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Electron Configurations
e quantum numbers: n , l, m l , m s
n = 1, 2, K
l = 0, 1, K , n 1
[l = 0 s , l = 1 p ,
l =2 d, l = 3 f ]
m l = l, ( l 1), K , ( l 1), l
5f
23
1 u = 1.66 10 24 g = 1.66 10 27 kg
mp = 1.0073 u, mn = 1.0087 u
Z = # protons, N = # neutrons
mass defect: m = ( Zmp + Nmn ) mnucleus
nuclear binding energy: E B = ( m )
ms = +
931 MeV
1u
ses
rea
inc
Acidity
inc
rea
5d
5p
5s
4d
4p
4s
3d
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
Electron Affinity
re
mo
e
ativ
neg
# lone
pairs on
central
atom
Electronegativity
Geometric Family
Linear
Trigonal
planar
Tetrahedral
Trigonal
bipyramid
Octahedral
Trigonal
pyramid
See-saw
Square
pyramid
ses
rea
inc
shape = geometry
Basicity
inc
rea
ses
shape =
Bent
shape =
Bent
T-shaped
Square
planar
ses
6s
Ionization Energy
6p
inc
6d
eject = 42 He 2 2 4
+1 1 0
n p + e
+
1 +1 0
p n + e+
1 +1 0
EC
p+e n
X* X +
0
0
0
4f
7s
in energy level n ,
max # of electrons = 2n 2
E photon = hf = hc
se
rea
or
1
2
in subshell l,
max # of electrons = 4 l + 2
1 eV = 1.6 10 19 J, 1 MeV = 10 6 eV
Atomic Radius
1
2
7p
Gases
STP: T = 0 C = 273 K, P = 1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg
Avogadros law: V n
Vat STP = n(22.4 L)
Boyles law: V 1/P (at constant T )
Charles law: V T (at constant P )
Combined: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
Ideal-Gas law: PV = nRT
Daltons law of partial pressures: P = pi
Grahams law of effusion:
rate of effusion of gas 2
m
m
v 2,rms = v 1,rms m 1
= m1
2
2
rate of effusion of gas 1
Colligative Properties
moles of solute
molality: m =
kg of solvent
equivalents (eq)
normality: N =
L of solution
BP elevation: Tb = kbim
FP depression: Tf = kfim
moles of S
mole fraction: XS =
total moles
o
Raoults law: PA = X APA
o
vapor pressure depression: PA = (1 X A )PA
osmotic pressure: = iMRT
Kinetics
[reactant]
[product]
or +
time
time
1 [reactant]
1 [product]
reaction rate =
or +
coeff
time
coeff
time
rate law for rate-determining step: rate = k [reactant1 ]coeff1 L
Arrhenius equation: k = Ae E a RT
concentration rate =
Thermochemistry
[conjugate base]
[weak acid]
pOH = pK b + log
[weak acid]
[conjugate acid]
[weak base]
[weak base]