Equipment Mix

Server / Calling unit

Four phases/cycles:
Loading
Load
Traveling loaded
Unloading
Traveling empty
Optimum mix zero wait time for Server & Calling Units

Unload

Factors Affecting Equipment Mix/Productivity:

Management factors (Availability, service, and maintenance)
Equipment capacity
Working condition
Haul length
Location (Grade, elevation / temperature)
Material type
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Terminology
Flywheel kW: Torque available at the flywheel, point of power transfer
to gears.
1 kW = 100 m.kgf/s
Rimpull: Power available
at the rim of wheels

367 f kW
, kg ; f (efficiency factor )=8085 %
Speed , kph
Drawbar Pull: Power available @ tractor drawbar
Power Available: Power supplied by engine, depends on
engine kW (modified by Elevation, Temp. & Pressure)
Power Required: Power required to overcome environmental condition (RR & GR)
Power Usable: Traction limitation of soil-wheel interaction
Rimpull=

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English :
1 HP=33 , 000 lb.ft /min.
HP
33 , 000 lb.ft /min60 min./hr.
=
=375 lb
Speed
1 mile/hr5280 ft / mile
Rimpull=

375 HP f
, lb
Speed

Metric :
1 kW =6118.3 kg.m/ min
kW
6118.3 kg.m/min60 min/hr
=
=367 kg
Speed
km/hr1000 m/km
Rimpull=

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367 kW f
, kg
Speed

CE 422

 Rolling Resistance, (RR-kg/ton): Resistance to tire motion

depending on surface type, tire penetration, tire flexing
(40 lb/tn + 30 lb/tn/in TP) X GVW
(20kg/tn + 15kg/tn/25mm TP) X GVW
Grade Resistance - GR (lb. or kg/ton): Resistance to EQP
motion due to grade 20 lb/ton/%
rise
run
ton
What is GR in SI?
GR
Equivalent grade: Converting RR+GR to %age grade by
dividing RR by 20 lb, or 10 kg
Total Resistance = RR + GR

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Estimate of RR ( for reference)

Surface Type

Kg/tn

% of
GVW

Hard, smooth, stabilized, surfaced roadway w/o penetration under load,

watered, maintained

20

Firm, smooth, rolling roadway, with dirt or light surfacing, flexing slightly
under load, or undulating, maintained fairly regularly, watered

32

3.2

Packed snow

25

2.5

Loose snow

45

4.5

Dirt roadway, rutted, flexing underload, little maintenance, no water,

>25mm tire penetration

50

Rutted dirt roadway, soft under travel, no maintenance, no stabilization,

100-150mm tire penetration

75

7.5

Loose sand or gravel

100

10

100-200

10-20

Soft, rutted, muddy roadway, no maintenance

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Equipment Productivity
Equipment productivity is a function of Equipment Mix.
Equipment Mix is a ratio of Calling Unit (CU Ex:Truck) Cycle Time
(CT) to Server (Loader) CT.
Server CT is a function of borrow pit layout, soil type, and ratio of CU
capacity to server capacity.
Calling Unit CT is a function of distance traveled & speed.
Speed is a function of road type, profile, and EQP power (hp/kW)
EQP performance chart give speed and rimpull for a combination of
equivalent slope and equipment weight.
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Calculate the truck cycle time for the following project:

RR = 60 kg/ton
NVW = 34,100 kg
Traction = 0.2
Payload = 44.1 ton
60% on drivers
Unloading time = 0.85 min
Distance to dump 2.1 km @ +2% grade Loading time = 4.5 min
Power Required: RimpullLoaded = (60+2x10) x (34,100/1000+44.1) = 6,256 kg.
RimpullEmpty = (60-2x10) x 34,100/1000
= 1,364 kg.
Power Available:
80/10 = 8% equivalent grade
1. TRLoaded = 60+20 = 80 kg/tn
2. TREmpty = 60-20 = 40 kg/tn
40/10 = 4% equivalent grade
We enter the performance chart with equivalent slope & GVW for loaded and empty
cases, and read Available Speed & Rimpull:
Loaded: Rimpull ~ 6,000 kg (<6,256, use ~6,300), Speed ~ 15 km/h
Empty: Rimpull ~ 1,400 kg @ Speed= 54 km/h
Power Usable: Traction= 0.20x0.6x 78,200 = 9,384 kg (>6,256 OK)
Truck time = Loading + traveling loaded + dumping + traveling empty
= 4.5
+ 2.1x60/15
+ 0.85
+ 2.1x60/54 = 14 min.
Equipment mix = Truck cycle time/Loading time
= 14/4.5 = 3.1 use 3 or 4 trucks? - assuming 50 min./hr.,
Fleet hourly production = 50/14 x 3 x 44.1 = 472 tn/hr or 50/4.5*44.1= 490 tn/hr
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NVW=34,100

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GVW=78,200 kg

10

RR (req'd) = 6,256
Elevation loss = 7%
NVW=34,100

GVW=78,200 kg

Power Available =
6,256 / 0.93 = 6727
Log 6727 = 3.828

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Retarder Chart

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Location
Barometric Pressure: Elevation from sea level inversely impacts engine
power:
4-Stroke engine: 3% kW loss for every 300 m above 300 m
2-Stroke engine: 1% kW loss for every 300 m above 300 m
Temperature & Pressure: Engine power is rated @ 15.5c and 103.3 kPa

Ps T o
H c= H o
Po T s

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Where: HC = corrected kW for std. condn.

HO = observed kW
PS = 103.3 kPa
PO = observed pressure, kPa
TO = observed temp + 273, c
TS = Absolute temp 273+15.6, c
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HW 4&5 Due Next Sunday

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