation
UC 152 152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152 X 152 X 37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203x203x52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203 203 71
UC 203x203x86
UC 254x254x73
UC 254 254 X 89
UC 254x254x107
UC 254x254x132
UC 254 254 167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x1 18
UC 305x305 137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305x305x198
UC 305 305 240
UC 305x305x283
UC 356 368 129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356x406x235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356x406x340
UC 356x406x393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356x406x634
2
Np,
IkN]
1228
1607
1979
2 467
2784
3208
3798
4605
3 910
4 759
5 728
7062
8 940
5 185
6309
7325
8 457
10 601
12 843
14 057
6 902
8182
9 471
10 803
12 576
15 360
16 888
19 522
23 201
27375
31494
3
VpLz
[kN]
242
280
346
412
455
537
589
744
621
747
924
1121
1427
864
1047
1208
1390
1708
2082
2 461
1030
1219
1426
1638
1836
2 274
2 709
3155
3 762
4186
4833
4
Vp..y
IkN]
521
719
891
1 117
1273
1462
1781
2149
1798
2208
2652
3 310
4 226
2340
2 867
3 351
3 892
4 948
6 035
6 652
3193
3 801
4404
5033
5 932
7 270
8036
9333
11 177
13 265
15 376
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
tttt
104019
129679
208924
238306
275 552
335 479
410 227
416669
514 022
623461
785153
1017940
668 669
822 162
964 551
1 125 785
1444 792
1783 771
1 991 027
1041294
1 245 186
1451201
1668130
1968 330
2441240
2729 640
3 206 752
3900 000
4 711200
5553 600
6
Mpi.z
[N.m]
46 868
58 623
110985
128 241
156 945
191 619
**
241629
292 758
368917
477653
*
376053
442069
516 643
663 907
819 246
913 442
**
701739
806 203
1000 955
1238 693
1382 041
1 619 952
1963 378
2362 603
2 772 264
7
Nfimit
for -My
IkN]
*
200
244
293
319
376
399
502
437
517
636
754
939
618
740
845
961
1 153
1380
1487
742
870
1011
1 153
1280
1563
1702
1952
2 277
2 671
3 014
8
{Nlimit /Npi.Rd)
for -My
0,124
0,123
0,119
0,115
0,117
0,105
0,109
0.112
0.109
0,111
0,107
0,105
0,119
0.117
0.115
0.114
0,109
0.107
0.106
0.107
0,106
0.107
0,107
0,102
0,102
0,101
0.100
0,098
0,098
0,096
611
1
Designation
UC 152 152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152 X 152 X 37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203x203x52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203 203 71
UC 203x203x86
UC 254x254x73
UC 254 254 X 89
UC 254x254x107
UC 254x254x132
UC 254 254 167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x1 18
UC 305x305 137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305x305x198
UC 305 305 240
UC 305x305x283
UC 356 368 129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356x406x235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356x406x340
UC 356x406x393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356 406 551
UC 356x406x634
2
Np,
IkN]
1228
1607
1979
2 467
2784
3208
3798
4605
3 910
4 759
5 728
7062
8 940
5 185
6309
7325
8 457
10 601
12 843
14 057
6 902
8182
9 471
10 803
12 576
15 360
16 888
19 522
23 201
27375
31494
3
VpLz
[kN]
242
280
346
412
455
537
589
744
621
747
924
1121
1427
864
1047
1208
1390
1708
2082
2 461
1030
1219
1426
1638
1836
2 274
2 709
3155
3 762
4186
4833
4
Vp..y
IkN]
521
719
891
1 117
1273
1462
1781
2149
1798
2208
2652
3 310
4 226
2340
2 867
3 351
3 892
4 948
6 035
6 652
3193
3 801
4404
5033
5 932
7 270
8036
9333
11 177
13 265
15 376
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
tttt
104019
129679
208924
238306
275 552
335 479
410 227
416669
514 022
623461
785153
1017940
668 669
822 162
964 551
1 125 785
1444 792
1783 771
1 991 027
1041294
1 245 186
1451201
1668130
1968 330
2441240
2729 640
3 206 752
3900 000
4 711200
5553 600
6
Mpi.z
[N.m]
46 868
58 623
110985
128 241
156 945
191 619
**
241629
292 758
368917
477653
*
376053
442069
516 643
663 907
819 246
913 442
**
701739
806 203
1000 955
1238 693
1382 041
1 619 952
1963 378
2362 603
2 772 264
7
Nfimit
for -My
IkN]
*
200
244
293
319
376
399
502
437
517
636
754
939
618
740
845
961
1 153
1380
1487
742
870
1011
1 153
1280
1563
1702
1952
2 277
2 671
3 014
8
{Nlimit /Npi.Rd)
for -My
0,124
0,123
0,119
0,115
0,117
0,105
0,109
0.112
0.109
0,111
0,107
0,105
0,119
0.117
0.115
0.114
0,109
0.107
0.106
0.107
0,106
0.107
0,107
0,102
0,102
0,101
0.100
0,098
0,098
0,096
611
Note: all values of Ns<j and Mjkj.y must be divided by Yj^0
9
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152 30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203 203 52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203x203x71
UC 203x203x86
UC 254x254x73
UC 254x254x89
UC 254 254x107
UC 254x254x132
UC 254x254x167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x118
UC 305x305 137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305x305x198
UC 305x305x240
UC 305x305x283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356x406 235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356x406x340
UC 356x406x393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356x406x551
UC 356x406 634
10 11
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,15
Nsd
[kN]
241
297
370
418
481
570
691
587
714
859
1059
1341
778
946
1099
1269
1590
1926
2108
1035
1227
1421
1620
1886
2304
2533
2928
3480
4 106
4 724
MN.y
[N.m]
100975
125 703
228 809
265361
318 657
391360
**
490199
596103
747 187
966 807
*
791698
926 728
1079 600
1377 950
1 698 740
1 892 552
*
tt
1380 949
1587 243
1862 736
2 310 167
2 580 163
3 028 505
3 675 700
4 437419
5 220 212
12
NSd/IS
Nsd
[kN]
tt*
321
396
*
557
642
760
921
tt*
952
1 146
1412
1788
**
1262
1465
1691
2120
2569
2811
*
*
1894
2161
2 515
3 072
3 378
3904
4640
5 475
6299
13
lpI.Rd=0,2
MN.y
IN.m]
95035
118 308
. **
215 350
249 752
299 913
368339
**
461363
561038
703 234
909936
745 127
872 214
1016094
1296 894
1598 815
1 781 225
**
1299 716
1 493 876
1753163
2 174 275
2 428 389
2850 357
3459 482
4176395
4913141
14
NSd/N
Nsd
[kN]
402
495
696
802
949
1 151
1 190
1432
1765
2235
**
1577
1831
2114
2650
3 211
3 514
**
aa
2368
2 701
3144
3840
4 222
4 881
5800
6844
7874
15
3l.Rd=0,25
MN.y
[N.m]
89096
110914
201890
234142
281168
345 317
*
432528
525973
659 282
853 065
698 557
817701
952588
1215 838
1498 889
1669 899
*
*
1218 484
1400 508
1643 590
2 038 383
2 276 614
2 672 210
3243 264
3 915 370
4 606 069
16
Nsd/N
Nsd
IkN]
*
482
594
**
835
962
1 139
1381
*
1428
1718
2118
2 682
**
1893
2198
2 537
3180
3853
4 217
**
2 841
3 241
3773
4608
5 067
5 857
6960
8 213
9448
17
pl.Rd=0>3
MN.y
[N.m]
*
83156
103520
**
188431
218533
262424
322 296
**
403 693
490 909
615 330
796194
tt
651986
763188
889 082
1 134 782
1398 963
1 558 572
**
**
1 137 252
1 307 141
1 534 018
1 902 491
2124 840
2494 063
3 027047
3654 345
4298 998
18
Nsd/N,
Nsd
IkN]
tt
562
693
tt
974
1 123
1329
1612
1666
2005
2472
3 129
**
2208
2564
2960
3711
4 495
4 920
**
**
3 315
3 781
4 402
5 376
5911
6833
8 121
9 581
11023
19
3l.Rd=0,35
MN.y
[N.m]
**
77216
96126
174 972
202923
243679
299 275
374 858
455844
571378
739323
605416
708674
825 576
1053 726
1299 037
1447 246
*
**
1056 020
1 213 774
1424 445
1766 599
1973 066
2 315 915
2 810829
3 393321
3 991927
612
Note: all values of Ns<j and Mjkj.y must be divided by Yj^0
9
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152 30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203 203 52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203x203x71
UC 203x203x86
UC 254x254x73
UC 254x254x89
UC 254 254x107
UC 254x254x132
UC 254x254x167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x118
UC 305x305 137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305x305x198
UC 305x305x240
UC 305x305x283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356x406 235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356x406x340
UC 356x406x393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356x406x551
UC 356x406 634
10 11
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,15
Nsd
[kN]
241
297
370
418
481
570
691
587
714
859
1059
1341
778
946
1099
1269
1590
1926
2108
1035
1227
1421
1620
1886
2304
2533
2928
3480
4 106
4 724
MN.y
[N.m]
100975
125 703
228 809
265361
318 657
391360
**
490199
596103
747 187
966 807
*
791698
926 728
1079 600
1377 950
1 698 740
1 892 552
*
tt
1380 949
1587 243
1862 736
2 310 167
2 580 163
3 028 505
3 675 700
4 437419
5 220 212
12
NSd/IS
Nsd
[kN]
tt*
321
396
*
557
642
760
921
tt*
952
1 146
1412
1788
**
1262
1465
1691
2120
2569
2811
*
*
1894
2161
2 515
3 072
3 378
3904
4640
5 475
6299
13
lpI.Rd=0,2
MN.y
IN.m]
95035
118 308
. **
215 350
249 752
299 913
368339
**
461363
561038
703 234
909936
745 127
872 214
1016094
1296 894
1598 815
1 781 225
**
1299 716
1 493 876
1753163
2 174 275
2 428 389
2850 357
3459 482
4176395
4913141
14
NSd/N
Nsd
[kN]
402
495
696
802
949
1 151
1 190
1432
1765
2235
**
1577
1831
2114
2650
3 211
3 514
**
aa
2368
2 701
3144
3840
4 222
4 881
5800
6844
7874
15
3l.Rd=0,25
MN.y
[N.m]
89096
110914
201890
234142
281168
345 317
*
432528
525973
659 282
853 065
698 557
817701
952588
1215 838
1498 889
1669 899
*
*
1218 484
1400 508
1643 590
2 038 383
2 276 614
2 672 210
3243 264
3 915 370
4 606 069
16
Nsd/N
Nsd
IkN]
*
482
594
**
835
962
1 139
1381
*
1428
1718
2118
2 682
**
1893
2198
2 537
3180
3853
4 217
**
2 841
3 241
3773
4608
5 067
5 857
6960
8 213
9448
17
pl.Rd=0>3
MN.y
[N.m]
*
83156
103520
**
188431
218533
262424
322 296
**
403 693
490 909
615 330
796194
tt
651986
763188
889 082
1 134 782
1398 963
1 558 572
**
**
1 137 252
1 307 141
1 534 018
1 902 491
2124 840
2494 063
3 027047
3654 345
4298 998
18
Nsd/N,
Nsd
IkN]
tt
562
693
tt
974
1 123
1329
1612
1666
2005
2472
3 129
**
2208
2564
2960
3711
4 495
4 920
**
**
3 315
3 781
4 402
5 376
5911
6833
8 121
9 581
11023
19
3l.Rd=0,35
MN.y
[N.m]
**
77216
96126
174 972
202923
243679
299 275
374 858
455844
571378
739323
605416
708674
825 576
1053 726
1299 037
1447 246
*
**
1056 020
1 213 774
1424 445
1766 599
1973 066
2 315 915
2 810829
3 393321
3 991927
612
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750x137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750x196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
1PEA500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
1PEO180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
2
Np,
IkN]
352
475
608
756
924
1 102
1310
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
293
404
507
616
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
1246
1470
1720
2011
2 476
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
IkN]
95
135
167
203
256
299
372
422
508
588
682
818
933
1 134
1350
1590
1921
2 225
-
-
3 092
3380
82
118
144
165
207
244
305
360
433
498
591
717
790
950
-
-
-
337
410
469
567
670
771
926
1068
1274
1578
1865
2196
2 772
4
Vp..y
IkN]
136
179
227
282
341
407
478
566
660
769
894
1028
1202
1358
1549
1784
2 022
2335
2 462
2499
3 183
3 751
110
147
184
228
271
329
392
472
557
654
767
892
1082
1 199
1380
1606
1830
2133
464
545
639
741
926
1074
1221
1409
1577
1888
2144
2398
3011
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
10 680
18127
27934
40 638
56 975
76 551
101 494
131 287
168657
222638
289044
369992
468807
601288
782825
1009 294
1 282 022
1615 703
2 237974
2350 551
2 860 407
3300122
8 730
15 171
22 941
32 935
45 583
62 250
83 561
110496
143 323
189 747
249 223
322887
417113
526194
687372
895163
1 138 343
1444 943
87009
114 733
147729
188 726
264338
342157
433682
545 598
690999
941281
1 201 973
1501 154
2 056 677
6
MpI.Z
[N.m]
2 676
4 207
6 247
8 853
12 006
15 916
20 522
26 731
34005
44 597
57601
70 692
87906
105340
127135
154504
184 247
223 399
282475
290173
372560
441047
2159
3 467
5 050
7140
9 520
12 862
16 807
22 303
28 704
37879
*
*
79 053
92 952
113 043
138 746
166 291
203351
18 360
23 870
30 778
38 822
54145
70190
85 097
104383
123 784
156 855
187925
221037
294 438
7
Nfimit
for - My
IkN]
66
93
118
146
183
216
264
302
359
423
499
594
680
825
997
1 185
1430
1665
1959
2156
2438
2638
58
83
104
120
150
178
218
260
308
360
435
523
572
688
823
991
1 181
1380
242
289
334
399
475
557
664
772
919
1 152
1379
1620
2053
8
{Nfimit /NpLRd)
for - My
0.187
0,196
0,195
0,193
0.198
0,196
0.202
0,197
0.199
0,200
0,202
0,206
0,203
0,212
0,219
0,223
0,231
0.232
0,244
0,250
0,239
0,229
0,197
0,206
0.204
0,195
0,201
0,198
0.202
0.200
0,201
0,200
0.203
0,208
0,194
0,204
0,209
0,213
0,219
0,219
0.194
0.197
0,194
0,199
0,192
0.193
0.199
0,199
0,207
0,213
0,219
0,226
0.227
613
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
1
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750x137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750x196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
1PEA500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
1PEO180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
2
Np,
IkN]
352
475
608
756
924
1 102
1310
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
293
404
507
616
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
1246
1470
1720
2011
2 476
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
IkN]
95
135
167
203
256
299
372
422
508
588
682
818
933
1 134
1350
1590
1921
2 225
-
-
3 092
3380
82
118
144
165
207
244
305
360
433
498
591
717
790
950
-
-
-
337
410
469
567
670
771
926
1068
1274
1578
1865
2196
2 772
4
Vp..y
IkN]
136
179
227
282
341
407
478
566
660
769
894
1028
1202
1358
1549
1784
2 022
2335
2 462
2499
3 183
3 751
110
147
184
228
271
329
392
472
557
654
767
892
1082
1 199
1380
1606
1830
2133
464
545
639
741
926
1074
1221
1409
1577
1888
2144
2398
3011
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
10 680
18127
27934
40 638
56 975
76 551
101 494
131 287
168657
222638
289044
369992
468807
601288
782825
1009 294
1 282 022
1615 703
2 237974
2350 551
2 860 407
3300122
8 730
15 171
22 941
32 935
45 583
62 250
83 561
110496
143 323
189 747
249 223
322887
417113
526194
687372
895163
1 138 343
1444 943
87009
114 733
147729
188 726
264338
342157
433682
545 598
690999
941281
1 201 973
1501 154
2 056 677
6
MpI.Z
[N.m]
2 676
4 207
6 247
8 853
12 006
15 916
20 522
26 731
34005
44 597
57601
70 692
87906
105340
127135
154504
184 247
223 399
282475
290173
372560
441047
2159
3 467
5 050
7140
9 520
12 862
16 807
22 303
28 704
37879
*
*
79 053
92 952
113 043
138 746
166 291
203351
18 360
23 870
30 778
38 822
54145
70190
85 097
104383
123 784
156 855
187925
221037
294 438
7
Nfimit
for - My
IkN]
66
93
118
146
183
216
264
302
359
423
499
594
680
825
997
1 185
1430
1665
1959
2156
2438
2638
58
83
104
120
150
178
218
260
308
360
435
523
572
688
823
991
1 181
1380
242
289
334
399
475
557
664
772
919
1 152
1379
1620
2053
8
{Nfimit /NpLRd)
for - My
0.187
0,196
0,195
0,193
0.198
0,196
0.202
0,197
0.199
0,200
0,202
0,206
0,203
0,212
0,219
0,223
0,231
0.232
0,244
0,250
0,239
0,229
0,197
0,206
0.204
0,195
0,201
0,198
0.202
0.200
0,201
0,200
0.203
0,208
0,194
0,204
0,209
0,213
0,219
0,219
0.194
0.197
0,194
0,199
0,192
0.193
0.199
0,199
0,207
0,213
0,219
0,226
0.227
613
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: all values of Nsd and Mjj y must be divided by Yj^0
9
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 x 137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
10 | 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
53
71
91
113
139
165
197
230
270
317
371
432
502
583
682
797
927
1076
1205
1294
1527
1731
44
61
76
92
112
135
162
195
230
270
321
378
441
504
590
698
809
945
187
221
258
302
371
434
501
581
665
812
943
1077
1358
MN.y
[N.m]
10 680
18127
27934
40 638
56 975
76 551
101494
131 287
168 657
222 638
289 044
369 992
468 807
601288
**
**
*
**
8 730
15171
22 941
32935
45 583
62 250
83 561
110 496
143323
aa
aa
aa
**
**
**
87 009
114 733
147729
188 726
264 338
342157
433 682
545 598
690 999
941281
1 201 973
1501 154
2 056 677
12 | 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
70
95
122
151
185
220
262
307
360
423
495
576
'669
777
*
**
**
**
*
**
*
**
59
81
101
123
149
180
216
260
306
**
**
**
*
**
*
*
*
249
294
344
402
495
578
668
774
887
1082
1258
1436
1810
MN.y
[N.m]
10 510
18 044
27 752
40 304
56 832
76170
101494
130 754
168521
222638
ktt
k*
k*
k*
**
k*
k*
*
"
ktt
ktt
8 697
15171
22 941
32 720
45 583
62084
**
*
**
*
**
*
tttt
86 405
114 280
146 713
188389
261657
339 082
433 047
545 240
690999
941281
1201973
*
2056 677
14 | 15
Nsd/Npi.Bd-0,25
Nsd
[kN]
88
119
152
189
231
275
328
384
450
528
**
**
*
**
ft
**
tt
tt*
73
101
127
154
186
225
**
tt
**
*
**
*
tt
**
312
368
430
503
619
723
835
968
1 108
1353
1572
*
2263
MN.y
[N.m]
9853
16916
26 018
37785
53 280
71409
95 340
122 581
**
**
*
*
**
aa
**
*
8 153
14 323
21617
30 675
"
**
**
**
**
**
**
"
81005
107 137
137543
176 615
245303
aa
**
**
**
*
**
**
16 | 17
Nsd/NpLRd0,3
Nsd
IkN]
105
142
182
227
277
330
393
461
**
**
**
**
*
*
*
*
88
121
152
185
*
a
*
a
*
*
a
*
ka
'
**
'*
374
441
516
603
743
"
ta
'
a
ka
*
MN.y
[N.m]
9196
15 789
24 283
35 266
49 728
66 649
*
*
**
"
~
*
**
7 610
13 368
20 176
**
**
**
a.
*
**
aa
**
**
75 605
99 995
128 374
164 840
*
*
**
18 t 19
Nsd/Npuw-0,35
Nsd
[kN]
123
166
213
264
323
386
103
141
178
**
**
**
**
*
*
*
aa
"*
*
**
**
436
515
602
704
*
**
**
*
*
*
.
**
MN.y
[N.m]
8539
14 661
22 549
32 747
46176
*
**
**
aa
**
*
**
**
*
**
**
**
7066
12 413
18 735
*
**
*
**
**
*
**
*
*
**
*
**
70 204
92 852
119 204
**
**
"
"
*
a.
aa
**
614
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
Note: all values of Nsd and Mjj y must be divided by Yj^0
9
Designation
IPE 80
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
IPE 750 x 137
IPE 750x147
IPE 750x173
IPE 750 196
IPE A 80
IPE A 100
IPE A 120
IPE A 140
IPE A 160
IPE A 180
IPE A 200
IPE A 220
IPE A 240
IPE A 270
IPE A 300
IPE A 330
IPE A 360
IPE A 400
IPE A 450
IPE A 500
IPE A 550
IPE A 600
IPE O 180
IPE O 200
IPE O 220
IPE O 240
IPE O 270
IPE O 300
IPE O 330
IPE O 360
IPE O 400
IPE O 450
IPE O 500
IPE O 550
IPE O 600
10 | 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
53
71
91
113
139
165
197
230
270
317
371
432
502
583
682
797
927
1076
1205
1294
1527
1731
44
61
76
92
112
135
162
195
230
270
321
378
441
504
590
698
809
945
187
221
258
302
371
434
501
581
665
812
943
1077
1358
MN.y
[N.m]
10 680
18127
27934
40 638
56 975
76 551
101494
131 287
168 657
222 638
289 044
369 992
468 807
601288
**
**
*
**
8 730
15171
22 941
32935
45 583
62 250
83 561
110 496
143323
aa
aa
aa
**
**
**
87 009
114 733
147729
188 726
264 338
342157
433 682
545 598
690 999
941281
1 201 973
1501 154
2 056 677
12 | 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
70
95
122
151
185
220
262
307
360
423
495
576
'669
777
*
**
**
**
*
**
*
**
59
81
101
123
149
180
216
260
306
**
**
**
*
**
*
*
*
249
294
344
402
495
578
668
774
887
1082
1258
1436
1810
MN.y
[N.m]
10 510
18 044
27 752
40 304
56 832
76170
101494
130 754
168521
222638
ktt
k*
k*
k*
**
k*
k*
*
"
ktt
ktt
8 697
15171
22 941
32 720
45 583
62084
**
*
**
*
**
*
tttt
86 405
114 280
146 713
188389
261657
339 082
433 047
545 240
690999
941281
1201973
*
2056 677
14 | 15
Nsd/Npi.Bd-0,25
Nsd
[kN]
88
119
152
189
231
275
328
384
450
528
**
**
*
**
ft
**
tt
tt*
73
101
127
154
186
225
**
tt
**
*
**
*
tt
**
312
368
430
503
619
723
835
968
1 108
1353
1572
*
2263
MN.y
[N.m]
9853
16916
26 018
37785
53 280
71409
95 340
122 581
**
**
*
*
**
aa
**
*
8 153
14 323
21617
30 675
"
**
**
**
**
**
**
"
81005
107 137
137543
176 615
245303
aa
**
**
**
*
**
**
16 | 17
Nsd/NpLRd0,3
Nsd
IkN]
105
142
182
227
277
330
393
461
**
**
**
**
*
*
*
*
88
121
152
185
*
a
*
a
*
*
a
*
ka
'
**
'*
374
441
516
603
743
"
ta
'
a
ka
*
MN.y
[N.m]
9196
15 789
24 283
35 266
49 728
66 649
*
*
**
"
~
*
**
7 610
13 368
20 176
**
**
**
a.
*
**
aa
**
**
75 605
99 995
128 374
164 840
*
*
**
18 t 19
Nsd/Npuw-0,35
Nsd
[kN]
123
166
213
264
323
386
103
141
178
**
**
**
**
*
*
*
aa
"*
*
**
**
436
515
602
704
*
**
**
*
*
*
.
**
MN.y
[N.m]
8539
14 661
22 549
32 747
46176
*
**
**
aa
**
*
**
**
*
**
**
**
7066
12 413
18 735
*
**
*
**
**
*
**
*
*
**
*
**
70 204
92 852
119 204
**
**
"
"
*
a.
aa
**
614
1
Designation
HE100AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE 160 AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE300A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE400A
HE 450 A
HE500A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE900A
IHE1000A
2
Np,
IkN]
717
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
977
1.165
1445
1 783
2 082
2 476
2960
3534
3994
++
5176
5 721
6 140
6 567
7313
8189
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
IkN]
163
183
210
276
323
410
468
572
657
731
860
940
1028
1 120
1274
1453
1644
1930
2159
2401
2665
3 288
-
-
201
225
269
351
384
480
549
669
764
843
990
1092
1 194
1300
1523
1747
1984
2 223
2 475
2 740
3107
3 687
4338
4
Vpl.y
IkN]
310
369
465
618
744
884
1032
1 195
1365
1545
1742
1827
1913
1998
2164
2 249
2335
2508
2 594
2 681
2 847
3032
3366
3 542
448
532
658
798
942
1 105
1332
1587
1789
2 001
2 311
2556
2 721
2 887
3139
3464
3789
3 955
4122
4 288
4 462
4 641
4 976
5144
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
26 845
38 695
,a
>*
'"
ta
ka
ka
ka
*
'*
'*
ka
*
1 185 066
1438 696
1666 608
1913 533
2 226 462
2863 407
3679453
4497 294
38186
54 966
79 808
112 768
149 432
197563
261490
342 527
423094
511 623
636 305
748921
851218
960697
1 178 427
1479 299
1816 474
2126 035
2461 177
2 822 693
3 234 637
4 001764
4 972 600
5897 200
6
Mp|.z
[N.m]
**
-
**
*
*
**
tt
440523
467245
18 925
27072
*
*
*
*
**
*
**
**
**
*
444144
486916
509176
531602
554 203
578 101
603639
650660
676068
7
Nfimrt
for - My
IkN]
106
123
1216
1445
1634
1834
2046
2 513
2901
3 245
120
141
175 -
229
254
318
367
442
502
563
656
721
793
868
1034
1 197
1369
1558
1759
1970
2265
2 710
3 232
3699
8
{Nfimit /Np..Rd)
for - My
0.147
0,144
0,193
0,206
0.217
0,227
0,233
0,250
0,250
0.250
0,123
0,121
0,121
0,129
0,122
0,128
0,124
0,125
0,126
0,126
0,127
0,126
0,129
0,132
0.141
0,146
0.151
0,160
0,169
0,177
0,189
0,206
0,219
0,232
615
1
Designation
HE100AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE 160 AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE 200 A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE300A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE400A
HE 450 A
HE500A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE900A
IHE1000A
2
Np,
IkN]
717
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
977
1.165
1445
1 783
2 082
2 476
2960
3534
3994
++
5176
5 721
6 140
6 567
7313
8189
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
3
Vp,.z
IkN]
163
183
210
276
323
410
468
572
657
731
860
940
1028
1 120
1274
1453
1644
1930
2159
2401
2665
3 288
-
-
201
225
269
351
384
480
549
669
764
843
990
1092
1 194
1300
1523
1747
1984
2 223
2 475
2 740
3107
3 687
4338
4
Vpl.y
IkN]
310
369
465
618
744
884
1032
1 195
1365
1545
1742
1827
1913
1998
2164
2 249
2335
2508
2 594
2 681
2 847
3032
3366
3 542
448
532
658
798
942
1 105
1332
1587
1789
2 001
2 311
2556
2 721
2 887
3139
3464
3789
3 955
4122
4 288
4 462
4 641
4 976
5144
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
26 845
38 695
,a
>*
'"
ta
ka
ka
ka
*
'*
'*
ka
*
1 185 066
1438 696
1666 608
1913 533
2 226 462
2863 407
3679453
4497 294
38186
54 966
79 808
112 768
149 432
197563
261490
342 527
423094
511 623
636 305
748921
851218
960697
1 178 427
1479 299
1816 474
2126 035
2461 177
2 822 693
3 234 637
4 001764
4 972 600
5897 200
6
Mp|.z
[N.m]
**
-
**
*
*
**
tt
440523
467245
18 925
27072
*
*
*
*
**
*
**
**
**
*
444144
486916
509176
531602
554 203
578 101
603639
650660
676068
7
Nfimrt
for - My
IkN]
106
123
1216
1445
1634
1834
2046
2 513
2901
3 245
120
141
175 -
229
254
318
367
442
502
563
656
721
793
868
1034
1 197
1369
1558
1759
1970
2265
2 710
3 232
3699
8
{Nfimit /Np..Rd)
for - My
0.147
0,144
0,193
0,206
0.217
0,227
0,233
0,250
0,250
0.250
0,123
0,121
0,121
0,129
0,122
0,128
0,124
0,125
0,126
0,126
0,127
0,126
0,129
0,132
0.141
0,146
0.151
0,160
0,169
0,177
0,189
0,206
0,219
0,232
615
Note: all values of Ngj and Mfj.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
HE100AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE200A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE300A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE400A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
10 | 11
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,15
Nsd
[kN]
108
128
*
*
*
**
*
*
a
**
*
**
944
1055
1 132
1213
1317
1508
1740
1947
147
175
217
268
312
371
444
530
599
671
776
858
921
985
1097
1228
1363
1461
1563
1667
1797
1972
2 212
2 393
MN.y
[N.m]
37022
53158
**
**
**
a
**
"*
aa
**
1472 581
1 816 474
2126 035
**
**
*
*
**
**
12 | 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
[kN3
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
tt
*
**
195
233
**
**
*
**
*
**
*
*
**
1638
1817
1948
**
aa
"*
MN.y
[N.m]
.
*
*
r*
*
*
*
*
*
k
'
k*
ktt
ktt
'*
**
'*
ktt
34 845
50 031
*
*
ktt
ktt
"
ktt
"
tt
ktt
*
k
'*
"
*
*
tt
tt
*
*
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IkN]
244
291
aa
**
**
**
a*
**
"
"
*
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
MN.y
[N.m]
aa
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
*
aa
*
**
*"
**
**
32 667
46 904
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
**
*
*
**
*
*
*
**
**
*
**
**
*
*
*
"
**
*
293
350
MN.y
[N.m]
30 489
43 777
*
*
**
**
**
*
*
*"
*
*
*
*
*
**
**
18 | 19
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,35
Nsd
[kN]
-
**
**
*
*
*
*
**
**
**
aa
**
*
**
**
342
408
**
*
**
**
**
**
*
*
**
**
**
*
"
**
*
MN.y
[N.m]
**
**
a.
**
**
**
**
**
28 311
40 650
a.
**
**
*
a.
*
**
**
*
aa
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
616
Note: all values of Ngj and Mfj.y must be divided by Ym0
9
Designation
HE100AA
HE120AA
HE140AA
HE160AA
HE180AA
HE200AA
HE220AA
HE240AA
HE260AA
HE280AA
HE300AA
HE320AA
HE340AA
HE360AA
HE400AA
HE450AA
HE500AA
HE550AA
HE600AA
HE650AA
HE700AA
HE800AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A
HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE 160 A
HE 180 A
HE200A
HE 220 A
HE 240 A
HE 260 A
HE 280 A
HE300A
HE 320 A
HE 340 A
HE 360 A
HE400A
HE 450 A
HE 500 A
HE 550 A
HE 600 A
HE 650 A
HE 700 A
HE 800 A
HE 900 A
HE 1000 A
10 | 11
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,15
Nsd
[kN]
108
128
*
*
*
**
*
*
a
**
*
**
944
1055
1 132
1213
1317
1508
1740
1947
147
175
217
268
312
371
444
530
599
671
776
858
921
985
1097
1228
1363
1461
1563
1667
1797
1972
2 212
2 393
MN.y
[N.m]
37022
53158
**
**
**
a
**
"*
aa
**
1472 581
1 816 474
2126 035
**
**
*
*
**
**
12 | 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
[kN3
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
tt
*
**
195
233
**
**
*
**
*
**
*
*
**
1638
1817
1948
**
aa
"*
MN.y
[N.m]
.
*
*
r*
*
*
*
*
*
k
'
k*
ktt
ktt
'*
**
'*
ktt
34 845
50 031
*
*
ktt
ktt
"
ktt
"
tt
ktt
*
k
'*
"
*
*
tt
tt
*
*
14 | 15
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IkN]
244
291
aa
**
**
**
a*
**
"
"
*
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
MN.y
[N.m]
aa
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
*
aa
*
**
*"
**
**
32 667
46 904
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
[kN]
**
*
*
**
*
*
*
**
**
*
**
**
*
*
*
"
**
*
293
350
MN.y
[N.m]
30 489
43 777
*
*
**
**
**
*
*
*"
*
*
*
*
*
**
**
18 | 19
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,35
Nsd
[kN]
-
**
**
*
*
*
*
**
**
**
aa
**
*
**
**
342
408
**
*
**
**
**
**
*
*
**
**
**
*
"
**
*
MN.y
[N.m]
**
**
a.
**
**
**
**
**
28 311
40 650
a.
**
**
*
a.
*
**
**
*
aa
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
616
1
Designatton
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650 8
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE400M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2
Np,
IkN]
1 198
1564
1976
2496
3 002
3 592
4 188
4 875
5448
6043
6858
7422
7 861
8309
9098
10 027
10 977
11687
++
++
++
++
++
++
2449
3 055
3 706
4464
5 210
6039
6 874
9181
10 104
11048
13 942
14 354
14 528
14 665
14 986
15 430
15 838
16 301
16 728
17192
17619
++
++
++
3
Vp|.z
IkN]
240
291
347
467
538
659
742
882
998
1091
1260
1375
1490
1609
1858
2116
2385
2658
2943
3 241
3 641
4296
5 013
5643
479
562
650
818
920
1090
1203
1 595
1777
1913
2404
2 519
2 619
2720
2 926
3183
3439
3 707
3 975
4 242
4 510
5159
5 695
6 241
4
Vp..y
[kN]
560
733
928
1 154
1392
1658
1939
2 249
2 507
2 773
3139
3384
3550
3 716
3 970
4296
4 622
4 788
4 955
5123
5298
5 479
5 815
5 984
1203
1487
1792
2136
2485
2 867
3 259
4 402
4 827
5 257
6689
6833
6833
6 812
6790
6790
6 769
6 769
6 748
6 748
6 727
6 722
6 701
6 701
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
47938
75 998
112896
162824
221466
295572
380442
484447
590139
705839
859 590
988650
1 107 728
1234175
1486 600
1831890
2 214 700
2 571679
2 955 562
3 367145
3830 480
4 705 800
5 786 800
6835 600
108474
161 282
227160
310 300
406 386
522168
652946
973 795
1 160 861
1364 191
1 875 730
2040112
2170 082
2 295 086
2562 484
2 912 267
3263 365
3649 034
4 035 159
4 442 201
4848 400
5 745 400
6 642 400
7 622 200
6
Mp|.z
[N.m]
23654
37 245
55 101
78 183
106 266
140674
181 185
229 273
277034
330083
**
431984
453432
474945
507857
550922
594158
616 925
639 886
663050
687720
714442
762 836
789483
53 504
78 950
110 635
149 711
195587
249 880
312 135
462 729
548 534
642472
880063
897333
898 246
893483
889 701
892034
888 727
891 162
887975
890 409
887 241
887981
887283
892 253 !
7
Nfimit
for - My
[kN]
139
175
215
291
342
416
475
561
631
703
807
882
964
1050
1237
1425
1625
1841
2069
2308
2 631
3 132
3 709
4233
249
310
375
476
551
650
734
940
1045
1 152
1409
1491
1578
1665
1844
2066
2 288
2 520
2 752
2984
3 216
3 723
4 187
4660
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
for -My
0,116
0.112
0,109
0,117
0,114
0,116
0,113
0,115
0,116
0,116
0,118
0,119
0,123
0,126
0,136
0,142
0,148
0,158
0.167
0,175
0,187
0,204
0.217
0,230
0,102
0,102
0,101
0,107
0,106
0,108
0.107
0.102
0,103
0,104
0.101
0.104
0.109
0,114
0.123
0,134
0,144
0,155
0,165
0,174
0.183
0,200
0,215
0.228
617
1
Designatton
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650 8
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE400M
HE 450 M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
2
Np,
IkN]
1 198
1564
1976
2496
3 002
3 592
4 188
4 875
5448
6043
6858
7422
7 861
8309
9098
10 027
10 977
11687
++
++
++
++
++
++
2449
3 055
3 706
4464
5 210
6039
6 874
9181
10 104
11048
13 942
14 354
14 528
14 665
14 986
15 430
15 838
16 301
16 728
17192
17619
++
++
++
3
Vp|.z
IkN]
240
291
347
467
538
659
742
882
998
1091
1260
1375
1490
1609
1858
2116
2385
2658
2943
3 241
3 641
4296
5 013
5643
479
562
650
818
920
1090
1203
1 595
1777
1913
2404
2 519
2 619
2720
2 926
3183
3439
3 707
3 975
4 242
4 510
5159
5 695
6 241
4
Vp..y
[kN]
560
733
928
1 154
1392
1658
1939
2 249
2 507
2 773
3139
3384
3550
3 716
3 970
4296
4 622
4 788
4 955
5123
5298
5 479
5 815
5 984
1203
1487
1792
2136
2485
2 867
3 259
4 402
4 827
5 257
6689
6833
6833
6 812
6790
6790
6 769
6 769
6 748
6 748
6 727
6 722
6 701
6 701
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
47938
75 998
112896
162824
221466
295572
380442
484447
590139
705839
859 590
988650
1 107 728
1234175
1486 600
1831890
2 214 700
2 571679
2 955 562
3 367145
3830 480
4 705 800
5 786 800
6835 600
108474
161 282
227160
310 300
406 386
522168
652946
973 795
1 160 861
1364 191
1 875 730
2040112
2170 082
2 295 086
2562 484
2 912 267
3263 365
3649 034
4 035 159
4 442 201
4848 400
5 745 400
6 642 400
7 622 200
6
Mp|.z
[N.m]
23654
37 245
55 101
78 183
106 266
140674
181 185
229 273
277034
330083
**
431984
453432
474945
507857
550922
594158
616 925
639 886
663050
687720
714442
762 836
789483
53 504
78 950
110 635
149 711
195587
249 880
312 135
462 729
548 534
642472
880063
897333
898 246
893483
889 701
892034
888 727
891 162
887975
890 409
887 241
887981
887283
892 253 !
7
Nfimit
for - My
[kN]
139
175
215
291
342
416
475
561
631
703
807
882
964
1050
1237
1425
1625
1841
2069
2308
2 631
3 132
3 709
4233
249
310
375
476
551
650
734
940
1045
1 152
1409
1491
1578
1665
1844
2066
2 288
2 520
2 752
2984
3 216
3 723
4 187
4660
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
for -My
0,116
0.112
0,109
0,117
0,114
0,116
0,113
0,115
0,116
0,116
0,118
0,119
0,123
0,126
0,136
0,142
0,148
0,158
0.167
0,175
0,187
0,204
0.217
0,230
0,102
0,102
0,101
0,107
0,106
0,108
0.107
0.102
0,103
0,104
0.101
0.104
0.109
0,114
0.123
0,134
0,144
0,155
0,165
0,174
0.183
0,200
0,215
0.228
617
Note: all values of Njj and i% y must be divided by Yj^0
9
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE450M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
10 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
180
235
296
374
450
539
628
731
817
906
1029
1 113
1 179
1246
1365
1504
1647
1753
1863
1976
2114
2306
2 562
2 760
367
458
556
670
781
906
1031
1377
1516
1657
2091
2153
2179
2200
2 248
2 315
2 376
2445
2509
2 579
2643
2 789
2 923
3065
MN.y
[N.m]
46 090
72 732
107689
156668
212 420
284134
364 721
465 310
567348
678 948
953672
1073113
1200 715
1462 435
1 815 159
2 209 507
2 571679
2 955 562
3 367 145
3830 480
4 705 800
102 650
152 583
214 844
295 226
386 312
497421
621 367
922130
1 100 588
1294 546
1 773 676
1 935 173
2069 406
2200 739
2483 752
2 858168
3 242361
3649 034
4 035159
4 442 201
4848 400
5 745 400
6 642 400
7622 200
12
NSd/N
Nsd
IkN]
240
313
395
499
600
718
838
975
1090
1 209
*
1484
1572
1662
1820
2005
2 195
2 337
2484
2634
2 819
3 074
**
490
611
741
893
1042
1208
1375
1836
2 021
2210
2 788
2 871
2906
2 933
2997
3086
3168
3260
3346
3438
3 524
3 719
3 897
4 087
13
pl.Rd=0,2
MN.y
[N.m]
43 379
68 453
101355
147452
199924
267421
343 267
437939
533974
639010
897573
1009 989
1 130 085
1376 409
1708 385
2 079 536
2 442119
2 837 162
*
**
*
96 612
143608
202 206
277860
363 588
468161
584 816
867887
1035 847
1218 396
1669 342
1821339
1947676
2 071284
2337649
2 690 041
3 051634
3453 096
3863 798
4 300125
4 744 735
5 745 400
**
aa
14 | 15
Nsd/NpI.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IkN]
299
391
494
624
750
898
1047
1219
1362
1511
*
1855
1965
2 077
2 274
2 507
2 744
2 922
3105
**
**
**
**
612
764
926
1 116
1302
1510
1719
2 295
2 526
2 762
3485
3589
3 632
3666
3 746
3858
3 959
4 075
4182
4298
4405
4649
**
**
MN.y
[N.m]
40 668
64175
95 020
138 236
187429
250 707
321 813
410 568
500 601
599 072
tttt
841475
946864
1059 455
1290384
1 601 611
1949 565
tt*
**
**
"
**
90 574
134632
189 568
260 494
340864
438901
548 265
813 644
971 107
1 142 247
1565 008
1707506
1825 946
1941829
2191546
2 521 913
2 860 907
3 237 278
3 622 311
4 031367
4 448189
5 387 640
**
*
16 |
NSd/N
Nsd
IkN]
359
469
593
749
900
1078
1256
1463
1635
1813
**
2 227
2358
2 493
2729
3008
3 293
*
**
a
**
a
*
735
916
1 112
1339
1563
1812
2 062
2 754
3 031
3 314
4182
4306
4358
4400
4496
4 629
4 751
4890
5 018
5 158
5286
5 579
**
17
pl.Rd=0,3
MN.y
[N.m]
37956
59 897
88 685
129 021
174 934
233 993
300 358
383196
467227
559134
785377
883 740
988 824
1204 358
1494 837
1819 594
**
**
**
"
84 535
125657
176 930
243127
318140
409641
511714
759401
906 366
1066 097
1460 674
1 593 672
1 704 217
1 812 374
2045 443
2353 785
2 670180
3 021 459
3 380 824
3 762 609
4151643
**
**
18 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0.35
Nsd
IkN]
419
547
692
873
1051
1257
1466
1706
1907
2115
2 598
2 751
2908
3 184
3509
3 842
**
*
*
**
*
*
857
1069
1 297
1 563
1823
2114
2406
3 213
3536
3 867
4880
5 024
5085
5 133
5 245
5 401
5543
5 705
5 855
6 017
6 167
*
**
MN.y
[N.m]
35 245
55 618
82 351
119805
162439
217279
278904
355 825
433854
519196
*
729 278
820616
918194
1 118333
1388 063
1 689 623
**
**
*
a.
**
**
78 497
116681
164 292
225 761
295415
380381
475163
705158
841626
989947
1356 340
1479 838
1582487
1 682 918
1899 340
2185 658
2 479 453
2 805 641
3139 336
3 493 851
*
*
*
618
Note: all values of Njj and i% y must be divided by Yj^0
9
Designation
HE 100
HE 120
HE 140
HE 160
HE 180
HE 200
HE 220
HE 240
HE 260
HE 280
HE 300
HE 320
HE 340
HE 360
HE 400
HE 450
HE 500
HE 550
HE 600
HE 650
HE 700
HE 800
HE 900
HE 1000
HE 100 M
HE 120 M
HE 140 M
HE 160 M
HE 180 M
HE 200 M
HE 220 M
HE 240 M
HE 260 M
HE 280 M
HE 300 M
HE 320 M
HE 340 M
HE 360 M
HE 400 M
HE450M
HE 500 M
HE 550 M
HE 600 M
HE 650 M
HE 700 M
HE 800 M
HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
10 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
180
235
296
374
450
539
628
731
817
906
1029
1 113
1 179
1246
1365
1504
1647
1753
1863
1976
2114
2306
2 562
2 760
367
458
556
670
781
906
1031
1377
1516
1657
2091
2153
2179
2200
2 248
2 315
2 376
2445
2509
2 579
2643
2 789
2 923
3065
MN.y
[N.m]
46 090
72 732
107689
156668
212 420
284134
364 721
465 310
567348
678 948
953672
1073113
1200 715
1462 435
1 815 159
2 209 507
2 571679
2 955 562
3 367 145
3830 480
4 705 800
102 650
152 583
214 844
295 226
386 312
497421
621 367
922130
1 100 588
1294 546
1 773 676
1 935 173
2069 406
2200 739
2483 752
2 858168
3 242361
3649 034
4 035159
4 442 201
4848 400
5 745 400
6 642 400
7622 200
12
NSd/N
Nsd
IkN]
240
313
395
499
600
718
838
975
1090
1 209
*
1484
1572
1662
1820
2005
2 195
2 337
2484
2634
2 819
3 074
**
490
611
741
893
1042
1208
1375
1836
2 021
2210
2 788
2 871
2906
2 933
2997
3086
3168
3260
3346
3438
3 524
3 719
3 897
4 087
13
pl.Rd=0,2
MN.y
[N.m]
43 379
68 453
101355
147452
199924
267421
343 267
437939
533974
639010
897573
1009 989
1 130 085
1376 409
1708 385
2 079 536
2 442119
2 837 162
*
**
*
96 612
143608
202 206
277860
363 588
468161
584 816
867887
1035 847
1218 396
1669 342
1821339
1947676
2 071284
2337649
2 690 041
3 051634
3453 096
3863 798
4 300125
4 744 735
5 745 400
**
aa
14 | 15
Nsd/NpI.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IkN]
299
391
494
624
750
898
1047
1219
1362
1511
*
1855
1965
2 077
2 274
2 507
2 744
2 922
3105
**
**
**
**
612
764
926
1 116
1302
1510
1719
2 295
2 526
2 762
3485
3589
3 632
3666
3 746
3858
3 959
4 075
4182
4298
4405
4649
**
**
MN.y
[N.m]
40 668
64175
95 020
138 236
187429
250 707
321 813
410 568
500 601
599 072
tttt
841475
946864
1059 455
1290384
1 601 611
1949 565
tt*
**
**
"
**
90 574
134632
189 568
260 494
340864
438901
548 265
813 644
971 107
1 142 247
1565 008
1707506
1825 946
1941829
2191546
2 521 913
2 860 907
3 237 278
3 622 311
4 031367
4 448189
5 387 640
**
*
16 |
NSd/N
Nsd
IkN]
359
469
593
749
900
1078
1256
1463
1635
1813
**
2 227
2358
2 493
2729
3008
3 293
*
**
a
**
a
*
735
916
1 112
1339
1563
1812
2 062
2 754
3 031
3 314
4182
4306
4358
4400
4496
4 629
4 751
4890
5 018
5 158
5286
5 579
**
17
pl.Rd=0,3
MN.y
[N.m]
37956
59 897
88 685
129 021
174 934
233 993
300 358
383196
467227
559134
785377
883 740
988 824
1204 358
1494 837
1819 594
**
**
**
"
84 535
125657
176 930
243127
318140
409641
511714
759401
906 366
1066 097
1460 674
1 593 672
1 704 217
1 812 374
2045 443
2353 785
2 670180
3 021 459
3 380 824
3 762 609
4151643
**
**
18 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0.35
Nsd
IkN]
419
547
692
873
1051
1257
1466
1706
1907
2115
2 598
2 751
2908
3 184
3509
3 842
**
*
*
**
*
*
857
1069
1 297
1 563
1823
2114
2406
3 213
3536
3 867
4880
5 024
5085
5 133
5 245
5 401
5543
5 705
5 855
6 017
6 167
*
**
MN.y
[N.m]
35 245
55 618
82 351
119805
162439
217279
278904
355 825
433854
519196
*
729 278
820616
918194
1 118333
1388 063
1 689 623
**
**
*
a.
**
**
78 497
116681
164 292
225 761
295415
380381
475163
705158
841626
989947
1356 340
1479 838
1582487
1 682 918
1899 340
2185 658
2 479 453
2 805 641
3139 336
3 493 851
*
*
*
618
UB
UB 254 146x31
UB 254 146 37
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203 X 133 25
UB 203x133x30
UB 254x102x22
UB 254x102x25
UB 254x102x28
UB 254x146x43
UB 305x165x40
UB 305x165x46
UB 305x165x54
UB 356x171x45
UB 356x171x51
UB 356x171x57
UB 356 171x67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178x67
UB 406x178x74
UB 457x152x52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457x152x67
UB 457x152x74
UB 457x152x82
UB 457x191x67
UB 457x191 74
UB 457 191x82
UB 457x191x89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533x210x92
UB 533x210x101
UB 533x210x109
UB 533x210x122
UB 610x229x101
UB 610x229x113
UB 610x229x125
UB 610x229x140
UB 610x305x149
UB 610x305x179
UB 610x305x238
UB 686x254x125
UB 686x254x140
UB 686x254x152
UB 686x254x170
UB 762x267x147
UB 762 267x173
UB 762x267x197
UB 838x292x176
UB 838 X 292 X 194
UB 838 292x226
UB 914x305x201
UB 914x305x224
UB 914x305X253
UB 914x305x289
UB 914x419x343
UB 914x419x388
,
'Pi
IkN]
1758
13 953
'pl.z
[kN]
262
329
340
387
415
444
472
435
467
537
533
598
705
712
761
836
949
884
919
1025
1 112
1 164
1250
1372
1087
1 160
1278
1362
1485
1530
1644
1768
1945
2 042
2 256
2092
2 503
3 291
2 559
2 821
3064
3369
3 849
4 458
5 041
5 075
'ply
IkN]
440
522
572
707
387
476
566
689
871
1022
918
1066
1250
914
1082
1228
1491
1065
1247
1403
1575
918
1 120
1271
1445
1617
1323
1512
1679
1862
2 073
1521
1795
2008
2180
2483
1854
2167
2 462
2 792
3 278
3964
5364
2 261
2651
2938
3335
2565
3 177
3 749
3 031
3 497
4 327
3 391
4008
4 695
5430
7337
5 627 I 8 433
M,
'pi-y
[N.m]
78 778
107672
118 556
144608
119147
140542
162 291
180810
222 286
260 512
286 615
331221
389195
356 327
412 162
464 665
556 996
485133
551755
619173
690371
504179
592144
668 414
748 230
833 287
676671
760 254
842391
926 276
1026 908
946 964
1085 640
1 201 526
1 301 076
1 469 973
1 325 320
1509 172
1690 904
1905 354
2 113 041
2 551 780
3443 655
1837304
2 096 727
2 300 210
2 590151
2 371 542
2 850 932
3 296 627
3131545
3 514 452
4 211215
3 841 570
4 385 876
5 032 400
5 782 200
7120 800
8 128 200
Mpl.Z
[N.m]
19131
22 886
40 583
17146
21 164
25 231
54 912
64 895
76 145
89 990
80132
91427
111766
96162
108813
122 811
61320
75 004
85 873
98039
110 577
109 161
125166
139 793
155 653
174 295
163 568
183 745
200461
229 867
184113
215 860
246 295
281265
431 149
526 172
724 012
249503
293 559
326 686
373 257
297714
371 441
440 953
387269
447949
557338
451710
535183
630450
736579
1329 200
1536 811
S 460
,
limit
for - My
IkN]
190
241
257
288
322
343
360
335
351
399
406
452
530
555
586
639
715
695
712
791
853
766
818
907
966
1 054
857
907
995
1054
1 143
1 140
1 198
1279
1371
1498
1416
1495
1600
1758
1609
1912
2 479
1783
1887
2 005
2198
2153
2 419
2634
2 576
2 758
3 015
2943
3 227
3504
3 941
3898
4 288
(Nfimit /NpLRd)
for -My
0,170
0,178
0.T75
0,164
0,250
0,233
0,217
0,183
0,162
0,158
0.172
0.167
0,167
0,210
0,196
0,191
0,182
0,219
0,202
0,201
0,196
0,250
0,233
0,230
0,222
0,219
0,218
0,208
0,207
0,201
0,198
0,237
0,222
0,216
0,215
0,210
0,239
0,226
0,218
0,215
0,184
0.182
0,178
0,243
0,230
0.225
0.220
0.250
0.239
0,228
0,250
0,243
0.227
0.250
0,246
0,236
0,233
0,194
0.189
619
UB
UB 254 146x31
UB 254 146 37
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203 X 133 25
UB 203x133x30
UB 254x102x22
UB 254x102x25
UB 254x102x28
UB 254x146x43
UB 305x165x40
UB 305x165x46
UB 305x165x54
UB 356x171x45
UB 356x171x51
UB 356x171x57
UB 356 171x67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178x67
UB 406x178x74
UB 457x152x52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457x152x67
UB 457x152x74
UB 457x152x82
UB 457x191x67
UB 457x191 74
UB 457 191x82
UB 457x191x89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533x210x92
UB 533x210x101
UB 533x210x109
UB 533x210x122
UB 610x229x101
UB 610x229x113
UB 610x229x125
UB 610x229x140
UB 610x305x149
UB 610x305x179
UB 610x305x238
UB 686x254x125
UB 686x254x140
UB 686x254x152
UB 686x254x170
UB 762x267x147
UB 762 267x173
UB 762x267x197
UB 838x292x176
UB 838 X 292 X 194
UB 838 292x226
UB 914x305x201
UB 914x305x224
UB 914x305X253
UB 914x305x289
UB 914x419x343
UB 914x419x388
,
'Pi
IkN]
1758
13 953
'pl.z
[kN]
262
329
340
387
415
444
472
435
467
537
533
598
705
712
761
836
949
884
919
1025
1 112
1 164
1250
1372
1087
1 160
1278
1362
1485
1530
1644
1768
1945
2 042
2 256
2092
2 503
3 291
2 559
2 821
3064
3369
3 849
4 458
5 041
5 075
'ply
IkN]
440
522
572
707
387
476
566
689
871
1022
918
1066
1250
914
1082
1228
1491
1065
1247
1403
1575
918
1 120
1271
1445
1617
1323
1512
1679
1862
2 073
1521
1795
2008
2180
2483
1854
2167
2 462
2 792
3 278
3964
5364
2 261
2651
2938
3335
2565
3 177
3 749
3 031
3 497
4 327
3 391
4008
4 695
5430
7337
5 627 I 8 433
M,
'pi-y
[N.m]
78 778
107672
118 556
144608
119147
140542
162 291
180810
222 286
260 512
286 615
331221
389195
356 327
412 162
464 665
556 996
485133
551755
619173
690371
504179
592144
668 414
748 230
833 287
676671
760 254
842391
926 276
1026 908
946 964
1085 640
1 201 526
1 301 076
1 469 973
1 325 320
1509 172
1690 904
1905 354
2 113 041
2 551 780
3443 655
1837304
2 096 727
2 300 210
2 590151
2 371 542
2 850 932
3 296 627
3131545
3 514 452
4 211215
3 841 570
4 385 876
5 032 400
5 782 200
7120 800
8 128 200
Mpl.Z
[N.m]
19131
22 886
40 583
17146
21 164
25 231
54 912
64 895
76 145
89 990
80132
91427
111766
96162
108813
122 811
61320
75 004
85 873
98039
110 577
109 161
125166
139 793
155 653
174 295
163 568
183 745
200461
229 867
184113
215 860
246 295
281265
431 149
526 172
724 012
249503
293 559
326 686
373 257
297714
371 441
440 953
387269
447949
557338
451710
535183
630450
736579
1329 200
1536 811
S 460
,
limit
for - My
IkN]
190
241
257
288
322
343
360
335
351
399
406
452
530
555
586
639
715
695
712
791
853
766
818
907
966
1 054
857
907
995
1054
1 143
1 140
1 198
1279
1371
1498
1416
1495
1600
1758
1609
1912
2 479
1783
1887
2 005
2198
2153
2 419
2634
2 576
2 758
3 015
2943
3 227
3504
3 941
3898
4 288
(Nfimit /NpLRd)
for -My
0,170
0,178
0.T75
0,164
0,250
0,233
0,217
0,183
0,162
0,158
0.172
0.167
0,167
0,210
0,196
0,191
0,182
0,219
0,202
0,201
0,196
0,250
0,233
0,230
0,222
0,219
0,218
0,208
0,207
0,201
0,198
0,237
0,222
0,216
0,215
0,210
0,239
0,226
0,218
0,215
0,184
0.182
0,178
0,243
0,230
0.225
0.220
0.250
0.239
0,228
0,250
0,243
0.227
0.250
0,246
0,236
0,233
0,194
0.189
619
Note: all values of Nsj and Mjj y must be divided by ^0
9
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203x133x25
UB 203x133x30
UB 254x102x22
UB 254x102 25
UB 254x102x28
UB 254 146 31
UB 254 146 37
UB 254 146x43
UB 305x165x40
UB 305X165X46
UB 305x165x54
UB 356x171x45
UB 356x171x51
UB 356x171x57
UB 356x171x67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178x67
UB 406x178x74
UB 457x152x52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457x152x67
UB 457x152x74
UB 457x152x82
UB 457x191x67
UB 457x191x74
UB 457x191x82
UB 457x191x89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533x210x92
UB 533x210x101
UB 533x21 0x109
UB 533x210x122
UB 610x229x101
UB 610x229 113
UB 610x229x125
UB 610x229x140
UB 610x305x149
UB 610 305x179
UB 610x305 238
UB 686x254x125
UB 686x254x140
UB 686x254x152
UB 686x254x170
UB 762x267x147
UB 762x267x173
UB 762x267x197
UB 838x292x176
UB 838x292x194
UB 838x292 226
UB 914x305x201
UB 91 4x305x224
UB 91 4x305x253
UB 914x305x289
UB 914x419x343
UB 914x419 388
10 | 11
NSd/NpI.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
167
203
221
264
193
221
249
274
325
378
354
405
474
396
448
501
590
476
528
590
652
460
526
590
652
721
590
653
721
785
864
722
810
888
958
1072
890
993
1099
1230
1311
1574
2 093
1 100
1231
1339
1496
1292
1521
1729
1546
1 703
1991
1766
1971
2228
2 541
3 017
3 410
MN.y
[N.m]
78 778
107672
144 608
119147
140 542
162291
222 286
260 512
**
389195
**
**
464665
556996
**
690371
833 287
**
*
926 276
1026 908
**
*
1469 973
**
*
**
**
2 551780
3443 655
**
**
**
**
**
8 128 200
12 | 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
223
270
**
352
258
295
332
434
504
**
633
**
*
668
787
**
**
869
962
**
*
*
1047
1 152
*
*
1430
**
*
*
**
**
2098
2 791
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
4 547
MN.y
[N.m]
75 974
104 786
138314
**
140542
162291
247652
**
*
**
*
544 688
a
tt
*
tttt
aa
**
tt
tt
**
**
**
1 024 761
**
**
**
**
3 350 039
**
**
*"
**
*
**
**
**
**
14 | 15
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
279
338
*
439
**
368
415
"
630
*
**
**
*
983
**
tt '
'
tt
*
*
**
*
tt
1441
**
**
3488
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
MN.y
[N.m]
**
129669
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
*
*
tt*
tt
tt*
*
**
*
*
*
**
**
**
**
3 140 661
tttt
**
tt
**
"
**
*
*
**
**
**
**
*
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
IkN]
527
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
**
*
'"
**
**
**
'*
**
tt
'*
k
k
**
*
'*
*
'*
**
k
**
k
k*
k
'*
**
'*
**
4 186
'*
'*
'*
*
**
tt
'*
tt
k*
'*
*
*
'*
*
MN.y
[N.m]
*"
**
121025
**
*
**
*
**
*
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
*
*
*
**
**
*
*
**
*
"
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
18 ! 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
NSd
[kN]
**
*
615
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
*
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
*
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
*
*
*
MN.y
[N.m]
*
*
112380
**
**
*
*
**
**
,.
**
..
**
**
**
"
**
**
**
*
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
*
*
620
Note: all values of Nsj and Mjj y must be divided by ^0
9
Designation
UB 178x102x19
UB 203x102x23
UB 203x133x25
UB 203x133x30
UB 254x102x22
UB 254x102 25
UB 254x102x28
UB 254 146 31
UB 254 146 37
UB 254 146x43
UB 305x165x40
UB 305X165X46
UB 305x165x54
UB 356x171x45
UB 356x171x51
UB 356x171x57
UB 356x171x67
UB 406x178x54
UB 406x178x60
UB 406x178x67
UB 406x178x74
UB 457x152x52
UB 457x152x60
UB 457x152x67
UB 457x152x74
UB 457x152x82
UB 457x191x67
UB 457x191x74
UB 457x191x82
UB 457x191x89
UB 457x191x98
UB 533x210x82
UB 533x210x92
UB 533x210x101
UB 533x21 0x109
UB 533x210x122
UB 610x229x101
UB 610x229 113
UB 610x229x125
UB 610x229x140
UB 610x305x149
UB 610 305x179
UB 610x305 238
UB 686x254x125
UB 686x254x140
UB 686x254x152
UB 686x254x170
UB 762x267x147
UB 762x267x173
UB 762x267x197
UB 838x292x176
UB 838x292x194
UB 838x292 226
UB 914x305x201
UB 91 4x305x224
UB 91 4x305x253
UB 914x305x289
UB 914x419x343
UB 914x419 388
10 | 11
NSd/NpI.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
167
203
221
264
193
221
249
274
325
378
354
405
474
396
448
501
590
476
528
590
652
460
526
590
652
721
590
653
721
785
864
722
810
888
958
1072
890
993
1099
1230
1311
1574
2 093
1 100
1231
1339
1496
1292
1521
1729
1546
1 703
1991
1766
1971
2228
2 541
3 017
3 410
MN.y
[N.m]
78 778
107672
144 608
119147
140 542
162291
222 286
260 512
**
389195
**
**
464665
556996
**
690371
833 287
**
*
926 276
1026 908
**
*
1469 973
**
*
**
**
2 551780
3443 655
**
**
**
**
**
8 128 200
12 | 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
223
270
**
352
258
295
332
434
504
**
633
**
*
668
787
**
**
869
962
**
*
*
1047
1 152
*
*
1430
**
*
*
**
**
2098
2 791
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
4 547
MN.y
[N.m]
75 974
104 786
138314
**
140542
162291
247652
**
*
**
*
544 688
a
tt
*
tttt
aa
**
tt
tt
**
**
**
1 024 761
**
**
**
**
3 350 039
**
**
*"
**
*
**
**
**
**
14 | 15
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[kN]
279
338
*
439
**
368
415
"
630
*
**
**
*
983
**
tt '
'
tt
*
*
**
*
tt
1441
**
**
3488
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
MN.y
[N.m]
**
129669
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
*
*
tt*
tt
tt*
*
**
*
*
*
**
**
**
**
3 140 661
tttt
**
tt
**
"
**
*
*
**
**
**
**
*
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
IkN]
527
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
**
*
'"
**
**
**
'*
**
tt
'*
k
k
**
*
'*
*
'*
**
k
**
k
k*
k
'*
**
'*
**
4 186
'*
'*
'*
*
**
tt
'*
tt
k*
'*
*
*
'*
*
MN.y
[N.m]
*"
**
121025
**
*
**
*
**
*
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
*
*
*
**
**
*
*
**
*
"
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
18 ! 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
NSd
[kN]
**
*
615
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
*
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
*
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
*
*
*
MN.y
[N.m]
*
*
112380
**
**
*
*
**
**
,.
**
..
**
**
**
"
**
**
**
*
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
**
**
*
*
*
620
1
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203 X 203 52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203x203x71
UC 203x203x86
UC 254 254 73
UC 254x254x89
UC 254x254x107
UC 254x254x132
UC 254x254x167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x1 18
UC 305x305x137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305x305x198
UC 305x305x240
UC 305x305x283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356 406x235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356 X 406 X 340
UC 356 X 406 X 393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356x406x551
UC 356 X 406 634
2
Np,
IkN]
++
1760
2167
2 702
3049
3 513
4 160
5043
4 283
5 212
6 274
7 734
9 791
5 679
6909
8 023
9263
11611
14 066
15 498
7 559
8 961
10 373
11832
13 774
16 823
18 621
21525
25 581
30183
34 725
3
Vp|.z
IkN]
265
307
379
451
498
588
645
815
680
818
1012
1227
1563
946
1 146
1323
1522
1871
2 280
2 695
1 128
1335
1562
1794
2011
2491
2 967
3455
4121
4 615
5 329
4
Vpl-y
IkN]
570
788
976
1223
1394
1601
1950
2354
1969
2418
2 905
3 625
4 628
2563
3140
3 670
4263
5 419
6609
7335
3 497
4164
4 823
5 513
6497
7962
8860
10 290
12 324
14 625
16 953
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
113926
142030
228 822
261002
301795
367429
449 296
456352
562977
682838
859930
1 114 887
732352
900463
1 056 414
1233 003
1582 391
1953 654
2 195 235
1 140 465
1363 775
1 589 410
1826 999
2155 790
2 673 739
3009 603
3 535 650
4300 000
5 194 400
6 123 200
6
Mp|.z
[N.m]
**
**
64 207
*
*
140455
171 892
209 868
**
264642
320639
404052
523144
"
**
484171
565847
727136
897270
1007129
**
*
768571
882985
1096 284
1356 664
1523 789
1 786 101
2164 750
2 604 922
3 056 599
7
Nfimit
for -My
[kN]
*
219
267
321
350
412
437
550
478
567
696
826
1029
677
810
925
1053
1 263
1511
1639
812
953
1 107
1262
1402
1712
1876
2152
2 510
2945
3 324
8
{Nfimit /Np!.Rd)
for - My
0,124
0,123
0,119
0,115
0.117
0,105
0,109
0,112
0.109
0.111
0,107
0.105
0,119
0,117
0,115
0,114
0,109
0,107
0,106
0,107
0,106
0,107
0.107
0,102
0,102
0,101
0,100
0,098
0,098
0,096
621
1
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203 X 203 52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203x203x71
UC 203x203x86
UC 254 254 73
UC 254x254x89
UC 254x254x107
UC 254x254x132
UC 254x254x167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x1 18
UC 305x305x137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305x305x198
UC 305x305x240
UC 305x305x283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356 406x235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356 X 406 X 340
UC 356 X 406 X 393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356x406x551
UC 356 X 406 634
2
Np,
IkN]
++
1760
2167
2 702
3049
3 513
4 160
5043
4 283
5 212
6 274
7 734
9 791
5 679
6909
8 023
9263
11611
14 066
15 498
7 559
8 961
10 373
11832
13 774
16 823
18 621
21525
25 581
30183
34 725
3
Vp|.z
IkN]
265
307
379
451
498
588
645
815
680
818
1012
1227
1563
946
1 146
1323
1522
1871
2 280
2 695
1 128
1335
1562
1794
2011
2491
2 967
3455
4121
4 615
5 329
4
Vpl-y
IkN]
570
788
976
1223
1394
1601
1950
2354
1969
2418
2 905
3 625
4 628
2563
3140
3 670
4263
5 419
6609
7335
3 497
4164
4 823
5 513
6497
7962
8860
10 290
12 324
14 625
16 953
5
Mpl.y
[N.m]
113926
142030
228 822
261002
301795
367429
449 296
456352
562977
682838
859930
1 114 887
732352
900463
1 056 414
1233 003
1582 391
1953 654
2 195 235
1 140 465
1363 775
1 589 410
1826 999
2155 790
2 673 739
3009 603
3 535 650
4300 000
5 194 400
6 123 200
6
Mp|.z
[N.m]
**
**
64 207
*
*
140455
171 892
209 868
**
264642
320639
404052
523144
"
**
484171
565847
727136
897270
1007129
**
*
768571
882985
1096 284
1356 664
1523 789
1 786 101
2164 750
2 604 922
3 056 599
7
Nfimit
for -My
[kN]
*
219
267
321
350
412
437
550
478
567
696
826
1029
677
810
925
1053
1 263
1511
1639
812
953
1 107
1262
1402
1712
1876
2152
2 510
2945
3 324
8
{Nfimit /Np!.Rd)
for - My
0,124
0,123
0,119
0,115
0.117
0,105
0,109
0,112
0.109
0.111
0,107
0.105
0,119
0,117
0,115
0,114
0,109
0,107
0,106
0,107
0,106
0,107
0.107
0,102
0,102
0,101
0,100
0,098
0,098
0,096
621
Note: all values of Nsd and Mj^y must be divided by Yt0
9
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203x203x52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203x203x71
UC 203x203x86
UC 254x254x73
UC 254x254x89
UC 254 X 254 107
UC 254 x 254 x 132
UC 254x254x167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x1 18
UC 305x305x137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305x305 x 198
UC 305x305x240
UC 305x305x283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356x406x235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356x406x340
UC 356x406x393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356x406x551
UC 356x406x634
10 | 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
264
325
405
457
527
624
756
642
782
941
1 160
1469
852
1036
1203
1389
1742
2110
2 325
1 134
1344
1556
1775
2066
2 523
2 793
3 229
3 837
4 527
5209
MN.y
[N.m]
*
**
137674
290 634
349005
428 632
536 884
652 875
818 347
1058 884
**
**
1014 988
1 182 419
1509183
1860 525
2086 660
**
*
1512 468
1738 409
2 040 139
2 530183
2 844 795
3 339 121
4 052 694
4 892 539
5 755 618
12 | 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
*
*
433
**
aa
703
832
1009
**
1042
1 255
1547
1958
**
*
1605
1853
2322
2 813
3100
2 075
2366
2 755
3365
3 724
4 305
5116
6 037
6945
MN.y
[N.m]
*
129 576
273537
328476
403418
505 303
614471
770 209
996 597
**
955 282
1 112865
1420 407
1751083
1963 915
**
**
1423 499
1636150
1 920 131
2381349
2677454
3 142 702
3 814 301
4604 743
5 417 052
14 | 15
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,25
NSd
IkN]
*
tttt
542
**
*
878
1040
1261
**
1303
1568
1934
2448
**
2006
2 316
2903
3 517
3 875
2 593
2 958
3443
4206
4655
5 381
6 395
7546
8 681
MN.y
[N.m]
121477
256441
307946
378 205
*
473 721
576 066
722071
934310
a.
**
895 577
1043 311
1331632
1641640
1 841 170
**
1334 530
1533 890
1800123
2 232 515
2 510 113
2 946 283
3 575 907
4 316 946
5 078 487
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
IkN]
*
650
1054
1248
1513
1564
1882
2 320
2 937
**
aa
2 407
2 779
3483
4220
4 650
*
3 112
3 550
4132
5 047
5586
6 457
7674
9 055
10 417
MN.y
[N.m]
**
113379
**
**
239345
287416
352991
**
442140
537662
673933
872 022
**
**
835872
973 757
1242856
1 532 197
1718 426
**
**
1 245 562
1431631
1680 114
2083 680
2 342 772
2 749 864
3 337 513
4 029 150
4 739 921
18 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd
[kN]
-
**
759
aa
**
1230
1456
1 765
**
1824
2 196
2 707
3 427
**
a.
2808
3 242
4064
4 923
5 424
**
3 631
4141
4 821
5888
6 517
7 534
8 953
10 564
12154
MN.y
[N.m]
-
.
105280
**
222249
266887
327777
**
410 559
499 257
625 795
809 735
**
**
776167
904 203
1 154081
1422 755
1595681
*
**
1 156 593
1329372
1560106
1934 846
2175432
2 553445
3099119
3 741353
4 401355
622
Note: all values of Nsd and Mj^y must be divided by Yt0
9
Designation
UC 152x152x23
UC 152x152x30
UC 152x152x37
UC 203x203x46
UC 203x203x52
UC 203x203x60
UC 203x203x71
UC 203x203x86
UC 254x254x73
UC 254x254x89
UC 254 X 254 107
UC 254 x 254 x 132
UC 254x254x167
UC 305x305x97
UC 305x305x1 18
UC 305x305x137
UC 305x305x158
UC 305x305 x 198
UC 305x305x240
UC 305x305x283
UC 356x368x129
UC 356x368x153
UC 356x368x177
UC 356x368x202
UC 356x406x235
UC 356x406x287
UC 356x406x340
UC 356x406x393
UC 356x406x467
UC 356x406x551
UC 356x406x634
10 | 11
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd
IkN]
264
325
405
457
527
624
756
642
782
941
1 160
1469
852
1036
1203
1389
1742
2110
2 325
1 134
1344
1556
1775
2066
2 523
2 793
3 229
3 837
4 527
5209
MN.y
[N.m]
*
**
137674
290 634
349005
428 632
536 884
652 875
818 347
1058 884
**
**
1014 988
1 182 419
1509183
1860 525
2086 660
**
*
1512 468
1738 409
2 040 139
2 530183
2 844 795
3 339 121
4 052 694
4 892 539
5 755 618
12 | 13
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
IkN]
*
*
433
**
aa
703
832
1009
**
1042
1 255
1547
1958
**
*
1605
1853
2322
2 813
3100
2 075
2366
2 755
3365
3 724
4 305
5116
6 037
6945
MN.y
[N.m]
*
129 576
273537
328476
403418
505 303
614471
770 209
996 597
**
955 282
1 112865
1420 407
1751083
1963 915
**
**
1423 499
1636150
1 920 131
2381349
2677454
3 142 702
3 814 301
4604 743
5 417 052
14 | 15
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,25
NSd
IkN]
*
tttt
542
**
*
878
1040
1261
**
1303
1568
1934
2448
**
2006
2 316
2903
3 517
3 875
2 593
2 958
3443
4206
4655
5 381
6 395
7546
8 681
MN.y
[N.m]
121477
256441
307946
378 205
*
473 721
576 066
722071
934310
a.
**
895 577
1043 311
1331632
1641640
1 841 170
**
1334 530
1533 890
1800123
2 232 515
2 510 113
2 946 283
3 575 907
4 316 946
5 078 487
16 | 17
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd
IkN]
*
650
1054
1248
1513
1564
1882
2 320
2 937
**
aa
2 407
2 779
3483
4220
4 650
*
3 112
3 550
4132
5 047
5586
6 457
7674
9 055
10 417
MN.y
[N.m]
**
113379
**
**
239345
287416
352991
**
442140
537662
673933
872 022
**
**
835872
973 757
1242856
1 532 197
1718 426
**
**
1 245 562
1431631
1680 114
2083 680
2 342 772
2 749 864
3 337 513
4 029 150
4 739 921
18 19
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd
[kN]
-
**
759
aa
**
1230
1456
1 765
**
1824
2 196
2 707
3 427
**
a.
2808
3 242
4064
4 923
5 424
**
3 631
4141
4 821
5888
6 517
7 534
8 953
10 564
12154
MN.y
[N.m]
-
.
105280
**
222249
266887
327777
**
410 559
499 257
625 795
809 735
**
**
776167
904 203
1 154081
1422 755
1595681
*
**
1 156 593
1329372
1560106
1934 846
2175432
2 553445
3099119
3 741353
4 401355
622
European Commission
EUR 18366 Properties and in-service performance
Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections:
designers
J. B. Schleich, P. Chantrain, B. Chabrolin, Y. Galea, A. Bureau, J. Anza, F. Espiga
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
1998 622 pp. 21 29.7 cm
Technical steel research series
ISBN 92-828-4894-9
Price {excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: ECU 114
At present in Eurocode 3 (design of steel structures) and in Eurocode 4 {design of composite
steel and concrete structures), the plastic analysis is governed by two criteria. The first refers
to the mechanical characteristics of steel and the second to the geometry of the profiles
used.
Previous research on the rotation capacity for plastic analysis, performed by ARBED, CRM and
RWTH Aachen, has allowed us to understand the behaviour of plastic hinge formation for
conventional steel. The results of this research have shown that the requirements of Eurocodes
3 and 4 {b/t ratio and its yield stress dependence, 1Jiy > 1.2, eu > 20. sy, Ar > 15 %) are very
safe-sided and could be substantially reviewed especially for high-strength steels {S460).
A new single criterion called rotation capacity quantifies the capacity of a profile to develop
a plastic hinge without discrimination for high-strength steels. This rotation capacity of
plastic hinges includes a lot of parameters: geometrical and mechanical characteristics of
the cross-sections, ductility; deformation range, local buckling problems, influence of
welding procedures, influence of defects and the analysed structure {geometry, loads).
Nowadays the more competitive plastic design is not often used on the market because
guides and practical tools, which evaluate available rotation capacities of cross-sections and
required rotation capacities for different structures, are missing.
The first aim of this research is to determine the available rotation capacities for composite
cross-sections (steel beam in conjunction with a concrete slab) for all the steel shapes
included in sales programmes and as a function of different steel grades.
The second aim is to determine the required rotation capacities for different types of
structures.
These practical tools ensure a real promotion of plastic analysis because the designer will be
able to know easily and quickly if a plastic analysis is possible by comparing the required
rotation capacity for this structure with the available rotation capacities of the cross-sections
used.
The final aim of this research is to introduce these new rules of plastic analysis for steel and
composite cross-sections into Eurocodes 3 and 4, with the support of expert analysis.
In such a way the competitiveness of steel and composite cross-sections will be improved
and with this advantage their market share will increase substantially.
European Commission
EUR 18366 Properties and in-service performance
Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections:
designers
J. B. Schleich, P. Chantrain, B. Chabrolin, Y. Galea, A. Bureau, J. Anza, F. Espiga
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
1998 622 pp. 21 29.7 cm
Technical steel research series
ISBN 92-828-4894-9
Price {excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: ECU 114
At present in Eurocode 3 (design of steel structures) and in Eurocode 4 {design of composite
steel and concrete structures), the plastic analysis is governed by two criteria. The first refers
to the mechanical characteristics of steel and the second to the geometry of the profiles
used.
Previous research on the rotation capacity for plastic analysis, performed by ARBED, CRM and
RWTH Aachen, has allowed us to understand the behaviour of plastic hinge formation for
conventional steel. The results of this research have shown that the requirements of Eurocodes
3 and 4 {b/t ratio and its yield stress dependence, 1Jiy > 1.2, eu > 20. sy, Ar > 15 %) are very
safe-sided and could be substantially reviewed especially for high-strength steels {S460).
A new single criterion called rotation capacity quantifies the capacity of a profile to develop
a plastic hinge without discrimination for high-strength steels. This rotation capacity of
plastic hinges includes a lot of parameters: geometrical and mechanical characteristics of
the cross-sections, ductility; deformation range, local buckling problems, influence of
welding procedures, influence of defects and the analysed structure {geometry, loads).
Nowadays the more competitive plastic design is not often used on the market because
guides and practical tools, which evaluate available rotation capacities of cross-sections and
required rotation capacities for different structures, are missing.
The first aim of this research is to determine the available rotation capacities for composite
cross-sections (steel beam in conjunction with a concrete slab) for all the steel shapes
included in sales programmes and as a function of different steel grades.
The second aim is to determine the required rotation capacities for different types of
structures.
These practical tools ensure a real promotion of plastic analysis because the designer will be
able to know easily and quickly if a plastic analysis is possible by comparing the required
rotation capacity for this structure with the available rotation capacities of the cross-sections
used.
The final aim of this research is to introduce these new rules of plastic analysis for steel and
composite cross-sections into Eurocodes 3 and 4, with the support of expert analysis.
In such a way the competitiveness of steel and composite cross-sections will be improved
and with this advantage their market share will increase substantially.
Venta Salg Verkauf Sales Vente Vendita Verkoop Venda Myynti Frsljning
BELGIQUE/BELGI NEDERLAND CYPRUS EGYPT
Jean D Lannoy
Avenue du Ro 202/Koningslaan 202
B-1190 Bruxelles/Brussel
Tl. (32-2)53843 08
Fax (32-2) 538 08 41
E-mail: jean.de.lannoyeinlofaoard.be
URL- http://www.jearvde-lannoy.be
La librairie europenne/D Europa
Boekhandel
Rue de la Loi 244AVetstraat 244
Tl. (32-2) 295 26 39
Fax (32-2) 735 08 60
E-mail; malieiibeurop.be
URU http://www.libeurop.be
Moniteur belga/Balglach Staatsblad
Rue de Louvain 40-42/Leuvenseweg 40-42
Tl. (32-2) 552 22 11
Fax (32-2) 51 101 84
DANMARK ~
J. H. Schultz Informatton A/S
Herstedvang 10-12
DK-2620 Albertslund
TH. (45) 43 63 23 00
Fax (45) 43 63 19 69
E-mail: schuitzeschultz.dk
URL http://www.schuttz.dk
DEUTSCHLAND ~
Bundesanzeiger Verlag GmbH
Vertriebsabteiiung
Amsterdamer Strae 192
D-50735 Kln
Tel. (49-221)97 66 80
Fax (49-221) 97 66 82 78
E-Mail: vertrlebebundesanzeiger.de
URL http://www.bundesanzelger.de
/GREECE ~
G. C. Eleftheroudakfa SA
International Bookstore
Panepismiou 17
GR-10564Athina
Tel. (30-1) 331 41 80/1/2/3/4/5
Fax (30-1) 323 98 21
E-mail: elebooksenetor.gr
ESPANA
Boletn Oficial del Estado
Trafalgar, 27
E-28071 Madrid
Tel. (34) 915 38 21 1 1 (bros),
913841715(Suscrip.)
Fax (34) 915 38 21 21 (bros),
913841714(SusCrip.)
E-mail: clientesecom.boe.es
URL http://www.boe.es
Mundi Prensa Libros, SA
Castell, 37
E-28001 Madrid
Tel. (34)914 36 37 00
Fax (34) 915 75 39 98
E-mail: libreriaemundiprensa.es
URL http://www.iTiundiprensa.corn
FRANCE
Journal officiel
Service des publications des CE
26, rue Desa'ix
F-75727 Paris Cedex 15
Tl. (33) 14058 77 31
Fax (33) 140 58 77 00
IRELAND
Government Supplies Agency
Publications Section
4-5 Harcourt Road
Dublin 2
Tel. (353-1) 661 31 11
Fax (353-1) 475 27 60
E-mail: opweiol.ie
ITALIA
Ucosa SpA
Via Duca di Calabria, 1/1
Casella postale 552
1-50125 Firenze
Tel. (39-55) 064 54 15
Fax (39-55) 064 12 57
E-mail: licosaeftbcc.it
URL: httpwww.ttbcc.it/licosa
LUXEMBOURG
Messageries du livre SARL
5, rue Raffeisen
L-2411 Luxembourg
Tl. (352)401020
Fax (352) 49 06 61
E-mail: mdlOpttu
URL http://www.mdl.lu
Abonnements:
Messageries Paul Kraus
1 1, rue Christophe Plantin
L-2339 Luxembourg
Tl. (352) 49 98 88-8
Fax (352) 49 98 88-444
E-mail: mpkepUu
URL http://www.mpk.lu
SDU Servicecentrum Uitgevers
Chrstoftel Plantijnstraat2
Postbus 20014
2500 EA Den Haag
Tel. (31-70) 378 9880
Fax (31-70) 378 97 83
E-mail: sdu6sdu.nl
URL: http://www.sdu.nl
STERREICH
Manz'scha Verlags- und
Universittsbuchhandlung GmbH
Kohlmarkt 16
A-1014 Wien
Tel. (43-1) 53 16 11 00
Fax (43-1) 53 16 11 67
E-Mail: bestellenOmanz.co.at
URL: http://www.austria.EU.nt:81/manz
PORTUGAL
Distribuidora de Uvros Bertrand Ld.
Grupo Bertrand, SA
Rua das Terras dos Vales, 4-A
Apartado 60037
P-2700 Amadora
Tel. (351-1) 495 90 50
Fax (351-1) 496 02 55
Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, EP
Rua Marques S da Bandeira, 16-A
P-1050 Lisboa Codex
Tel. (351-1) 353 03 99
Fax (351-1) 353 02 94
E-mail: del.incmemail.telepacpt
URL: http://www.lncrn.pt
SUOMI/FINLAND
Akateeminen Kiriakauppa/Akademlaka
Bokhandeln
Keskuskatu 1/Centralgatan 1
PL/PB 128
FIN-00101 Helsinki/Helsingfors
PJtfn (358-9) 121 44 18
FJfax (358-9) 121 44 35
Shkposti: akatilauseakaleeminen.com
URL: http://www.akateerninen.com
SVERIGE
BTJAB
Traktorvgen11
S-22182Lund
TIn (46-16) 18 00 00
Fax (4646) 30 79 47
-post btjeu-pubeb(.se
URL: http://www.btj.se
UNITED KINGDOM
Tha Stationary Office Ltd
International Sales Agency
51 Nine Elms Lane
London SW8 5DR
Tel. (44-171)8739090
Fax (44-1 71) 873 84 63
E-mail: ipa.enquiriesetheso.co.uk
URL: http://www.theso.co.uk
Island
Bokabud Larusar Blonda!
Sklavrdustig, 2
IS-101 Reykjavik
Tel. (354) 551 56 50
Fax (354) 552 55 60
NORGE
Swets Norge AS
stenjoveien 18
Boks 6512 Etterstad
N-06060slo
Tel. (47-22) 97 45 00
Fax (47-22) 97 45 45
SCHWEiaSUISSE/SVIZZERA
Euro Info Center Schweiz
c/oOSEC
StampfenbachstraBe 85
PF492
CH-8035 Zrich
Tel. (41-1) 365 53 15
Fax (41 -1)365 54 11
E-mail: eicseosec.ch
URL: http^/www.osec.ch/eics
BLGARUA
Europress Euromedia Ltd
59,blvdVitosha
BG-1000 Sofia
Tel. (359-2) 980 37 66
Fax (359-2) 980 42 30
E-mail: Milenaembox.cit.bg
ESKREPUBLIKA
SIS
NIS-prodejna
Havelkova22
CZ-130 00Praha3
Tel. (420-2)242314 86
Fax (420-2) 24 23 11 14
E-mail: nkpospedec.nis.cz
URL: http://usiscr.cz
Cyprus Chamber of Commera and Industry
PO Box 1455
CY-1509 Nicosia
Tel. (357-2) 66 95 00
Fax (357-2) 66 10 44
E-mail: infoeccci.org.cy
EESTI
EestJ Kaubandus-Tstuskoda (Estonian
Chamber of Commerce and Industry)
Toom-Kooli17
EE-0001 Tallinn
Tel.{372)646 02 44
Fax 372) 646 02 45
E-mail: einfoekoda.ee
URL: http://www.xoda.ee
HRVATSKA
Medlatrada Ltd
Pava Hatea 1
HR-1 0000 Zagreb
Tel. (385-1) 43 03 92
Fax (385-1) 43 03 92
MAGYARORSZAG
Euro Info Service
Europa Haz
Margitsziget
PO Box 475
H-1396 Budapest 62
Tel. (36-1) 350 80 25
Fax (36-1) 350 90 32
E-mail: euroinfoOmail.matav.hu
URL: http:/Avww.euroinfo.hundex.htrn
MALTA
Miller Distributors Ltd
Malta International Airport
PO Box 25
LuqaLOA05
Tel.(356)6644 88
Fax (356) 67 67 99
E-mail: gwirtheusa.net
POLSKA
Ars Polena
KrakowsWe Przedmiescie 7
Skr. pocztowa 1001
PL-00-950 Warszawa
Tel. (48-22) 826 12 01
Fax (48-22) 826 62 40
E-mail: ars_pol ebevy.hsn.com.pl
ROMANIA
Euronwdla
Str. G-ral Berthelot Nr 41
RO-70749 Bucuresti
Tel. (40-1) 315 44 03
Fax 40-1) 315 44 03
RUSSIA
CCEC
60-leb'ya Oktyabrya Av. 9
117312 Moscow
Tel. (7-095) 135 52 27
Fax (7-095) 135 52 27
SLOVAKIA
Centrum VTI SR
Nam. Slobody, 19
SK-81223 Bratislava
Tel. (421-7) 531 8364
Fax (421-7) 531 8364
E-mail: europ6fbb1 .sltk.stuba.sk
URL http://www.sl1k.stuba.sk
SLOVENIA
Gospodarskl Vestnlk
Dunajska cesta 5
SLO-1000 Ljubljana
Tel.(386)6113303 54
Fax(386)61133 9128
E-mail: europegvestnik.si
URL: http://www.gvestnik.si
TURKIYE
Dunya kifotel AS
100, Yil Mahallessi 34440
TR-80050 Bagcilar-lstanbul
Tel. (90-212) 629 46 89
Fax (90-212) 629 46 27
E-mail: infoteiedunya-gazete.com.tr
AUSTRALIA
Hunter Publications
PO Box 404
3067 Abbotsford, Victoria
Tel. (61-3) 94 17 53 61
Fax (61-3) 94 19 71 54
E-mail: jpdavieseozemail.com.au
CANADA
Las ditions La Ubarla inc.
3020, chemin Sainte-Foy
G1X 3V Sainte-Foy, Quebec
Tel. (1-418) 658 37 63
Fax (1-800) 567 54 49
E-mail: liberleemediom.qc.ca
Renouf Publishing Co. Ltd
5369 Chemin Canotek Road Unit 1
KU 9J3 Ottawa, Ontario
Tel. (1-613) 745 26 65
Fax (1-613) 745 76 60
E-mail: order.deptOrenoulbooks.com
URL http://www.rBnoufbooks.corn
The Middle East Observer
41 Sherif Street
Cairo
Tei. (20-2)39397 32
Fax 20-2) 393 97 32
E-mail: order_bookemeobserver.com.eg
URL: www.meobserver.com.eg
INDIA
EBIC India
3rd Floor, Y. B. Chavan Centre
Gen. J. Bhosale Marg.
400 021 Mumbai
Tel. (91-22) 282 60 64
Fax (91-22) 285 45 64
E-mail: ebicegiasbmOl .vsnl.netin
URL: http://www.ebicindia.com
ISRAL
ROY International
41, Mishmar Hayarden Street
PO Box 13056
61 130 Tel Aviv
Tel. (972-3) 649 94 69
Fax 972-3) 648 60 39
E-mail: royiienetvision.netil
Sub-agent for the Palestinian Authority:
Index Information Services
PO Box 19502
Jerusalem
Tel. (972-2)6271634
Fax 972-2) 627 12 19
JAPAN
PSKIapan
Asahi Sanbancho Plaza #206
7-1 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 102
Tel. (81-3) 32 34 69 21
Fax 81-3) 32 34 69 15
E-mail: booksOpsHapan.co.jp
URL: http://www.psi-japan.com
MALAYSIA
EBIC Malaysia
Level 7, Wisma Hong Leong
18 Jalan Perak
50450 Kuala Lumpur
Tel. (60-3) 262 62 98
Fax 60-3) 262 61 98
E-mail: ebic-kiemol.netmy
PHILIPPINES
EBIC Philippines
19th Floor, PS Bank Tower
Sen. Gil J. Puyat Ave. cor. Tindalo St
Makah" City
Metro Manilla
Tel. (63-2) 759 66 80
Fax 63-2) 759 66 90
E-mail: eccpcomeglobe.com.ph
URL: httpdwww.eccp.com
SOUTH KOREA
Information Centra for Europa (ICE)
204 Woo Sol Parkte!
395-185 Seogyo Dong, Mapo Ku
121-210 Seoul
Tel. (82-2) 322 53 03
Fax 82-2) 322 53 14
E-mail: euroinfoeshinbiro.com
EBIC Thailand
29 Vanissa Building. 8th Floor
Soi Chidlom
Ploenchit
10330 Bangkok
Tel. (66-2) 655 06 27
Fax 66-2) 655 06 28
E-mail: ebicbkkOksc1S.1h.com
URL: httpAvww.ebicbkk.org
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Beman Associates
461 1 -F Assembly Drive
Lanham MD20706
Tel. (1-800) 274 44 47 (toll free telephone)
Fax 1-800) 865 34 50 (toll free fax)
E-mail: queryebeman.com
URL: http://www.beman.com
ANDERE LANDER/OTHER COUNTRIES/
AUTRES PAYS
Bitte wanden SI sich an ein Bro Ihrer
Wahl / Please contact tha sales office
of your cholos/ Veuillez vous adresser
au bureau da venta da votra choix
Venta Salg Verkauf Sales Vente Vendita Verkoop Venda Myynti Frsljning
BELGIQUE/BELGI NEDERLAND CYPRUS EGYPT
Jean D Lannoy
Avenue du Ro 202/Koningslaan 202
Tl. (32-2)53843 08
Fax (32-2) 538 08 41
E-mail: jean.de.lannoyeinlofaoard.be
URL- http://www.jearvde-lannoy.be
La librairie europenne/D Europa
Boekhandel
Rue de la Loi 244AVetstraat 244
Tl. (32-2) 295 26 39
Fax (32-2) 735 08 60
E-mail; malieiibeurop.be
URU http://www.libeurop.be
Moniteur belga/Balglach Staatsblad
Rue de Louvain 40-42/Leuvenseweg 40-42
Tl. (32-2) 552 22 11
Fax (32-2) 51 101 84
DANMARK ~
J. H. Schultz Informatton A/S
Herstedvang 10-12
DK-2620 Albertslund
TH. (45) 43 63 23 00
Fax (45) 43 63 19 69
E-mail: schuitzeschultz.dk
URL http://www.schuttz.dk
DEUTSCHLAND ~
Bundesanzeiger Verlag GmbH
Vertriebsabteiiung
Amsterdamer Strae 192
D-50735 Kln
Tel. (49-221)97 66 80
Fax (49-221) 97 66 82 78
E-Mail: vertrlebebundesanzeiger.de
URL http://www.bundesanzelger.de
/GREECE ~
G. C. Eleftheroudakfa SA
International Bookstore
Panepismiou 17
GR-10564Athina
Tel. (30-1) 331 41 80/1/2/3/4/5
Fax (30-1) 323 98 21
E-mail: elebooksenetor.gr
ESPANA
Boletn Oficial del Estado
Trafalgar, 27
E-28071 Madrid
Tel. (34) 915 38 21 1 1 (bros),
913841715(Suscrip.)
Fax (34) 915 38 21 21 (bros),
913841714(SusCrip.)
E-mail: clientesecom.boe.es
URL http://www.boe.es
Mundi Prensa Libros, SA
Castell, 37
E-28001 Madrid
Tel. (34)914 36 37 00
Fax (34) 915 75 39 98
E-mail: libreriaemundiprensa.es
URL http://www.iTiundiprensa.corn
FRANCE
Journal officiel
Service des publications des CE
26, rue Desa'ix
F-75727 Paris Cedex 15
Tl. (33) 14058 77 31
Fax (33) 140 58 77 00
IRELAND
Government Supplies Agency
Publications Section
4-5 Harcourt Road
Dublin 2
Tel. (353-1) 661 31 11
Fax (353-1) 475 27 60
E-mail: opweiol.ie
ITALIA
Ucosa SpA
Via Duca di Calabria, 1/1
Casella postale 552
1-50125 Firenze
Tel. (39-55) 064 54 15
Fax (39-55) 064 12 57
E-mail: licosaeftbcc.it
URL: httpwww.ttbcc.it/licosa
LUXEMBOURG
Messageries du livre SARL
5, rue Raffeisen
L-2411 Luxembourg
Tl. (352)401020
Fax (352) 49 06 61
E-mail: mdlOpttu
URL http://www.mdl.lu
Abonnements:
Messageries Paul Kraus
1 1, rue Christophe Plantin
L-2339 Luxembourg
Tl. (352) 49 98 88-8
Fax (352) 49 98 88-444
E-mail: mpkepUu
URL http://www.mpk.lu
SDU Servicecentrum Uitgevers
Chrstoftel Plantijnstraat2
Postbus 20014
2500 EA Den Haag
Tel. (31-70) 378 9880
Fax (31-70) 378 97 83
E-mail: sdu6sdu.nl
URL: http://www.sdu.nl
STERREICH
Manz'scha Verlags- und
Universittsbuchhandlung GmbH
Kohlmarkt 16
A-1014 Wien
Tel. (43-1) 53 16 11 00
Fax (43-1) 53 16 11 67
E-Mail: bestellenOmanz.co.at
URL: http://www.austria.EU.nt:81/manz
PORTUGAL
Distribuidora de Uvros Bertrand Ld.
Grupo Bertrand, SA
Rua das Terras dos Vales, 4-A
Apartado 60037
P-2700 Amadora
Tel. (351-1) 495 90 50
Fax (351-1) 496 02 55
Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, EP
Rua Marques S da Bandeira, 16-A
P-1050 Lisboa Codex
Tel. (351-1) 353 03 99
Fax (351-1) 353 02 94
E-mail: del.incmemail.telepacpt
URL: http://www.lncrn.pt
SUOMI/FINLAND
Akateeminen Kiriakauppa/Akademlaka
Bokhandeln
Keskuskatu 1/Centralgatan 1
PL/PB 128
FIN-00101 Helsinki/Helsingfors
PJtfn (358-9) 121 44 18
FJfax (358-9) 121 44 35
Shkposti: akatilauseakaleeminen.com
URL: http://www.akateerninen.com
SVERIGE
BTJAB
Traktorvgen11
S-22182Lund
TIn (46-16) 18 00 00
Fax (4646) 30 79 47
-post btjeu-pubeb(.se
URL: http://www.btj.se
UNITED KINGDOM
Tha Stationary Office Ltd
International Sales Agency
51 Nine Elms Lane
London SW8 5DR
Tel. (44-171)8739090
Fax (44-1 71) 873 84 63
E-mail: ipa.enquiriesetheso.co.uk
URL: http://www.theso.co.uk
Island
Bokabud Larusar Blonda!
Sklavrdustig, 2
IS-101 Reykjavik
Tel. (354) 551 56 50
Fax (354) 552 55 60
NORGE
Swets Norge AS
stenjoveien 18
Boks 6512 Etterstad
N-06060slo
Tel. (47-22) 97 45 00
Fax (47-22) 97 45 45
SCHWEiaSUISSE/SVIZZERA
Euro Info Center Schweiz
c/oOSEC
StampfenbachstraBe 85
PF492
CH-8035 Zrich
Tel. (41-1) 365 53 15
Fax (41 -1)365 54 11
E-mail: eicseosec.ch
URL: http^/www.osec.ch/eics
BLGARUA
Europress Euromedia Ltd
59,blvdVitosha
BG-1000 Sofia
Tel. (359-2) 980 37 66
Fax (359-2) 980 42 30
E-mail: Milenaembox.cit.bg
ESKREPUBLIKA
SIS
NIS-prodejna
Havelkova22
CZ-130 00Praha3
Tel. (420-2)242314 86
Fax (420-2) 24 23 11 14
E-mail: nkpospedec.nis.cz
URL: http://usiscr.cz
Cyprus Chamber of Commera and Industry
PO Box 1455
CY-1509 Nicosia
Tel. (357-2) 66 95 00
Fax (357-2) 66 10 44
E-mail: infoeccci.org.cy
EESTI
EestJ Kaubandus-Tstuskoda (Estonian
Chamber of Commerce and Industry)
Toom-Kooli17
EE-0001 Tallinn
Tel.{372)646 02 44
Fax 372) 646 02 45
E-mail: einfoekoda.ee
URL: http://www.xoda.ee
HRVATSKA
Medlatrada Ltd
Pava Hatea 1
HR-1 0000 Zagreb
Tel. (385-1) 43 03 92
Fax (385-1) 43 03 92
MAGYARORSZAG
Euro Info Service
Europa Haz
Margitsziget
PO Box 475
H-1396 Budapest 62
Tel. (36-1) 350 80 25
Fax (36-1) 350 90 32
E-mail: euroinfoOmail.matav.hu
URL: http:/Avww.euroinfo.hundex.htrn
MALTA
Miller Distributors Ltd
Malta International Airport
PO Box 25
LuqaLOA05
Tel.(356)6644 88
Fax (356) 67 67 99
E-mail: gwirtheusa.net
POLSKA
Ars Polena
KrakowsWe Przedmiescie 7
Skr. pocztowa 1001
PL-00-950 Warszawa
Tel. (48-22) 826 12 01
Fax (48-22) 826 62 40
E-mail: ars_pol ebevy.hsn.com.pl
ROMANIA
Euronwdla
Str. G-ral Berthelot Nr 41
RO-70749 Bucuresti
Tel. (40-1) 315 44 03
Fax 40-1) 315 44 03
RUSSIA
CCEC
60-leb'ya Oktyabrya Av. 9
117312 Moscow
Tel. (7-095) 135 52 27
Fax (7-095) 135 52 27
SLOVAKIA
Centrum VTI SR
Nam. Slobody, 19
SK-81223 Bratislava
Tel. (421-7) 531 8364
Fax (421-7) 531 8364
E-mail: europ6fbb1 .sltk.stuba.sk
URL http://www.sl1k.stuba.sk
SLOVENIA
Gospodarskl Vestnlk
Dunajska cesta 5
SLO-1000 Ljubljana
Tel.(386)6113303 54
Fax(386)61133 9128
E-mail: europegvestnik.si
URL: http://www.gvestnik.si
TURKIYE
Dunya kifotel AS
100, Yil Mahallessi 34440
TR-80050 Bagcilar-lstanbul
Tel. (90-212) 629 46 89
Fax (90-212) 629 46 27
E-mail: infoteiedunya-gazete.com.tr
AUSTRALIA
Hunter Publications
PO Box 404
3067 Abbotsford, Victoria
Tel. (61-3) 94 17 53 61
Fax (61-3) 94 19 71 54
E-mail: jpdavieseozemail.com.au
CANADA
Las ditions La Ubarla inc.
3020, chemin Sainte-Foy
G1X 3V Sainte-Foy, Quebec
Tel. (1-418) 658 37 63
Fax (1-800) 567 54 49
E-mail: liberleemediom.qc.ca
Renouf Publishing Co. Ltd
5369 Chemin Canotek Road Unit 1
KU 9J3 Ottawa, Ontario
Tel. (1-613) 745 26 65
Fax (1-613) 745 76 60
E-mail: order.deptOrenoulbooks.com
URL http://www.rBnoufbooks.corn
The Middle East Observer
41 Sherif Street
Cairo
Tei. (20-2)39397 32
Fax 20-2) 393 97 32
E-mail: order_bookemeobserver.com.eg
URL: www.meobserver.com.eg
INDIA
EBIC India
3rd Floor, Y. B. Chavan Centre
Gen. J. Bhosale Marg.
400 021 Mumbai
Tel. (91-22) 282 60 64
Fax (91-22) 285 45 64
E-mail: ebicegiasbmOl .vsnl.netin
URL: http://www.ebicindia.com
ISRAL
ROY International
41, Mishmar Hayarden Street
PO Box 13056
61 130 Tel Aviv
Tel. (972-3) 649 94 69
Fax 972-3) 648 60 39
E-mail: royiienetvision.netil
Sub-agent for the Palestinian Authority:
Index Information Services
PO Box 19502
Jerusalem
Tel. (972-2)6271634
Fax 972-2) 627 12 19
JAPAN
PSKIapan
Asahi Sanbancho Plaza #206
7-1 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 102
Tel. (81-3) 32 34 69 21
Fax 81-3) 32 34 69 15
E-mail: booksOpsHapan.co.jp
URL: http://www.psi-japan.com
MALAYSIA
EBIC Malaysia
Level 7, Wisma Hong Leong
18 Jalan Perak
50450 Kuala Lumpur
Tel. (60-3) 262 62 98
Fax 60-3) 262 61 98
E-mail: ebic-kiemol.netmy
PHILIPPINES
EBIC Philippines
19th Floor, PS Bank Tower
Sen. Gil J. Puyat Ave. cor. Tindalo St
Makah" City
Metro Manilla
Tel. (63-2) 759 66 80
Fax 63-2) 759 66 90
E-mail: eccpcomeglobe.com.ph
URL: httpdwww.eccp.com
SOUTH KOREA
Information Centra for Europa (ICE)
204 Woo Sol Parkte!
395-185 Seogyo Dong, Mapo Ku
121-210 Seoul
Tel. (82-2) 322 53 03
Fax 82-2) 322 53 14
E-mail: euroinfoeshinbiro.com
EBIC Thailand
29 Vanissa Building. 8th Floor
Soi Chidlom
Ploenchit
10330 Bangkok
Tel. (66-2) 655 06 27
Fax 66-2) 655 06 28
E-mail: ebicbkkOksc1S.1h.com
URL: httpAvww.ebicbkk.org
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Beman Associates
461 1 -F Assembly Drive
Lanham MD20706
Tel. (1-800) 274 44 47 (toll free telephone)
Fax 1-800) 865 34 50 (toll free fax)
E-mail: queryebeman.com
URL: http://www.beman.com
ANDERE LANDER/OTHER COUNTRIES/
AUTRES PAYS
Bitte wanden SI sich an ein Bro Ihrer
Wahl / Please contact tha sales office
of your cholos/ Veuillez vous adresser
au bureau da venta da votra choix
NOTICE TO THE READER
Information on European Commission publications in the areas of research and innovation can
be obtained from:
CORDIS, the Community R&D Information Service
For more information, contact:
CORDIS Customer Service, BP 2373, L-1023 Luxembourg
Tel. (352) 44 10 12-2240; fax (352) 44 10 12-2248; e-mail: helpdesk@cordis.lu
or visit the website at http://www.cordis.lu/
Euroabstracts
The European Commission's periodical on research publications, issued every two months.
RTD help desk, European Commission, DG XIII, L-2920 Luxembourg
Fax (352) 43 01-32084; e-mail: rtd-helpdesk@lux.dg13.cec.be
o
OD
OJ
en
Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: ECU 1 1 4

ISBN â-flEfl-MflTM-T
* _ OFFICE FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS
"V 0F THE EUR0PEAN COMMUNITIES
ir L-2985 Luxembourg
9 '789282"848944 >
NOTICE TO THE READER
Information on European Commission publications in the areas of research and innovation can
be obtained from:
CORDIS, the Community R&D Information Service
CORDIS Customer Service, BP 2373, L-1023 Luxembourg
Tel. (352) 44 10 12-2240; fax (352) 44 10 12-2248; e-mail: helpdesk@cordis.lu
or visit the website at http://www.cordis.lu/
Euroabstracts
The European Commission's periodical on research publications, issued every two months.
RTD help desk, European Commission, DG XIII, L-2920 Luxembourg
Fax (352) 43 01-32084; e-mail: rtd-helpdesk@lux.dg13.cec.be
o
OD
OJ
en
Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: ECU 1 1 4

ISBN â-flEfl-MflTM-T
* _ OFFICE FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS
"V 0F THE EUR0PEAN COMMUNITIES
ir L-2985 Luxembourg
9 '789282"848944 >

Promotion of Plastic Design For Steel and Composite Cross Sections

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Promotion of Plastic Design For Steel and Composite Cross Sections

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

:%\

tf flange thickness of or I cross-section

tf flange thickness of or I cross-section

where is a partial safety factor to allow for the uncertainties.

where is a partial safety factor to allow for the uncertainties.

Plastic hinges injoints

Plastic hinges injoints

Figure 22 : Ratio of Rav/Rm for experimental data

Figure 22 : Ratio of Rav/Rm for experimental data

and rotation capacity as usually defined with Qrot : Rpi = R

and rotation capacity as usually defined with Qrot : Rpi = R

^ **""^ hor each plastic hmge, ^^^^

A new perfect hinge is introduced

^ **""^ hor each plastic hmge, ^^^^

A new perfect hinge is introduced

FLANGE LOCAL & LATERAL GLOBAL COUPLED BUCKLING

FLANGE LOCAL & LATERAL GLOBAL COUPLED BUCKLING

T : Shear force in plastic hinge at load

T : Shear force in plastic hinge at load

between nodes 1-3

between nodes 2-3

between nodes 1-3

between nodes 2-3

ffl < < < < < <

ffl < < < < < <

< < <

< < <

"* "> "* Tf CO - P.

"* "> "* Tf CO - P.

Fig. 7: Obtaining the required rotation

Fig. 7: Obtaining the required rotation

Cross-Sectional Shape, measured and nominal

Cross-Sectional Shape, measured and nominal

Fig. (2) - 3: Imperfection-loads, antimetrie (example)

Fig. (2) - 3: Imperfection-loads, antimetrie (example)

f = Local flange deformation

f = Local flange deformation

Notes to table 1.2:

Notes to table 1.2:

Ultimate cross-section resistance

Ultimate cross-section resistance

where : 0,5 <

where : 0,5 <

Eq. 2.34 | Eq. 2.35 or

Eq. 2.34 | Eq. 2.35 or

o.:2 0. 0.'y o.:

o.:2 0. 0.'y o.:

a) First plastic hinge at the intermediate support

a) First plastic hinge at the intermediate support

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Loading factor for the first plastic hinge

Loading factor for the first plastic hinge

State of the structure at the end of the step j

State of the structure at the end of the step j

where ^^ = minimum dtwfy; 456-5,5

where ^^ = minimum dtwfy; 456-5,5

^av.d = ^av ; ' with appropriate safety factor

^av.d = ^av ; ' with appropriate safety factor

ratios, respectively 0,20, 0,25, 0,30 and 0,35 instead of 0,15.

ratios, respectively 0,20, 0,25, 0,30 and 0,35 instead of 0,15.