1

O P O
O
O
H
2
C
C H
H
2
C
O C R
1
O O C
O
R
2
H
H
Phosphatidic acid
Phosphatidyl
-
O H
H
O H
H
H
O H H
O H
H
H
O H
Phosphatidylinositol
In addition to being a membrane lipid,
phosphatidylinositol has roles in cell
signaling.
C H
2
C H
2
N C H
3
C H
3
C H
3
+
Phosphatidylcholine/lechitin
It is a common membrane lipid
2
phosphatidyl choline = lechitin
Lecithin, a
common food
additive, is a
phospholipid.
Embedded in
cell
membranes.
3
Cell Membrane
4
5
6
Phosphatidyl choline with fatty acids
as oleate and palmitate
O
C H
3
N
+
CH
3
CH
3
O
(CH
2
)
14
CH
3
O
O
O
(CH
2
)
7
C
H
C
H
(CH
2
)
7
CH
3
CH
2
C H
C H
2
O P
O
O
7
Sphingolipids
Sphingosine instead of glycerol

Derivatized at ester C1

Fatty acids added at amine

Different types are found in
plasma membrane and myelin
sheaths

8
2
H
2
C
H
C
O H
C H
N C H
C
C H
2
C H
3
H
( )
1 2
sphingosine
Sphingolipids
/ceramide
H
O H
C
R
O
OH
The amino group of sphingosine can
form an amide bond with a fatty acid
carboxyl, to yield a ceramide
Ceramides usually include a polar head
group, esterified to the terminal OH
of the sphingosine
P O O
O
H
2
C
H
2
C
N
+
C H
3
H
3
C
C H
3
-
OH
Sphingomyelin, a ceramide
with a phosphocholine or
phosphethanolamine head
group, is a common constituent
of plasma membranes
Sphingomyelin

Sphingomyelins
are found
abundantly in the
myelin sheath that
surrounds the
nerve fibers
P O O
O
H
2
C
H
2
C
N
+
C H
3
H
3
C
C H
3
-
O H
O
H
H
H
O H H
O H
C H
2
O H
H
A cerebroside is a
sphingolipid (ceramide) with a
monosaccharide such as
glucose or galactose as polar
head group.
9
Steroid Nucleus
Consists of:
3 cyclohexane rings.
1 cyclopentane ring.
no fatty acids.



steroid nucleus
10
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
HO
CH
3
Cholesterol
is the most abundant steroid in the body.
has methyl CH
3
- groups, alkyl chain, and -
OH attached to the steroid nucleus.
O H
11
-important constituent of cell
membranes
-has a rigid ring system and a
short branched hydrocarbon
tail.



O H
hydrophobic amphipathic.
Keeps the lipids in membrane
from aggregrating: Keeps the
membrane intact as a bilayer
Precursor to Bile Acids:
- Act as detergents to
dissolve dietary fats
- Fats can be broken
better by enzymes
Precursor to steroid hormones that
regulate gene expression
Precursor to Vitamin D
A normal, open artery.
An artery clogged by
cholesterol plaque
12
Cholesterol inserts into bilayer membranes with its
hydroxyl group oriented toward the aqueous phase &
its hydrophobic ring system adjacent to fatty acid
chains of phospholipids.
O H
13
14


.
The OH group of cholesterol forms hydrogen bonds
with polar phospholipid head groups.
15
eukaryotic cell membrane fluidity
High temperature
increase membrane fluidity
Low temperatur
decrease membrane fluidity
16
Lipoproteins: LDL, HDL, Etc
combine lipids
with proteins &
phospholipids.

are soluble in
water because the
surface consists of
polar lipids.
17
Types of Lipoproteins
differ in density, composition, and function.
include low-density lipoprotein (LDLs) and high-
density lipoprotein (HDLs).
18
Transport of Lipoproteins in the Body


19
Good vs Bad Cholesterol
Related to lipoproteins (protein + lipid
complexes)
Dietary excess fat is packaged into VLDL
Fat cells (adipose cells) take these up convert to
fatty acids
Some VLDL is converted to LDL
LDL is very rich in Cholesterol
20
LDL
circulate in the
blood
Build up in arteries;
lead to heart attack
HDL
level 130 mg/dL,
reflects an increased
risk of heart disease
level < 40 mg/dL, is
thought to increase the
risk for heart disease.
cholesterol lipoprotein,
that returns to the liver ;
removes cholesterol out of
the bloodstream;
believed to prevent heart
attacks