Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Lecture : Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos

theorem and impact loading
Yubao Zhen

Dec ,

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

. Review: Method of diagram multiplication

method of diagram multiplication
graphical way of Mohr integration
L

SmC
mMdx =
EI
EI

graphical operations:
area S from M
height mC from (linear) m at xC of M
lengths and areas of basic graphs

applications
bending, bending with elastic foundation (spring)
tricks
component diagrams, signs, organization

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

. Review: Method of diagram multiplication

method of diagram multiplication
graphical way of Mohr integration
L

SmC
mMdx =
EI
EI

graphical operations:
area S from M
height mC from (linear) m at xC of M
lengths and areas of basic graphs

applications
bending, bending with elastic foundation (spring)
tricks
component diagrams, signs, organization

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

. Review: Method of diagram multiplication

method of diagram multiplication
graphical way of Mohr integration
L

SmC
mMdx =
EI
EI

graphical operations:
area S from M
height mC from (linear) m at xC of M
lengths and areas of basic graphs

applications
bending, bending with elastic foundation (spring)
tricks
component diagrams, signs, organization

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

. Review: Method of diagram multiplication

method of diagram multiplication
graphical way of Mohr integration
L

SmC
mMdx =
EI
EI

graphical operations:
area S from M
height mC from (linear) m at xC of M
lengths and areas of basic graphs

applications
bending, bending with elastic foundation (spring)
tricks
component diagrams, signs, organization

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

. Outline

. Castiglianos nd theorem

form, derivation, original and modied versions
.
impact problem

assumptions, physics, formula, applications

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

. Outline

. Castiglianos nd theorem

form, derivation, original and modied versions
.
impact problem

assumptions, physics, formula, applications

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

. Castiglianos nd Theorem
( [] )

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. An observation
Elastic strain energy in a cantilevered beam:

x
B

P
A

L (Px)
M
P L P L
dx =
dx =
=
EI
EI
EI
EI

dUe PL
check this out:
=
= A (Appendix G, p. , entry )
dP
EI

Ue =

Observation:
the derivative of the strain energy with respect to the load is equal to
the deection corresponding to the load.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Castiglianos nd Theorem
Carlos Alberto Pio Castigliano ( ), an Italian engineer.

.
Castiglianos (nd) Theorem
.
The partial derivative of the strain energy of a structure with respect to any
load
is equal to the displacement corresponding to that load.
.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Castiglianos nd Theorem
Carlos Alberto Pio Castigliano ( ), an Italian engineer.

.
Castiglianos (nd) Theorem
.
The partial derivative of the strain energy of a structure with respect to any
load
is equal to the displacement corresponding to that load.
.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Castiglianos nd Theorem
Carlos Alberto Pio Castigliano ( ), an Italian engineer.

.
Castiglianos (nd) Theorem
.
The partial derivative of the strain energy of a structure with respect to any
load
is equal to the displacement corresponding to that load.
.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Castiglianos nd Theorem
Carlos Alberto Pio Castigliano ( ), an Italian engineer.

.
Castiglianos (nd) Theorem
.
The partial derivative of the strain energy of a structure with respect to any
load
is equal to the displacement corresponding to that load.
.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. The original form

The original form in his dissertation:
...... the partial derivative of the strain energy, considered as a function of the
applied forces acting on a linearly elastic structure, with respect to one of these
forces, is equal to the displacement in the direction of the force of its point of
application.

about the st theorem:

complementary to the nd theorem, it gives the loads on a structure in
terms of the partial derivatives of the strain energy with respect to the
displacements.
The st theorem is less commonly used than the nd theorem.
(thus neglected)
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

. Proof of the theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Proof of the Castiglianos nd Theorem

statement of the problem:
n forces: P , P , ..., Pn are applied on a body , determine the
displacement at a point of loading, say, for example, at Pj .

P1

Pn
Pn1

P2

An implied fact:

Ue is a state function ()
In thermodynamics, a state function,
or state quantity, is a property of
system that depends only on the
current state of the system, NOT on
the way the system reaches the state.

Pj
Ue = f(P , P , ..., Pn )
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Proof of the Castiglianos nd Theorem

statement of the problem:
n forces: P , P , ..., Pn are applied on a body , determine the
displacement at a point of loading, say, for example, at Pj .

P1

Pn
Pn1

P2

An implied fact:

Ue is a state function ()
In thermodynamics, a state function,
or state quantity, is a property of
system that depends only on the
current state of the system, NOT on
the way the system reaches the state.

Pj
Ue = f(P , P , ..., Pn )
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Proof of the Castiglianos nd Theorem

statement of the problem:
n forces: P , P , ..., Pn are applied on a body , determine the
displacement at a point of loading, say, for example, at Pj .

P1

Pn
Pn1

P2

An implied fact:

Ue is a state function ()
In thermodynamics, a state function,
or state quantity, is a property of
system that depends only on the
current state of the system, NOT on
the way the system reaches the state.

Pj
Ue = f(P , P , ..., Pn )
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Proof: Castiglianos nd Theorem (cont.)

Apply a dierential increment dPj to Pj with P , ..., Pn already loaded

P1

equilibrium configuration
with P1 , P2 , , Pn

and

dPj

Pn
Pn1
equilibrium configuration
with P1 , P2 , , Pn

P2

initial

Pj
dPj

Ue = Ue + dUj = Ue +

Ue
dPj
Pj
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Proof: Castiglianos nd Theorem (cont.)

Apply a dierential increment dPj to Pj alone rst, then the P , ..., Pn

P1

Pn
final

Pn1

intermediate

j
dj
initial

P2

dPj

Pj

Ue = Ue + dPj dj + dPj j

(higher order term dPj dj / neglected)

.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

Two approximations:

Ue
dPj
Pj
Ue = Ue + dPj j
Ue = Ue +

state function requires a match of the two forms

dPj j =

Ue
dPj
Pj
j =

Ue
Pj

Castiglianos nd Theorem

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

. Applications

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Application to beams general remarks

the generalized displacement at where Pj is applied:

Ue
P

(note: is along P)

At the location where the displacement is requested:

.
Ue is quadratic about loads displacements are linear about
loads
. A generalized force P is required at the point of interest

if physical loading is present, then change it to a variable P

if not, apply an ctitious force P

. Calculate the internal energy as a function of the load P

. Apply = Ue , then set

P = Pj (for physical loading)

P = (for ctitious loading)
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Application to beams general remarks

the generalized displacement at where Pj is applied:

Ue
P

(note: is along P)

At the location where the displacement is requested:

.
Ue is quadratic about loads displacements are linear about
loads
. A generalized force P is required at the point of interest

if physical loading is present, then change it to a variable P

if not, apply an ctitious force P

. Calculate the internal energy as a function of the load P

. Apply = Ue , then set

P = Pj (for physical loading)

P = (for ctitious loading)
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Application to beams general remarks

the generalized displacement at where Pj is applied:

Ue
P

(note: is along P)

At the location where the displacement is requested:

.
Ue is quadratic about loads displacements are linear about
loads
. A generalized force P is required at the point of interest

if physical loading is present, then change it to a variable P

if not, apply an ctitious force P

. Calculate the internal energy as a function of the load P

. Apply = Ue , then set

P = Pj (for physical loading)

P = (for ctitious loading)
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Application to beams general remarks

the generalized displacement at where Pj is applied:

Ue
P

(note: is along P)

At the location where the displacement is requested:

.
Ue is quadratic about loads displacements are linear about
loads
. A generalized force P is required at the point of interest

if physical loading is present, then change it to a variable P

if not, apply an ctitious force P

. Calculate the internal energy as a function of the load P

. Apply = Ue , then set

P = Pj (for physical loading)

P = (for ctitious loading)
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Application to beams general remarks

the generalized displacement at where Pj is applied:

Ue
P

(note: is along P)

At the location where the displacement is requested:

.
Ue is quadratic about loads displacements are linear about
loads
. A generalized force P is required at the point of interest

if physical loading is present, then change it to a variable P

if not, apply an ctitious force P

. Calculate the internal energy as a function of the load P

. Apply = Ue , then set

P = Pj (for physical loading)

P = (for ctitious loading)
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Application to beams general remarks

the generalized displacement at where Pj is applied:

Ue
P

(note: is along P)

At the location where the displacement is requested:

.
Ue is quadratic about loads displacements are linear about
loads
. A generalized force P is required at the point of interest

if physical loading is present, then change it to a variable P

if not, apply an ctitious force P

. Calculate the internal energy as a function of the load P

. Apply = Ue , then set

P = Pj (for physical loading)

P = (for ctitious loading)
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Application to beams general remarks

the generalized displacement at where Pj is applied:

Ue
P

(note: is along P)

At the location where the displacement is requested:

.
Ue is quadratic about loads displacements are linear about
loads
. A generalized force P is required at the point of interest

if physical loading is present, then change it to a variable P

if not, apply an ctitious force P

. Calculate the internal energy as a function of the load P

. Apply = Ue , then set

P = Pj (for physical loading)

P = (for ctitious loading)
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Application to beams general remarks

the generalized displacement at where Pj is applied:

Ue
P

(note: is along P)

At the location where the displacement is requested:

.
Ue is quadratic about loads displacements are linear about
loads
. A generalized force P is required at the point of interest

if physical loading is present, then change it to a variable P

if not, apply an ctitious force P

. Calculate the internal energy as a function of the load P

. Apply = Ue , then set

P = Pj (for physical loading)

P = (for ctitious loading)
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Application to beams the modied version

Practically, two operations will GREATLY simply the process:
.
taking dierentiation before integration

f V
N
M
T
+
+ s
+
) dx
EA EI GA GIp

L
fV
N

M
T
=
(
+
+ s
+
) dx

P
EA EI GA GIp
L
N
M
V
T
= (N
+M
+f V
+T
) dx
P EA
P EI s P GA
P GIp

Ue =
Ue
P
Ue
P

note: functions N(P, x), M(P, x), V(P, x) and T(P, x)

. value substitution of P before integration

P = Pj (for physical) and P = (for ctitious) loading

RR
N
M
V
T RRRR
N
RR
+M
+ fs V
+T
dx
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRR

RRP=Pj ,or

idea: dierentiation/substitution before integration

.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Application to beams the modied version

Practically, two operations will GREATLY simply the process:
.
taking dierentiation before integration

f V
N
M
T
+
+ s
+
) dx
EA EI GA GIp

L
fV
N

M
T
=
(
+
+ s
+
) dx

P
EA EI GA GIp
L
N
M
V
T
= (N
+M
+f V
+T
) dx
P EA
P EI s P GA
P GIp

Ue =
Ue
P
Ue
P

note: functions N(P, x), M(P, x), V(P, x) and T(P, x)

. value substitution of P before integration

P = Pj (for physical) and P = (for ctitious) loading

RR
N
M
V
T RRRR
N
RR
+M
+ fs V
+T
dx
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRR

RRP=Pj ,or

idea: dierentiation/substitution before integration

.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

. Examples

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : a cantilevered beam

Given: A cantilevered beam with P and M ;
Determine: A , A and C .

M0

P
A

x
L/2

L/2

Q
A

M0

illustration: A , A (ok), C ?
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : A , A the modied version

(for bending only): =

M M
)
dx
EI P

modied Castiglianos theorem

M0

P
A

x
L/2

L/2

M0

M
M
= x,
=
P
M

PL
M L
A =
(Px

M
)(x)dx
=
+

EI
EI
EI
L

PL M L
A =
+
(Px M )()dx =
EI
EI
EI

M = Px M ,

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : C the modied version

(for bending only): =

M0

M M
)
dx
EI P
Q

P
A

x
L/2

L/2

M0

x L/
M
Px M ,
,

M=
=

Q
Px

Q(x

L/),
L/

(x L/),
C =

M M
)
dx =
(Px M Q(x L/))[(x L/)]dx

EI Q
EI L/

set Q = , C =

L
PL M L

(Px

M
)[(x

L/)]dx
=
+

EI L/
EI
EI
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : A and A the original version

P
M0

method of superposition
Appendix G, p. ,
entry : concentrated P

v=

PL
PL
, =
EI
EI

Solution:
M = Px M
L M
L

Ue =
dx =
(Px M ) dx
EI
EI

Ue =

P L PM L M L
+
+
EI
EI
EI

Ue PL M L
=
+
P
EI
EI
Ue PL M L
A =
=
+
M EI
EI
A =

entry : concentrated M

v=

M L
M L
, =
EI
EI

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : A and A the original version

P
M0

method of superposition
Appendix G, p. ,
entry : concentrated P

v=

PL
PL
, =
EI
EI

Solution:
M = Px M
L M
L

Ue =
dx =
(Px M ) dx
EI
EI

Ue =

P L PM L M L
+
+
EI
EI
EI

Ue PL M L
=
+
P
EI
EI
Ue PL M L
A =
=
+
M EI
EI
A =

entry : concentrated M

v=

M L
M L
, =
EI
EI

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : A and A the original version

P
M0

method of superposition
Appendix G, p. ,
entry : concentrated P

v=

PL
PL
, =
EI
EI

Solution:
M = Px M
L M
L

Ue =
dx =
(Px M ) dx
EI
EI

Ue =

P L PM L M L
+
+
EI
EI
EI

Ue PL M L
=
+
P
EI
EI
Ue PL M L
A =
=
+
M EI
EI
A =

entry : concentrated M

v=

M L
M L
, =
EI
EI

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : C the original version

M0

Solution:

P
A

x
L/2

L/2

Q
A

M0

CB
Ue = UAC
e + Ue =

x L/
Px M ,
M=

Px

Q(x L/), L/ x L

L/ M dx
P L PM L M L
AC
Ue =
=
+
+
EI
EI
EI
EI

L M dx
CB
Ue =
=
L/ EI

P L
PM L
PQL M L M QL Q L
+
+
+
+
+
EI
EI
EI
EI
EI
EI

P L PM L PQL M L M QL Q L
+
+
+
+
+
EI
EI
EI
EI
EI
EI

Ue PL M L QL
=
+
+
Q EI
EI
EI
PL M L
set Q = , we have C =
+
EI
EI
C =

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : C the original version

M0

Solution:

P
A

x
L/2

L/2

Q
A

M0

CB
Ue = UAC
e + Ue =

x L/
Px M ,
M=

Px

Q(x L/), L/ x L

L/ M dx
P L PM L M L
AC
Ue =
=
+
+
EI
EI
EI
EI

L M dx
CB
Ue =
=
L/ EI

P L
PM L
PQL M L M QL Q L
+
+
+
+
+
EI
EI
EI
EI
EI
EI

P L PM L PQL M L M QL Q L
+
+
+
+
+
EI
EI
EI
EI
EI
EI

Ue PL M L QL
=
+
+
Q EI
EI
EI
PL M L
set Q = , we have C =
+
EI
EI
C =

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : C the original version

M0

Solution:

P
A

x
L/2

L/2

Q
A

M0

CB
Ue = UAC
e + Ue =

x L/
Px M ,
M=

Px

Q(x L/), L/ x L

L/ M dx
P L PM L M L
AC
Ue =
=
+
+
EI
EI
EI
EI

L M dx
CB
Ue =
=
L/ EI

P L
PM L
PQL M L M QL Q L
+
+
+
+
+
EI
EI
EI
EI
EI
EI

P L PM L PQL M L M QL Q L
+
+
+
+
+
EI
EI
EI
EI
EI
EI

Ue PL M L QL
=
+
+
Q EI
EI
EI
PL M L
set Q = , we have C =
+
EI
EI
C =

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Remarks about example

. modied version does give simplied calculations

.
real load, ctitious load

. real load:
given as value: change to a variable
given in symbol: stick with it
. ctitious load:
only if there is no real load at the point of interest
. question:
for a point with real load, can we add a ctitious load to it?

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Remarks about example

. modied version does give simplied calculations

.
real load, ctitious load

. real load:
given as value: change to a variable
given in symbol: stick with it
. ctitious load:
only if there is no real load at the point of interest
. question:
for a point with real load, can we add a ctitious load to it?

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Remarks about example

. modied version does give simplied calculations

.
real load, ctitious load

. real load:
given as value: change to a variable
given in symbol: stick with it
. ctitious load:
only if there is no real load at the point of interest
. question:
for a point with real load, can we add a ctitious load to it?

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : Example -, p. , an overhanging beam

Given: overhanging beam, distributed q, concentrated P.
Solve: C and C

Analysis:
available methods:

P
B

deection curve

L/2

moment-area method
superposition

C
C

energy methods:
. unit-load method;
. Castiglianos theorem
common:
all require the bending moment
diagram
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : Example -, p. , an overhanging beam

Given: overhanging beam, distributed q, concentrated P.
Solve: C and C

Analysis:
available methods:

P
B

deection curve

L/2

moment-area method
superposition

C
C

energy methods:
. unit-load method;
. Castiglianos theorem
common:
all require the bending moment
diagram
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : Example -, p. , an overhanging beam

Given: overhanging beam, distributed q, concentrated P.
Solve: C and C

Analysis:
available methods:

P
B

deection curve

L/2

moment-area method
superposition

C
C

energy methods:
. unit-load method;
. Castiglianos theorem
common:
all require the bending moment
diagram
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : Example -, p. , an overhanging beam

Given: overhanging beam, distributed q, concentrated P.
Solve: C and C

Analysis:
available methods:

P
B

deection curve

L/2

moment-area method
superposition

C
C

energy methods:
. unit-load method;
. Castiglianos theorem
common:
all require the bending moment
diagram
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : Example -, p. , an overhanging beam

Given: overhanging beam, distributed q, concentrated P.
Solve: C and C

Analysis:
available methods:

P
B

deection curve

L/2

moment-area method
superposition

C
C

energy methods:
. unit-load method;
. Castiglianos theorem
common:
all require the bending moment
diagram
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : Example -, p. , an overhanging beam

Given: overhanging beam, distributed q, concentrated P.
Solve: C and C

Analysis:
available methods:

P
B

deection curve

L/2

moment-area method
superposition

C
C

energy methods:
. unit-load method;
. Castiglianos theorem
common:
all require the bending moment
diagram
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : Example -, p. , an overhanging beam

Given: overhanging beam, distributed q, concentrated P.
Solve: C and C

Analysis:
available methods:

P
B

deection curve

L/2

moment-area method
superposition

C
C

energy methods:
. unit-load method;
. Castiglianos theorem
common:
all require the bending moment
diagram
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : C

P
B

L/2

RA

x1

x2

Equili.: M(B) = RA =

qL P

Solution:

. use dierent coordinates to

simplify the process

M = RA x qx =

qx
Px
(L x )

(for < x < L)

M = Px (for < x <

L/ M M
M M

dx +
dx =
EI P
EI P
EI P

L
L/
qx
Px
x

(L x )
) ( )dx +
(Px )(x )dx =
(
EI

EI

PL
qL

EI EI

M M
. C =
dx =

L
)

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : C

P
B

L/2

RA

x1

x2

Equili.: M(B) = RA =

qL P

Solution:

. use dierent coordinates to

simplify the process

M = RA x qx =

qx
Px
(L x )

(for < x < L)

M = Px (for < x <

L/ M M
M M

dx +
dx =
EI P
EI P
EI P

L
L/
qx
Px
x

(L x )
) ( )dx +
(Px )(x )dx =
(
EI

EI

PL
qL

EI EI

M M
. C =
dx =

L
)

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : C

P
B

L/2

RA

x1

x2

Equili.: M(B) = RA =

qL P

Solution:

. use dierent coordinates to

simplify the process

M = RA x qx =

qx
Px
(L x )

(for < x < L)

M = Px (for < x <

L/ M M
M M

dx +
dx =
EI P
EI P
EI P

L
L/
qx
Px
x

(L x )
) ( )dx +
(Px )(x )dx =
(
EI

EI

PL
qL

EI EI

M M
. C =
dx =

L
)

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : C

P
B

L/2

RA

x1

x2

Equili.: M(B) = RA =

qL P

Solution:

. use dierent coordinates to

simplify the process

M = RA x qx =

qx
Px
(L x )

(for < x < L)

M = Px (for < x <

L/ M M
M M

dx +
dx =
EI P
EI P
EI P

L
L/
qx
Px
x

(L x )
) ( )dx +
(Px )(x )dx =
(
EI

EI

PL
qL

EI EI

M M
. C =
dx =

L
)

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : C

P
B

L/2

RA

x1

x2

Equili.: M(B) = RA =

qL P

Solution:

. use dierent coordinates to

simplify the process

M = RA x qx =

qx
Px
(L x )

(for < x < L)

M = Px (for < x <

L/ M M
M M

dx +
dx =
EI P
EI P
EI P

L
L/
qx
Px
x

(L x )
) ( )dx +
(Px )(x )dx =
(
EI

EI

PL
qL

EI EI

M M
. C =
dx =

L
)

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : C
q

P
B

L/2

RA

x1

MC

x2

Solution:

. no real moment applied at C,

add MC (virtual, MC = )

qL P MC

L

. M = R x
qx =

A

qx
Px MC x
(L x )

L
(for < x < L)

RA =

L
)

M = Px MC (for x

Equili.: M(B) =
.

L M M
L/ M M
M M

C =
dx =
dx +
dx =
EI MC
EI MC
EI MC

L qx
L/

Px MC x
x

(
(Px
(L x )

) ( )dx +
EI

L
L
EI
L qx

Px
x

MC )()dx =
(
(L x )
) ( )dx +
EI

L
L/
qL

PL
(Px )()dx =

EI
EI EI
.
.
.
.
Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : C
q

P
B

L/2

RA

x1

MC

x2

Solution:

. no real moment applied at C,

add MC (virtual, MC = )

qL P MC

L

. M = R x
qx =

A

qx
Px MC x
(L x )

L
(for < x < L)

RA =

L
)

M = Px MC (for x

Equili.: M(B) =
.

L M M
L/ M M
M M

C =
dx =
dx +
dx =
EI MC
EI MC
EI MC

L qx
L/

Px MC x
x

(
(Px
(L x )

) ( )dx +
EI

L
L
EI
L qx

Px
x

MC )()dx =
(
(L x )
) ( )dx +
EI

L
L/
qL

PL
(Px )()dx =

EI
EI EI
.
.
.
.
Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : C
q

P
B

L/2

RA

x1

MC

x2

Solution:

. no real moment applied at C,

add MC (virtual, MC = )

qL P MC

L

. M = R x
qx =

A

qx
Px MC x
(L x )

L
(for < x < L)

RA =

L
)

M = Px MC (for x

Equili.: M(B) =
.

L M M
L/ M M
M M

C =
dx =
dx +
dx =
EI MC
EI MC
EI MC

L qx
L/

Px MC x
x

(
(Px
(L x )

) ( )dx +
EI

L
L
EI
L qx

Px
x

MC )()dx =
(
(L x )
) ( )dx +
EI

L
L/
qL

PL
(Px )()dx =

EI
EI EI
.
.
.
.
Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : C
q

P
B

L/2

RA

x1

MC

x2

Solution:

. no real moment applied at C,

add MC (virtual, MC = )

qL P MC

L

. M = R x
qx =

A

qx
Px MC x
(L x )

L
(for < x < L)

RA =

L
)

M = Px MC (for x

Equili.: M(B) =
.

L M M
L/ M M
M M

C =
dx =
dx +
dx =
EI MC
EI MC
EI MC

L qx
L/

Px MC x
x

(
(Px
(L x )

) ( )dx +
EI

L
L
EI
L qx

Px
x

MC )()dx =
(
(L x )
) ( )dx +
EI

L
L/
qL

PL
(Px )()dx =

EI
EI EI
.
.
.
.
Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : C
q

P
B

L/2

RA

x1

MC

x2

Solution:

. no real moment applied at C,

add MC (virtual, MC = )

qL P MC

L

. M = R x
qx =

A

qx
Px MC x
(L x )

L
(for < x < L)

RA =

L
)

M = Px MC (for x

Equili.: M(B) =
.

L M M
L/ M M
M M

C =
dx =
dx +
dx =
EI MC
EI MC
EI MC

L qx
L/

Px MC x
x

(
(Px
(L x )

) ( )dx +
EI

L
L
EI
L qx

Px
x

MC )()dx =
(
(L x )
) ( )dx +
EI

L
L/
qL

PL
(Px )()dx =

EI
EI EI
.
.
.
.
Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : C
q

P
B

L/2

RA

x1

MC

x2

Solution:

. no real moment applied at C,

add MC (virtual, MC = )

qL P MC

L

. M = R x
qx =

A

qx
Px MC x
(L x )

L
(for < x < L)

RA =

L
)

M = Px MC (for x

Equili.: M(B) =
.

L M M
L/ M M
M M

C =
dx =
dx +
dx =
EI MC
EI MC
EI MC

L qx
L/

Px MC x
x

(
(Px
(L x )

) ( )dx +
EI

L
L
EI
L qx

Px
x

MC )()dx =
(
(L x )
) ( )dx +
EI

L
L/
qL

PL
(Px )()dx =

EI
EI EI
.
.
.
.
Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : further analysis

P
B

C
C

L/2

L
C =

PL qL

,
EI EI

C =

PL qL

EI EI

C > P > qL/

then

P > qL/, C moves downward

P < qL/, C moves upward

C > P > qL/

then

P > qL/, C rotates clockwise

P < qL/, C rotates counter-clockwise
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : further analysis

P
B

C
C

L/2

L
C =

PL qL

,
EI EI

C =

PL qL

EI EI

C > P > qL/

then

P > qL/, C moves downward

P < qL/, C moves upward

C > P > qL/

then

P > qL/, C rotates clockwise

P < qL/, C rotates counter-clockwise
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : further analysis

P
B

C
C

L/2

L
C =

PL qL

,
EI EI

C =

PL qL

EI EI

C > P > qL/

then

P > qL/, C moves downward

P < qL/, C moves upward

C > P > qL/

then

P > qL/, C rotates clockwise

P < qL/, C rotates counter-clockwise
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : further analysis

P
B

C
C

L/2

L
C =

PL qL

,
EI EI

C =

PL qL

EI EI

C > P > qL/

then

P > qL/, C moves downward

P < qL/, C moves upward

C > P > qL/

then

P > qL/, C rotates clockwise

P < qL/, C rotates counter-clockwise
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : further analysis

P
B

C
C

L/2

L
C =

PL qL

,
EI EI

C =

PL qL

EI EI

C > P > qL/

then

P > qL/, C moves downward

P < qL/, C moves upward

C > P > qL/

then

P > qL/, C rotates clockwise

P < qL/, C rotates counter-clockwise
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Example : further analysis

P
B

C
C

L/2

L
C =

PL qL

,
EI EI

C =

PL qL

EI EI

C > P > qL/

then

P > qL/, C moves downward

P < qL/, C moves upward

C > P > qL/

then

P > qL/, C rotates clockwise

P < qL/, C rotates counter-clockwise
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Sub-summary on Castiglianos theorem

procedure:

. if point of interest has no applied generalized force, apply one

. evaluate Ue
. apply modied Castiglianos theorem

Ue
=
P
RR
L N
M
V
T RRRR
RRR
+M
+ fs V
+T
dx
N
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRR
RRP=Pj ,or

applicable areas: deection and slope at a single point

advantages:
less cumbersome than the integration method
less tricky than the moment-area method
fewer formulas to memorize than the method of superposition
connection to the unit-load method:
=

f vV
nN
mM
tT
dx +
dx + s dx +
dx
Mohr integration
AE
EI
GA
GIp
S
, where S = (N, M, V, T), s = (n, m, v, t)
s=
P
.
.
.
.
.
Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Sub-summary on Castiglianos theorem

procedure:

. if point of interest has no applied generalized force, apply one

. evaluate Ue
. apply modied Castiglianos theorem

Ue
=
P
RR
L N
M
V
T RRRR
RRR
+M
+ fs V
+T
dx
N
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRR
RRP=Pj ,or

applicable areas: deection and slope at a single point

advantages:
less cumbersome than the integration method
less tricky than the moment-area method
fewer formulas to memorize than the method of superposition
connection to the unit-load method:
=

f vV
nN
mM
tT
dx +
dx + s dx +
dx
Mohr integration
AE
EI
GA
GIp
S
, where S = (N, M, V, T), s = (n, m, v, t)
s=
P
.
.
.
.
.
Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Sub-summary on Castiglianos theorem

procedure:

. if point of interest has no applied generalized force, apply one

. evaluate Ue
. apply modied Castiglianos theorem

Ue
=
P
RR
L N
M
V
T RRRR
RRR
+M
+ fs V
+T
dx
N
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRR
RRP=Pj ,or

applicable areas: deection and slope at a single point

advantages:
less cumbersome than the integration method
less tricky than the moment-area method
fewer formulas to memorize than the method of superposition
connection to the unit-load method:
=

f vV
nN
mM
tT
dx +
dx + s dx +
dx
Mohr integration
AE
EI
GA
GIp
S
, where S = (N, M, V, T), s = (n, m, v, t)
s=
P
.
.
.
.
.
Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Sub-summary on Castiglianos theorem

procedure:

. if point of interest has no applied generalized force, apply one

. evaluate Ue
. apply modied Castiglianos theorem

Ue
=
P
RR
L N
M
V
T RRRR
RRR
+M
+ fs V
+T
dx
N
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRR
RRP=Pj ,or

applicable areas: deection and slope at a single point

advantages:
less cumbersome than the integration method
less tricky than the moment-area method
fewer formulas to memorize than the method of superposition
connection to the unit-load method:
=

f vV
nN
mM
tT
dx +
dx + s dx +
dx
Mohr integration
AE
EI
GA
GIp
S
, where S = (N, M, V, T), s = (n, m, v, t)
s=
P
.
.
.
.
.
Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Sub-summary on Castiglianos theorem

procedure:

. if point of interest has no applied generalized force, apply one

. evaluate Ue
. apply modied Castiglianos theorem

Ue
=
P
RR
L N
M
V
T RRRR
RRR
+M
+ fs V
+T
dx
N
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRR
RRP=Pj ,or

applicable areas: deection and slope at a single point

advantages:
less cumbersome than the integration method
less tricky than the moment-area method
fewer formulas to memorize than the method of superposition
connection to the unit-load method:
=

f vV
nN
mM
tT
dx +
dx + s dx +
dx
Mohr integration
AE
EI
GA
GIp
S
, where S = (N, M, V, T), s = (n, m, v, t)
s=
P
.
.
.
.
.
Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Sub-summary on Castiglianos theorem

procedure:

. if point of interest has no applied generalized force, apply one

. evaluate Ue
. apply modied Castiglianos theorem

Ue
=
P
RR
L N
M
V
T RRRR
RRR
+M
+ fs V
+T
dx
N
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRR
RRP=Pj ,or

applicable areas: deection and slope at a single point

advantages:
less cumbersome than the integration method
less tricky than the moment-area method
fewer formulas to memorize than the method of superposition
connection to the unit-load method:
=

f vV
nN
mM
tT
dx +
dx + s dx +
dx
Mohr integration
AE
EI
GA
GIp
S
, where S = (N, M, V, T), s = (n, m, v, t)
s=
P
.
.
.
.
.
Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Theorem Derivation proof Usages Examples

. Sub-summary on Castiglianos theorem

procedure:

. if point of interest has no applied generalized force, apply one

. evaluate Ue
. apply modied Castiglianos theorem

Ue
=
P
RR
L N
M
V
T RRRR
RRR
+M
+ fs V
+T
dx
N
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRR
RRP=Pj ,or

applicable areas: deection and slope at a single point

advantages:
less cumbersome than the integration method
less tricky than the moment-area method
fewer formulas to memorize than the method of superposition
connection to the unit-load method:
=

f vV
nN
mM
tT
dx +
dx + s dx +
dx
Mohr integration
AE
EI
GA
GIp
S
, where S = (N, M, V, T), s = (n, m, v, t)
s=
P
.
.
.
.
.
Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

. Impact ()

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. (Quasi-)Static loading versus dynamic loading

Two types of loads:
static () and quasi-static () loadings
dead load () or increases in a innitely slow manner
dynamic loadings ():
. vary with time. e.g., collision.
impact loading ()
. induce much much greater internal forces and stresses in a structure
than static loading

quasi-static load

dead load

impact loading

dynamic loading

missile
(dynamic + explosive)

impact zone

N
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. (Quasi-)Static loading versus dynamic loading

Two types of loads:
static () and quasi-static () loadings
dead load () or increases in a innitely slow manner
dynamic loadings ():
. vary with time. e.g., collision.
impact loading ()
. induce much much greater internal forces and stresses in a structure
than static loading

quasi-static load

dead load

impact loading

dynamic loading

missile
(dynamic + explosive)

impact zone

N
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. (Quasi-)Static loading versus dynamic loading

Two types of loads:
static () and quasi-static () loadings
dead load () or increases in a innitely slow manner
dynamic loadings ():
. vary with time. e.g., collision.
impact loading ()
. induce much much greater internal forces and stresses in a structure
than static loading

quasi-static load

dead load

impact loading

dynamic loading

missile
(dynamic + explosive)

impact zone

N
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. (Quasi-)Static loading versus dynamic loading

Two types of loads:
static () and quasi-static () loadings
dead load () or increases in a innitely slow manner
dynamic loadings ():
. vary with time. e.g., collision.
impact loading ()
. induce much much greater internal forces and stresses in a structure
than static loading

quasi-static load

dead load

impact loading

dynamic loading

missile
(dynamic + explosive)

impact zone

N
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Basic assumptions on the analysis of impact loadings

Assumptions to simplify the analysis:
.
the incoming object sticks with the structure after impact
. no energy lost during impact
.
the incoming moving object taken as rigid body, deformation only in

impacted structure
. kinetic energy of previously stationary body neglected zero
mass of inertia
.
materials behave linear-elastically

the consequence:

at an instant, system is in momentary rest (), mechanical

energies (kinetic + potential) transform fully into elastic strain energy in
the bars/beams.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Basic assumptions on the analysis of impact loadings

Assumptions to simplify the analysis:
.
the incoming object sticks with the structure after impact
. no energy lost during impact
.
the incoming moving object taken as rigid body, deformation only in

impacted structure
. kinetic energy of previously stationary body neglected zero
mass of inertia
.
materials behave linear-elastically

the consequence:

at an instant, system is in momentary rest (), mechanical

energies (kinetic + potential) transform fully into elastic strain energy in
the bars/beams.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Basic assumptions on the analysis of impact loadings

Assumptions to simplify the analysis:
.
the incoming object sticks with the structure after impact
. no energy lost during impact
.
the incoming moving object taken as rigid body, deformation only in

impacted structure
. kinetic energy of previously stationary body neglected zero
mass of inertia
.
materials behave linear-elastically

the consequence:

at an instant, system is in momentary rest (), mechanical

energies (kinetic + potential) transform fully into elastic strain energy in
the bars/beams.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Basic assumptions on the analysis of impact loadings

Assumptions to simplify the analysis:
.
the incoming object sticks with the structure after impact
. no energy lost during impact
.
the incoming moving object taken as rigid body, deformation only in

impacted structure
. kinetic energy of previously stationary body neglected zero
mass of inertia
.
materials behave linear-elastically

the consequence:

at an instant, system is in momentary rest (), mechanical

energies (kinetic + potential) transform fully into elastic strain energy in
the bars/beams.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Basic assumptions on the analysis of impact loadings

Assumptions to simplify the analysis:
.
the incoming object sticks with the structure after impact
. no energy lost during impact
.
the incoming moving object taken as rigid body, deformation only in

impacted structure
. kinetic energy of previously stationary body neglected zero
mass of inertia
.
materials behave linear-elastically

the consequence:

at an instant, system is in momentary rest (), mechanical

energies (kinetic + potential) transform fully into elastic strain energy in
the bars/beams.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Vertical impact of a mass-spring system

Note: at max , system is at rest and Fmax = kmax
energy conservation: Upot. = Ue

W (h + max ) = (kmax )max

W (h + max ) = kmax

W
W

max
max ( ) h =
k
k
W
W
W
max =
+ ( ) + ( )h
k
k
k
Most important generalization:

static displacement (dead load of W on the spring) st =

max = st + + ( )

st

Special case: h = max = st

.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Vertical impact of a mass-spring system

Note: at max , system is at rest and Fmax = kmax
energy conservation: Upot. = Ue

W (h + max ) = (kmax )max

W (h + max ) = kmax

W
W

max
max ( ) h =
k
k
W
W
W
max =
+ ( ) + ( )h
k
k
k
Most important generalization:

static displacement (dead load of W on the spring) st =

max = st + + ( )

st

Special case: h = max = st

.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Vertical impact of a mass-spring system

Note: at max , system is at rest and Fmax = kmax
energy conservation: Upot. = Ue

W (h + max ) = (kmax )max

W (h + max ) = kmax

W
W

max
max ( ) h =
k
k
W
W
W
max =
+ ( ) + ( )h
k
k
k
Most important generalization:

static displacement (dead load of W on the spring) st =

max = st + + ( )

st

Special case: h = max = st

.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Horizontal impact of a mass-spring system

energy conservation: K = Ue

( ) v = + kmax
g

Wv
max =
gk
vertical static disp. : st =

max =

st v
g

W
k

remarks:

direct application of energy conservation

less commonly used
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Horizontal impact of a mass-spring system

energy conservation: K = Ue

( ) v = + kmax
g

Wv
max =
gk
vertical static disp. : st =

max =

st v
g

W
k

remarks:

direct application of energy conservation

less commonly used
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Horizontal impact of a mass-spring system

energy conservation: K = Ue

( ) v = + kmax
g

Wv
max =
gk
vertical static disp. : st =

max =

st v
g

W
k

remarks:

direct application of energy conservation

less commonly used
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Horizontal impact of a mass-spring system

energy conservation: K = Ue

( ) v = + kmax
g

Wv
max =
gk
vertical static disp. : st =

max =

st v
g

W
k

remarks:

direct application of energy conservation

less commonly used
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Horizontal impact of a mass-spring system

energy conservation: K = Ue

( ) v = + kmax
g

Wv
max =
gk
vertical static disp. : st =

max =

st v
g

W
k

remarks:

direct application of energy conservation

less commonly used
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. On the extension from mass-spring to deformable bodies

basic idea: W = Ue (always works but a
repeated process)
more convenient: the equivalent spring
() approach

. impact of the column:

st =
column

AE
(equiv. spring sti. k =
)
L

PL
P
P
=
=
(static)
AE (AE/L) k

. impact of the simple beam:

st =

PL
P
P
=
(static)
=
EI EI/L
k

calculation of st (vertical):

max = st + + ( )

st

(note: k is not required, st is enough)

simple beam, k = EI/L

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. On the extension from mass-spring to deformable bodies

basic idea: W = Ue (always works but a
repeated process)
more convenient: the equivalent spring
() approach

. impact of the column:

st =
column

AE
(equiv. spring sti. k =
)
L

PL
P
P
=
=
(static)
AE (AE/L) k

. impact of the simple beam:

st =

PL
P
P
=
(static)
=
EI EI/L
k

calculation of st (vertical):

max = st + + ( )

st

(note: k is not required, st is enough)

simple beam, k = EI/L

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. On the extension from mass-spring to deformable bodies

basic idea: W = Ue (always works but a
repeated process)
more convenient: the equivalent spring
() approach

. impact of the column:

st =
column

AE
(equiv. spring sti. k =
)
L

PL
P
P
=
=
(static)
AE (AE/L) k

. impact of the simple beam:

st =

PL
P
P
=
(static)
=
EI EI/L
k

calculation of st (vertical):

max = st + + ( )

st

(note: k is not required, st is enough)

simple beam, k = EI/L

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. On the extension from mass-spring to deformable bodies

basic idea: W = Ue (always works but a
repeated process)
more convenient: the equivalent spring
() approach

. impact of the column:

st =
column
(equiv. spring sti. k =

AE
)
L

PL
P
P
=
=
(static)
AE (AE/L) k

. impact of the simple beam:

st =

PL
P
P
=
=
(static)
EI EI/L k

calculation of st (vertical):

max = st + + ( )

st

(note: k is not required, st is enough)

simple beam, k = EI/L

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. On the extension from mass-spring to deformable bodies

basic idea: W = Ue (always works but a
repeated process)
more convenient: the equivalent spring
() approach

. impact of the column:

st =
column
(equiv. spring sti. k =

AE
)
L

PL
P
P
=
=
(static)
AE (AE/L) k

. impact of the simple beam:

st =

PL
P
P
=
=
(static)
EI EI/L k

calculation of st (vertical):

max = st + + ( )

st

(note: k is not required, st is enough)

simple beam, k = EI/L

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. The impact factor ()

at max (an instant static system), the force developed in the equivalent
spring
Pmax = kmax , equivalent static load ()
the applied static load: P = kst

Pmax
P

dene: the impact factor n =

n =

Pmax max
=
=+
P
st

(other notation: kd )

+ (

h
)
st

physical signicance of the impact factor n:

the magnication of a statically applied load

Pmax = nP, max = nst
more important: on the induced stresses:
max = nst (all stress components)
are tightly related to the safety of the materials.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. The impact factor ()

at max (an instant static system), the force developed in the equivalent
spring
Pmax = kmax , equivalent static load ()
the applied static load: P = kst

Pmax
P

dene: the impact factor n =

n =

Pmax max
=
=+
P
st

(other notation: kd )

+ (

h
)
st

physical signicance of the impact factor n:

the magnication of a statically applied load

Pmax = nP, max = nst
more important: on the induced stresses:
max = nst (all stress components)
are tightly related to the safety of the materials.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Remarks
equivalent spring depends on the impact location
critical step: calculation of st
whole structure is involved, best method: energy method
especially the unit load method
if there is two-force-member (), contribution of its axial load
N should be included
for beam that resist bending, V, N can be ignored.

versions of n =

Pmax max max

=
=
can be used to
P
st
st

check safety
determine max. load
size design

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Remarks
equivalent spring depends on the impact location
critical step: calculation of st
whole structure is involved, best method: energy method
especially the unit load method
if there is two-force-member (), contribution of its axial load
N should be included
for beam that resist bending, V, N can be ignored.

versions of n =

Pmax max max

=
=
can be used to
P
st
st

check safety
determine max. load
size design

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Remarks
equivalent spring depends on the impact location
critical step: calculation of st
whole structure is involved, best method: energy method
especially the unit load method
if there is two-force-member (), contribution of its axial load
N should be included
for beam that resist bending, V, N can be ignored.

versions of n =

Pmax max max

=
=
can be used to
P
st
st

check safety
determine max. load
size design

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Remarks
equivalent spring depends on the impact location
critical step: calculation of st
whole structure is involved, best method: energy method
especially the unit load method
if there is two-force-member (), contribution of its axial load
N should be included
for beam that resist bending, V, N can be ignored.

versions of n =

Pmax max max

=
=
can be used to
P
st
st

check safety
determine max. load
size design

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Remarks
equivalent spring depends on the impact location
critical step: calculation of st
whole structure is involved, best method: energy method
especially the unit load method
if there is two-force-member (), contribution of its axial load
N should be included
for beam that resist bending, V, N can be ignored.

versions of n =

Pmax max max

=
=
can be used to
P
st
st

check safety
determine max. load
size design

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Remarks
equivalent spring depends on the impact location
critical step: calculation of st
whole structure is involved, best method: energy method
especially the unit load method
if there is two-force-member (), contribution of its axial load
N should be included
for beam that resist bending, V, N can be ignored.

versions of n =

Pmax max max

=
=
can be used to
P
st
st

check safety
determine max. load
size design

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Remarks
equivalent spring depends on the impact location
critical step: calculation of st
whole structure is involved, best method: energy method
especially the unit load method
if there is two-force-member (), contribution of its axial load
N should be included
for beam that resist bending, V, N can be ignored.

versions of n =

Pmax max max

=
=
can be used to
P
st
st

check safety
determine max. load
size design

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Remarks
equivalent spring depends on the impact location
critical step: calculation of st
whole structure is involved, best method: energy method
especially the unit load method
if there is two-force-member (), contribution of its axial load
N should be included
for beam that resist bending, V, N can be ignored.

versions of n =

Pmax max max

=
=
can be used to
P
st
st

check safety
determine max. load
size design

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example
Given: Aluminum pipe, a load of W = kip;
Solve: of top of the pipe for
(a) static load, (b) impact load at h =
Solution:
(a) static load

WL

=
=

AE ( . )( )
. in.
st =

(b) impact load

impact factor: n = +

+ (

max = nst = . in.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

h
)=
st

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example
Given: Aluminum pipe, a load of W = kip;
Solve: of top of the pipe for
(a) static load, (b) impact load at h =
Solution:
(a) static load

WL

=
=

AE ( . )( )
. in.
st =

(b) impact load

impact factor: n = +

+ (

max = nst = . in.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

h
)=
st

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example
Given: Aluminum pipe, a load of W = kip;
Solve: of top of the pipe for
(a) static load, (b) impact load at h =
Solution:
(a) static load

WL

=
=

AE ( . )( )
. in.
st =

(b) impact load

impact factor: n = +

+ (

max = nst = . in.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

h
)=
st

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example
Given: () A- steel beam, () a weight of W = . kip dropped from
h = . in., () Est = ksi
Determine: max , max
Solution:

. st = WL = . in.

EI

. impact factor

h
) = .
st
so max = nst = . in.

n=+

+ (

. equivalent static load Pmax = nW

. Mmax = Pmax L , max = Mmax c = Pmax Lc = nWLc = . ksi

I
I
I

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example
Given: () A- steel beam, () a weight of W = . kip dropped from
h = . in., () Est = ksi
Determine: max , max
Solution:

. st = WL = . in.

EI

. impact factor

h
) = .
st
so max = nst = . in.

n=+

+ (

. equivalent static load Pmax = nW

. Mmax = Pmax L , max = Mmax c = Pmax Lc = nWLc = . ksi

I
I
I

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example
Given: () A- steel beam, () a weight of W = . kip dropped from
h = . in., () Est = ksi
Determine: max , max
Solution:

. st = WL = . in.

EI

. impact factor

h
) = .
st
so max = nst = . in.

n=+

+ (

. equivalent static load Pmax = nW

. Mmax = Pmax L , max = Mmax c = Pmax Lc = nWLc = . ksi

I
I
I

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example
Given: () A- steel beam, () a weight of W = . kip dropped from
h = . in., () Est = ksi
Determine: max , max
Solution:

. st = WL = . in.

EI

. impact factor

h
) = .
st
so max = nst = . in.

n=+

+ (

. equivalent static load Pmax = nW

. Mmax = Pmax L , max = Mmax c = Pmax Lc = nWLc = . ksi

I
I
I

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example
Given: () A- steel beam, () a weight of W = . kip dropped from
h = . in., () Est = ksi
Determine: max , max
Solution:

. st = WL = . in.

EI

. impact factor

h
) = .
st
so max = nst = . in.

n=+

+ (

. equivalent static load Pmax = nW

. Mmax = Pmax L , max = Mmax c = Pmax Lc = nWLc = . ksi

I
I
I

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example
Given: () A- steel beam, () a weight of W = . kip dropped from
h = . in., () Est = ksi
Determine: max , max
Solution:

. st = WL = . in.

EI

. impact factor

h
) = .
st
so max = nst = . in.

n=+

+ (

. equivalent static load Pmax = nW

. Mmax = Pmax L , max = Mmax c = Pmax Lc = nWLc = . ksi

I
I
I

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example
Given: () A- steel beam, () a weight of W = . kip dropped from
h = . in., () Est = ksi
Determine: max , max
Solution:

. st = WL = . in.

EI

. impact factor

h
) = .
st
so max = nst = . in.

n=+

+ (

. equivalent static load Pmax = nW

. Mmax = Pmax L , max = Mmax c = Pmax Lc = nWLc = . ksi

I
I
I

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example : (cont.)
Alternatively:
energy conservation: W = Ue

W = W(h + max )

Ue = Pmax max

nding relation between Pmax and max

max =

Pmax L
EImax
Pmax =
EI
L

substitute parameters:

.max .max . =
max = . in.
rest steps follow those already given.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example : (cont.)
Alternatively:
energy conservation: W = Ue

W = W(h + max )

Ue = Pmax max

nding relation between Pmax and max

max =

Pmax L
EImax
Pmax =
EI
L

substitute parameters:

.max .max . =
max = . in.
rest steps follow those already given.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example : (cont.)
Alternatively:
energy conservation: W = Ue

W = W(h + max )

Ue = Pmax max

nding relation between Pmax and max

max =

Pmax L
EImax
Pmax =
EI
L

substitute parameters:

.max .max . =
max = . in.
rest steps follow those already given.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example : Hibbelers book ex. -, p.

Given: () rigid railroad car of ton, () v = . m/s, () steel post of
mm mm Est = GPa
Solve: Bmax
Solution:

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example : (cont.)
. energy conservation: K = Ue

mv = Pmax (A )max

. relation between P
max and (A )max
Pmax LAC
EI(A )max
(A )max =
Pmax =
EI
LAC

mv LAC
(A )max =
= . mm
EI
. deection analysis

EI(A )max
= . kN
LAC
Pmax LAC
= . rad
A =
EI
Bmax = Amax + A LAB = . mm

Pmax =

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example : (cont.)
. energy conservation: K = Ue

mv = Pmax (A )max

. relation between P
max and (A )max
Pmax LAC
EI(A )max
(A )max =
Pmax =
EI
LAC

mv LAC
(A )max =
= . mm
EI
. deection analysis

EI(A )max
= . kN
LAC
Pmax LAC
= . rad
A =
EI
Bmax = Amax + A LAB = . mm

Pmax =

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example : (cont.)
. energy conservation: K = Ue

mv = Pmax (A )max

. relation between P
max and (A )max
Pmax LAC
EI(A )max
(A )max =
Pmax =
EI
LAC

mv LAC
(A )max =
= . mm
EI
. deection analysis

EI(A )max
= . kN
LAC
Pmax LAC
= . rad
A =
EI
Bmax = Amax + A LAB = . mm

Pmax =

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example : (cont.)
. energy conservation: K = Ue

mv = Pmax (A )max

. relation between Pmax and (A )max

Pmax LAC
EI(A )max
(A )max =
Pmax =
EI
LAC

mv LAC
(A )max =
= . mm
EI
. deection analysis

EI(A )max
= . kN
LAC
Pmax LAC
A =
= . rad
EI
Bmax = Amax + A LAB = . mm

Pmax =

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example : (cont.)
. energy conservation: K = Ue

mv = Pmax (A )max

. relation between Pmax and (A )max

Pmax LAC
EI(A )max
(A )max =
Pmax =
EI
LAC

mv LAC
(A )max =
= . mm
EI
. deection analysis

EI(A )max
= . kN
LAC
Pmax LAC
A =
= . rad
EI
Bmax = Amax + A LAB = . mm

Pmax =

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example : (cont.)
. energy conservation: K = Ue

mv = Pmax (A )max

. relation between Pmax and (A )max

Pmax LAC
EI(A )max
(A )max =
Pmax =
EI
LAC

mv LAC
(A )max =
= . mm
EI
. deection analysis

EI(A )max
= . kN
LAC
Pmax LAC
A =
= . rad
EI
Bmax = Amax + A LAB = . mm

Pmax =

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example part from nal exam (B)

Given:
() beam AB, pin-supported; two-force-member BD;
() dAB = mm, dBD = mm, E = GPa;
() weight W = N falls from h = mm onto C
Determine: equivalent static load in rod BD
analysis:

W
0.4m
A

0.8m

beam and two-force-member

h
B

impact load leads the static

load magnied by n

0.6m

all relies on calculation of st

unit load method

D
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example part from nal exam (B)

Given:
() beam AB, pin-supported; two-force-member BD;
() dAB = mm, dBD = mm, E = GPa;
() weight W = N falls from h = mm onto C
Determine: equivalent static load in rod BD
analysis:

W
0.4m
A

0.8m

beam and two-force-member

h
B

impact load leads the static

load magnied by n

0.6m

all relies on calculation of st

unit load method

D
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example part from nal exam (B)

Given:
() beam AB, pin-supported; two-force-member BD;
() dAB = mm, dBD = mm, E = GPa;
() weight W = N falls from h = mm onto C
Determine: equivalent static load in rod BD
analysis:

W
0.4m
A

0.8m

beam and two-force-member

h
B

impact load leads the static

load magnied by n

0.6m

all relies on calculation of st

unit load method

D
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example part from nal exam (B)

Given:
() beam AB, pin-supported; two-force-member BD;
() dAB = mm, dBD = mm, E = GPa;
() weight W = N falls from h = mm onto C
Determine: equivalent static load in rod BD
analysis:

W
0.4m
A

0.8m

beam and two-force-member

h
B

impact load leads the static

load magnied by n

0.6m

all relies on calculation of st

unit load method

D
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example part from nal exam (B)

Given:
() beam AB, pin-supported; two-force-member BD;
() dAB = mm, dBD = mm, E = GPa;
() weight W = N falls from h = mm onto C
Determine: equivalent static load in rod BD
analysis:

W
0.4m
A

0.8m

beam and two-force-member

h
B

impact load leads the static

load magnied by n

0.6m

all relies on calculation of st

unit load method

D
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example part from nal exam (B)

Given:
() beam AB, pin-supported; two-force-member BD;
() dAB = mm, dBD = mm, E = GPa;
() weight W = N falls from h = mm onto C
Determine: equivalent static load in rod BD
analysis:

W
0.4m
A

0.8m

beam and two-force-member

h
B

impact load leads the static

load magnied by n

0.6m

all relies on calculation of st

unit load method

D
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example part from nal exam (B)

Given:
() beam AB, pin-supported; two-force-member BD;
() dAB = mm, dBD = mm, E = GPa;
() weight W = N falls from h = mm onto C
Determine: equivalent static load in rod BD
analysis:

W
0.4m
A

0.8m

beam and two-force-member

h
B

impact load leads the static

load magnied by n

0.6m

all relies on calculation of st

unit load method

D
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example solution: calculation of st

Solution:
.
for static load W applied at C, evaluate:

. M-diagram for beam AB;

. repeat for unit load

. axial load for rod BD

WL
4

L
4

5
W
6
(a)

5
6

(b)

. Mohr integration by diagram multiplication.

L WL
(W/) (/) LBD
Cst = (
L) +

EA
WL WLBD
C
st =
+
EI
EA

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example solution: calculation of st

Solution:
.
for static load W applied at C, evaluate:

. M-diagram for beam AB;

. repeat for unit load

. axial load for rod BD

WL
4

L
4

5
W
6
(a)

5
6

(b)

. Mohr integration by diagram multiplication.

(W/) (/) LBD
L WL
L) +
Cst = (

EA
WL WLBD
C
st =
+
EI
EA

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example solution: calculation of st

Solution:
.
for static load W applied at C, evaluate:

. M-diagram for beam AB;

. repeat for unit load

. axial load for rod BD

WL
4

L
4

5
W
6
(a)

5
6

(b)

. Mohr integration by diagram multiplication.

(W/) (/) LBD
L WL
L) +
Cst = (

EA
WL WLBD
C
st =
+
EI
EA

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example solution (cont.)

Solution (cont.):

W
0.4m
A

. (cont.) C = WL + WLBD
st

EI

0.6m

EA

substitute values in:

0.8m

st = . m + .
m = . m

. the impact factor:

n=+

h
= .
Cst

. the equivalent static load

NBD = W n = . N

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example solution (cont.)

Solution (cont.):

W
0.4m
A

. (cont.) C = WL + WLBD
st

EI

0.6m

EA

substitute values in:

0.8m

st = . m + .
m = . m

. the impact factor:

n=+

h
= .
Cst

. the equivalent static load

NBD = W n = . N

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example solution (cont.)

Solution (cont.):

W
0.4m
A

. (cont.) C = WL + WLBD
st

EI

0.6m

EA

substitute values in:

0.8m

st = . m + .
m = . m

. the impact factor:

n=+

h
= .
Cst

. the equivalent static load

NBD = W n = . N

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example solution (cont.)

Solution (cont.):

W
0.4m
A

. (cont.) C = WL + WLBD
st

EI

0.6m

EA

substitute values in:

0.8m

st = . m + .
m = . m

. the impact factor:

n=+

h
= .
Cst

. the equivalent static load

NBD = W n = . N

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example solution (cont.)

Solution (cont.):

W
0.4m
A

. (cont.) C = WL + WLBD
st

EI

0.6m

EA

substitute values in:

0.8m

st = . m + .
m = . m

. the impact factor:

n=+

h
= .
Cst

. the equivalent static load

NBD = W n = . N

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example solution (cont.)

Solution (cont.):

W
0.4m
A

. (cont.) C = WL + WLBD
st

EI

0.6m

EA

substitute values in:

0.8m

st = . m + .
m = . m

. the impact factor:

n=+

h
= .
Cst

. the equivalent static load

NBD = W n = . N

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example nal exam (A)

z

rigid bar

W C

Given:

. solid circular L-shaped bar ABC

with d = mm
.
xed at A, C xed to a rigid bar CD

1m

0.1 m
D 1m

. W = N falls with zero initial

velocity
. E = GPa, G = GPa,

2m

[] = MPa

. neglect eect of transverse shear

y
Check strength of ABC with the th strength theory
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example nal exam (A)

z

rigid bar

W C

Given:

. solid circular L-shaped bar ABC

with d = mm
.
xed at A, C xed to a rigid bar CD

1m

0.1 m
D 1m

. W = N falls with zero initial

velocity
. E = GPa, G = GPa,

2m

[] = MPa

. neglect eect of transverse shear

y
Check strength of ABC with the th strength theory
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example nal exam (A)

z

rigid bar

W C

Given:

. solid circular L-shaped bar ABC

with d = mm
.
xed at A, C xed to a rigid bar CD

1m

0.1 m
D 1m

. W = N falls with zero initial

velocity
. E = GPa, G = GPa,

2m

[] = MPa

. neglect eect of transverse shear

y
Check strength of ABC with the th strength theory
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example nal exam (A)

z

rigid bar

W C

Given:

. solid circular L-shaped bar ABC

with d = mm
.
xed at A, C xed to a rigid bar CD

1m

0.1 m
D 1m

. W = N falls with zero initial

velocity
. E = GPa, G = GPa,

2m

[] = MPa

. neglect eect of transverse shear

y
Check strength of ABC with the th strength theory
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example nal exam (A)

z

rigid bar

W C

Given:

. solid circular L-shaped bar ABC

with d = mm
.
xed at A, C xed to a rigid bar CD

1m

0.1 m
D 1m

. W = N falls with zero initial

velocity
. E = GPa, G = GPa,

2m

[] = MPa

. neglect eect of transverse shear

y
Check strength of ABC with the th strength theory
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example nal exam (A)

z

rigid bar

W C

Given:

. solid circular L-shaped bar ABC

with d = mm
.
xed at A, C xed to a rigid bar CD

1m

0.1 m
D 1m

. W = N falls with zero initial

velocity
. E = GPa, G = GPa,

2m

[] = MPa

. neglect eect of transverse shear

y
Check strength of ABC with the th strength theory
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example nal exam (A)

z

rigid bar

W C

Given:

. solid circular L-shaped bar ABC

with d = mm
.
xed at A, C xed to a rigid bar CD

1m

0.1 m
D 1m

. W = N falls with zero initial

velocity
. E = GPa, G = GPa,

2m

[] = MPa

. neglect eect of transverse shear

y
Check strength of ABC with the th strength theory
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example nal exam (A)

z

rigid bar

W C

Given:

. solid circular L-shaped bar ABC

with d = mm
.
xed at A, C xed to a rigid bar CD

1m

0.1 m
D 1m

. W = N falls with zero initial

velocity
. E = GPa, G = GPa,

2m

[] = MPa

. neglect eect of transverse shear

y
Check strength of ABC with the th strength theory
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example (cont.)
Solution:

W
M

rigid bar

W C

0.1 m
D 1m

st

W
W

D
+
+
st =
EI
EI

( + )W
W
W

=
+
GIp
EI
GIp
d
d
Ip =

where I =

D
st = . m

1m
W

2m

x
W

. impact + combined loadings +

strength theories
.
D

. the impact factor

n=+

+ h/D
st = .

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example (cont.)
Solution:

W
M

rigid bar

W C

0.1 m
D 1m

st

W
W

D
+
+
st =
EI
EI

( + )W
W
W

=
+
GIp
EI
GIp
d
d
Ip =

where I =

D
st = . m

1m
W

2m

x
W

. impact + combined loadings +

strength theories
.
D

. the impact factor

n=+

+ h/D
st = .

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example (cont.)
Solution:

W
M

rigid bar

W C

0.1 m
D 1m

st

W
W

D
+
+
st =
EI
EI

( + )W
W
W

=
+
GIp
EI
GIp
d
d
Ip =

where I =

D
st = . m

1m
W

2m

x
W

. impact + combined loadings +

strength theories
.
D

. the impact factor

n=+

+ h/D
st = .

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example (cont.)
Solution:

W
M

rigid bar

W C

0.1 m
D 1m

st

W
W

D
+
+
st =
EI
EI

( + )W
W
W

=
+
GIp
EI
GIp
d
d
Ip =

where I =

D
st = . m

1m
W

2m

x
W

. impact + combined loadings +

strength theories
.
D

. the impact factor

n=+

+ h/D
st = .

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example (cont.)
Solution:

W
M

rigid bar

W C

0.1 m
D 1m

st

W
W

D
+
+
st =
EI
EI

( + )W
W
W

=
+
GIp
EI
GIp
d
d
Ip =

where I =

D
st = . m

1m
W

2m

x
W

. impact + combined loadings +

strength theories
.
D

. the impact factor

n=+

+ h/D
st = .

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example (cont.)
Solution:

W
M

rigid bar

W C

0.1 m
D 1m

st

W
W

D
+
+
st =
EI
EI

( + )W
W
W

=
+
GIp
EI
GIp
d
d
Ip =

where I =

D
st = . m

1m
W

2m

x
W

. impact + combined loadings +

strength theories
.
D

. the impact factor

n=+

+ h/D
st = .

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example (cont.)
T

. dangerous sections with static load

. B section in CB:

W
M

rigid bar

W C

0.1 m
D 1m

W
W
, =
d
d

W
rst = + =
= . MPa
d

1m
W

2m

. any section in AB
W

. dynamic eect

r = nrst

W
= . MPa
d /
W
M =
= . MPa
d /

rst = + = (z + M ) = . MPa
z =

section B in CB: r = . MPa [] = MPa

sections in AB: r = . MPa > [] = MPa
conclusion: ABC is not safe on strength.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example (cont.)
T

. dangerous sections with static load

. B section in CB:

W
M

rigid bar

W C

0.1 m
D 1m

W
W
, =
d
d

W
rst = + =
= . MPa
d

1m
W

2m

. any section in AB
W

. dynamic eect

r = nrst

W
= . MPa
d /
W
M =
= . MPa
d /

rst = + = (z + M ) = . MPa
z =

section B in CB: r = . MPa [] = MPa

sections in AB: r = . MPa > [] = MPa
conclusion: ABC is not safe on strength.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example (cont.)
T

. dangerous sections with static load

. B section in CB:

W
M

rigid bar

W C

0.1 m
D 1m

W
W
, =
d
d

W
rst = + =
= . MPa
d

1m
W

2m

. any section in AB
W

. dynamic eect

r = nrst

W
= . MPa
d /
W
M =
= . MPa
d /

rst = + = (z + M ) = . MPa
z =

section B in CB: r = . MPa [] = MPa

sections in AB: r = . MPa > [] = MPa
conclusion: ABC is not safe on strength.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example (cont.)
T

. dangerous sections with static load

. B section in CB:

W
M

rigid bar

W C

0.1 m
D 1m

W
W
, =
d
d

W
rst = + =
= . MPa
d

1m
W

2m

. any section in AB
W

. dynamic eect

r = nrst

W
= . MPa
d /
W
M =
= . MPa
d /

rst = + = (z + M ) = . MPa
z =

section B in CB: r = . MPa [] = MPa

sections in AB: r = . MPa > [] = MPa
conclusion: ABC is not safe on strength.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Example (cont.)
T

. dangerous sections with static load

. B section in CB:

W
M

rigid bar

W C

0.1 m
D 1m

W
W
, =
d
d

W
rst = + =
= . MPa
d

1m
W

2m

. any section in AB
W

. dynamic eect

r = nrst

W
= . MPa
d /
W
M =
= . MPa
d /

rst = + = (z + M ) = . MPa
z =

section B in CB: r = . MPa [] = MPa

sections in AB: r = . MPa > [] = MPa
conclusion: ABC is not safe on strength.
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Summary
Castiglianos nd theorem ( [] ):
Ue
original version: =
P

ctitious load: applicable cases, operations

modied version:
RR
L
N
M
V
T RRRR
= N
+M
+ fs V
+T
R
dx
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRRR

RRP=Pj ,or

impact loading
concepts: equivalent spring,
instant static state
impact factor: n = +

h
st

calculation of st : energy methods

n=

Pmax max max

=
=
P
st
st
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Summary
Castiglianos nd theorem ( [] ):
Ue
original version: =
P

ctitious load: applicable cases, operations

modied version:
RR
L
N
M
V
T RRRR
= N
+M
+ fs V
+T
R
dx
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRRR

RRP=Pj ,or

impact loading
concepts: equivalent spring,
instant static state
impact factor: n = +

h
st

calculation of st : energy methods

n=

Pmax max max

=
=
P
st
st
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Summary
Castiglianos nd theorem ( [] ):
Ue
original version: =
P

ctitious load: applicable cases, operations

modied version:
RR
L
N
M
V
T RRRR
= N
+M
+ fs V
+T
R
dx
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRRR

RRP=Pj ,or

impact loading
concepts: equivalent spring,
instant static state
impact factor: n = +

h
st

calculation of st : energy methods

n=

Pmax max max

=
=
P
st
st
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Summary
Castiglianos nd theorem ( [] ):
Ue
original version: =
P

ctitious load: applicable cases, operations

modied version:
RR
L
N
M
V
T RRRR
= N
+M
+ fs V
+T
R
dx
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRRR

RRP=Pj ,or

impact loading
concepts: equivalent spring,
instant static state
impact factor: n = +

h
st

calculation of st : energy methods

n=

Pmax max max

=
=
P
st
st
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Summary
Castiglianos nd theorem ( [] ):
Ue
original version: =
P

ctitious load: applicable cases, operations

modied version:
RR
L
N
M
V
T RRRR
= N
+M
+ fs V
+T
R
dx
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRRR

RRP=Pj ,or

impact loading
concepts: equivalent spring,
instant static state
impact factor: n = +

h
st

calculation of st : energy methods

n=

Pmax max max

=
=
P
st
st
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Summary
Castiglianos nd theorem ( [] ):
Ue
original version: =
P

ctitious load: applicable cases, operations

modied version:
RR
L
N
M
V
T RRRR
= N
+M
+ fs V
+T
R
dx
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRRR

RRP=Pj ,or

impact loading
concepts: equivalent spring,
instant static state
impact factor: n = +

h
st

calculation of st : energy methods

n=

Pmax max max

=
=
P
st
st
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Summary
Castiglianos nd theorem ( [] ):
Ue
original version: =
P

ctitious load: applicable cases, operations

modied version:
RR
L
N
M
V
T RRRR
= N
+M
+ fs V
+T
R
dx
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRRR

RRP=Pj ,or

impact loading
concepts: equivalent spring,
instant static state
impact factor: n = +

h
st

calculation of st : energy methods

n=

Pmax max max

=
=
P
st
st
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Summary
Castiglianos nd theorem ( [] ):
Ue
original version: =
P

ctitious load: applicable cases, operations

modied version:
RR
L
N
M
V
T RRRR
= N
+M
+ fs V
+T
R
dx
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRRR

RRP=Pj ,or

impact loading
concepts: equivalent spring,
instant static state
impact factor: n = +

h
st

calculation of st : energy methods

n=

Pmax max max

=
=
P
st
st
.

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Summary
Castiglianos nd theorem ( [] ):
Ue
original version: =
P

ctitious load: applicable cases, operations

modied version:
RR
L
N
M
V
T RRRR
= N
+M
+ fs V
+T
R
dx
P EA
P EI
P GA
P GIp RRRR

RRP=Pj ,or

impact loading
concepts: equivalent spring,
instant static state
impact factor: n = +

h
st

calculation of st : energy methods

n=

Pmax max max

=
=
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Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem

Castiglianos nd Theorem Impact

Impact loading eect Basic systems Examples

. Homework

Chap. - , ,

Due: .. (Wed.)

Energy Methods (IV) Castiglianos Theorem