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CHAPTER 1 : PREPARATION

GEOLOGISTA CHANGE TO GROW

PRE SPUD MEETING ( Meeting before the first drilling done )

Offset well
Distance : Reservoir Continuity, Facies change possibility
Stratigraphy
Reservoir : Facies, Depositional Environment
Marker : Coal, Limestone, Sandstone
Log correlation : Wireline Composite log and mudlog

Objective Well { Exploration, Delineation ( Fluida & Lithology ),

Development }
DRILLING MONTAGE
Objective Reservoir ( sandstone, carbonate, basement )
Casing point

Any where, depend on the depth, Above transition

zone ( differential pressure zone ).

Corring Point :

Maximum penetration, Conventional versus sleeve

barrel, Formation.

Logging program : Intermediate Logging ( Upper ), Final Total Depth

Logging ( Objective ), Presentation Format, Special
Logging Job ( FMI, FMS, DSI, RFT, SWC, SCT,
Seismic ( Checkshot or VSP ), Logging Quality
control Sheet, MSCT ( mechanical side wall core
tool).
Critical points : Lost Circulation Zone, Differential Pressure Zone,
Coring point, casing point if critical.
Reporting : Daily Report ( frequency and importance )
Report sheet and Final Report and the end of well ( daily
geological report doc. ),Communication flow chart and
personal contact

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PERSONAL EQUIPMENT
Color Chart ( Standart )
Grain size Comparitor
Dictionary of Geology
Rock and Mineral guide for complex geology
Log Analysis
Log Analysis tool for Quick Look
Spreadsheet
Software
BHST Chart / sheet

CHAPTER 2 : RIG
RIG TYPE : onshore, offshore ( Swam Barge, Fixed Platform, Jack
Up, Drill Ship, Semi Submersible )
RIG COMPONENT
Drill String ( drilling series ), Bit : Tricone ( Mill tooth, Insert ); PDC or
Poly Diamond Crystal( Drilling, Corring )
Drilling Fluid ( Mud )
Weight ( Hydrostatic Pressure ) checked with RFT
Cool and Lubricate drilling bit
Carrying up cutting
Wall the hole with impermeable filter cake
Release cutting at surface
Water based Mud ( Cheap, Gumbo Problem )
Oil Base Mud (Less problem, maintenance)
ROP, RFT ( Knowing porosity )
LCM or Lose Circulation Material ( plug lost circulation zone ) :
carbonate, walnuts hulls, bentonite diesel, etc.
Mud Pulse ( MWD ) & ROP

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DRILING OPERATION
Drilling
In drilling processing, there are some problems that might be showed, such as
stuck, blow out, lost circulation, etc
Lost Circulation ( partially or totally )
-

Excessive Mud Weigth, low pressure Zone (at development

well,limestone)

Kick ( controllable )
-

Slightly Underbalanced Mud Weight

Blow Out ( uncontrollable )

-

Uncontrollable Kick

Stuck Pipe
-

Key Seat ( directional drilling ) / deviated.

Differential Sticking ( mud )

Twisted off ( pipe )
Bridging ( Caving : formation, mud, hole cleaning operation )

TRIPPING
Tripping Out
Change bit
logging, coring
Suspend, fish out : Swab effect ( speed ), Well flowing, Stuck pipe
Tripping In
Drilling, Coring
Fishing, Reaming ( cleaning the ole or bigger the hole ) : Surge and
Lost Circulation, Bridge and fill.

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CHAPTER 3 : MUD LOGGING

Real time monitoring rig activity ( drilling, tripping, testing if any )

Record all parameters (Depth, Lag Depth, ROP, Gas,
Chromatography, Mwin/out, Mtempin/out, Pump Pressure, Torque,
WOB, Mflowin/out, Pit Level, etc)
Report to Company man and Geologist
Recommendation

PROVIDE FOR GEOLOGIST

BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE
FLUOROSCOPE
SAMPLE TRAY, PROBE, BAG, CORE BOX, ENVELOPES, CAN FOR
GEOCHEMISTRY
SOLVENT
-

Trichloroethane ( To see oil shows )

Phenopthaline ( Determine cement contamination )
Diluted HCL ( 10% )
TetraChlorida ( Poisonous? )
Acetone
Bacteriocide ( For Geochemistry )

GEOLOGICAL DATA AND QUALITY CONTROL

Regularly checking and calibration ( sensors ), carbide check for lag time

Lag Depth
o Depth of sample from certain depth
o Lag time ( travel time is needed by cutting from bit depth to the surface
shale shaker )

Gas Reading
o Liberated Gas ( Gas Peak and Background gas )
Reservoir ( Ss, Ls, Fracture Basement )
o Connection Gas, Trip Gas, Recycling Gas

Rate of Penetration
o Check drilling parameters, bit type
o Related to type of rock being drilled
o Coring point

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CHAPTER 4 :

WELLSITE GEOLOGIST
WELL SITE Duty :
What are we drilling in ? ( Sand, Shale, Carbonate, Basement )
What we got ? ( Oil, Gas, Water )
Where were we ? ( No body Knows, Only God knows !!! )
Drilling Contractor

Oil Company

EXPLO RATION
* Geologist
- Mud Logging
- 12 or 24 Working Hours
- Exploration Eye.

Rig Site

DRILLING
* Company Man ( Drilling Supervisor )
- Rig
- Cementing
- Mud Logging
- Mud Engineer
- Material and Vehicles
- Testing and labour

RESPONSIBILITY
Description
- Sample and Core
- Oil Show
Logging
- Quality Control
- Quick Look Analysis
Coring
- Picking point
Recommendation

SAMPLE TYPE
Washed and dried Interfal 5 m
Side Wall core ( percussion and Rotary )
Core ( Conventional Sleeve )
Unwashed ( palaentology )
Geochemistry
Interval 50 m
50 % Unwashed Sample, 25% empty
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DESCRIPTION PURPOSE

Understand the component and structure of the rock and to draw

conclusions as to the source, depositional environment and
position where the cutting were obtained
It allow another person to recognize the rock whenever it is seen
again

Rock Type
Sedimentary rock versus crystalline rock
Hydrocarbon Show
OIL SHOW VERSUS GAS SHOW
Reservoir Details
MINERALOGY

COMPOSITION,

POROSITY

ESTIMATION,

RESERVOIR MATURITY, ETC

Lithology Log Calibration
LIGHOLOGY LOG RESPONSES (LIMESTONE, DOLOMITE)
Depositional Environment
GLAUCONITE (MARINE),

FOSSILS

(FORAMS,

CORAL,

BIVALVE, GASTROPODS)

DESCRIPTION FORMAT
1. Rock Type
2. Classification
3. Color
4. Hardness
5. Grain Size
6. Grain Shape
7. Sorting
8. Mineralogy
9. Matrix Pore Filling
10. Cement
11. Visual Structure
12. Visual Porosity Estimation
13. Oil Show
14. Other
Use of the standard abbreviation is essential for proper understanding. If
during your description, you notice a feature which does not have an
abbreviation, spell out the feature instead of making up an abbreviation

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OIL SHOW
FREE OIL IN MUD
PETROLEUM ODOR
VISUAL STAINING
FLUORESCENSE
CUT

AMOUNT, COLOR
STRONG, FAINT,
WEAK
AMOUNT, COLOR,
DISTRIBUTION
COLO, INTENSITY,
PERCENTAGE
RATE, COLOR,

OIL IN MUD
Amount, color, odor, fluorescence Shale shaker, Unwashed sample

ODOR
None, Poor (slight), Fair, Good (strong)

OIL STAINING
Percentage under microscope
90-100% Excellent
50-90% Good
10-50% Fair
0-10% Trace
color and distribution if not 100% (patchy, spotty, Laminated)

FLUORESCENCE

Percentage, intensity and color observed under UV is the best and first
indication of an oil show
Some minerals ( lignite, coal, amber )and pipe dope give fluorescence

Mineral Fluorescence
Dolomite
Limestone
Fossil
Anhydrate
Pyrite
Calcite

Yellow to Yellowish Brown

Yellow to Brown
Yellow White to Yellow
Grey Blue to Grey
Purple to Yellow Brown
Orange to Gold

CUT
Describe the phenomenon of oil being leached from rock by a solvent (usually
use Chloroethene)

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Visible cut (under Microscope)

Colorless
Pale straw
Straw
Dark Straw
Light Amber
Amber
Brown
Dark brow
Opaque dark - brown

Apply to visible cut of residual

Cut fluorescence
Bluish white
Yellowish white
Greenish white
Whitish yellow
Yellow
Yellowish orange
Gold
Orange
Brownish orange

Light Oil

Heavy Oil

Solvent Cut
Type
Normal
Dried
Acidized
Hot Water
Crushed

Rate
Instant
Fast
Moderate
Slow
Streaming

Intensity
very bright
Bright
Moderately
Pale
Dull

General Qualitative Estimates of Oil Show

API Gravity
2-10
10-18
18-35
35-45
> 45

Fluorescence color
None Dull brown
Brown Orange
Gold Yellow
Blue White white
White None

Visual Stain
Black
Brown
Light Brown
Tan
Tan - Transparent

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Oil Show Rating

Trace Oil Show

Minor scattered pinpoint fluorescence in unwashed cutting,

dull color
Trace to 40% weak to moderate fluorescence, will nil to
slight visible staining
Little to some increase above baseline on total gas
Some drilling rate increase indicative of porosity (drilling
break) possibly residual oil

Fair Oil Show

Common pinpoint fluorescence in unwashed cutting (2030%) bright fluorescence over dull
20-50% fluorescence of sample, fair to strong
Slight visible porosity, good drilling break
Good discoloration of cut under UV light, free cut, more
intens when crushed
Possibly oil in mud
Recommended to cut core

Good oil show :

Common to abundant of pinpoint fluorescence in unwashed cutting,

more that 50% of sample, indicating live oil
More than 40% of sample with strong sample fluorescence
Visible staining
Fair to good visible porosity ( Very good drilling break )
Cut can be visible in ordinary light, free and rapid
Oil in mud
Gas : at least two fold increase over baseline, significant amount of
heavier hydrocarbon gases in cutting.

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CORE AND CORE S DESCRIPTION

CORING PROCEDURES CHECKLIST
1. PREPARATION and LOGISTICS

Familiarize your self with the aim and scope of the coring program
Prepare a core well folder with correlation section and necessary coring
related forms.
Coordinate and arrange for core boxes, fiberglass sleeves and supplies
necessary for the coring job.
Discuss logistics and potential problems with the relevant personnel.
For Example :
1. core layout area
2. Problem in coring active steam area

Coordinate duty distribution with other wellsite geologist

2. AT THE WELLSITE
Operation
Have driller strap out of hole when coring point is reached
Make sure coring rate and drilling parameters are recorded
Make sure depths agree
Core sleeve Marking and Cutting
Ensure that barrel is handled carefully and is not bent
Locate, measure and mark the top the core
Mark the red and blue lines down the sleeve ( red on right )
Correctly mark and label the sleeve in 3 ft section
Cut each 3 section, describe core ends, cap and place in correctly
labeled core box.
Be sure cores are secure in boxes, attach lids with wood screws.
Make sure all boxes for each core are shipped together, retain
shipment transmittal.
Make a summary report for days progress to be turned into the base
office the following morning.

Purpose of coring :

Reservoir details (facies, sedimentary structure, depositional

environment, age porosity type, etc)
Petrophysics (porosity, permeability, Sw, Shr, capillary pressure, etc)
Log calibration

Handling
Be careful become core can be dropped gravitationally from core
barrel.
Marking top and bottom with color marker prior to do anything

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Blue
Red
Bottom ( B )

Top ( T )

Wipe with rag instead of water for conventional core

Special treatment for special purpose (onsite resin preservation)

CHAPTER 5 : LOG ANALISYS

LOGGING PROGRAM (DEPENDES ON THE WELL CLASS)

Gamma Ray
Natural Gamma Ray ( GR )
Spectral Gamma Ray ( DSGR, CGR, Thorium, Potassium, Uranium )

Resistivity
Induction
Dual Laterolog

: ILD, ILM, SFl

: LLD, LLM, MSFL

Spontaneous Potential ( SP )
Density and Neutro ( LDL / CNL )
Sonic
Bore Hole Compensated BHS
Array Sonics AS
Dipole Shear Imager

Formation Pressure
Repeatable Formation Tes
ter RFT
Modular Dynamic Formation Tester MDT

Dipmeter
SHDT : Stratigraphic High Resolution Dipmeter Tool
FMS : Formation Micro Scanner, Image, Detect porosity type
FMI : Formation Micro Imager, More detail than FMI

Seismic
Check shot
VSP (Velocity Seismic Profile)

NMR Nuclei Magnetic Resonance

CMR ( Combinable Magnetic Resonance Schlumberger )
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MRIL ( Magnetic Resonance Imaging Log Halliburton )

Porosity tool to measure pore throat size based on radio frequency
Derive Total Porosity, Effective Porosity, Capillary Water
Irreducible Water, Hydrocarbon Typing

Sidewall Core
Percussion Sidewall Core ( Petrography )
Rotary Sidewall Core ( Petrography and Petrophysics )

WIRELINE LOGGING PROCEDURES CHECKLIST

1. PREPARATION FOR LOGGING

Review the Drilling program and logging program, Discuss with

Logging Engineer : Drilling Problems, Logging Program, Procedures,
safety ( stuck, logging in hostile environment, etc ), Logging Speed,
Special Handling For certain log ( such as turn off all radio and
communication line before running percussion Sidewall Core ), Quality
Control, Etc.
Coordinate with Mud Engineer to obtain mud sample from the last
circulation prior to logging and let the Logging Engineer the resistivity
the sample ( Rm, Rmf, Rmc ).
Lithology log For Dynamic Logging Quality Control.
Logging Quality Control Sheet and Log Format
Previous Logging Job

2. AT THE WELLSITE PRIOR TO LOGGING

Check to see if all tools necessary for logging are at the wellsite
Present the logging engineer with all the necessary data to ensure log
headers are correct and complete
Consult with drilling representative regarding hole problems and
additives that may have been added to the mud which may affect log
response.

3. DURING WIRELINE LOGGING

Check Shop Summary, before and after Survey Calibrations ( Discuss

any inconsistencies and/or problem with the engineer )
Check general Quality control ( Log appearance, repeatability, review
calibrations, and occasionally spot-check calculations )
Check with Sr.Geologist on call as to logging program changes
necessitated by deteriorating hole conditions, equipment failures or the
need to run additional tools for formation evaluation.
Keep Oil Company Drilling Representative informed about any hole
problems that could necessitate a wiper trip or other corrective action.
Choose sidewall sample (CST) locations.
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Witness the SWS acquisition and removal of bullets from the gun.
Make sure labels are legible and complete.
Check log headers for completeness and accuracy, ensure that correct
header information is also on LIS formatted tape.

4. AFTER WIRELINE LOGGING

Take field prints and SWS back to the office

Describe SWS, label individual sample containers and lids properly,
package correctly for shipping and send to the appropriate office.
Check that the numbers of copies of the various prints, films and tape
are generated by the logging contractor in a timely fashion
Annotate and complete the master log promptly.
Complete Well Summary
Prepare Thursday cable covering all wells drilled over the past week.
Ensure that Master Log, Well Summaries and Thursday cable data
agree.

LOGGING ENVIRONMENT

Dept
300 20,000 ft (average 6000 ft)
Diameter
5 15 (average 9)
Deviation
- Long radius (5-200)
- Medium radius (20-450)
- Short radius (horizontal) a TLC (Tough Logging Condition)
BHT
100-3500 F (average 1500 F)
MW
9-16 ppg (average 11 ppg)
Mud Salinity
3,00 200,000 ppm NaCl equivalent (average 10,000)
BHP
500-15,000 psi (average 3,000 psi)
Mud Cake
0,1-1 (average 0.5)
Invaded depth 0,1-3 ft

ROCK PROPERTIES

Porosity ( ) : fraction of total volume that is pore space

Water saturation ( Sw ) : fraction of pore space occupied by water
Irreducible Water Saturation ( Swirr ) : Fraction of pore space occupied
by immovable water.
Permeability ( k ) : flow ability measured in md ( milidarcies )

HYDROCARBON BEARING ROCK

Sandstone
Limestone
Dolomite
Fractured Reservoir
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INVASION

Overbalanced drilling
Create mud cake on permeable formation
Displace formation water with mud filtrate in flushed zone
Extend in few inches to a few feet, generally greater at low porosity

FORMATION FACTOR
The Resistivity, Ro, must be proportional to Rw since the only water
conducts.
Ro
F
m
a

= F x Rw
= a/m

= cementation factor (Laboratory measurement)

= Tortuosity Factor (Laboratory measurement)

when f = 1 (all water, no matrix), Ro = Rw and when f = 0 (no pore water

solid matrix), Ro must be infinite since the rock itself as insulator. General
formation factor for various rock are :
F
F

= 1/2
Limestone
= 0,81/2
Unconsolidated Sandstone
0.62/2.15 Consolidated Sandstone

WATER SATURATION
Knowing Ro dan Rw, water saturation (Sw), the fraction of pore space
containing water, can be calculated by formula :

Swn = FxRw/Rt Archie Equation

n
Rw
Rt

Clean Formation

Water saturation exponent (Laboratory Measurement)

SP, Well Testing, Catalog, Resistivity (Water bearing zone)
Deep Resistivity Reading (lld, LLd)
Porosity, from porosity log (density, neutron and sonic)
CMR/MRIL

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