The Structure of The Atoms

Atoms and the Atomic Theorem

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meaning of atom by advanced
method (Classical theorem) 1900
Quantum Theory: Thomson (1903)
Rutherford (1911), Bohr (1913),
1600
Schrödinger (1923), Chadwick (1932)
400 BC
Democritus (Greek) defines
atomos as smallest possible
individual particle
 Dalton Atomic Theory (1800)

Three assumptions:

1. Each chemical element is composed of minute,

indestructible particles called atoms. Atoms can neither be
created nor destroyed during a chemical change.

2. All atoms of an element are alike in mass (weight) and

other properties, but the atoms of one element are different
from those of all other elements.

3. In each of their compounds, different elements combine in

a simple numerical ratio.
 Law of Multiple Proportions

If two elements form more than one compound between

them, then the ratios of the masses of the second element
which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will be
ratios of small whole numbers.

Example:

Consider two of the carbon oxides: CO and CO2, 3.0 g of C

may react with 4.0 g of O to produce 7.0 g; and also with 8.0
g of O to produce 11.0 g CO2.
Law of Multiple Proportions
 Components of Atom
Electron

Sir Humphrey Davis (1778-1829):

๏ Reported relationship between electrical and chemical

properties in various substances.

Michael Faraday (1791-1867):

๏ Discovered that chemical changes occurred when electrical

current is passed through chemical solutions.

๏ Invented cathode ray tube and discovered the cathode rays.

Michael Faraday’s Cathode Ray
 Cathode Ray Tube

Properties of cathode ray

๏ The ray travels in straight line
๏ It cast a shadow
๏ Its properties are independent of the cathode ray materials
๏ It spin a fly-wheel
๏ It heats up metallic foil
๏ It is deflected by electric or magnetic fields
J. J. Thomson’s Experiments
 More Results on Cathode Ray

๏ Cathode ray deflected by magnetic field, is restraightened

by electric field.
๏ Measured the mass-to-charge ratio, m/e for cathode ray.
๏ Precise measurements yield a value of 5.6857 x 10-9 g per
coulomb (g C-1).
๏ Suggested that cathode rays is negatively charged.
๏ Cathode rays became known as electron, as proposed by
George Stoney (1874).
Robert Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment
 Explanation on Oil Drop Experiment
๏ Atomized oil droplets pass through a hole
๏ Droplets fall under gravity
๏ Air molecules ionized by the x-ray
๏ Electrons attached to the oil droplets making them
negatively charged
๏ By manipulating the charges on the plate, enabled to
balance the gravity pull and attraction by the positive
plate on the charged droplets
๏ Charge can be calculated
 Results from Cathode Ray and
Oil Drop Experiments

๏ Oil droplets have different charges

๏ Charge q on a droplet is integral multiple of a

minimum value e; q = ne

๏ The minimum value e is 1.6x10-19 C

๏ Using m/e from Thomson’s experiment, Millikan was

able to find weight of an electron
 The Plum Pudding Atomic Model

J. J. Thomson suggested:
๏ The plum pudding model of an atom has negative
charges (electrons) embedded in a larger structure of
positive charge
 The Plum Pudding Atomic Model
He atom model:
๏ He atom would have a +2 cloud of
positive charge; and two electrons (-2)
๏ If helium atom loses one electron it
becomes charged, called ion. Referred
as He+, has net charge 1+
๏ If it loses both electrons, He2+ ion
forms