Scope of the Problem

With an ever increasing demand for reduced fuel consumption and increasing fuel costs, both the
automotive companies as well as the customers face the heat to try and reduce this fuel
consumption in their vehicles and extract the maximum possible range between fuel refills or
charging (in case of Hybrid Electric Vehicles).
In this project the Tractive energy required by a vehicle over standard drive cycles of Urban
Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), as a function of vehicle velocity and acceleration rate
is calculated. Using this, the fuel energy and the range of the vehicle over a full tank of fuel is
calculated. The aim of the project is to maximize this range of the vehicle by optimizing the
vehicle velocity and acceleration. This tractive force can be used to calculate the Torque
produced by the engine, thus providing the input to the driver in terms of vehicle velocity and
engine RPM.

Problem Statement
Objective Function (Range of the Vehicle):
(

x = Vehicle Velocity (m/s)

y = Acceleration of the vehicle (m/s2)
A=132.3, B=0.45, C=1500, D=0, E=525720, F=8.76*10-3, =0.071
subject to, 0 = x <= 220
0 <= y <= 4

Analysis Methodology
The net tractive force required to propel a vehicle forward is given by
Ftr = m.g Crr + 0.5 Cd Af V2 + m a + m g sin
Where, m g Crr =Rolling resistance force
Crr = the rolling resistance coefficient.
0.5 Cd Af V2 = Aerodynamic drag force
Cd = drag coefficient; Af =Frontal area of the vehicle.
m g sin = Grade Resistance force; = Slope of the ground.

 For the UDDS drive cycle,

Mass of the vehicle is taken as the average weight of sedans which is 1500 kg.
Cd * Af = 0.75
Crr = 0.009
= Density of air = 1.2 kg / m3

Derivation of the Objective Function

A = m g Crr = 1500* 9.8 * 0.009 = 132.3

B = 0.5 Cd Af = 0.5* 1.2 * 0.75 = 0.45
C = m = 1500
D = m g sin = 1500 * 9.8 * sin(0) = 0
F = distance / time

For UDDS cycle, the distance is 12 km and the time taken to complete this cycle = 1369 seconds

Therefore F = 12/1369=8.7655 * 10-3

The net tractive force required is calculated using (

to calculate the tractive power.

) and multiplied by F

This is integrated with respect to time to calculate the Tractive energy.

From this the fuel energy required is calculated using the formula
(

= Product of transmission efficiency and engine efficiency = 0.071

The range of the vehicle is calculated by dividing the total fuel energy available from one tank
full of fuel by the fuel energy required per kilometer.
(

Here E = Tank capacity * Energy available per gallon

= 15.6 * 33700 Wh = 525720 Wh

Optimization Methodology
One of the Constrained optimization methodologies, is planned to be used to minimize the
objective function. If required, line search may be employed.