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Instrumentacin de Puentes
Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges
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Agenda
Some examples
Focus on Rion Antirion System
General architecture of Structural Health Monitoring System
! Data management & long term storage system
! Data acquisition & temporary storage system
! Sensors for characterization of effects vs loads
! Sensors for monitoring of ageing
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SOME EXAMPLES
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Russky Island Bridge
Unique signature bridge
Worldwide longest cable stayed
span
! 1104m main span
Very aggressive environment
Monitoring is a key tool to evaluate
real bridge behavior and confirm
design hypothesis
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Normandie Bridge
Long span cable stayed bridge
! 2141m long, 854m main span
Built in 1995
! Worldwide longest at the time
Compl ement ar y moni t or i ng
installed after 20 years
! Focus on bridge ageing and durability
" Acoustic monitoring of stay cables
" US inspection of anchorages
Acoustic sensors Uscan Survey
Accelerometers on
stay
Expansion joint
movements
sensors
Weather station
Tiltmeters
Deck temperature
sensor
Water presence
sensor
Load cell
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Grande Ravine Viaduct
Construction monitoring
! Check geometry in real time
! Adjust tension in cables as needed
Operation monitoring
! Monitor wind loads
! Monitor bridge response during wind
events
Load cell
Tiltmeters
Long base
extensometers
Tri axial
anemometer
Differential air
pressure sensors
Structural
accelerometers
(1D, 2D, 3D)
Indoor and outdoor
temperature
sensors
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Astana Arch Bridge
Monitoring during load test
! Static
! Dynamic
Desi gn check bef or e
bridge opening
Tension in stay
(Vibration method)
Strain gages
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Penang Bridge
Underestimation of fatigue loads at
construction stage
Crack in stay detected during
maintenance works
Preventive acoustic monitoring of
all stays
Acoustic sensors
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ASF Highway viaduct
Local corrosion found in some
cables
Extend of the problem is not
known
Acoustic monitoring is placed on all
beams
External posttensioning is added
Post tensioning can be adjusted if
progress of deteri orati on i s
detected
Acoustic sensors
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Bosporus Bridges 1 & 2
Traffic load more important than
expected
! Risk of fatigue on some critical steel
components
Tempor ar y moni t or i ng f or
assessment of actual condition of
the two bridges
Permanent monitoring left in place
on B1
! Continuous monitoring of fatigue
! Automatic alarm in case of storm or
earthquakes
Cable clamps
(UPUS
measurement)
Expansion joint
movements
sensors
Tri axial
anemometer
Weather station
Hanger force
transducers (with
invar mechanics)
Differential GPS
Tiltmeters
Deck & Pylon
Dynamic strain
gages (1, 21 3D)
(stools, hanger pin,
cable clamps)
Structural
accelerometers
(deck, pylon,
hanger)
Structural
temperature (deck,
pylon, hanger,
main cable)
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Frontera
Instrumentation installed during
retrofitting of piers in 2013
Monitoring of traffic loads
! Weight in motion sensors
! Deck strain
Monitoring of piers / scouring
effect
! Water level and speed
! Pier tilting and natural frequencies
Tri axial
anemometer,
weather station
and structural
temperature Tiltmeters
Structural
accelerometers
(1D, 2D, 3D)
Expansion joint
movements
sensors
Weight in Motion
sensor
Water speed &
level
Strain gages
Camera
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FOCUS ON RION ANTIRION EXAMPLE
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Rion-Antirion environment & design loads
R!"N #$%!R!"N
65 m.
PROJECT BRIEF DESCRIPTION# RION-ANTIRION ENVIRONMENT & DESIGN LOADS
Design Loads:
" Earthquake with a return period of 2000 yrs or 5%
possibility of exceedance in 120 yrs (operational life)
"Tectonic movements of 2m in all directions between
adjacent piers
"Wind speeds up to 266km/h
"Ship collision of 180000t DWT approaching at a
speed of 16 knots
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Definition of the system
1
2
3
Likelihood
Severity General surveillance : visual, ndt, post incident =
Inspection & Maintenance Manual
Continuous monitoring: when visual inspection is not sufficient
(no detection, not enough reactivity or too expensive)
Structural Risk Analysis
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Structural Monitoring System
~ 300 sensors
Real Time Information, up to 500 Hz per channel
Fully customizable system
Specified during design
Installed to follow construction
Used to manage operation
Maintenance Management
" Detection of defects
" Control of maintenance actions
Traffic management
Design calculations
" Identification of real load cases
" Validation of models
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Monitoring strategy & thresholds defined with design/construction team
EARTHQUAKE !
Automatic modification of
acquisition parameters
Automatic Data treatment and
classification of earthquakes in 3 cases
(small, moderate, strong)
Automatic Report, Mail and
Phone Call
Automatic event detection
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Accelerometer
(Pier Base)
Water presence
(Pier Base)
Accelerometer
(Shore)
Expansion joint
movement
Force in
transverse
retaining device
Accelerometers
(deck)
Temperature
(pavement)
Strain gages
(gussets)
Meteo Station
(deck)
Accelerometers
(Stay Cables)
Load Cells (Stay
Cables)
Accelerometer
(Pylon Head)
Sensors for earthquake detection
and characterization
Sensors for earthquake case
determination (structural response)
Sensors for long term management
and operation
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GENERAL ARCHITECTURE OF STRUCTURAL
HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM
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System Overview
Weigh
Sensor
Static
Sensors
GPS
receivers
DWIMS
DAU
Static
DAUs
GPS DAU
Sensors Network of digitizers
Data Acquisition and Temporary
Storage System
Raw, processed,
historical, event &
condition data
Dynamic
Sensors
Dynamic
DAUs
Data visualization, post
processing, analysis and
report generation
TDSS Server
!
Temporary Data
Storage System
Local
access
Data Management and Long Term
Storage System
Raw, processed,
historical, event,
condition data & alert
data
LTSS Server
!
Long Term Data
Storage System
Cloud
access
Alert
Optical
Sensors
Optical
DAUs
&
&
Mobile
Sensors
Portable
DAUs
Basic visualization &
analysis
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What do we expect from the SHM System ?
To take
relevant
decision
To asses
real
behaviour
To
calibrate
models
To
monitor
ageing
To detect
hidden
defects
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Web platform for long term data management
Data & alert indicators shall be integrated to the Bridge
Management System and available to all stakeholders
Decision is taken from Inventory data + visual inspection data +
maintenance history + other constrain
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Acquisition frequency shall be adapted to each case
Periodic visual
inspection
Main surveillance method
Periodic
measurement
When relevant information
is not visible (ex: stress;
hidden defect)
When loads and effects
shall be recorded at slow
time steps (say > 1/month)
Continuous
Monitoring
When measurement cannot
be periodic (ex: acoustic
monitoring)
When quick reaction is
needed (earthquake; lack of
redundancy)
When loads and effects
shall be recorded at faster
time steps (say < 1/ month)
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Example of portable DAUs for periodic measurement
Tension measurement in bars
Stress measurement in concrete
Vibration measurement of cables
Load test
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Wireless sensor network
Quick deployment
Local communication by
radio
Remote communication by
GSM
Up to 5 years autonomy
One channel battery powered wireless nodes
Four channels wireless nodes with solar panel
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Wired DAU
For complex situations as
for example long term
dynamic systems
Customized on demand
! I nt egr at i ng di f f er ent sensor
technologies (analog, vibrating wire,
optical, )
! I n t e g r a t i n g wa t c h d o g s f o r
optimization of uptime
! Int egrat i ng NF EN 61643-21
lightning protection
! Integration real time data analysis
!
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Use of SHM System
Data will be used to calibrate
models
! Simultaneous measurement of loads and
effect of loads (displacement, strain,
force)
! E x p e r i me n t a l mo d a l a n a l y s i s
(identification of Eigen modes)
Hi dden def ec t s wi l l be
identified by
! Dedicated sensors / abnormal values
! Changes in load vs effect relationship
Thresholds shall be defined
with engineering team
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Acquisition & alert strategy
Raw data is processed continuously
! Filtering
! Scaling
! Calculated channels
Onl y rel evant i nformati on i s
recorded
! Event data
! History data
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
0 50 100 150 200
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
0 50 100 150 200
Raw/Processed data: not recorded
Example: strain/temperature
Event data: Short record of raw/calculated data
History data: (ex: average, max, min, std, &)
Calculated statistics over a period
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
0 50 100 150 200
threshold
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Monitoring of loads
2D & 3D anemometer & weather station (Temperature, air pressure, relative humidity,
sun, rainfall)
Weigth In Motion (WIM) Seismic Accelerometer
Water level & speed
Accelerometer for shock detection
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Monitoring of strain & displacement
Weldable strain gages
Long base (20cm) displacement sensor
Embedded strain gages
Long base (1m) invar displacement
sensor
1D & 3D crackmeter
Wire displacement sensor
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Monitoring of movements
Accelerometers on stay
Differential GPS
Accelerometer on deck
Total station
Tiltmeter
Crack propagation sensor
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Monitoring of stress & force
Load cell
UPUS measurement for bars
Electromagnetic sensors
SlotStress measurement
for concrete
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Monitoring of hidden defects
Acoustic monitoring
! Grid of sensors is glued on the area to monitor
! Detects sound released during a break
! Events are located by triangulation
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Continuous strain sensors
Strain increase at crack
level
Cracks are detected before
they are visible
Can be used to detect
early sign of deterioration
is concrete structures
Monitoring of hidden defects
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Monitoring of corrosion or fatigue risk
Corrosion ladders: monitoring of corrosion potential and current
Single steel anodes at different depths for the monitoring of the time-
dependent chloride ingress or carbonation progress into the concrete
Dynamic strain/force sensors for fatigue monitoring
Rainflow algorithm for fatigue monitoring (load cycle counting)
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Monitoring of corrosion or fatigue effect
Example of white paste in external post tensioning duct Example of corroded strand with broken wires
Uscan: detection of corroded or broken wires Escan: detection of voids and white paste
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Conclusion
Structural Health Monitoring is very efficient tool complementary to periodic
visual inspections
For maximum efficiency, It should be designed with the engineering team
It can be tuned to any structure
And will provide data helping managers and engineers in managing their
building assets
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Thank you for your attention

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