Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2006
Translation from Romanian
ANNEX
SEISMIC DESIGNING CODE - PART I
Designing provisions for buildings, code number P-100-1/2006
1. General
1.1 Application field
1.1.1. P100 code is applied when designing the buildings and other civil engineering constructions
in seismic areas. P100 Code corresponds to Eurocode 8 (SR EN 1998-1:2004) in the series
of European codes of structural designing, under elaboration. P100 is a version of the
Romanian seismic designing specifications preparing, through a common effort with the
elaboration of all other structural codes, the execution a new edition completely integrated in
the European designing specifications system, after their coming into force.
1.1.2. Application of the P100-1 code specifications intends to ensure, in case of seismic events,
sufficiently high performances of the constructions in order to:
- avoid losses of human lives or people injures
- maintain without interruption, the essential activities and services for a continuous
economical and social life, during the earthquake and afterwards;
- avoid explosions and spreading of dangerous substances;
- limit material damages.
1.1.3. P100-1 does not apply to constructions having a high risk for population, such as nuclear
power stations.
1.1.4. P100 contains only those additional specifications that along with the specifications of the
code intended for the designing in case of other actions of the structures made up of various
materials (such as reinforced concrete, steel, masonry, wood etc.) must be observed for the
seismic protection of the buildings.
1.1.5. P100-1:2006 is the part of the code referring to the seismic designing of buildings and other
similar constructions (such as stands, bridge stockade etc.). It is divided in 11 chapters and is
completed by 7 appendixes, as follows:
- Chapter (1) contains general.
- Chapter (2) contains essential performance requirements and criteria for control of their
application for buildings in seismic areas.
- Chapter (3) presents the methods representing the seismic action and for their
combination with other actions.
- Chapter (4) contains general rules for the structure of buildings, as well as models and
methods for structural calculus of the buildings.
- Chapter (5) comprises specific rules for reinforced concrete structures.
- Chapter (6) contains specific rules for steel structures.
- Chapter (7) contains specific rules for steel-concrete composite structures.
- Chapter (8) contains specific rules for masonry structures.
- Chapter (9) contains specific rules for wooden structures.
- Chapter (10) contains basic requirements and design rules for the non-structural
elements and equipment inside buildings.
Chapter (11) contains concepts and rules for seismic isolations of the structures base.
In this section basic notions are defined as used within the entire code.
These definitions are to be completed, as the case might be, by the term explanations as specific for
each chapter, which explanations are given at the beginning of each chapter.
Terms having general use are defined as follows:
-
Behaviour factor: a factor used to reduce the forces corresponding to the elastic
response, taking into account the non-linear response of the structure. This depends on
the nature of the structural material, type of the structural system and designing
conception.
Method for ranking the resisting capacities: Designing method by which some
components of the structural system are designed and detailed so that they allow the
dissipation of the seismic energy through inelastic deformations, while all the other
structural elements are designed to have sufficient resisting capacity so that they do not
exceed the limits of elastic behaviour and to allow development of the energy dissipation
mechanism chosen.
Dissipative area (critical area or potentially plastic area): Part of a structure, where
inelastic deformations are expected to develop, having a high capability of energy
dissipation.
Structure with inelastic response (dissipative): Structure or part of a structure that it is
expected to develop inelastic deformations, having a high capability of energy
dissipation.
Factor of importance and exposure to earthquake. Factor assessed on the basis of the
consequences of structural yielding.
Structure with elastic response (non-dissipative): Structure designed to resist to
seismic actions without considering inelastic behaviour (non-linear).
Non-structural elements: Elements, components and systems that are not taken in
consideration at seismic designing either because of lack of strength or the way of
connection to the structure.
Main elements for taking over seismic force: elements composing the structural
system subjected to seismic actions that are considered in the structural calculus and are
designed and detailed according to anti-seismic designing norms.
Secondary elements: elements not entering in the composition of the structure system
with strength to seismic actions, but that must be built so that they should allow the
gravitational loads transmission, when the structure is under the action of lateral
displacements imposed by the earthquake.
Measure Units
(1) The units in the International System (SR ISO 1000:1995) are used.
(2) The following units are recommended for calculations:
- Stresses and loads: kN, kN/m, kN/m2
- Mass: kg, t
- Specific mass (density): kg/m3, t/m3
- Specific weight: kN/m3
- Unitary stresses and strengths: N/mm2,(MPa), kN/m2 (kPa)
- Moments (bending, twisting etc.) kNm
- Accelerations: m/s2
- Ground acceleration: g (9.81 m/s2).
1.2 Symbols
The symbols used are given in the Eurocode 8 (SR EN 1998-1:2004)
1.3.1. The symbols used in Chapters 2 and 3 and Appendix A
ag
ground acceleration for designing (for the horizontal component of the ground movement)
avg
ground acceleration for designing (for the vertical component of the ground movement)
IMR
gravitational acceleration
TB, TC, TD control (corner) periods of the elastic response spectrum for the horizontal components of
the ground acceleration
(T)
normalised elastic response spectrum for the horizontal components of the ground
acceleration
vibration period of a system with a degree of dynamic freedom and elastic response
Se(T)
normalised elastic response spectrum for the vertical component of the ground acceleration
SVe(T) elastic response spectrum of accelerations for the vertical component of the ground
3
Gutenberg-Richter magnitude
Mw
moment magnitude
behaviour factor
EPA
EPV
EPD
SA
SV
SD
Vs
VP
_
VS
hi
VSi
Tg
average speed of shear waves balanced with the depth of the profile layers
distance between the stiffness centre and the centre of masses as measured in the
selected directions of calculus
square root of the ratio between the twisting stiffness of the structure and the lateral
stiffness in the calculus directions
factor of importance
lateral displacement as effect of the seismic acceleration
elastic displacement under designing seismic loads
factor for reducing the displacement value, as applied to service limit state
factor for reducing the seismic force
4
factor for amplification of elastic displacement in the calculus at the resisting limit
state
Ed
designing value of the seismic action effect (stress or deformation)
Rd
designing capable stress
factor of correction taking into account the contribution of the fundamental specific
mode through the effective modal mass as associated
Fi
statically equivalent horizontal seismic force at the level i
Fb
basic cross force corresponding to fundamental mode
si
component of fundamental form in the direction of the shifting dynamic freedom
degree at the level i
n
storey number of the building
mi
level mass
zi
height of level i compared to the base of construction considered in the model
Fixj, Fiyj
seismic forces al level i in direction x and y, respectively, for plane sub-system j
Fix, Fiy
seismic forces al level i in direction x and y, respectively, for the general plane
model
j
j
Kix , Kiy
level relative stiffness of the vertical elements which are components of the plane
sub-system j associated to direction x and y, respectively, calculated considering the
shifting movements of the non-deformable plateau only
xj, yj
distances in direction x and y, respectively, defining the position of the plane subsystem compared to the stiffness centre at level i
eix, eiy
distances in direction x and y, respectively, defining the displaced positions of the
seismic forces compared to the stiffness centre
e0ix, e0iy
distances in direction x and y, respectively, between mass and stiffness centres at
level i
e1ix, e1iy accidental eccentricities in direction x and y, respectively, at level i
mk
effective modal mass associated to the specific vibration mode k
Tk
specific period in specific vibration mode k
si,k
component of the specific vector in vibration mode k in the direction of the dynamic
freedom degree i
EE
effect of seismic action (stress, displacement)
EE,k
effect of the seismic action in the vibration mode k
EEdx, EEdy
designing value of the effect of applying the seismic movement in the direction of
horizontal axes x and y, as chosen for such structure
EEdz
designing value of the effect of applying the seismic movement in the direction of
5
1
u
M
0v
beam opening
designing bending moment resulted from the loads group including the seismic
bending moment resulted from the seismic action only
bending moment resulted from the non-seismic actions contained by the loads group
including the seismic action
section designing plastic moment
section designing plastic moment
axial force resulted from the loads group including the seismic action
axial force resulted from the seismic action only
axial stress resulted from the non-seismic actions contained by the loads group
including the seismic action
section designing plastic axial stress
strength to joining corresponding to the way of stress to which it is subjected
cross force resulted from the loads group including the seismic action
cross force resulted from the seismic action only
cross force in the non-seismic actions contained by the loads group including the
seismic action
value of the cross force associated to plastifying of a beam at both ends
section designing plastic cross force
cross force in the core panel
strength to the cross force of the core panel (capable stress)
length of a dissipative member
designing value of the steel strength to flow
maximum value for the steel strength to flow
behaviour factor
depth of the section core
depth of the section boom
factor for multiplying the stresses Med,E, NEd,E, Ved,E for designing the non-dissipative
structural elements
factor for multiplying the seismic force according to the development of the first
plastic hinge within the system
factor for multiplying the seismic force according to the development of the global
kinematic mechanism
partial safety factor for a property of a material
factor for amplifying the flow limit of the material (over-resistance)
7
s
p
beam deflection at mid-span against the tangent to the beam axis on one of the ends
partial safety factor for steel
plastic rotation capability of the plastic hinge
_
uz
ub
effective stiffness of the insulating system in the main considered direction, for a
displacement equal to the designing displacement d(dc)
KV
total stiffness of the insulating system in vertical direction
Kxi
effective stiffness for a given element in direction x
Kyi
effective stiffness for a given element in direction z
Teff
effective fundamental period of the superstructure corresponding to the horizontal
translation while the superstructure is considered as a rigid body
Tf
fundamental period of the superstructure considered as embedded on the base
TV
fundamental period of the superstructure in vertical direction while the superstructure is
considered as a rigid body
M
mass of the superstructure
Ms
magnitude
ddc
designing displacement of the centre of the effective stiffness in the considered direction
ddb
total designing displacement of an insulating unit
etot,y
total eccentricity in direction y
fj
horizontal forces on each level j
ry
torsion radius of the insulating system
(xi,yi) coordinates of an insulating unit compared to the centre of the effective stiffness
eff
value of the effective damping
12
The structure will be designed in order to take over the design seismic actions established in
accordance with Chapter 3, with a reasonable safety marge against the deformation level at which
the local or general crumbling occurs, so that the human lives are protected. The level of seismic
forces in Chapter 3 corresponds to an earthquake having the reference average period of recurrence
IMR = 100 years.
NOTE: The level of the structural deformation next to the crumbling is associated to a rarer and orientational
earthquake having the reference average period of recurrence IMR = 475 years
For the constructions having regular composition and correctly detailed, if the criteria associated to the life
safety requirement are observed for an earthquake with IMR = 100 years, usually the requirements for
preventing the crumbling for an earthquake with IMR = 475 years are also observed.
The structure will be designed in order to take over seismic actions with a higher likeliness of
occurrence then the design seismic action, without degradations or retirements, the costs of which
are extremely high compared to the cost of the structure. The seismic action considered for the
degradation limitation requirement corresponds to an average reference recurrence period of 30
years.
(2) Safety differentiation is entered by classifying the structures in various classes by importance
and exposing to earthquake. Each importance class is assigned with an importance factor 1. The
various safety levels are obtained by multiplying the parameters of the reference seismic action
by the importance factor.
NOTE: The moments in time when the earthquakes occur, their way of manifestation as well as their effect on
the constructions are unpredictable, extremely random. This is why the effectiveness of the measures of
seismic protection is uncertain to a certain extent and may be judged statistically only. The way in which a
seismic event is included in a series of events that are expected for certain time periods, is considered,
including from the intensity point of view, as well as the proportion of the constructions that are affected to
different degrees and the impact resulting from social and economical point of view.
This is why the responsibility for the seismic protection of the constructions must be assessed by the extent in
which the provisions of the design, execution and exploitation codes are observed and not by the occurrence of
special consequences, in case of an individual construction.
ultimate limit states, ULS, associated to the breaking of the structural elements and other forms
of structural wear out that may jeopardise the human life safety
service limit states, SLS, that consider the development of the degradations to a certain degree,
beyond which the specific exploitation requirements are not observed any more.
(3) Besides the explicit checks of the limit states, other specific measures will be undertaken in
order to reduce the uncertainties concerning the adequate earthquake behaviour of the
constructions (point 2.2.4)
(4) The conditions in the code are minimal binding and not limitative.
2.2.2 Ultimate limit states
(1) The structural system will have the strength capability specified in the relevant parts of the
code. This level of strength implies the observance of all conditions given in the code in order to
obtain the necessary capability of dissipating the energy (ductility) in the areas specially
designed to dissipate the seismic energy, named dissipative areas (or critical areas).
(2) Higher values of the strength capability then those corresponding to the design values of the
seismic forces, may be also considered in certain cases (recommended in areas with lower
seismic hazard), with the corresponding relaxation of the ductilising measures.
Recommendations for such alternative solutions are given within the code.
(3) The structure of the building will be checked with the entire stability under the seismic
calculation action. Both the overturning stability and the sliding stability will be considered.
(4) The structural calculation will consider, when significant, the effects of 2nd degree.
(5) The lateral movements under the seismic actions associated to the values ultimate limit states
will be limited, in order to:
(i)
(ii)
provide a reasonable safety marge for the lateral deformation of the structure compared to
that corresponding to the crumbling
prevent the risk for persons that the crumbling of the non-structural elements could have
choosing favourable plan and vertical forms for the construction and its strength structure (see
4.4.3)
correct placing and constituting of the structural elements and the whole structure, nonstructural construction elements as well as equipment and installations housed by the building
avoiding the uncontrolled interactions, with the possible detrimental effects, between the
neighbouring buildings, between the structural and non-structural elements (for example,
between the elements of the frame structures and the filling walls), between the construction and
the stored material, etc.
(3) The construction will have a reasonable lateral stiffness to limit the movement seismic
requirements.
(4) The design will have as main objective, the imposing of a favourable structural mechanism for
dissipating the energy (plastifying mechanism) to the action of the design earthquake.
This desideratum requires the following:
-
leading the areas susceptible to be stressed in the post-elastic range (the critical or
dissipative areas), with priority in the elements that by behaviour nature have a substantial
capability of post-elastic deformation, the breaking of which does not jeopardise the general
stability of the construction and that may be repaired without technical efforts and exaggerated
costs.
the dissipative areas should be distributed so that the capability of post-elastic deformation is as
high as possible and the ductility requirements as low as possible; the accumulation of the
plastic deformations to a few areas will be avoided, when high ductility requirements are
involved
the dissipative areas should be constituted so that to have reasonable capacities of post-elastic
deformation and a hysteretic behaviour as stable as possible
preventing the premature breaking with non-ductile feature, through the dimensioning method
and the proper construction of the elements.
(5) The foundations and the foundation field will usually take over the stresses transmitted by the
superstructure, without substantial permanent deformations. When assessing the reactions, the
effective values of the strength developed in the structural elements (associated to the structural
mechanism of dissipating the energy) will be considered
The stiffness of the foundations will be reasonable enough to transmit to the field the stresses
received from the base of the superstructure, as uniformly as possible.
(6) The structural calculus will be based upon a proper model of the superstructure that will, when
15
the influence of the local conditions of the location on the seismic requirements and the
structural response
the establishment, through experimental research on small scale models or normal size
prototypes, of the strength and deformability features, in various behaviour stages, of the
structural elements and the structure in general
the development and application of advanced calculation methods able to represent the structure
behaviour as accurate as possible, while showing the development of the stress states during the
earthquake
The instrumentation of the building with equipment for recording the parameters of the seismic
action for the constructions in class I of significance exposition to earthquakes (see 4.4.5) and the
high buildings, according to the indications in Appendix A, is recommended.
(9) When exploiting the constructions, operation and maintenance measures that keep the strength
capacity of the structure unchanged will be adopted.
The condition of the construction will be monitored continuously in time in order to promptly detect
the possible degradations and remove their causes.
3. SEISMIC ACTION
3.1. Representing the seismic action for the design
(1) For the design of the constructions, the territory of Romania is divided in areas with seismic
hazard. The level of seismic hazard in each area is considered, in a simplified manner, to be
constant. For important urban centres and buildings with special significance, the local
assessment of the seismic hazard based on the instrumental seismic data and the specific studies
for the placement concerned is recommended. The seismic hazard level indicated in this code is
a minimum design level.
16
( 0 - 1)
(T) = 1 + T
TB
TB < T TC
(T) = 0
TC < T T(D)
TC
(T) = 0
T
T > TD
TCTD
(T) = 0
T2
(3.2)
(3.3)
(3.4)
(3.5)
17
The elastic response normalised spectra ( = 0,05) for acceleration under the seismic and site
conditions in Romania are showed in Figure 3.3 on the basis of the values TB, TC, TD in Table 3.1.
The elastic response normalised spectra for acceleration in Figure 3.4 is used in Banat in the areas
characterised by acceleration ag = 0,20 g and ag = 0,16 g. for the areas in Banat where ag = 0,12 g
and ag = 0,08 g, the normalised spectrum in Figure 3.3 for TC 0,7 s is used.
18
19
Figure 3.1 Zoning of the Romanian territory concerning the peak values of the ground acceleration for designing ag for earthquakes with the average
recurrence period IMR = 100 years
Figure 3.2 Zoning of the Romanian territory concerning the control (corner) period, TC of the response spectrum
21
Figure 3.4 Crust sources in Banat: elastic response normalised spectrum for accelerations for the
horizontal components of the ground movement for the areas where the seismic hazard is
characterised by ag = 0,20 g and ag = 0,16 g
The elastic response spectrum for the horizontal components of the ground movement within the
site Se(T), expressed in m/s2, is defined as follows:
Se(T)= ag (T)
(3.6)
(9)
(3.7)
The vertical component of the seismic action is represented by the elastic response spectrum
for accelerations for the vertical component of the ground movement. The normalised forms
of the elastic response spectra for the vertical component v(T), for the fraction of the critical
damping = 0,05 and depending on the control (corner) periods for the spectrum of the
vertical component TBv, TCv, TDv are showed by the following formulas:
0 T TBv
(0v - 1]
v(T) = 1 + T
TBv
(3.8)
23
v (T) = 0v
TCv
v (T) = 0v
T
T > TDv
TCvTDv
v(T) = 0v
T2
(3.9)
(3.10)
(3.11)
where 0v = 3,0 is the maximum dynamic amplification factor of the vertical acceleration of the
ground movement by the structure having the fraction of the critical damping = 0,05.
The control (corner) periods of the normalised response spectra for the vertical component of the
seismic movement is considered , in a simplified manner, as follows:
TBv = 0,1 TCv
TCv = 0,45 TC
TDv = TD
(3.12)
(3.13)
(3.14)
The elastic response spectrum for the vertical component of the ground movement within the site
Sve is defined as follows:
Sve(T) = avg v (T)
(3.15)
The peak value of the acceleration for the vertical component of the ground movement avg is
evaluated as:
avg = 0,7 ag
(3.16)
(10) In Bucharest city there is a clear instrumental evidence of the long predominant period (Tp =
1,41,6s) for the ground vibration during earthquakes in Vrancea with moderate and high
magnitudes (magnitude Gutenberg-Richter M 7,0; moment magnitude Mw 7,2).
The definition of the predominant period of the ground vibration is given in Appendix A.
Designing quasi-resonant structures with predominant period of the ground vibration should be
avoided.
3.1.1. Alternative descriptions of the seismic action
Within the dynamic calculus of the structures, the seismic movement is described through the
variation in time of the ground acceleration (accelerogram).
When a specimen of spatial calculus is needed, the seismic movement should be characterised by
three simultaneous accelerograms corresponding to the three (two horizontal and one vertical)
orthogonal directions. On the two horizontal directions different accelerograms are used
simultaneously.
3.1.2. Artificial accelerograms
24
25
0/q - 1
Sd(T) = ag1 + T
TB
(T)
= ag
q
T > TB
(3.17)
(3.18)
where
q
is the behaviour factor of the structure (factor for changing the elastic response into nonelastic response), having values that depend on the structure type and its capability of
dissipating the energy.
The values of the behaviour factor q for various material and structural system types are showed in
specific chapters of this code.
The designing spectrum for the vertical component of the seismic action is obtained in a similar
way. The value of the behaviour factor in this case is considered, in a simplified manner, 1,5 for all
materials and structural systems except when higher values can be justified by special analyses.
3.3. Combination of the seismic action and other types of actions
For the designing on the ultimate limit state of the constructions placed in seismic areas, the value
for designing of the combined effects of the actions is determined from the effect groups of the
loads according to CRO-2005.
4. GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR PLACING AND BUILDING THE CONSTRUCTIONS
4.1. General
Chapter 4 of the code includes general rules for choosing the sites and the general structure of the
buildings.
In Chapter 4 general instructions are also given for choosing the models and methods of structural
calculus on seismic actions and for choosing the values of the behaviour factors depending on the
extent to which the constructions complies with the conditions of good conformity for earthquake.
The chapter is related to the sections 5-11, where the designing aspects specific to the constructions
made up of various materials are detailed.
4.2. Conditions for planning the constructions
(1) The new constructions will be integrated into the natural and anthropic environment so that to
prevent the increase of the risks due to the potential, direct or indirect effects, of future strong
earthquakes. For this purpose, the restriction of the construction density, as well as the number
of persons that may occupy for long periods of time the current type constructions such as living
buildings is recommended. This generally means the restriction on the height of these buildings,
which measure may also have favourable economic effects. Multiple access and communication
roads will be also provided for the possible need of emergency evacuation in order to restrict the
effects of strong earthquakes.
26
The most important objective of the designing is the execution of a simple, compact and as
symmetrical as possible structure because the modelling, calculus, dimensioning, detailing and
execution of the simple structures are subjected to much lower uncertainties and, consequently, the
desired seismic behaviour could be applied to the construction, with a high degree of confidence.
4.4.1.1. Structural simplicity
27
The break of a sole element or a sole structural bond does not expose the structure to the loss of
stability
A plastifying mechanism with sufficient plastic areas is achieved, allowing the exploitation of
the strength stocks of the building and an advantageous dissipation of the seismic energy.
Note: In order to be reduntant, a structure having multiple internal bonds (multiple statically
undetermined) should have all bonds properly dimensioned. For example, a many-stage reinforced
concrete structure does not have redundancy if the joining lengths of the reinforcements in the
pillars are insufficient.
4.4.1.3. Geometry (configuration) of the structure
(1) The seismic designing will have in view the execution of a structure as regular as possible,
distributed in plane as uniformly as possible, allowing a direct and short transmission of the
inertia forces afferent to the masses distributed within the building.
(2) The structure should be as uniform as possible on the vertical of the construction, in order to
prevent the occurrence of sensitive areas where the excessive stresses or plastic deformations
could lead to premature breaks.
(3) The reduction as much as possible of the eccentricities is aimed by choosing an advantageous
shape of the construction, a proper distribution of the masses, the stiffness and the lateral
strength capability of the structure.
4.4.1.4. Stiffness and strength to translation in two directions
(1) Due to the fact that the horizontal action of the earthquakes takes place in two directions, the
structural elements will be placed in plane in a orthogonal system so as to give reasonable
strength and stiffness in two directions. The structural systems may be different in the two
directions.
(2) The lateral stiffness will be enough for restricting the horizontal displacements so as the 2 nd
degree effects and the degradations of the building could be controlled.
(3) For the many-stage buildings the solutions with increased lateral stiffness are recommended, by
28
Collecting the inertia forces and transmitting them to the vertical elements of the structure
Actioning as a horizontal membrane, providing the solidary undertaking of the vertical elements
for taking over the horizontal seismic forces
The membranes organisation, that is the shape, the concrete section and the reinforcement thereof,
of the metallic or wooden elements, as the case may be, should ensure to a large extent the
fulfilment of these roles.
(2) The designing of the floors having irregular structures (irregular shapes and relatively large
holes etc.) and the designing of the floors in irregular structures (lack of uniformity in plane and
on the vertical) will be based upon calculus models able to show clearly enough the behaviour
to earthquake of these elements.
(3) The performance as membranes that are practically infinitely rigid and resistant for forces
applied in their plane of the floors on each level allows certain calculus models structurally
simplified, characterised by the occurrence of only 3 displacements on each level (2
translations and 1 rotation) to be adopted.
4.4.1.7. Execution of a proper foundation (infrastructure)
(1) The structure of the construction foundations and the connection of the construction with the
superstructure should ensure that the entire building is subjected to a seismic excitation as
uniform as possible.
(2) For structures made up of structural walls with different stiffness and strength capabilities, the
infrastructures of rigid and resistant box type or apron type are generally recommendable.
(3) When adopting individual (direct or in depth, through pilots) foundation elements, the use of a
foundation plate (apron) or the provision of tie beams between these elements in both directions
is recommendable.
29
When executing the non-structural elements: covers, cold insulators, blankets, partitioning and
closing walls, balcony railings etc., light materials will be used first. At the same time, the
thickness of the plasters, the equalising blankets, the layers for executing the slopes and the
weight of the ornamental elements on the buildings where they are needed will be reduced.
For the constructions with a high height regime and /or large masses, the use of high strength
concrete in the structural elements, especially in pillars and structural walls, is recommended.
For the roofs of the ground-floor halls with large openings (including the elements of the
lighting apertures and the cowls), solutions of light materials will be applied first.
For the buildings with various functions depending on the height, the activities (functions)
involving large useful loads are recommended to be placed on the lower levels.
4.4.2. Main and secondary structural elements in taking over the seismic forces
(1) Certain structural elements may not be considered as part of the structural system taking over
the seismic forces and be designed as secondary seismic elements. The strength and stiffness of
these elements to lateral forces will be disregarded and they do not have to meet the special
provisions given in Chapters 5-9. On the other hand, these elements and their connections with
the basic seismic structure will be organised in such a way to take over the afferent gravitational
loads for the lateral displacements produced by the most unfavourable seismic straining.
(2) The secondary elements will meet the conditions in the designing codes for structures made up
of various materials.
(3) The lateral stiffness of the secondary elements, of which contribution to the taking over of the
seismic forces is disregarded, will not be higher than 15% of the lateral stiffness of the
structure.
(4) The elements that are not considered as secondary are designed as main seismic elements and
are part of the system that takes over the lateral forces. Their modelling for the calculus
30
method of structural calculus, that may be the simplified procedure of the equivalent lateral
force (directly assessed based on the response spectrum) or the modal calculus procedure
value of the behaviour factor, q, that is lower for the irregular structures, according to the
indications in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Manner of considering the structural regularity on the seismic designing
Case
Regularity
In plane
In elevation
Yes
Yes
2
3
4
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Admitted calculus
simplification
Model
Linear
elastic
calculus
Plane
*Equivalent
lateral force
Plane
Modal
Spatial
Modal
Spatial
Modal
Behaviour factor
Linear elastic calculus
Reference value
Reduced value
Reference value
Reduced value
Note: - * Only if the construction is up to 30 m high and has a period of its own oscillations T < 1,50 s.
- Indications in the table 4.1 on choosing the model and the method of structural calculus correspond to the
minimum admitted calculus level
(4) The reference values for the behaviour factors are given in Chapters 5-9.
(5) The reduction of the behaviour factors for considering the uncertainties on the seismic
behaviour of the irregular structures will be established depending on the degree of this
irregularity. For example, the reference behaviour factor will be reduced by 20% for case 2, and
by 30% for case 4.
4.4.3.2. Criteria for the structural regularity in plane
(1) The construction should be approximately symmetrical in plane compared to 2 orthogonal
directions, as regards the distribution of the lateral stiffness, the strength capabilities and the
masses.
31
(4.1 a)
(4.1 b)
where:
e0x, e0y distance between the stiffness centre and masses centre, measured in normal direction in
the calculus direction
rx, ry square root of the proportion between the structure strength to torsion and the lateral stiffness
in the calculus direction
(6) For the monotonous structures on vertical, the lateral stiffness of the structural components
(frames, walls) may be considered as proportional to a forces system with a simplified
distribution (see section 4.5) producing a unitary displacement to these components at the top of
the construction.
(7) Alternatively to the conditions given in (5), the structure is considered regular, with relatively
low sensitivity to the whole twisting if the maximum displacement, recorded on an extremity of
the building is maximum 1,35 times higher than the average of the displacements of the two
extremities.
4.4.3.3. Criteria for the regularity on vertical
(1) The structural system is developed monotonously on vertical without variations from
foundations up to the top of the building. If there are shrinks on the building height, they do not
exceed, for any level, 20% of the dimension on the immediate lower level.
32
Transmission of the reactions to supports, walls or frameworks through the connection between
these elements and the floor plate;
Collecting the loads applied in the floor mass, for their transmission to the vertical elements;
Taking over the cross forces through the mechanism specific to the wall beams (by spring or
framework activation), including with transversal reinforcements of suspension by the
compressed area of the seismic loads distributed in the floor mass.
33
To be continuous
To be properly connected to the plate (elements) of the floor.
If continuous, the reinforcements in the plate that are parallel to the edge of the floor may also have
this role.
(2) When assessing the tensile stresses in the floor, the effects of the relative ductility (stiffness) of
the vertical elements will be taken into account.
(3) When the floors may not be considered practically infinitely rigid compared to the components
of the lateral structure, as well when the stiffness of the floors is different for the various levels
of the building, the effect of their deformability on the distribution of the lateral forces on the
horizontal and vertical of the building will be taken into account. For this purpose simplified
models of calculus, where the whole structure, including the floors, is represented by a network
of beams, may be used.
(4) For the prominent corners of the reinforced concrete floors having irregular shape, proper
reinforcements will be provided in order to limit the possible dangerous cracks in these areas to
develop in length and opening.
In these areas and the local reduction of the plane dimensions of the floor, the bordering
reinforcement must go well beyond the corner, in order to ensure the engagement of the current
reinforcements of the floor.
Measures with similar role will be also taken for floors made of different materials.
4.4.4.3. Connecting the floors to the elements of the lateral structure
(1) The connection of the floors to the elements of the lateral structure will be dimensioned and
organised so that to be able to transmit the cross forces resulted from the activity as horizontal
membrane. When these forces are excessive, the local thickening of the floor can be used.
(2) This connection is made depending on the concrete way of organising the floor, related to the
encasing systems and the execution technology, through:
-
Reinforcements perpendicular to the plate-wall (beam) interface, properly tied to the reinforced
concrete floors
(3) Connection elements that could also serve to the tie (resting) of certain masonry or concrete
walls on normal forces, to their plane.
4.4.4.4. Collecting the horizontal loads
(1) The behaviour as wall beams of the floors implies certain suspension reinforcements needed
for taking over the tensile stresses from the plate plane, resulted from the distributed
application of the horizontal seismic forces to the floor.
(2) In order to reduce the stresses that are tangential to the floor interface lateral structure, certain
collectors, elements transmitting the mass loads through direct suspension are recommended.
4.4.4.5. Specific measures in floors with large holes
(1) Circulation holes on the vertical in areas where the membrane section is significantly reduced
will be avoided in order to prevent the fracture of thus slack floors.
(2) Bordering elements similar to those at the edge of the floor will be provided around the large
holes. In such cases, the reinforcement of the floor for forces in its plane should be determined
on calculus schemes that consider the slackness produced by the holes.
(3) For the (functional, installations, etc) holes in the floor, the possible effects of the discontinuities
thus created on the way in which the horizontal forces are transmitted from the floor to the
elements of the lateral structure and implicitly on the model of structural calculus will be
analysed. The existence of holes superposed on multiple levels may expose the vertical elements
to the risk of losing the stability or to breaks under normal forces on their plane.
Table 4.2 Classes of importance and exposal to earthquakes for the buildings
Class of
Types of buildings
importance
I
Buildings with essential functions, with an integrity during the earthquakes that is
vital for the civil protection: firemen and police stations; hospitals and other
constructions afferent to the sanitary services that are equipped with surgery and
emergency rooms; the buildings of the institutions responsible with the
management of the emergency situations, the national defence and security;
stations for production and distribution of the energy and/or providing essential
services for the other categories of building mentioned here; vehicle garages of
the various categories of emergency services; water tanks and pumping stations
that are essential for emergency situations; buildings containing toxic gases,
explosives and other dangerous substances.
II
Buildings with a seismic resistance that is important as regards the consequences
associated to the collapse or serious damage:
Dwellings and public buildings with over 400 persons in the total exposed
area
Hospitals, other than those in class I and medical institutions with a capacity
over 150 persons in the total exposed area
Penitentiaries
I
1,4
1,2
35
III
IV
1
0,8
Seismic inertia forces generated by the structure movement produced by the seismic
accelerations on the ground-construction interface;
Seismic forces transmitted by the systems of resting and connecting to the support structure of
the non-structural components, equipment and installations.
(4.2)
where
e1i - accidental eccentricity of the mass on level "i" related to the calculated position of the centre of
the masses, applied in the same direction for all levels
Li dimension of the floor perpendicular to the direction of the seismic action.
4.5.3. Methods of structural calculus
4.5.3.1. General
(1) Depending on the structural characteristics and the importance of the construction, one of the
following calculus methods for the current designing may be used:
-
Method of lateral forces associated to the fundamental vibration mode, for the buildings
complying with the conditions specified in the paragraph 4.4.3,
Modal calculus method with response spectra, generally applicable to all buildings types.
Within the calculus method with lateral forces, the dynamic nature of the seismic action is simply
represented by distributions of static forces. This is why the method is also called equivalent static
method.
(2) Other calculus methods that may apply:
-
(3) Reference method for determining the seismic effects is the modal calculus with response
spectra. The behaviour of the structure is represented by a linear-elastic model and the seismic
action is described by designing response spectra.
(4) Within the linear and non-linear dynamic calculus methods, the seismic action is represented by
accelerograms recorded in various placing conditions and/or artificial accelerograms,
compatible to the specified designing spectra. Mentions on the selection, calibration and use of
the accelerograms are given in Chapter 3.
(5) The non-linear calculus methods may be used if the following are provided: the appropriate
calibration of the designing seismic action; selection of an appropriate constitutive model for the
non-linear behaviour; correct interpretation of the results obtained and check of the
requirements to be met.
(6) For the constructions meeting criteria of regularity in plane and uniformity on the vertical, the
linear seismic calculus may be done considering two plane models oriented to the main
orthogonal directions of the structural assembly.
38
For the constructions with vertical resistance elements oriented in two orthogonal directions, the
respective horizontal directions are considered;
For the other constructions, the main horizontal directions of the whole resistance structure are
chosen (see Appendix C)
4.5.3.2. Method of the equivalent static seismic forces
4.5.3.2.1. General
(1) This method may be applied to the constructions that may be calculated by considering two
plane models in orthogonal directions and with a total seismic response that is not significantly
influenced by the superior specific vibration modes. In this case, the fundamental specific
translation mode has the prominent contribution to the total seismic response.
(2) The requirements in paragraph (1) are considered to be met for the buildings in which;
a) The fundamental periods corresponding to the main horizontal directions are lower than the
value
T 1,5 s
(4.3)
b) The criteria of regularity on the vertical as defined in paragraph 4.4.3.2. are met.
4.5.3.2.2. Basic cross force
(1) The basic cross force corresponding to the fundamental specific mode, for each main horizontal
direction considered in the calculus of the building, is determined as follows:
Fb = ISd(T1) m
(4.4)
39
- correction factor considering the contribution of the fundamental specific mode through the
effective modal mass associated to it, having the following values
= 0,85 if T1 TC and the building has more than two levels and
= 1,0 in the other cases.
(2) The fundamental specific period T1 is determined on the basis of methods of structural dynamic
calculus. Approximate methods, such as the energetic method Rayleigh described in Appendix
B, may be also used.
(3) The fundamental period may be approximately estimated
specified for various categories of structures in Appendix B.
(4.5)
where
F statically equivalent horizontal seismic force on the level "i"
Fb basic cross force corresponding to the fundamental mode, determined using the formula (4.4),
representing the resultant of the level horizontal seismic forces
Si the component of the fundamental form in the direction of the translation dynamic freedom
degree on the level "i"
n number of levels of the building
40
(4.6)
where
zi represents the height of the level "i" to the base of the construction considered in the model.
(3) The horizontal seismic forces are applied to the structural systems as lateral forces on the level
of each floor considered as non-deformable in its plane.
4.5.3.2.4. Torsion effects
(1) The plane models consider the same position for the stiffness centres and the mass centres on
each level. In order to consider the torsion effects produced by their different positions, as well
as the effect of accidental eccentricities, the calculus for the plane model should be corrected by
determining the additional level seismic forces that are distributed to the plane subsystems
constituting the model.
(2) The level seismic forces obtained for the plane models associated to two main orthogonal
directions are distributed to the component plane subsystems in each direction according to the
formula:
- for the direction x of seismic action
j
j
K
K y
j
ix
ix j
F = F + F e
ix p
ix p
ix iy
___
___
\ j
\ j 2 j 2
/__ K
/__ K y + K x
j=1 ix
j=1 ix j iy j
\ j 2 j 2
/__ K y + K x
j=1 ix j iy j
where,
j j
F , F - seismic forces on the level "i" in direction x, respectively y, for plane subsystem j
ix iy
Fix , Fiy - seismic forces on the level "i" in direction x, respectively y, for general plane model
Kjix Kiyj - relative level stiffness of the p vertical elements that constitute the plane subsystem
associated to the direction x, respectively y, calculated considering only the translation displacements of the nondeformable floor.
xj , yj - distances in the direction x, respectively y, defining the position of the plane subsystem
to the stiffness centre on the level i
eix , eiy - distances in the direction x, respectively y, defining the displaced positions of the seismic forces to the
stiffness centre:
eix = e0ix e1ix
eiy = e0iy e1iy
where,
e0ix , e0iy - distances in direction x, respectively y, between the mass and the stiffness centres on the level "i"
e1ix , e1iy - accidental eccentricities in direction x, respectively y, on the level "i", calculated according to the
paragraph 4.5.2.1.
In the above formulas, the axial and torsion stiffness of the vertical resistance elements were
disregarded.
4.5.3.3. Method of modal calculus with response spectra
4.5.3.3.1. General
(1) In the modal calculus method, the seismic action is assessed on the basis of the response spectra
corresponding to the unidirectional translation movements of the ground described by
accelerograms.
(2) The horizontal seismic action is described by two horizontal components assessed on the basis
of the same designing response spectrum. The vertical component of the seismic action is
characterised by the vertical response spectrum.
(3) This calculus method applies to buildings that do not meet the conditions specified for the use
of the simplified method with statically equivalent lateral forces. For the constructions meeting
the criteria of regularity in plane and the criteria of vertical uniformity, the calculus may be
done using two plane structural models corresponding to the main orthogonal horizontal
directions.
(4) The buildings that do not meet the criteria above will be calculated using spatial models.
(5) When using a spatial model, the seismic action will be applied in the relevant horizontal
directions and the main orthogonal directions. For the buildings with resistance elements placed
in two perpendicular directions, they may be considered as relevant directions. Generally, the
main directions correspond to the direction of the basic cross force associated to the
fundamental translation vibration mode and the normal in this direction.
42
The sum of the effective modal masses for the specific modes considered represents at least
90% from the total mass of the structure,
All specific modes with an effective modal mass larger than 5% from the total mass were
considered into the calculus.
(9) The basic cross force F(b,k) applied in the direction of action of the seismic movement in the
specific vibration mode k is
Fb,k = I Sd(Tk) mk
(4.8)
mk is the effective modal mass associated to the specific vibration mode k and is determined using the formula
n
2
___
/__ m s
i=1 i i,k
m =
(4.9)
k
n
___
\
2
/__ m s
i=1 i i,k
where
mi - level mass
Tk - specific period in the specific vibration mode k
si,k - component of the specific vector in the vibration mode k in the direction of the translation dynamic freedom
degree on the level "i"
The sum of all effective modal masses (for all directions and all vibration modes) is equal to the
mass of the structure.
(10)For the spatial models, the condition (8) above will be checked for each calculus direction. In
the Appendix C, there are details on the modal calculus considering the spatial behaviour.
(11)When the conditions in paragraph (8) can not be met (for example, for buildings with a
significant contribution of the torsion modes), the minimum number r of specific modes to be
included in a spatial calculus should meet the following conditions:
43
r 3 \n
and
Tr 0,05 Tc
(4.10)
where
r minimum number of specific modes to be considered
n number of levels above the ground
Tr specific vibration period of the last vibration mode considered r
4.5.3.3.2. Combination of the modal responses
(1) The modal responses for two consecutive specific vibration modes, k and k+1 are considered as
independent if the specific vibration periods Tk i Tk+1 (where Tk+1 Tk) meet the following
condition:
Tk+1 0,9 Tk
(4.11)
For the maximum modal responses, independent between them, the maximum total effect is
obtained with the modal composing formula
2
E =\
E \
E,k
(4.12)
where
EE - effect of the seismic action (sectional stress, displacement)
EEk - effect of the seismic action in the vibration mode k
(2) Where the condition in paragraph (1) is not met, other rules of superposing the modal
maximums (for example, affected quadratic combination, algebraic summation of the successive
modal responses etc.) will be considered.
4.5.3.3.3. Effects of the accidental torsion
Where a spatial model is used in order to obtain the seismic response, the torsion effect produced by
an accidental eccentricity may be considered by entering a torsion moment on each level
M1i = e1i Fi
(4.13)
where
M1i torsion moment applied on the level "i" about its vertical axis
44
A uniform distribution, with lateral forces that are proportional to the mass irrespectively of the
building height (uniform response acceleration), for the assessment of the maximum cross
forces;
A modal distribution, in which the conventional lateral seismic forces are determined by
elastic calculus (according to 4.5.3.2 or 4.5.3.3), for the determination of the maximum bending
moments.
(2) The lateral loads will be applied to the points where the masses are concentrated in the model.
46
(4.14)
(4.15)
where
"+" means "to be combined with",
EEdx represents the effects of the action due to the application of the seismic movement in the
direction of the horizontal axis x chosen for the structure,
48
(4.16)
(4.17)
(4.18)
where
"+" means "to be combined with",
EEdx and EEdy see 4.5.3.6.1(3),
EEdz represent the effects of the action due to the application of the vertical component of the
designing seismic action as defined in Chapter 3.
4.5.4. Calculus of the deformations
49
(4.19)
where
ds - displacement of a point in the structural system as effect of the seismic action
q behaviour factor specific to the structure type (see Chapters 5..9)
de - displacement of the same point in the structural system, determined through elastic static
calculus under designing seismic loads (Chapter 3)
v reduction factor that considers the recurrence period of the seismic action associated to the
checks for SLS (see 2.1 and 2.2); v values are given in Appendix E.
(3) Calculus of the lateral displacements for ULS is made using the formula
ds = c q de
(4.20)
where
c supra-unitary factor considering that the displacement requirements within the non-elastic
seismic response are superior to those in the elastic response for structures having the oscillation
period less than Tc; c values are given in Appendix E.
(4) The values of the displacements ds for SLS and ULS can also be obtained from the linear and
non-linear, respectively, dynamic calculus.
4.6. Safety check
4.6.1. General
The safety check is done by the conditions specific to the relevant limit states and by observing the
specific measures as mentioned in 2.2.4
4.6.2. Ultimate limit state
4.6.2.1. General
The requirements associated to the ultimate limit state are considered to be met if the conditions on
strength, ductility and stability are met.
4.6.2.2. Strength condition
(1) The following formula will be observed for all structural and non-structural elements:
Ed Rd
(4.21)
50
Ed is the designing value of the effect (see 3.3) of the action (sectional stress), in the combination
containing the seismic action, considering also the effects of 2nd degree, when significant.
Rd the value corresponding to the capable stress, calculated on the basis of the rules specific to the
various materials (depending on the specific values of the strengths and partial safety factors) and
the mechanic models specific to the structural system type, according to Chapters 5-9 and codes
specific to the various materials.
(2) The effects of 2nd degree may be considered as insignificant if the following condition is met on
all levels:
Ptot dr
= 0,10
Vtot h
(4.22)
where:
(4.23)
where:
EF,G the effect of the action (sectional stress) in the non-seismic loads, included in the combination
of actions considered in the calculus on earthquake
EF,E effect of the action (sectional stress) in the designing seismic loads
Rd over-resistance factor, equal to 1 for q 3, and 1,15 for the other situations
- value (Rdi/Edi) q in the dissipative area of the element i of the structure having the largest
influence on the stress EF considered, and
52
For the pillars and walls foundation, is determined as a value of the proportion of the
moments MRd/MEd in the cross section on the base of the plastic area
For the foundations of the frameworks pillars with centric bracing, is the minimum value of
the proportion of the axial forces NRd/NEd, determined for all strained diagonals
For the foundations of the pillars with eccentric bracing, is the minimum value of the
proportion of the cross forces VRd/VEd determined for all sheared dissipative areas or the
proportion of the bending moments MRd/MEd determined in all dissipative areas.
(5) For foundations that are common to several vertical elements (foundations beams, aprons or
infrastructures of box type), the formula (EFd = EF,G + Rd EF,E) applies to the base of all
vertical elements, considering Rd = 1.
4.6.2.5. Lateral displacement conditions
(1) The check of the structure on the ultimate limit state should also consider the confinement of the
lateral displacements for:
-
Limiting the structural degradations in order to provide a reasonable safety margin to the lateral
displacement producing the collapse
Avoiding the collapse of non-structural elements that could jeopardise the people lives
Limiting the 2nd degree effects that, if excessive, could lead to the loss of the structures stability
Avoiding or limiting the effects of the collision between the neighbouring buildings, when the
dimensions of the seismic joints may not be whatever large.
(2) The checks of the lateral displacements provided in (1) are not needed for the constructions
placed in the seismic areas, characterised by values ag 0,12 g. at the same time, this check is
not needed for the constructions under the influence of the crust earthquakes in Banat area.
(4) For the buildings with structural walls, with firm lateral stiffness (as a guide, having its own
oscillation period 0,8 sec.) it is thought that the lateral displacements are low enough to meet
the conditions given in (1).
(5) The check of the lateral displacements is performed according to the procedure given in
Appendix E.
4.6.2.6. Seismic joints
(1) The seismic joints are provided in order to separate the construction bodies having different
dynamic features and to allow them to independently oscillate under the action of the seismic
53
Have very different lateral resistance (for example, when a new construction is placed in the
proximity of an old construction with high seismic vulnerableness);
Have eccentric positions to each other (the main vertical planes perpendicular to the joint are
relatively spaced out);
the joint width is dimensioned under the condition that during the earthquake the sections separated
by joints are not affected by collision when they would oscillate out of phase;
(4) The necessary joints width defined in (3) is determined using the formula:
= d1 + d2 + 20 mm
(4.24)
where
- necessary width of the seismic joint
d1, d2 maximum displacements of the two sections under the action of the horizontal seismic loads
on the upper ends of the building body having the lower height, which displacements are calculated
accordingly.
(5) Choosing joints with dimensions lower than the values obtained by applying the formula (4.24)
is admitted if:
(a) The impact forces resulted form a dynamic calculus are taken into account when dimensioning
the two sections;
(b) Damping devices (buffers, springs etc.) with features and positions determined by a proper
dynamic calculus are placed into the joints.
(6) When choosing the position of the joints, it is intended that the sections on the ends of the
buildings bearing the maximum shock have, compared to the intermediate sections, an increased
mass (including by providing additional spans) and/or an increased capacity of resistance for
limiting the additional negative effects in these building bodies.
(7) The dimensions of the joints established according to paragraphs (4) and (5) are also valid for
the finish elements. When elements for masking the joint are chosen, they will be chosen in
such a way to not significantly influence the oscillations of the neighbouring building bodies,
54
(4.25)
(b) For buildings having non-structural elements fixed in such a way that do not affect the structural
deformations or having non-structural elements with high deformability
v dr 0,008 h
(4.26)
where
dr relative level displacement
h level height
v reduction factor considering the recurrence period of the seismic action associated to the service
limit state; the values v are given in Appendix E.
4.7. Synthesis of designing methods
(1) Depending on the importance of the construction and more generally, on the exigencies imposed
regarding its seismic performance, the designing process may be organised in two general
calculation methods referred to as method A and method B.
(2) The two methods differ mainly by the indirect, implicit (for method A) and direct, explicit (for
55
56
Designing
method
Calculus
method
Modelling the
seismic action
0
1
1
Method A
2
Linear
static (LS)
3
conventional
forces distributed
according to a law
that is similar to
the distribution of
the inertia forces
in
the
linear
seismic response
current
designing
method
Linear
dynamic
(LD)
accelerograms
linear (L)
dynamic (D)
b) spatial (SP)
a) plane (PL)
Establishment of
dimensioning sectional
stresses
7
- the values of the stresses
on the ends of certain
elements of the structure
change depending on the
values resulted from the
structural calculus, in order
to impose the plastifying
mechanism wanted
- the stress diagrams on the
structural elements are
those associated to the
plastifying mechanism
56
1
2
Method B
Non-linear
Method based static
on
the (NLS)
consideration
of
the
deformation
properties of
the structure
3
conventional
forces distributed
according to a law
that is similar to
the distribution of
the inertia forces
in the seismic
response
4
Non-linear (NL)
5
Static (S)
6
a) plane (PL)
Dynamic
non-linear
(DNL)
accelerograms
8
The following will be
established:
a) mechanism of
plastifying the structure
(under the considered
hypothesis on the
distribution of the
horizontal forces)
b) spatial (SP)
4
7
-
Non-linear (NL)
Dynamic (D)
a) plane (PL)
b) spatial (SP)
b) deformation and
ductility capacities of the
structure
The following will be
established:
a) mechanism of
plastifying the structure
b) structure displacement
and ductility requirements
in the plastic joints
57
q
H ductility class
5 u/ 1
4 u/ 1
3,0
3,0
M ductility class
3,5 u/ 1
3,0
2,0
2,0
(2) In the case of the irregular buildings, the q values in the Table 5.1 are reduced according to
4.4.3.3.
(3) u/1 introduces the influence of some of the factors the over-resistance structure of which is
due, especially the construction redundancy.
(4) u/ 1 may be determined from the non-linear static calculation for constructions in the same
category, as a value of the proportion between the structure capable lateral force (reached when a
sufficient number of plastic hinges formed, being able to make the structure almost similar with the
cinematic mechanism situation) and the lateral force corresponding to reaching the resisting
capacity of the first element of the structure (occurrence of the first plastic hinge).
The upper limit of the value of the proportion u/ 1.
(5) For the common cases, the following approximate values of the u/ 1 proportion may be
adopted:
(a) For frames or dual structures systems with prevailing frames:
- buildings with one level: u/ 1= 1.15;
- buildings with more levels and only one opening: u/ 1= 1.25;
- buildings with more levels and more openings: u/ 1= 1.35;
(b) For structural walls systems and prevailing walls dual systems:
- structures having only 2 walls in each direction: u/ 1= 1.0;
- structures having more walls: u/ 1= 1.15;
- structures having coupled walls and dual structures with prevailing walls: u/ 1= 1.25.
60
(5.1)
where:
MRc designing values sum of the capable moments of the pillars; they
are considered as minimum values, corresponding to the possible
variation of axial forces in the loads combination if the seismic
action;
MRb - designing values sum of the capable moments of the beams composing
the multiple-joint;
(2) The formula (5.1) will be met in the two main bending planes. Both directions of the actions of
the moments in the beams around the multiple joint (clockwise and counterclockwise direction) are
considered, the directions of the pillar moments being always opposite to the beams moments. If the
frame type structure is developed only in one of the directions, the relation satisfaction (5.1) is
verified only for that direction.
(3) The check of the formula (5.1) is not necessary for:
- multi-stage constructions;
- last level of the multi-stage constructions;
- first level of the 2 staged constructions, if the normalised value of the axial force v d 0,3 in all the
pillars.
Note: The objective of imposing the energy dissipation mechanism intended may be also reached if instead of verifying
the condition (5.1) for each multiple joint, pillars are dimensioned at the moments values
M(R)B
MEdc = Rd M'(Edc) , where the sums of the capable moments in the beams M(R)B and the moments in
M'Edb
the beams as resulted from the structural calculation M'Edb refers to the ends of all the openings at the level taken into
consideration. M'Edc is the moment of a pillar as resulted from the structural moment under the designing seismic loads.
(4) In the case of walls structures, the uncertainties connected to the stress distribution in the non
62
Walls system
Dual system
FIGURE 5.1
(5) The dimensioning stresses (bending moments) may be re-distributed between the structure
vertical elements within the 30% limit, and between the horizontal elements within the 20% limit,
based on the high plastic deformation capacity reached by applying the measures provided in the
code.
Following the re-distribution, the summed values of the stresses must not be lower than the values
obtained from the structural calculus.
5.2.3.3.3. Avoiding the non-ductile fracture
(1) By dimensioning and composing the reinforced concrete structure elements, premature nonductile fracture will be avoided; they might hinder the mobilisation of the mechanism designed to
dissipate the energy. The assurance against such types of breaking will be superior compared to the
one against the bending moment, with or without axial force. With this purpose there will be
avoided:
(a) Fracture in bent sections due to the cross force action;
(b) Shifts caused by the sliding force along pre-fissured planes, ex: working joints at monolith
elements or joints between the prefabricated elements and the concrete poured over;
(c) Loss of the reinforcements anchorage and degrading of the adherence with the concrete at the
steel reinforcements in the binding areas;
(d) Cracking of areas subjected to strain, reinforced bellow the level corresponding to the cracking
stress sections.
63
(5.2)
(5.3)
where:
66
5.3.3.3. Pillars
(1) The values of the bending moments and the axial forces are determined according to 5.3.3.1(1).
(2) The designing values of the cross forces are determined from the pillar balance at each level,
bellow the moments at the ends corresponding, to each direction of seismic action, to the formation
of the plastic hinge occurring in the beams or pillars connected in the multiple joint.
(3) The moment on the ends is determined as follows:
MRb
Mdc,i = Rd MRc,i min 1,
MRc
(5.4)
where:
Rd a factor that introduces the effect of the steel reinforcement and the concrete hooping in the compressed areas:
Rd = 1,3 for the level on the base of construction and
Rd = 1,2 for the rest of levels.
MRc,i designing value of the capable moment at the end i, corresponding to the direction as considered.
MRc and MRb have the meanings given in 5.3.3.2. The values of the capable moments in the pillars are determined on
the basis of the axial forces values in the situation corresponding to the direction considered of the seismic action.
(5.5)
(5.6)
where:
As1, As2 reinforcements areas of the upper and lower parts of the beams;
Vc the pillar cross force, corresponding to the situation considered (see 5.3.3.3(2) and (3));
Vjhd over-resistance factor, equal to 1,2.
67
(5.7)
where:
V'Ed cross force resulted from the structural calculus for the designing seismic loads;
the relation between the value of the overturning moment (capable moment), calculated on the
superstructure base, associated to the wall plastifying mechanism (or coupled walls) and the value
of the overturning moment resulted from the calculation for the designing seismic loads; when
evaluating the capable moments an over-resistance coefficient Rd = 1,1 will be considered.
amplification coefficient, introducing the effect of vibration superior modes; = 1,2
(3) When dimensioning the cross forces of the walls composing dual structures, the curve diagram
in fig. 5.2 will be used, in order to take into account the vibration upper modes effects.
In the fig. 5.2, the diagram (a) represents the values of the cross forces obtained from the structural
calculus on the designing seismic forces, while the diagram (b) is the one associated to the
plastifying mechanism (capable overturning moment).
Note: Alternatively, in order to determine the designing values of the cross force in the walls, instead of provisions in
(2) and (3) the proceedings in the Designing Code for Constructions with Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls CR2-11.1:2006 may apply.
Figure 5.2
5.3.3.6. Specific provisions for short walls
(1) In the case of walls with height/length Hw/lw proportion 2, the designing values of the
68
(5.8)
where the values MRd and MEd are determined on the walls foot.
Note: More rigorous proceedings may be used to determine the designing values of the cross forces, regardless of their
proportions, given in the code CR2-1-1.1:2006.
(5.9)
Minimum value 4 of the reinforcement coefficient has to be observed for the entire opening of the
beam.
69
(5.10)
(5.11)
where hc is the largest dimension of the pillar section, and lcl is the free height.
(6) If lcl/hc < 3, the entire length of the beams is considered as a critical area and will be reinforced
70
(5.12)
where b0 is the minimum side of the useful section (placed in the interior of the perimeter cross-tie),
and dbL is the minimum diameter of the longitudinal members;
The last condition will be replaced on the pillar base (in the theoretical embedding section)
provided that s 6 dbL.
(b) The distance under section between the consecutive members of the cross-tie angle or fixed with
clamps will not be larger than 200 mm.
(10) On the first two levels of the buildings with more than 5 floors and on the first level in the case
of lower buildings, at the base and beyond the critical area cross-ties more frequent as number will
be provided for a distance equal half its length.
5.3.4.2.3. Frame multiple joints
(1) Inclined compression force that occurred in the multiple joint by the compressed diagonal
mechanism will not exceed the compression strength of the concrete transversally stressed at strain.
(2) Except for using a more rigorous model, the requirement in (1) is deemed as satisfied if:
(a) on the internal multiple joints:
vd
Vjhd eta\ 1 - bj hc fcd
\
(5.13)
where eta = 0,6(1 - f(ck)/250), v(d) is the normalised axial force in the pillar above, and f(ck) is in
MPa.
(b) at the external multiple joints:
vd
Vjhd <= 0,8 \ 1 - bj hc fcd
\
(5.14)
where:
71
(5.15)
(3) In the multiple joints, reasonable transversal reinforcing will be provided ensuring its integrity,
after the bent fissuration. With this purpose, the transversal reinforcement Ash, will be dimensioned
based on the following relations:
(a) on internal multiple joints:
Ash fywd 0,8 (As1 + As2) fyd (1 - 0,8 vd)
(5.16a)
(5.16b)
In the formulas (5.16a) and (5.16b), vd correspond to the lower pillar axial force. Such relations are
valid, if beams composing multiple joints exist in transversal direction. Otherwise, the coefficient
0,8 will be increased to 1.
(4) Horizontal cross-ties as calculated by (5.16a) and (5.16b) will be distributed uniformly on the
multiple joints height. In the case of external multiple joints, the cross-ties will comprise the bent
ends of the longitudinal reinforcements within the beam.
(5) The vertical longitudinal reinforcement Asv passing through the multiple joint, including the
pillar longitudinal reinforcement, will be at least:
Asv 2/3 Ash (hjc/hjw])
(5.17)
where:
hjw - interaxial distance between the reinforcements on the upper and lower parts of the beams;
hjc - interaxial distance between the marginal reinforcements of the beams.
(6) The horizontal reinforcement of the multiple joints shall not be smaller than the transversal
reinforcement thickened in the critical areas of the pillar.
5.3.4.3. Ductile walls
5.3.4.3.1. Resistance to bending and cross force
(1) In order to calculate the walls in their limit status to bending, with the axial force SR EN 199211 completed by CR2-1-1.1:2006, is used as a reference regulating document.
(2) Walls calculation for the cross force in bent sections and for sliding in horizontal joints will be
made according to CR2-1-1.1:2006.
5.3.4.3.2. Meeting the local ductility requirements*)
72
(5.18)
limitations:
(5.19)
where hs is the skylight of the floor and the base is defined as the upper level of the foundation or
the infrastructure.
(3) The height of the compressed area in the walls sections shall not be superior to:
xu 0,10 (+ 2) lw
(5.20)
The condition (5.20) represents also the criterion of pressure bulbs or compression booms on the
free ends of the walls sections.
(4) When the need of pressure bulbs results from applying the condition (5.20), the pressure bulb
thickness will be at least hs/10, and its length at least equal to twice the wall core thickness bw0, and
at least 0,10 wall length, lw.
(5) If the condition (5.20) are not met, special measures are provided in order to confine the
compressed areas, according to paragraph (7).
(6) In the critical areas, measures will be taken in order to avoid the loss of the lateral steadiness. In
common cases, such requirement is met by providing a wall thickness without pressure bulb on its
ends hs/10.
(7) When the formula (5.20) is not met, a special confinement reinforcement will be provided for a
distance of at least xu/2 from the most compressed margin of the section. The confinement
reinforcement section Awh, towards each direction will be set on the grounds of the following
relation:
fcd
Awh = 0,10 sb0 (0,5 + xu/lw)
fywd
(5.21)
where:
73
(5.22)
(5.23)
If in the end areas of the sections the longitudinal reinforcement coefficient 2/fyd (N/mm2) then
the distance between the cross-ties will not exceed 6dbL.
5.4. Designing of the elements in the average ductility class (M)
5.4.1. Conditions concerning the materials
(1) For the execution of the main seismic elements, at least C 16/20 class of concrete will be used.
(2) The structural elements are reinforced only with profiled steel bars. Closed cross-ties and
clamps for the transversal reinforcement are excepted from that.
(3) In the critical areas of the main elements, steel with specific elongations, corresponding to the
maximum unit strain of at least 5% will be used.
5.4.2. Geometry conditions
5.4.2.1. Beams
5.3.2.1. will apply, except for the provision in the last paragraph (3).
5.4.2.2. Pillars
5.3.2.2. will apply.
5.4.2.3. Ductile walls
5.3.2.3. will apply.
5.4.3. Designing stress
5.4.3.1. General
5.3.3.1. will apply
74
(5.26)
5.4.4.2. Pillars
5.4.4.2.1. Resistance to bending and cross force
5.3.4.2.1. will apply.
5.4.4.2.2. Ensuring the local ductility
75
(5.27)
(5.28)
where b0 is the minimum side of the useful section (placed in the interior of the perimeter cross-tie),
and dbL is the minimum diameter of the longitudinal members;
(b) The distance under section between the consecutive members of the cross-tie angle or fixed with
clamps will not be larger than 250 mm.
5.4.4.3. Frame multiple joints
(1) The confinement horizontal reinforcement in the frame multiple joints of the main seismic
elements will be at least equal to the one arranged in the adjacent critical areas of the pillars
concurrent in the multiple joint, except for the cases provided in the paragraph (2).
(2) If within the multiple joints beams enter on all the 4 sides and their width is at least equal to 3/4
of the pillar width as parallel to the crossing section of the beam, the distance between the
horizontal cross-ties may be double given the value provided in the paragraph (1), but not exceeding
150 mm.
(3) A least a vertical middle traverse must be provided (between the members at the pillar angles)
on each side of the multiple joint.
5.4.4.4. Flexible walls
76
(b) absence of contact between the filling walls and the beams bottom face, consequently to the
improper execution, which determines the concentration of the diagonal action of the compressed
diagonal over the pillars ends;
(c) production of some behaviour conditions of the short pillar type or short beam type,
78
(4) In order to diminish the negative effects of the structure-masonry panels interaction, when they
are due to the resistance capacity relatively high of the panels, solutions implying the fragmentation
of such panels or adopting flexible links between the structure and the structure may be also
considered.
(5) In order to consider the uncertainties related to the effects of the interaction between the
structure and the filling panel, the following will be considered as critical areas:
(a) both ends of the pillar in contact with the masonry panels.
(b) the entire length of the pillars at the first floor;
(c) the entire length of the pillars, where the panel is provided with a window or door gaps, adjacent
to the pillar;
(d) the entire length when the filling walls are placed only on one side of the pillars (as happens at
the corner and marginal pillars).
(6) In the case of a pillar adjacent to a gap in the filling panel, the following measures will be
additionally taken:
(a) The designing cross force in the pillars is determined by considering a calculus model with
plastic hinges developed on the two extremities of the gap. For the pillars of the flexibility class H,
the designing capable moments multiply by a coefficient Rd = 1,3;
(b) The transversal reinforcement of cross force is provided on the gap distance, plus a length equal
to hc (pillar section) in the area of contact with the masonry;
(c) If the pillar length not coming in contact with the filling panel is shorter than 1,5 h c, the cross
force will be taken over by bent reinforcements.
5.7. Provisions for designing the concrete floors
(1) The reinforced concrete boards may achieve the horizontal role for loads applied in their plane,
if they have thickness of at least 80 mm and are reinforced to be able to take over the stresses from
the vertical and horizontal loads.
(2) The diaphragm floors may be also executed as mixed elements: from prefabricated slabs by
concrete poured over, provided that the two concrete layers are properly connected.
(3) Calculation of the stresses in the diaphragm will be made based on the provisions given in the
regulations specific to the various structure types (ex: CR2-1-1.1:2006) while their dimensioning
based on the provisions of SR EN 1992-11, as a reference regulatory document.
(4) For the floors belonging to the reinforced structures of concrete walls in the ductility class H, the
transmission of the horizontal forces from the diaphragms to the wall will be checked. It implies the
following:
(a) Limiting the shearing unit stresses on the wall-diaphragm interface at the value 1,5 fctd.
(b) Providing a connecting reinforcing, dimensioned based on a diagonal model 45 o inclined or the
79
Behaviour factor q
q 4,0
2,0 q4,0
q = 1,0
(4) Structures that do not meet at least one of the compliance and flexibility conditions belong to the
concept (b), as provided in 6.2-6.11. The stresses and deformations condition is evaluated based on
a calculus in the elastic range, considering q = 1,0 (see Table 6.1).
In order to evaluate the elements and joining strength the SR EN 1993-1 2 standards collection is
used as a reference regulating document, without any supplementary requirements.
Behaviour factor values 1.0 < q < 2.0 may be adopted only when this can be theoretically and/or
experimentally justified.
6.1.3. Safety checking
When designing, the possibility that the effective yield point of the steel is superior to the nominal
yield point (fy) is taken into account by introducing an amplifying coefficient (over-resistance) of
the yield point 0v = 1,25.
6.2. Conditions regarding the materials
(1) The steel employed must comply to the regulating documents in 6.1.1.(5).
(2) The proportion between the fracture strength "fu" and the yielding minimum strength "fy" will be
at least 1,20, and the elongation at fracture will be at least 20%. Steels used in the structural
elements having a dissipative role will have a distinct yielding plateau, with the specific yielding on
the end of the yielding plateau of at least 1,5%.
Designing yielding limit steel fy 350 N/mm2 can be employed only if the material plastic
properties are attested by experimental trials.
(3) Iron plate elements with thickness superior to 16 mm, strained by tension stress, perpendicular
on their plane, will be ultrasonically controlled on the entire area thus stressed. Traction trials will
be made on the thickness direction (SR EN 10 002-1) of the pieces in the beam-pillar rigid joining
areas.
(4) The screw joining of the seismic structures will be designed with highly resistant bolts in the
groups 8.8 and 10.9.
(5) In the cases of beam-pillar fixing with end board, highly resistant bolts will be employed. When
mounting them, the pre-tensioning will be ensured using a stress of 50% of the pre-tensioning stress
prescribed for the joining working by friction.
(6) Anchor bolts of the pillars in the foundations will be made of steel in the quality groups 4.6, 5.6,
81
(9) The maximum thickness of the elements depending on the steel brand, the value KV of the
fracture energy (in J), the reference maximum temperature T(Ed), (for a 50 years tempering period)
and the maximum tension stress sigma(Ed) in service limit state in the strained or bent elements
is given in the Table 6.2.
Steel brand
(SR EN 10025+A1
SR EN 10210-1)
Quality
Energy
Charpy KV
10
On T[0C]
JR
20
J0
0
S275
J2
-20
JR
20
J0
0
J2
-20
M,N
-20
S355
ML,NL
-50
JR
20
J0
0
J2
-20
K2,M,N
-20
ML,NL
-50
2
fy(t)= fy-0,25 t [N/mm ]; sheet thickness t in mm
S235
Jmin
27
27
27
27
27
27
40
27
27
27
27
40
27
60
90
125
55
75
110
135
185
40
60
90
110
155
0
50
75
105
45
65
95
110
160
35
50
75
90
130
-10
-20
-30
ED =0,75 fy(t)
40
35
30
60
50
40
90
75
60
35
30
25
55
45
35
75
65
55
95
75
65
135
110
95
25
20
15
40
35
25
60
50
40
75
60
50
110
90
75
-40
-50
25
35
50
20
30
45
55
75
15
20
35
40
60
20
30
40
15
25
35
45
65
10
15
25
35
50
Ed Maximum tension stress of the strained or bent elements under the service limit state
(10) The steel and welded joining fracture energy KV will be at least 27 J at the minimum reference
temperature, considered in the loads grouping which includes the seismic action. Such values will
be registered in the execution plans.
6.3. Structure types and behaviour factors
6.3.1. Structure types
(1) The metallic constructions will be categorised in one of the following structural types,
depending on the resistance structure behaviour under the seismic action (see Table 6.3):
82
Structure types
a)
-
Ductility class
H
M
u
5 -----------
2,5
multistaged structures
u
5 -----------
4
84
2,5
1,2
u
5 -----------
2 -----------
u
4 -----------
4
85
1
- dissipative areas in the non-braced frames and the dissipative members
5 -----------
2) The calculation of the structure is achieved assuming that all the structures elements are active,
except for the structures with centric braced frames, with X diagonals or alternating, to which, if no
non-linear calculation is made, the compressed diagonal is considered as non participating at the
undertaking of the seismic action.
6.5. Rules of dissipative behaviour of the structures
6.5.1. General
(1) Designing criteria given in 6.5.2 are applied to areas or bars/members of structures designed
according to the concept of dissipative behaviour against seismic action.
(2) Designing criteria given in 6.5.2 are satisfied if the rules given in 6.5.3-6.5.5 are observed.
6.5.2. Designing criteria for dissipative structures
(1) The structures with dissipative areas must be designed so that the sections plastifying, the local
steadiness loss or other phenomena caused by hysteretic behaviour do not lead to the loss of the
general steadiness of the structure.
(2) The elements composing the sections of the dissipative areas must meet the conditions of
flexibility and resistance.
(3) The dissipative areas will be placed only in the structure bars, avoiding the occurrence of plastic
hinges in the joining.
(4) The dissipative areas, the non-dissipative elements and the dissipative areas joining to the rest of
the structure must have a reasonable reserve of resistance in order to allow the development of the
cyclic plastifying only in the potentially plastic (dissipative) areas
6.5.3. Designing rules for the dissipative elements subjected to compression and/or bending
(1) A reasonable ductility must be provided to the elements dissipating energy by working against
compression and/or bending, by limiting the section walls yielding, according to the cross sections
classes as defined in the Appendix F.
(2) The correlation between the structure global capacity to dissipate the energy (flexibility class),
expressed by the q behaviour factor and the local flexibility of the elements expressed by sections
classes (see Appendix F) is indicated in the Table 6.4.
Table 6.4 Relation between the section class and the q behaviour factor of the structure
86
Behaviour factor q
q > 4,0
2,0 < q 4,0
q = 1,0
Section class
class 1
class 2 or 1
class 3, 2 or 1
(6.1)
where:
Rd joining strength (corresponding to the stress mode to which it is subjected). For the calculation
of Rd , SR EN 1993-1-82 is used as a reference regulating document;
Rfy the plastic strength of the dissipative element to be joined (corresponding to the stress mode to
which it is subjected), according to 6.6.2, 6.7.3 and 6.8.2, using the designing yield point of the
steel
0v according to 6.1.3(1) ;
(4) Bolts joining stressed in the joining plan (bolts subject to shearing) will be made with highly
resistant bolts (group 8.8 or 10.9) pre-tensioned, while the stresses are transmitted by friction. As
presented in SR EN 1993-1-82, joints in the categories B (hindered sliding at the service limit state)
and C (hindered sliding at the ultimate limit state) are admitted. The surfaces of the pieces in
contact will be processed aiming to frame them in the classes A (friction coefficient 0,5) or B
(friction coefficient 0,4) as they are described in SR EN 1090-2, a reference regulating
document ca document.
(5) The bolts joints, stressed perpendicularly on the joining plane (bolts that are tension stressed)
will be made with pre-tensioned highly resistant bolts (group 8.8 or 10.9). Joints in the E category
(SR EN 1993-1-82) are allowed.
(6) The bolts joints subjected to complex stresses (in the joining plane and perpendicularly on the
joining plane) will be made with pre-tensioned highly resistant bolts (groups 8.8 and 10.9). B and C
categories of joining are allowed (SR EN 1993-1-82), the surfaces of the pieces in contact will be
processed aiming to frame them in the classes A or B. However it is recommended that constructive
measures should be taken in order to avoid the complex stresses of the joints (ex. Seats
87
(6.2)
NEd
0,15
Npl,Rd
(6.3)
VEd
0,5
Vpl,Rd
(6.4)
where:
VEd = VEd,G + VEd,M
(6.5)
NEd, MEd, VEd are the designing stresses, respectively the axial force, the bending moment and the
designing cross force within the loads grouping which includes the seismic action;
Npl,Rd, Mpl,Rd, Vpl,Rd are the designing plastic (capable) stresses of the section ;
Npl,Rd = Afy ;
Mpl,Rd = Wplfy;
s \3
NOTE: The coefficient s is the coefficient m of the standard: STAS 10108/0-78.
(4) On the ends of the potentially plastic areas, both compression booms of the beams will be
laterally directly or indirectly supported. Additionally, lateral supports will be placed in the areas
where the concentrated forces apply and in other places where the structure calculation shows the
possibility that a plastic hinge is possible to occur.
(5) Lateral supports, adjacent to the potentially plastic areas must take over a lateral force equal to
0,06 0v fy tf b. The other lateral supports will be calculated against a force equal to 0,02 0v fy tf b.
(6) In order to direct the plastic hinges into the beam, next to the beam-pillar joint (see Appendix F),
the compression booms may be reduced (by slope junctions of 1:3-1:5) by up to 35% for a length of
1,5 hw, (hw being the beam core height). The sectional area thus reduced will be bordered by
crossing stiffening placed on both faces of the core. The reduced section will be checked in the
elastic range at its ultimate limit state against the stresses resulted from the loads grouping (3.21)
and (3.22).
6.6.3. Pillars
(1) The pillars will be checked taking into consideration the most unfavourable combination of axial
force and bending moment. During checking, the stresses NEd, MEd, VEd are calculated with the
following formulas:
NEd = NEd,G + 1,1 0v M NEd,E
MEd = MEd,G + 1,1 0v M MEd,E
VEd = VEd,G + 1,1 0v M VEd,E
(6.6)
where:
NEd,G, MEd,G, VEd,G - axial stress, bending moment and cross force in the pillar in the non-seismic
actions contained in the loads grouping that includes the seismic action;
90
(2) In order to check the pillars resistance and steadiness, SR EN 1993-1-1 2 is used as a reference
regulating document.
(3) Pillar cross force VEd, resulted from the structure calculation shall satisfy the following
condition:
VEd
0,5
Vpl,Rd
(6.7)
(4) The stresses transfer from the beams to the pillars is made supposing that the beam-pillar joint is
rigid.
91
(6.8)
where:
Vwp,Ed - cross force value in the panel, calculated in dependence of the plastic resistance of the
dissipative areas of the adjacent beams;
Mpl,Rd,i + Mpl,Rd,j
Vwp,Ed =
hw
(6.9)
(6.10)
where:
twp - panel core thickness
(panel core thickness and the folding plates, if they are used, see fig. 6.3);
ds - total height of the section (core + compression booms);
bs - pillar compression booms width;
tf - pillar compression boom thickness;
d - total height of the beam section (core + compression booms) ;
hw - beam core height;
92
folding plates
folding plates
Figure 6.3 Core panel framed by folding plates
(6) The thickness of the pillars cores and the folding plates (fig. 6.3), when needed, will satisfy the
following condition:
twp (dp + hws)/90
(6.11)
where:
twp - pillar core thickness or the folding plate;
dp - core panel height as measured between the stiffness for continuity of the beams compression
booms;
hws - pillar core height;
(7) When the beam-pillar is achieved by direct welding of the beams compression booms, or the
straps provided on the beams compression booms, to the pillar bottom plates, continuity stiffness
will be provided, in order to transmit the stresses form the beams compression booms to the core or
cores of the pillar. Such stiffness shall have the thickness at least equal to the thickness of the beam
compression boom or the strap on the beam compression boom.
(8) Continuity stiffness fixing to the pillar bottom plates will be made by deep welding and full
penetration or by projection welding on both faces. The welded joints will have the resistance
capacity equal to the minimum capacity among:
- resistance capacity of the continuity stiffness;
- maximum stress within the beam compression booms.
(9) Continuity stiffness fixing to the pillar core will have the capable resistance at least equal to:
- capable resistance of the continuity stiffness;
- effective stress as transmitted through the stiffness.
(10) In the beam-pillar joint area, the pillar bottom plates will be laterally connected at the level of
the superior compression booms of the beams. Each lateral supporting will be designed at a force
equal to 0,02 fy tf b (tf, b dimensions of the beam compression boom).
(11) In the frames plane, where the beams might form plastic hinges, the beam slenderness is
limited to:
93
E
0,7 \ = 0,7 e; (e =
\ fy
E
\ )
\fy
(6.12)
In the plane where plastic hinges cannot form in the beams, the beam slenderness is limited to:
E
1,3 \ = 1,3 e
\fy
(6.13)
(12) For the compression and bending checking for one or two directions, in the elastic range, SR
EN 1993-1-12 is used as a reference regulating document (it may be considered as an uniform
distribution of the bending moment for the length of the bar).
(13) Concerning the pillars, the sectional class 1 or 2 will be considered, according to Table 6.4.
6.6.4. Beam-pillar joints
(1) If the structures designed to dissipate the energy into the beams, the beams joints to the pillars
must be designed so that they work in the elastic range for all the acting duration of the seism, in
relation to the capable moment Mpl,Rd and the cross force (VEd,G + VEd,M) evaluated according to
6.6.2.
(2) The potentially plastic area, adjacent to the beam-pillar joint must be designed so that the p
plastic rotation capacity in the plastic hinge is not lower than 0,035 rad, regarding the H flexibility
class structures, and 0,025 rad for the M class ones.
The p plastic rotation capacity must be guaranteed at cyclic loads, with no resistance and stiffness
degrading superior to 20%. Such requirement is valid regardless of the placement of the dissipative
areas taken into consideration when designing.
p is defined as:
94
Figure 6.4 deflection on the centre of the beam taken into consideration for the calculation
of rotation p
p =
0,5 L
(6.14)
where: and L are deflection of the beam on the centre of the opening , respectively beam
opening (see fig. 6.4.) ;
6.6.5. Pillars continuity joints
Pillars continuity joints will be placed at about 1/3 from the floor height of the pillar and will be
calculated according to the provisions of GP 016-97 and SR EN 1993-1-8 2, as a reference regulating
document.
6.7. Centric braced frames
6.7.1. Designing criteria
(1) The centric braced frames must be designed so that the plastifying of the strained diagonal
occurs before the formation of the plastic hinges or the loss of the general steadiness in the beams
and pillars; the joints will be checked according to the provisions in 6.5.5.
(2) The bracing/props diagonals have to be placed so that the structure has relative lateral shifts with
closed values, at each level and in any braced direction.
(3) For this purpose, at each floor, the following rules have to be observed:
A+ - A-
0,05
A+ + A-
(6.15)
where:
A+ and A- are the horizontal projection areas of the cross sections of the strained diagonals, when
the horizontal seismic action has different directions (see fig. 6.5).
95
Afy
(1) For the X diagonals braced frames, the slenderness coefficient = \
96
(6.16)
where:
NEd,G, MEd,G - axial stress, respectively the bending moment, in the pillar or the beam, caused by the
non-seismic actions, included in the loads grouping including the seismic action;
NEd,E, MEd,E - axial stress, respectively the bending moment in the beam or the pillar, caused by the
97
E
1,3 \ = 1,3 e
\fy
(6) The pillars continuity joints will be made at about 1/3 of the floor height of the pillar and will be
calculated according to the provisions in GP 016-97 and SR EN 1993-1-8.
6.8. Eccentrically braced frames
6.8.1. Designing criteria
(1) The eccentrically braced frames must be designed so that the dissipative members, elements
especially placed into the structure, are able to dissipate the energy by forming bending and/or
shearing plastic mechanisms.
(2) Such structure will be designed so that a homogeneous general behaviour is obtained by
materialising some dissipative members having characteristics as similar as possible.
98
(6.17)
(6.18)
(6.19)
(6.20)
99
(6.21)
(6.22)
(6) If NEd/NRd 0,15, the length of the dissipative member "e", will follow the formula (6.23) if R <
0,3 and the formula (6.24) if R 0,3:
e 1,6 Mpl,link/Vpl,link
(6.23)
(6.24)
(6.25)
(6.26)
(6.27)
(9) When an unique plastic hinge is formed on one of the dissipative member ends (see Fig. 6.7.b),
the "e" lengths defining the double T section dissipative member types are:
e < 0,8 (1 + ) Mpl,link/Vpl,link - short dissipative members
(6.28)
(6.29)
(6.30)
MEd,A
where: = < 1,0, and MEd,A < MEd,B
MEd,B
are the bending moments on the ends of the dissipative member caused by the seismic action
100
(6.31)
where:
NEd, MEd, VEd - designing stresses
NEd,G, MEd,G, VEd,G - are the stresses (axial stress, bending moment and cross force) in the pillar or in
the bracing diagonal in the non-seismic loads part of the grouping which includes the seismic
action;
NEd,E MEd,E, VEd,E - are the stresses (axial stress, bending moment and cross force) in the pillar or in
the bracing diagonal in the seismic loads.
- for short dissipative member has a maximum value iV = 1,5 Vpl,link/VEd,i calculated for all short
dissipative members, as dimensioned following to the loads combination including the seismic
action (in this calculation, the dissipative members dimensioned by constructive conditions or by
fundamental loads grouping are not considered). For an action direction of the seism, V is unique
for the entire structure;
- for intermediate or long dissipative members, has a maximum value Mi = 1,5 Mpl,link,i/MEd,i, as
calculated for all the dissipative members dimensioned by the loads combination including the
seismic action. (in this calculation, the dissipative members dimensioned by constructive
conditions or by fundamental loads grouping are not considered). For an action direction of the
seism, M is unique for the entire structure.
VEd,i, MEd,i - are the designing stresses of the cross force and the bending moment into the dissipative
member "i", part of the loads grouping including the seismic action;
Vpl,link,i, Mpl,link,i are the plastic stresses, the cross force and the bending moment into the dissipative
member "i", according to 6.8.2(3).
Q proportion will be limited so that the condition 1,1 0v < q (q structure behaviour factor - table
6.3) is met.
In the case of a simplified calculus the value of the product 1,1 0v in the Appendix F may be
adopted.
NOTE:
102
(2) At the pillars, the sectional 1 or 2 class will be used, according to the Table 6.4.
(3) The beams adjacent to the dissipative members and the diagonals will have the 2 sectional class.
(4) Pillars slenderness, in the bracing plane is limited to:
E
1,3 \ = 1,3 e.
\fy
(5) Pillars continuity joints will be placed at about 1/3 of the floor height of the pillar and will be
calculated according to the provisions of GP 016-97 and SR EN 1993-1-8 2, as a reference regulating
document
6.8.4. Dissipative members joints
The dissipative members joints or of the elements containing dissipative members must be designed
with consideration for the resistance reserve of the section (see 6.8.3(1)) and the probable
increment of the material yield point, expressed through 0v (see 6.1.3).
Ed Ed,G + 1,1 0v Ed,E
where:
Ed,G - joint stress caused by the non-seismic actions of the grouping including the seismic action;
Ed,E - joint stress caused by the seismic loads;
- resistance reserve of the section, according to 6.8.3(1)
6.9. Designing rules for structures of inverted pendulum type
(1) For structures of inverted pendulum type (defined in 6.3.1.(d)), the pillars will be checked as
regards the compression and bending, taking into consideration the most unfavourable combination
of axial stresses and bending moments in the fundamental grouping and the grouping that includes
the seismic action.
(2) When checking, the stresses NEd, MEd, VEd will be used, calculated according to 6.6.3.
(3) The slenderness coefficient of the pillars must be limited to 1,5; ( 1,5 e)
(4) Sensitivity coefficient to the relative displacement of level as defined in 4.6.2.(2) must be
limited to 0,20.
103
the elements of the casing structure wall panels solid or glazed, pillars, rulers, lintels,
flanges, and other elements that are not part of the main structure of the building;
the carpentry embedded, including the glass.
A.3. Interior subdivision elements (fixed or detachable), including the finishing touch and
the embedded carpentry.
A.4. Suspended ceiling.
A.5. Other elements of construction: enclosing fences (fencing).
B. Appliances:
B.1. Sanitary fitting
B.2. Electrical wiring/ lighting system
B.3. Heating, air-conditioning and ventilation plants.
B.4. Special plants with equipments operating by steam or water at high temperatures
(kitchens, laundries, etc.)
C. Electro-mechanic equipment:
C.1. Elevators.
C.2. Escalators.
D. Furniture and other fitting equipment:
D.1. Professional furniture: for office (shelves, cabinets), from medical units, for research,
including computer systems, from museums of national interests.
D.2. Furniture and special equipment from constructions of first class of importance: control
panels for the dispatchers rooms within the emergency services, fire fighters units, police
units, telephone plants, equipments within radio/ television stations or similar ones.
D.3. Shelves within the stores and warehouses accessible for the public.
10.2. NSC general requirements concerning the seismic performance
(1) The users requirements concerning the NSC seismic behaviour refer to:
- avoiding the loss of human lives or hurting the people outside or inside the
constructions, by detaching and falling of the NSC;
- avoiding interrupting the vital activities and services during or after the earthquake by
damaging the NSC/ NSC being out of use;
- avoiding the damaging of valuable cultural or artistic goods;
- limiting the material damages concerning the scale and gravity;
- ensuring the emergency exits for the people within the building and the access ways for
the intervention squads;
- avoiding/ limiting the damages of structural elements following their interaction with
non-structural elements;
106
for the constructions within the first class of importance it must ensure the continuous
functioning during earthquake and immediately after it, with any possible interruptions
within the time limits necessary for the spare equipments and plants to become
operational; the local damages effects (e.g. breaking of a water pipe) shall be limited
and shall not prevent the normal functioning of the rest of the building;
for the special equipment plants working with hot water or with pressurized steam, as
well the gas systems and electrical wiring and plants, it must avoid the danger of
explosions and short-circuits which could cause fires or emissions of high temperature
water and steam;
for the constructions within the 2nd-4th class of importance, it must be ensured the
stability of all components and the fixing of any possible damages and it must be
possible to put the equipment under the functioning conditions within a reasonable time
frame for the users.
(3) In order to comply with the requirements specified at paragraph (1), all the categories of nonstructural components must be designed and executed so that they remain stable and to maintain
their physical integrity under the action of forces and shifting due to the two seismic effects
mentioned at 10.1.1.(4).
(4) The provisions of this chapter do not apply to the following categories of components that have
a low risk from the point of view of the parameters mentioned at 10.1.1(3):
- all the NSC, except those in category A1, located on the facades towards the public areas
or crowded areas and those in category B4, for:
- buildings within the 4th class of importance, in the seismic areas having ag 0,12g,
- buildings within the 3rd class of importance, in the seismic areas having ag = 0,08g,
- all the components of the categories B (except B4), C and D, for:
- buildings within the 3rd class of importance, in the seismic areas having ag = 0,12g
- buildings within the 2nd class of importance, in the seismic areas having ag = 0,08g
- the components of categories B (except B4), C, D with NSC 1, regardless the seismic
area and the class of importance of the building, provided they comply the following two
conditions:
- they are assembled at a height lower than 1,50 meters above the floor level;
- they have the total maximum weight in exploitation lower than 0,20 kN.
10.3 Seismic calculus of the non-structural components
10.3.1. Principles and evaluation methods of the designing seismic force for the NSC
(1) The designing seismic force for NSC depends on the following factors:
- the importance of NSC;
- the value of the land design acceleration and the spectral characteristics of the seismic
action at the location;
- amplifying the land acceleration at the joining level of NSC;
- NSC own dynamic amplification;
- modifying (reducing) the effect of the seismic force due to the energy absorption
107
NSC a g NSC K 2
FNSC (z) =
q NSC
m NSC
(10.1)
Where:
NSC is the importance coefficient of NSC (see 10.3.1.3.1);
ag is the calculus seismic acceleration of the land, set out according to the seismic zoning map;
NSC is the dynamic amplification coefficient of NSC (see 10.3.1.3.2);
K2 = 1+2
z
coefficient representing the amplification of seismic acceleration of the land on the
H
(10.2)
(10.3)
(4) The vertical seismic force static equivalent to F NSC V, is also calculated using the formula (10.1),
the projecting value of the vertical component acceleration, avg, is determined by the formula (3.6).
(5) The seismic force static equivalent FNSC can be considered in the calculus as:
-
uniformly distributed load, perpendicular on NSC axis horizontally and vertically (for
the linear elements that can oscillate simultaneously on the two directions-pipes,
ventilation channels and similar ones);
uniformly distributed load, perpendicular on the NSC plan (for the plane elements
inner walls, facades and similar);
- Concentrated force, applied on the weight centre of NSC on the most unfavorable
direction (for the elements having three comparable dimensions tools, equipment,
reservoirs, smoke chimneys, ventilation systems and similar);
(5) For the steel shelves from the stores and warehouses with public access, assembled at the
elevation 0,00 or lower, the calculus can be made using the general hypothesis for structures
calculus, considering the following recommendations:
- the mass subject to seismic action shall be equal to the most unfavorable of the following:
- the shelf own weight + 2/3 of the capable load for each storage level;
- the shelf own weight + the capable load at the highest storage level;
- the behaviour factor shall be considered qNSC = 4,0
- the importance coefficient shall be considered NSC = 1,5
- for rigid shelves, T0 0,06s, the seismic projecting force shall be determined with the
formula:
FNSC = 1,25agmNSC
(10.1a)
where mNSC is determined as above.
10.3.1.3. Calculus coefficients for non-structural components
10.3.1.3.1. Importance coefficients for NSC (NSC)
(1) The importance coefficient for NSC shall be considered NSC 1,5, at the sole discretion designer
and/ or the beneficiary, for the following categories of components:
-
construction elements, plants, appliances and equipments in use or spare ones, essential
for functioning under safety conditions of the constructions included in the first class of
importance or for evacuating them in safety, including their joining parts;
NSC located on the evacuation ways and the spare lighting systems, for evacuation of
the constructions included in the second class of importance, accommodating a large
number of people.
Vessels and tanks containing toxic or flammable substances, dangerous for public safety;
Shelves within the greater commercial galleries and the warehouses with public access.
109
qNSC
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
1,5
1,0
and the
1,5
1,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
NSC
qNSC
1,0
1,0
2,5
1,5
2,5
3,5
110
dr, NSC =
d sxA d syB
Xd aA Yd aB
hetA
hetB
(10.5)
the panels supporting network shall be made of steel laminated profiles type T;
the wing of the side closing support shall be at least 50 mm;
on each of the two orthogonal horizontal directions, an end of the ceiling supporting
network shall be assembled on the side support and the other end shall have the free
shifting possibility for at least 20 mm;
the suspended ceilings having a surface greater than 100 sqm shall be designed with
lateral fixing parts on the main structure;
suspended ceilings with an area superior to 250 m 2 shall be divided into area with a
surface 250 m2 by separation joints or by walls developed along the whole floor
length; this measure can be eliminated if it is proven by calculation that the fixing
system can take completely the side misalignments of the ceiling;
specific measures shall be conceived in order to allow the free move of the ceiling in the
area of sprinkler heads or other parts crossing the ceiling;
in case the ceiling has different elevation marks, the side stability of every area shall be
ensured by an specific system which blocks the side moves (wind bracing);
pipes, air shaft, electric cables and other device elements shall not be fixed on the
suspended ceiling.
(10.7)
hst c 2
)
bst c1
(10.8)
where
hst = height of the glass panel
bst = width of the glass panel
c1 = free space between the vertical edges of the glass and the frame;
c2 = free space between the horizontal of the glass and the glass;
(5) The value dra (glass), depends on the type of the respective glass this value is transmitted by the
producer or can be determined by calculation according to the mentions of the production norms.
(6) The glass of the windows with an area higher than 2.00 m 2, situated at a height bigger than 2.00
m above the road level, shall be security type.
10.4.3.2.5. Design Rules Specific for the Enclosing Fences
116
(10.6)
where
Ed,NSC the design value of the selective efforts (N Ed,NSC, MEd,
effects of the related vertical loads and seismic actions;
NSC
Rd,NSC the value of capable selective efforts of NSC (NRd,NSC, MRd, NSC, VRd,NSC).
(3) For the fixing elements that ensure the stability to overturning of NSC attached to the cover as
well as of the boilers and pressure pots, the resistance condition is:
1.25NSCEanc Ranc
(10.7)
where
Eanc
- the value of the selective efforts in the attachment elements resulted from the design loads
indicated in 10.5.2.
Ranc
(4) The condition of 10.5.4.(3) regarding the safety check in comparison to SLS for NSC which
have NSC > 1.0 is considered as met if under the effect of the earthquake with IMR = 30 years (see
chapter 3):
- the crack of the reinforced concrete and masonry elements (the occurrence of cracks, the distances
between cracks) is limited and does not prevent the functioning process of the construction;
- the effective deformations of the suspended ceilings and glazed frontages are smaller, for the most
equal, with the values indicated by the supplier;
- the effective deformations/shifts of the devices, systems and equipments does not overpass the
values requiring to put out of function/ the damage values indicated by the supplier.
10.6. Ensuring the quality during the design and the execution.
(1) The execution documentation must include all necessary information (calculation notes,
drawings at a relevant scale) in order to check if the dimensioning and the construction details are
conform to this chapter in the following aspects:
- the level of the considered seismic forces;
- the stability and resistance of the element;
124
125