LMECE418

LABORATORY MANUAL
ECE-418
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
PROJECT LABORATORY
Name of the Student:..

Registration Number/Roll No.
Section and Group..
School of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Table of Content
Serial
No.
List of Experiments
Page
No
1.
Overview of Packet Tracer Interface.
3-4
2.
Customize Packet Tracer and create the network topology in

packet tracer.
6-7
3.
Perform subnetting in a network and learn the fundamentals of IP

addressing.
4.
To Understand the working of network devices (routers,

switches and hubs etc. use packet tracer) and also create
cross and straight cable.
11-13
5.
To understand various methods of network configuration and

network troubleshooting and make a point to point connection
between two computers.
15-19
6.
To create a network scenario and implement Distance Vector

Routing.
21-28
7.
To create a network scenario and implement Link State Routing.
30
8.
To perform sniffing and learn the basic interface of wireshark .
32-41
9.
To create a DHCP server in packet tracer.
43-44
10.
To create a DNS server in packet tracer.
46-50
Experiment 1
Aim: Overview of Packet Tracer Interface.
Software Used: Packet Tracer
Learning Objective: Students will learn basic interface of packet tracer
Procedure:
a) Download and install the packet tracer on computer.
b) Open the packet tracer and it looks like the following figure.
c) We are different modules and panels available in the packet tracer. Some
important modules, which are important to understand for the working in
Packet Tracer, are mentioned in the following diagram.
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d) Study of each and every drop box, panel, and menu of packet tracer and quote
some examples of connecting devices and different devices of networking to the
students.
Learning Objective: To be written by students in 50-70 words.
4|P ag e
Date of Performance
Worksheet of the student
Registration Number
Aim:
Observation:
Result and Discussion:
Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt):
S.No. Parameter
Marks obtained
Max. Marks
1.
Understanding of the student

about the procedure/apparatus.
20
2.
Observations and analysis

including learning
outcomes
Completion of experiment,
Discipline and Cleanliness
20
3.
Signature of Faculty
5|P ag e
10
Total marks
obtained
Experiment 2
Aim: Customize Packet Tracer and create the network topology in packet tracer.
Software used: Packet Tracer
Learning Objective: To learn the creation of various network topologies in packet tracer.
Procedure:
a) Open a new file in Packet Tracer.
b) Now, in order to create a topology, we will have to select some of the
devices and put them in our main window i.e. the white portion of packet
tracer and here how it looks after we add the devices.
c) Now, we will have to connect these devices and for that we use
cables. To understand the cables.
6|P ag e
d) And after you successfully create the topology, you can check either the traffic
is flowing or not by selecting the packet from right panel and putting it on both
PCs as follows.
Learning Outcome: To be written by students in 50-70 words.
7|P ag e
Date of Performance
Registration Number
Aim:
Observation:
S.No. Parameter
Marks obtained
Max. Marks
1.

20
2.

including learning outcomes
20
3.
10
8|P ag e
Total marks
obtained
Experiment 3
Aim: Perform subnetting in a network and learn the fundamentals of IP addressing.
Software used: NA
Learning Objective: To learn the various classes of IP addressing and subnetting
Procedure: Following is required to be study under this practical.
Classification of IP address
As show in figure we teach how the ip addresses are classified and when they are used.
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class
A
B
C
D
E
Address Range
1.0.0.1 to
128.1.0.1
to
126.255.255.254
191.255.255.254
192.0.1.1 to
223.255.254.254
224.0.0.0
to
239.255.255.255
240.0.0.0
to
254.255.255.254
Supports
Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127
Supports
networks. 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000
networks.
Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million
networks. for multicast groups.
Reserved
Reserved.
Subnetting
Why we develop subnetting and How to calculate subnet mask and how
to identify subnet address. Give some examples of IP addressing from text book
of communication network and also give some questions to the students so
that they can better understand the IP addressing concept.
9|P ag e
Date of Performance
Registration Number
Aim:
Observation:
S.No. Parameter
Marks obtained
Max. Marks
1.

20
2.

20
3.
10
10 | P a g e
Total marks
obtained
Experiment 4
Aim: To Understand the working of network devices (routers, switches and hubs etc. use
packet tracer) and also create cross and straight cable.
Software used: Packet tracer.
Equipment Used: Crimping Tool, RJ-45 Connectors, Network Cable(CAT5 or CAT6)
Learning Objective: To learn the working of network devices and how to make the
network cable.
Procedure: Following should be done to understand this practical. Use packet
tracer to show the devices in packet tracer.
1. Repeater: Functioning at Physical Layer. A repeater is an electronic device that
receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the
other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances. Repeater
have two ports, s o cannot be use to connect for more than two devices
2. Hub: An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub or
Concentrator is a device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet
devices together and making them act as a single network segment. Hubs work at
the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. The device is a form of multiport
repeater. Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal
to all ports if it detects a collision.
3. Switch: A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking
device
that connects network segments. The term commonly refers to a network
bridge that processes and routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI
model. Switches that additionally process data at the network layer (layer 3 and
above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or multilayer switches.
4.Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer
(Layer 2) of the OSI model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a
device that behaves according to the IEEE 802.1 D standards. A bridge and switch
are very much alike; a switch being a bridge with numerous ports. Switch or Layer 2
switch is often used interchangeably with bridge. Bridges c a n analyze incoming data
packets to determine if the bridge is able to send the given packet to another segment
of the network.
5. Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more
computer networks, and selectively interchanges packets of data between them.
Each data packet contains address information that a router can use to determine if
the source and destination are on the same network, or if the data packet must be
transferred from one network to another. Where multiple routers are used in a large
collection of interconnected networks, the routers exchange information about target
system addresses, so that each router can build up a table showing the preferred paths
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between any two systems on the interconnected networks.

6. Gateway: In a communications network, a network node equipped for
interfacing with another network that uses different protocols.
A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance
matching devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary
to provide system interoperability. It also requires the establishment of mutually
acceptable administrative procedures between both networks.
A protocol tr anslat io n/mapping
gateway
different network protocol technologies by
conversions.
interconnects
networks
with
performing the required protocol
To make the cable following steps should be followed.

1. Start by stripping off about 2 inches of the plastic jacket off the end of the cable. Be
very careful at this point, as to not nick or cut into the wires, which are inside. Doing so
could alter the characteristics of your cable, or even worse render is useless. Check the
wires, one more time for nicks or cuts. If there are any, just whack the whole end off,
and start over.
2. Spread the wires apart, but be sure to hold onto the base of the jacket with your other
hand. You do not want the wires to become untwisted down inside the jacket.
Category 5 cable must only have 1/2 of an inch of 'untwisted' wire at the end;
otherwise it will be 'out of spec'. At this point, you obviously have ALOT more than
1/2 of an inch of un-twisted wire.
3. You have 2 end jacks, which must be installed on your cable. If you are using a premade cable, with one of the ends whacked off, you only have one end to install - the
crossed over end. Below are two diagrams, which show how you need to arrange the
cables for each type of cable end. Decide at this point which end you are making and
examine the associated picture below.
Diagram shows you how to prepare Cross wired connection
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Diagram shows you how to prepare straight through wired connection
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Date of Performance
Registration Number
Aim:
Observation:
S.No. Parameter
Marks obtained
Max. Marks
1.

20
2.

20
3.
10
14 | P a g e
Total marks
obtained
Experiment 5
Aim: To understand various methods of network configuration and network troubleshooting
and make a point to point connection between two computers.
Software used: Packet tracer and DOS
Equipment Used: Two Computers, Network Cable OR (we can also perform on a packet
tracer)
Learning Objective: To learn the various network configuration commands and how to
connect two computers on a network.
Procedure:
In this EXPERIMENT- students have to understand basic networking commands e.g
ping, tracert etc.
All commands related to Network configuration which includes how to switch to privilege
mode and normal mode and how to configure router interface and how to save this
configuration to flash memory or permanent memory.
This commands includes
Configuring the Router commands

General Commands to configure network
Privileged Mode commands of a router
Router Processes & Statistics
IP Commands
Other IP Commands e.g. show ip route etc.
ping:
ping(8) sends an ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packet to the specified host. If the host
responds, you get an ICMP packet back. Sound strange? Well, you can ping an IP
address to see if a machine is alive. If there is no response, you know something is
wrong.
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Traceroute:
Tracert is a command which can show you the path a packet of information takes from your
computer to one you specify. It will list all the routers it passes through until it reaches its
destination, or fails to and is discarded. In addition to this, it will tell you how long each
'hop' from router to router takes.
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nslookup:
Displays information from Domain Name System (DNS) name servers.
NOTE :If you write the command as above it shows as default your pc's server name
firstly.
pathping:
A better version of tracert that gives you statics about packet lost and latency.
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Netstat:
In computing, netstat (network statistics) is a command-line tool that displays network
connections (both incoming and outgoing), routing tables, and a number of network interface
(network interface controller or software-defined network interface) and network protocol
statistics. It is available on Unix-like operating systems including OS X, Linux, Solaris, and
BSD, and is available on Windows NT-based operating systems including Windows XP,
Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 8.Use command prompt for execution.
Whois:
WHOIS (pronounced as the phrase who is) is a query and response protocol that is widely
used for querying databases that store the registered users or assignees of an Internet
resource, such as a domain name, an IP address block, or an autonomous system, but is
also used for a wider range of other information. The protocol stores and delivers database
content in a human-readable format.
Use :- https://who.is/ (free online Whois database)
B) To make a point to point connection between two computers. Following steps to
follow.
Using crossover Ethernet cable connects both PCs via the (RJ45) port.
PC - 1:
Go to My Computer > Properties > Computer Name.
Change the Computer Name to A and Workgroup name to ABC and click OK
save changes.
Go to Control Panel > Network Connections.
Right click on your LAN connection and select Properties.
Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) > Properties.
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to
Enter these values:

o IP Address - 192.168.0.1
o Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
Leave the other fields blank and click OK to save changes.
PC - 2:
Go to My Computer > Properties > Computer Name.
Change the Computer Name to B and Workgroup name to ABC and click
save changes.
Go to Control Panel > Network Connections.
Right click on your LAN connection and select Properties.
Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) > Properties.
Enter these values:
o IP Address - 192.168.0.2
o Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
Leave the other fields blank and click OK to save changes.
If the ping shows reply from both the computers then you can share files and folders
between the computers.
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OK to
Date of Performance
Registration Number
Aim:
Observation:
S.No. Parameter
Marks obtained
Max. Marks
1.

20
2.

20
3.
10
20 | P a g e
Total marks
obtained
Experiment 6
Aim: To create a network scenario and implement Distance Vector Routing.
Software used: Packet tracer
Learning Objective: To learn the network protocol (RIP protocol)
Procedure:
1. Develop a Topology shown in figure given below.
2. Configure all Routers
3. Implement RIP protocols in Router to configure Network.
Router0 configuration.
Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: no
Press RETURN to get started!
Router>
Router>en
Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname router0
router0(config)#int lo0
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%LINK5CHANGED: Interface Loopback0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO5UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback0, changed
state to up router0(configif)#ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
router0(configif)#int f0/0
router0(configif)#ip address 10.1.12.1
255.255.255.0 router0(configif)#no shut
%LINK5CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to
up
router0(configif)#int f0/1
router0(configif)#ip address 10.1.14.1 255.255.255.0
router0(configif)#no shut
%LINK5CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
router0(configif)#end
%SYS5CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
router0#wr
Building configuration... [OK]
router0#
%LINEPROTO5UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed
state to up
%LINEPROTO5UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1,
changed state to up router0 con0 is now available
Press RETURN to get started.
router0> router0>en
router0#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
router0(config)#router rip
router0(configrouter)#net 10.0.0.0
router0(configrouter)#
router0(configrouter)#end
router0#show ip route
Codes: C connected, S static, I IGRP, R RIP, M
mobile, B BGP D EIGRP, EX EIGRP external, O
OSPF, IA OSPF inter area
N1 OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 OSPF external type 1, E2 OSPF external type 2, E EGP
i ISIS, L1 ISIS level1, L2 ISIS level2, ia ISIS inter area
* candidate default, U peruser static route, o
ODR P periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
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10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

C
10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
C
10.1.12.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C
10.1.14.0 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/1 router0#
router0#
Router1 Configuration.
Router>enable
Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with
CNTL/Z. Router(config)#int lo0
%LINEPROTO5UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback0, changed state to up
Router(configif)#ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.0
Router(configif)#no shut
Router(configif)#int f0/1
state to up
Router(configif)#end
Router#wr
Router#
state to up
Router con0 is now available
Router>
Router>en
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Router#con t
% Ambiguous command: "con t"
Router#co t
% Ambiguous command: "co t" Router#conf t
CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#router rip
Router(configrouter)#net 10.0.0.0
Router(configrouter)# end
Router#
Router>en
Router#config t
%LINEPROTO5UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback0, changed state to up
state to up
Router(configif)#End
Router#wr Building configuration... [OK]
Router#
state to up
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Router con0 is now available

Router>
Router> Router>en
Router#show ip route
Codes: C connected, S static, I IGRP, R RIP, M mobile,
B BGP D EIGRP, EX EIGRP external, O OSPF, IA
OSPF inter area
C
C
C
Router#config t
CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#router rip Router(configrouter)#net
10.0.0.0
Router(configrouter)#end
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R
R
C
R
R
C
C
10.1.1.0 [120/2] via 10.1.23.1, 00:00:19, FastEthernet0/0

10.1.34.0
is
directly
connected, FastEthernet0/1
Continue
with
configuration
dialog? [yes/no]: no

Router>
Router>e n Router#confi g t
%LINK5CHANGED:
Interface
Loopback0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO5UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback0,
changed state to up
Router(configif)#ip address 10.1.34.2
255.255.255.0
Router(configif)#no
shut
%LINK5CHANGED: Interface
FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO5UPDOWN: Line p r o t o c o l o n Interface FastEthernet0/0,
changed state to up
Router(configif)# Router(configif)#int f0/1
%LINK5CHANGED: Interface
FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO5UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1,
changed state to up
Router(configif)#end
Router#wr
Router# Router#
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Router#show iproute

C
C
Router#conf t
CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#router rip
Router(configrouter)#net 10.0.0.0
Router(configrouter)#
Router(configrouter)#end

R
R 10.1.2.0 [120/2] via 10.1.34.1, 00:00:14,
FastEthernet0/0 [120/2] via 10.1.14.1,
00:00:09, FastEthernet0/1
R
R
C
27 | P a g e
R
C
Router#
28 | P a g e
Date of Performance
Registration Number
Aim:
Observation:
S.No. Parameter
Marks obtained
Max. Marks
1.

20
2.

20
3.
10
29 | P a g e
Total marks
obtained
Experiment 7
Aim: To create a network scenario and implement Link State Routing.
Software used: Packet tracer
Learning Objective: To learn the Link State Protocol
Procedure:
1. Develop a Topology shown in figure given below.
2. Configure all the workstations
3. Configure all switches
4. Configure all Routers
5. Implement OSPF protocols in Router to configure network as we configured in the
distance vector.
30 | P a g e
Date of Performance
Registration Number
Aim:
Observation:
Error Analysis:
S.No. Parameter
Marks obtained
Max. Marks
1.

20
2.

20
3.
10
31 | P a g e
Total marks
obtained
Experiment 8
Aim: To perform sniffing and learn the basic interface of wireshark .
Software used: Wireshark(freely available on internet)
Learning Objective: To learn the Wireshark and its operation.

Procedure: To learn the Wireshark follow the steps below.
1. Download and install the wireshark on your system.
2. After downloading and installing Wireshark, you can launch it and click the name of an
interface under Interface List to start capturing packets on that interface. For example, if you
want to capture traffic on the wireless network, click your wireless interface. You can configure
advanced features by clicking Capture Options, but this isnt necessary for now.As soon as
you click the interfaces name, youll see the packets start to appear in real time. Wireshark
captures each packet sent to or from your system. If youre capturing on a wireless interface
and have promiscuous mode enabled in your capture options, youll also see other the other
packets on the network.
Click the stop capture button near the top left corner of the window when you want to stop capturing
traffic.
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Color Coding
Youll probably see packets highlighted in green, blue and black. Wireshark uses
colors to help you identify the types of traffic at a glance. By default, green is TCP
traffic, dark blue is DNS traffic, light blue is UDP traffic and black identifies TCP
packets with problems for example, they could have been delivered out-of-order.
33 | P a g e
Sample Captures
If theres nothing interesting on your own network to inspect, Wiresharks wiki has you
covered.
Opening a capture file is easy; just click Open on the main screen and browse for
a file. You can also save your own captures in Wireshark and open them later.
Filtering Packets
If youre trying to inspect something specific, such as the traffic a program sends
when phoning home, it helps to close down all other applications using the network
so you can narrow down the traffic. Still, youll likely have a large amount of packets
to sift through. Thats where Wiresharks filters come in.
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The most basic way to apply a filter is by typing it into the filter box at the top of the
window and clicking Apply (or pressing Enter). For example, type dns and youll
see only DNS packets. When you start typing, Wireshark will help you
autocomplete your filter.
You can also click the Analyze menu and select Display Filters to create a new filter.
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Another interesting thing you can do is right-click a packet and select Follow TCP Stream.
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Youll see the full conversation between the client and the server.
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Close the window and youll find a filter has been applied automatically Wireshark is
showing you the packets that make up the conversation.
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Inspecting Packets
Click a packet to select it and you can dig down to view its details.
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You can also create filters from here just right-click one of the details and use the
Apply as Filter submenu to create a filter based on it.
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Date of Performance
Registration Number
Aim:
Observation:
S.No. Parameter
Marks obtained
Max. Marks
1.

20
2.

20
3.
10
42 | P a g e
Total marks
obtained
Experiment 9
AIM: To create a DHCP server in packet tracer.
Learning Objective: To learn how to create a DHCP in packet tracer.
Procedure:
1.First, let us make a topology with one router on which we will apply DHCP and
several client PCs.
2.Now, we will apply DHCP on the router. The commands in sequence are as follows.
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In the following command ip dhcp pool cisco, we are creating a pool for DHCP called
cisco. cisco is the name here and we can name it whatever we want.Similarly,
in the command default-router we are telling the DHCP about the default route
to follow.
Notice, after we exit from DHCP mode, we are excluding some IP addresses by
applying this command ip dhcp excluded-addresses x-x, where x is the starting and
ending IP address respectively. We are basically reserving some IPs for our use. It
can be used to attach printers, or assign it to some specific users for security
purposes. You can also give dns address in dhcp by using the following
command.dns-server 192.168.1.15.
3. Now, open the PC. Click on IP Configuration
4. Select from Static to DHCP
5. Now, after applying some IPs in sequence, DHCP will skip the IPs that we
have excluded from our DHCP pool.
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Date of Performance
Registration Number
Aim:
Observation:
S.No. Parameter
Marks obtained
Max. Marks
1.

20
2.

20
3.
10
45 | P a g e
Total marks
obtained
Experiment 10
Aim: To create a DNS server in packet tracer.
Learning Objective: To learn how to create a DNS in packet tracer.
Procedure:
1.Create the following topology.
Server 0 in the above topology is our dhcp server and Server 1 is our dns server.
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2.Set up IP on server 0.
3.Set up DHCP on server 0.
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Set up IP on server 1.
Now, go to PC and select DHCP.
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Go to Web Browser and enter Server 0 ip address. You can access the website of the server.
Now, let us set DNS on server 1.

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Now, again go to PC and in the web browser enter the name that you set in DNS.
50 | P a g e
Date of Performance
Registration Number
Aim:
Observation:
S.No. Parameter
Marks obtained
Max. Marks
1.

20
2.

20
3.
10
51 | P a g e
Total marks
obtained

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LABORATORY MANUAL

Name of the Student:..

Overview of Packet Tracer Interface.

Customize Packet Tracer and create the network topology in

Perform subnetting in a network and learn the fundamentals of IP

To Understand the working of network devices (routers,

To understand various methods of network configuration and

To create a network scenario and implement Distance Vector

To create a network scenario and implement Link State Routing.

To perform sniffing and learn the basic interface of wireshark .

To create a DHCP server in packet tracer.

To create a DNS server in packet tracer.

Worksheet of the student

Result and Discussion:

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt):

Understanding of the student

Observations and analysis

Learning Outcome: To be written by students in 50-70 words.

Worksheet of the student

Result and Discussion:

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt):

Understanding of the student

Observations and analysis

Learning Outcome: To be written by students in 50-70 words.

Worksheet of the student

Result and Discussion:

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt):

Understanding of the student

Observations and analysis

between any two systems on the interconnected networks.

To make the cable following steps should be followed.

Diagram shows you how to prepare Cross wired connection

Diagram shows you how to prepare straight through wired connection

Learning Outcome: To be written by students in 50-70 words.

Worksheet of the student

Result and Discussion:

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt):

Understanding of the student

Observations and analysis

Configuring the Router commands

Enter these values:

Worksheet of the student

Result and Discussion:

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt):

Understanding of the student

Observations and analysis

%LINK5CHANGED: Interface Loopback0, changed state to up

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

Router con0 is now available

10.1.1.0 [120/2] via 10.1.23.1, 00:00:19, FastEthernet0/0

Press RETURN to get started!

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 7 subnets

Worksheet of the student

Result and Discussion:

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt):

Understanding of the student

Observations and analysis

Learning Outcome: To be written by students in 50-70 words.

Worksheet of the student

Result and Discussion:

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt):

Understanding of the student

Observations and analysis