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MllerAOClassificationoffracturesWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

MllerAOClassificationoffractures
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheMllerAOClassificationoffracturesisasystemforclassifyingbonefracturesinitiallypublishedin
1987[1]bytheAOFoundationasamethodofcategorizinginjuriesaccordingtotheirlocalizationand
severity,andsogivingsurgeonsoptionsfortreatmentandaprognosisofthepatientsanatomicaland
functionaloutcome."AO"isaninitialismfortheGerman"ArbeitsgemeinschaftfrOsteosynthesefragen",
thepredecessoroftheAOFoundation.
Itisoneofthefewcompletefractureclassificationsystemstoremaininusetodayaftervalidation.[2]

Contents
1Comprehensiveclassificationofthelongbones
1.1Localisation
1.2Type
1.3Groups&Subgroups
2AOpediatriccomprehensiveclassificationoflongbonefractures
3OTA/AOClassificationunifyingextension
4References
5Seealso

Comprehensiveclassificationofthelongbones
TheEnglishlanguageversionofthesystem[3]allowsconsistentindetaildescriptionofafractureindefined
terminologybycreatinga5elementalphanumericcode:
Localisation
Bone

Morphology

Segment Type

Group Subgroup

1/2/3/4 1/2/3/(4) A/B/C 1/2/3 .1/.2/.3

Localisation
First,eachfractureisgivento2numberstodescribewhichboneitaffects,andwhereinthebone:
1

Bone

Humerus

RadiusandUlna

Femur

Tibiaandfibula

Segment

Proximal
segment

Diaphyseal
segment

Distal
segment

Malleolarsegment(onlyusedwithtibiaand
fibula

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Type
Eachfractureisnextgivenaletter(A,BorC)todescribethejointinvolvementofthefracture:
Segment

Extraarticular Partialarticular Completearticular

Simple

Extraarticular Partialarticular Completearticular

Wedge

Complex

Theexceptionstothisstepinclude:
Localisation

11Proximalhumerus Extraarticular,unifocal
31Proximalfemur
44Malleoli

Extraarticular,bifocal Articular

Extraarticular,trochanteric Extraarticular,neck

Articular,head

Infrasydesmotic

Suprasyndesmotic

Transyndesmotic

Groups&Subgroups
Finally,thefractureisgiven2furthernumberstodenotethefracturepatternandgeometry.
Forsegment2(diaphyseal)fractures:
Type

Group
1

Asimple Spiral Oblique

Transverse

Bwedge Spiral Bending

Multifragmentory

Ccomplex Spiral Segmental Irregular

Forsegment1and3(epiphysealandmetaphyseal)fractures:
Group

Type

Aextra
articular

Simple

Wedge

Complex

Bpartial
articular

Split

Depression

Splitdepression

Simplearticular,simple
metaphyseal

Simplearticular,complex
metaphyseal

Complexarticular,complex
metaphyseal

Carticular

Subgroupsarethenusedtodescribethefracturesintermsofdisplacement(versusapposition,whichisthe
degreetowhichthepartsareincontactwitheachother),rotation,angulationandshortening.

AOpediatriccomprehensiveclassificationoflongbonefractures
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Apediatricversionofthelongboneclassificationwaspublishedin2006[4]tofurtherclassifyfracturesof
immatureboneandsotheeffectsonfuturegrowth:
Localisation
Bone

Segment Type

1/2/3/4 1/2/3

Morphology
Child Severity Exceptions

E/M/D 19

.1/.2

IIV

OTA/AOClassificationunifyingextension
TheOrthopaedicTraumaAssociationCommitteeforCodingandClassificationinitiallypublishedtheir
classificationsystemcoveringthewholeskeletonin1996.[5]In2006[6]theypublishedarevision,unifying
theMuller/AOandOTAsystemsintoasinglealphanumericclassification:

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Localisation

Region/Bone

Bone Segment
1
3
5[7]

Scapula

Clavicle

Patella

Cervicalspine

Thoracicspine

Lumbarspine

Pelvicring[8]

Acetabulum[9]

Lunate

Scaphoid

Capitate

Hamate

7[10] 5
6

8[11]

TriquetrumandPisiform
TrapeziumandTrapezoid

Metacarpus

Phalanges

Multiplefractures

Talus

Calcaneus

Navicular

Cuboid

Cuneiforms

Metatarsus

Phalanges

Multiplefractures

Craniomidface[12]

Mandible[13]

References
1. ^MllerME,NazarianS,KochP(1987).ClassificationAOdesfractures.TomeI.Lesoslongs.Berlin:
SpringerVerlag.
2. ^AudigL,BhandariM,KellamJ(2004)."Howreliablearereliabilitystudiesoffractureclassifications?A
systematicreviewoftheirmethodologies".ActaOrthopScand75(2):18494.PMID15180234
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15180234).
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3. ^MllerME,NazarianS,KochP,etal(1990).TheComprehensiveClassificationofFracturesofLongBones.
NewYork:SpringerVerlag.
4. ^SlongoT,AudigL,SchlickeweiW,ClavertJM,HunterJInternationalAssociationforPediatric
Traumatology(2006)."DevelopmentandvalidationoftheAOpediatriccomprehensiveclassificationoflongbone
fracturesbythePediatricExpertGroupoftheAOFoundationincollaborationwithAOClinicalInvestigationand
DocumentationandtheInternationalAssociationforPediatricTraumatology".JPediatrOrthop26(1):439.
PMID16439900(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439900).
5. ^OrthopaedicTraumaAssociationCommitteeforCodingandClassification(1996)."Fractureanddislocation
compendium".JOrthopTrauma10(Suppl1:vix):1154.PMID8814583
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8814583).
6. ^OrthopaedicTraumaAssociation(2007)."FractureandDislocationClassification".JOrthopTrauma21
(Suppl):S1S133.PMID18277234(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18277234).
7. ^MagerlF,AebiM,GertzbeinSD,HarmsJ,NazarianS(1995)."Acomprehensiveclassificationofthoracicand
lumbarinjuries".EurSpineJ.3(4):184201.PMID7866834(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7866834).
8. ^TileM(2003).FracturesofthePelvisandAcetabulum.Philadephia:Williams&Wilkins.
9. ^JUDETR,JUDETJ,LETOURNELE(Dec1964)."Fracturesoftheacetabulum:classificationandsurgical
approachesforopenreduction".JBoneJointSurgAm46:161546.PMID14239854
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14239854).
10. ^PetraciB,SiebertH(Jan1998)."AOClassificationoffracturesofthehandbones".HandchirMikrochir
PlastChir30(1):4044.PMID9541837(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9541837).
11. ^ZwippH,BaumgartF,CronierP,JordaE,KlaueK,SandsAK,YungSW(Sep2004)."Integralclassification
ofinjuries(ICI)tothebones,joints,andligamentsapplicationtoinjuriesofthefoot".Injury35(Suppl2):
SB39.PMID15315874(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15315874).
12. ^BuitragoTllezCH,SchilliW,BohnertM,AltK,KimmigM(Oct2002)."Acomprehensiveclassificationof
craniofacialfractures:postmortemandclinicalstudieswithtwoandthreedimensionalcomputedtomography".
Injury33(8):65168.PMID12213415(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12213415).
13. ^SpiesslB(ed)(1989).AOClassificationofMandibularFractures.Berlin:SpringerVerlag.

Seealso
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