SPM

1
Dr. Lazhar BEN-BRAHIM SPRING'11 1

Chapter 1
SINGLE PHASE MOTORS
by
Lazhar BEN-BRAHIM
22-Feb-14 Dr. Lazhar BENBRAHIM 2
SINGLE PHASE MOTORS (SPM)
SPM are small motors used in homes, offices, shops and factories
(washing machines, fans, refrigerators, record players, hand tools,
blenders, Mixers, ). SPM are of three main types
1. Single-phase induction motors (SPIM).
Resistance-start (split-phase)
Capacitor-start.
Capacitor-run.
Capacitor-start-capcitor-run.
Shaded pole
2. Single-phase synchronous motors (SPSM).
Reluctance type.
Hysteresis type.
3. Single phase series (universal) motors (SPUM).
2
SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
Double revolving field concept
3
Double revolving field theory
u u cos ) ( Ni F =
t I i
m
e cos =
b f
m m
m
F F
t
NI
t
NI
t NI F
+ =
+ + =
=
) cos(
2
) cos(
2
cos cos ) (
u e u e
u e u
Double revolving field Animation
If we take a stator with a single winding, and apply
a si ngl e phase vol t age t o i t , we wi l l have an
al t er nat i ng cur r ent f l owi ng and t her eby an
al t er n at i n g mag n et i c f i el d at eac h p o l e.
Unfortunately, thi s does not resul t i n a rotati ng
magnet i c f i el d, r at her i t r esul t s i n t wo equal
rotating fields, one in the forward direction and
one in the reverse direction. If we have a short
circuited rotor within the stator, it will carry rotor
current induced by the stator field, but there will be
two equal and counter rotating torque fields. This
will cause the rotor to vibrate but not to rotate. In
order to rotate, there must be a resultant torque
field rotating in one direction only. In the case of
t he si ngl e wi ndi ng and a st at i onary rot or, t he
resultant field is stationary. .
a
a
a
a
4
Torque-Speed Characteristics
0 =
st
T
No starting torque
Si ngl e-phase
mot or s ar e not
sel f st ar t i ng.
Slips of SPIM
s
n
n n
s
s
r s
f
=
=
s
n
n n n
s
n
n n
n
n n
s
s
r s s
b
s
r s
s
r s
b
=
+
=
+
=

=
2
2
) (
The forward slip : s
f
The backward slip : s
b
5
Slip of a Single-Phase IM
Rotor equivalent circuit
6
Torque Speed Characteristics
Torque Pulsation
7
Equivalent circuit of a SPIM at standstill #1
R
1
= Resistance of the stator winding
X
1
= Leakage reactance of the stator winding
X
mag
= Magnetizing reactance
X
2
= Leakage reactance of the rotor referred to the stator
R
2
= Resistance of the rotor referred to the stator
V
1
= Supply voltage
E = Voltage induced in the stator winding (air gap voltage by the stationary air gap flux |
u = fN E 44 . 4
Equivalent circuit of a SPIM at standstill #2
f f
fN E u = 44 . 4
b b
fN E u = 44 . 4
8
Equivalent circuit of a rotating SPIM
f f
fN E u = 44 . 4
b b
fN E u = 44 . 4
) ( 5 . 0 / 5 . 0
) / 5 . 0 5 . 0 ( 5 . 0
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
X X j s R
s R X j X j
jX R Z
m
m
f f f
+ +
+
= + =
) ( 5 . 0 ) 2 /( 5 . 0
)) 2 /( 5 . 0 5 . 0 ( 5 . 0
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
X X j s R
s R X j X j
jX R Z
m
m
b b b
+ +
+
= + =
Equivalent circuit of a rotating SPIM
) ( 5 . 0 / 5 . 0
) / 5 . 0 5 . 0 ( 5 . 0
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
X X j s R
s R X j X j
jX R Z
m
m
f f f
+ +
+
= + =
) ( 5 . 0 ) 2 /( 5 . 0
)) 2 /( 5 . 0 5 . 0 ( 5 . 0
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
X X j s R
s R X j X j
jX R Z
m
m
b b b
+ +
+
= + =
= =
= =
= =
) (
&
&
2
1
2
1
2
1
b f
syn
b f
syn
gb
b
syn
gf
f
b gb f gf
R R
I
T T T
P
T
P
T
R I P R I P
e
e e
=
=
=
= =
rot mech out
gb gf
b f
syn m mech
P P P
s P P
s R R I
s T T P
) 1 )( (
) 1 )( (
) 1 (
2
1
e e
+ =
+ =
=
=
gb gf g
gb gf
gb b
gf f
P P P
P s sP P
P s P
sP P
) 2 (
) 2 (
2
2
2
9
Equivalent
circuit of a
SPIM
R
1
=Resistance of thestator
winding
X
1
=Leakagereactanceof the
stator winding
X
mag
=Magnetizing reactance
X
2
=Leakagereactanceof the
rotor referred to thestator
R
2
=Resistanceof therotor
referred to thestator
V
1
=Supply voltage
E =Voltageinduced in thestator
winding (air gap voltage by
thestationary air gap flux |
u = fN E 44 . 4
EXAMPLE 1
10
Solution for EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
For the single-phase induction motor of Example 1, determine the input current,
power, power factor, developed torque, output power, efficiency of the motor, air gap
power, and rotor copper loss if the motor is running at the rate speed when
connected to a 120 V supply.
11
Solution for EXAMPLE 2
Starting Concept of SPIM
If we now add a second stator winding, physically displaced from the first
winding, and apply a voltage equally displaced in phase, we will provide a second
set of counter rotating magnetic fields and the net result is a single rotating field
in one direction. If we reverse the phase shift of the voltage applied to the second
winding, the resultant magnetic field will rotate in the reverse direction.
b
a
a
b
Rotor
Auxiliary Winding
Main winding
V
I
m
Centrifugal
switch
(CS)
I
a
12
Start (Auxiliary) Winding
Once the rotor is up to full speed, it will continue to run with the second winding
disconnected. This is because the rotor circuit is both resistive and inductive. If we
consider the magnetic field rotating in the same direction as the rotor, the frequency of
the current will be low, so the rotor current will be primarily limited by the rotor
resistance. In the case of the counter rotating field, the frequency of the induced
current will be almost twice line frequency and so the inductance of the rotor will play a
much greater role in limiting the rotor current. In other words, once the motor is up to
speed, it will lock on to one field only and the second winding can be disconnected. If
the second winding remains in circuit, the displaced field reduces the magnetic
fluctuations in the gap and therefore provides a more even torque and less vibration.
Some "start" windings are only designed for intermittent operation and they must be
disconnected at the end of the start. Continuous operation using these windings would
cause a winding failure. Most single phase motors are fitted with a centrifugal switch to
disconnect the start winding once the motor is close to full speed.
EXAMPLE 3
The currents in the main and the auxiliary windings are as follows:
The effective numbers of turns for the main and auxiliary windings are Nm and Na .
The windings are placed in quadrature.
(a) Obtain expressions for the stator rotating mmf wave.
(b) Determine the magnitude and the phase angle of the auxiliary winding
current to produce a balanced two-phase system.
t I i
m m
e cos 2 =
) cos( 2
a m a
t I i u e + =
13
Solution Example 3
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORS
Single-phase induction motors are known by various
names. The names are descriptive of the methods
used to produce the phase difference between the
currents in the main and auxiliary windings.
Commonly used types of single-phase induction
motors are:
Resistance-start (split-phase)
Capacitor-start.
Capacitor-run.
Capacitor-start-capcitor-run.
Shaded pole
14
This configuration comprises two
windings main and auxiliary and a
centrifugal switch CS. The two
windings are wound with a geometric
offset, effectively making a second
set of poles phase shifted within the
stator. The auxiliary winding has
resistance to provide a phase shift to
the current flowing in auxiliary and
we therefore have a "two phase"
motor while the switch is closed. The
motor can be reversed by reversing
the connections of either main or
auxiliary (but not both!)The start
winding provides for a rotating
magnetic field in one direction
enabling the motor to start.
Split Phase IM (Resistance Start)
Capacitor Start
This configuration comprises two windings start
W1 and main W2, a centrifugal switch CS and a
capacitor. The two windings are wound with a
geometric offset, effectively making a second set
of poles phase shifted within the stator. The
capacitor provides a phase shift to the current
flowing in W1 and we therefore have a "two
phase" motor while the switch is closed. When the
motor is almost up to speed, the switch opens
disconnecting W1 and the capacitor. The motor
can be reversed by reversing the connections of
either W1 or W2 (but not both!). The start winding
(W1) and the start capacitor provide for a rotating
magnetic field in one direction enabling the motor
t o s t a r t .
Higher starting torque as the use of a
capacitor increases the phase angle
between the winding currents.
A typical capacitor for a 0.5 hp motor is
300F.
15
Capacitor Run
The capacitor is left in the circuit all the time. This simplifies the construction and
decreases the cost .
Motor runs as two-phase motor The power factor, torque pulsation, and efficiency
are improved and the motor will run more quietly.
The capacitor value is of the order of 20-50 F and because it operates continuously,
it is an ac paper oil type. The capacitor is a compromise between the best starting and
running values and therefore starting torque is sacrificed.
Capacitor Start/Run
Theoretically, optimum starting and running performance can be achieved by
having two capacitors.
The starting capacitor Cs, is larger in value and is of the ac electrolytic type.
The running capacitor Cr ,permanently connected in series with the starting
winding, is of smaller value and is of the paper oil type.
Typical values of these capacitors for a 0.5 hp motor are C
s
=300F, C
r
=40 F.
Expensive , however, it provides the best performance.
16
Induction Start (Split Phase)
Salient pole type motor. A shaded band consisting of a short-circuited copper turn, known as a shading coil, is
used on one portion of each pole.
The main single-phase winding is wound on the salient poles. The result is that the current induced in the shading
band causes the flux in the shaded portion of the pole to lag the flux in the unshaded portion of the pole.
Therefore the flux in the shaded portion reaches its maximum after the flux in the unshaded portion reach its
maximum. This is equivalent to a progressive shift of the .flux from the unshaded to the shaded portion of the
pole. It is similar to a rotating field moving from the unshaded to the shaded portion of the pole. As a result, the
motor produces a starting torque.
Shaded pole motors are the least expensive of the fractional horsepower motors and are generally built for low
horsepower rating, up to about 1/20 hp.
SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION
MOTORS
17
STARTING WINDING DESIGN
Objectives:
Starting (auxiliary) winding to develop a starting torque
Starting winding design maximum starting torque or
optimize starting torque per ampere of the starting current
o sin
a m s
I KI T =
I
m
E
2m
=4.44fN
2
|
m
|
m
&I
2a
T
m
I
a
E
2a
=4.44fN
2
|
a
|
a
&I
2m
T
a
Starting Torque
o sin
a m
a m s
I I
T T T

The cage rotor can be represented by an equivalent two-phase
winding, represented by the coils a-b and c-d
Assume that each of these coils has an effective number of
turns N
2
, resistance R
2
, and reactance X
2
(at the stator
frequency f).
The current flowing thro through the main winding produces
flux that induces voltage e
2m
(by transformer action) and
current i
2m
in the a-b coil of the rotor.
The current i
2m
flows in such a direction as to oppose flux |m.
Similarly, flux |
a
in the auxiliary winding induces voltage e
2a
and current i
2a
in the c-d coil of the rotor.
SPLIT PHASE STARTING WINDING DESIGN
Objectives:
Main winding is designed to satisfy the running operation of the motor
Starting winding is designed so that together with the main winding produces the desired
starting torque How? Assume a number of turns of starting coil (Na), calculate Ra to
maximize the starting torque.
Maximum Starting Torque
) (
m m
m
a
a
Z X
X
X
R + =
) (
) (
2
m m a
Z X
m
N
a
N
R + =
18
DESIGN OF CAPACITOR START MOTORS
Objectives:
Main winding is designed to satisfy the running operation of the motor
How to select the starting capacitor to to maximize the starting torque.
Maximum Starting Torque
) (
1
m m
m a
Z X
R R
a
X
C
+
+
=
e
2
90
m
a
u
u

=

Sine I
m
is fixed,
T
s
I
a
Sin length CK
the length CK is maximum
when it passes through the
center of the circle.
DESIGN OF CAPACITOR START MOTORS #2
Objectives: How to select the starting capacitor to
maximize the starting torque per ampere of starting
current.
Maximizing the starting torque per ampere of starting
current is the most desirable criterion.
Starting current is represented by OC
Starting torque is represented by CK.
The ratio CK/OC is maximum when OC is tangential
to the circle ABCD, which is the locus of Ia and I.
Maximum Starting Torque per ampere of starting Current
m
m a a m a m
a C
R
R R R Z R X
X
C
X
) (
1
+ +
+ = =
e
19
Example 4
20
21
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A CAPACITOR-RUN MOTORS
a = Na/Nm
|
fm
E
fm
&|
fa
E
fa
|
bm
E
bm
& |
ba
E
ba
|
fa
-jE
fa
/a
|
ba
jE
ba
/a
|
fm
jaE
fm
|
bm
-jaE
bm
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A CAPACITOR-RUN MOTORS
22
Example 5
Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM)
saliency in both stator and rotor
winding only on the stator
rotor pole align with the stator pole to maximize the stator flux -> torque
23
HW#1
7.1
7.5
7.6
7.8
7.9
7.12
Course Projects
Simulation & Control of Single-phase motors

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1

Dr. Lazhar BEN-BRAHIM SPRING'11 1

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