Heat and Mass Transfer

Unit I
1. Discuss about
a. Modes of heat transfer

b. Mechanism of heat transfer by conduction.

2. Explain about thermal conductivity of materials and its effect with temperature?
3. Derive the heat conduction in a thick wall with variable thermal conductivity.
4. A plane wall is 15cm thick of surface area 4.5m2.Thermal conductivity of the wall is 9.5w/mk. The inner and
0
0
outer surface temperatures of the wall are maintained at 150 c and 45 c respectively. Determine, i) Heat
flow rate across the wall
ii)Temperature gradient in the heat flow direction and
iii) Temperature of
surface at 5 cm and 10 cm away from the inner surface.
[Ans: Q=29925W, dt/dx = -7000c/m , T(5cm) =150c , T(10cm)=800c]
5. A wire 2.0 mm in diameter and 18 cm long is submerged in water at atm. Pressure. An electric current
is passed through the wire until the water boils at 1000c. In case the wire surface temperature is needed
to be maintained at 1250c , determine the electric power supplied to the wire . Assume, convective heat
transfer coefficient as 4000w/m2 k.
[Ans:Q=113.1 w]
6. Air at 270c blows over a hot plate of 0.5 m x 1m surface which is maintained at 2270c. The film
conductance is 25w/m2 k. There is a heat loss of 280 w by radiation from surface of the plate. The plate is
2cm thick. Calculate :i) Heat transfer rate ii)The temperature of the other side of the plate. Assume
thermal conductivity of plate material as 43w/mk.
[ Ans:Q =2780w, T=229.5860c ]
7.A horizontal plate (k=30 w/mk) 600mm x900mm x 30mm is maintained at 3000c. The air at 300c flows
over the plate .If the convective co-efficient of air over the plate is 22 w/m2k and 250 w heat is lost from
the plate by radiation , Calculate the bottom surface temperature of the plate.
0

[ Ans: T=306.403 c]
8.Consider a slab of 1 cm thickness with constant conductivity of 20w/mk. Uniform rate of internal heat
generation is 8x107w/m3.One face of this slab is insulated and the other face dissipates heat
0
2
byconvection to a fluid at a temperature of 100 c with heat transfer coefficient of 4000w/m k .Calculate
the temperature of both the surfaces.
[ Ans: T(x=0) =5000c, T(x=1cm) =3000c]

9. Rate of heat generation in a plane wall of thickness 10 cm is 1.5 x105 w/m3. One side of the wall is
insulated while the other is exposed to a fluid of temperature 1000c where heat transfer coefficient is 500
w/m2k. Thermal conductivity of wall is 15 w/mk. Determine:

i) Temperature of the surface exposed to fluid assuming that entire generated heat is to dissipated to the
fluid.
0

[ Ans: Tmax =180 c , T=130 c ]

10. Derive the equations for resistance in a heat transfer problem with an example in case of series,
parallel and in combination of both series and parallel.
11. Derive the equations for heat transfer in the following cases when heat transfer is purely by
conduction in radial direction.
i) Through a long hallow cylinder
ii) Through a hallow sphere
12. Derive the equations for total resistance offered during heat transfer by conduction and convection in
the following cases:
i) In a compound spheres.
ii) In a compound cylinder
13. Derive the equation for critical radius of insulation in case of cylinders and Spheres.
14. A furnace wall lining is made up of material with k=2.5 w/mk. The temperature of the inner and outer
surface of this plane wall lining are 8100c and 3300c respectively. The outer surface is exposed to
ambient air at 300c with convective heat transfer coefficient=10 w/m2k. Calculate:
i) The rate of heat flow per unit area
ii) Thickness of lining in given situation
iii) Thickness of lining if the heat flow rate is to be reduced by 50%
[ Ans :i) Q=3000w/m2 ,ii)Thickness =40 cm ,iii) Thickness = 1.05m ]
15. A 8 mm thick metal plate, having thermal conductivity (k=98.6 w/mk) is exposed to vapour at 1000c on
one side and cooling water at 300c on opposite side. The heat transfer coefficients are hi=14200w/m2k on
2
vapour side and h0 =2325w/m k on the water side. Determine the rate of heat transfer, drop in
temperature of each side of plate.
5

[Ans: Q= 1.2034x 10 w,dt(Vapour side) =8.47 c ,dt (coding water side)=51.76 c ]

16. An ice box (20 cm x 20 cm x 10 cm height) is filled with 3 kg of ice at 00c. All vertical sides and bottom
of the box are well insulated. The top cover of the box is 1 cm thick and is made up of a material with
k=0.33 w/mk. This cover is exposed to ambient air at 250c with h=10w/m2k. Heat transfer coefficient
between inner surface of cover and air inside the box is h=8 w/m2k. Calculate the time required to melt
the ice in the box completely. Assume the latent heat of ice =330 kJ/kg.
[Ans: time=70.207 hrs]

17. A furnace wall of thickness 0.8m has the surface temperature as 250 c and 100 c on its two sides.
The surface area is 2 m2. The thermal conductivity of the wall is given as :
0

K=50(1+T/800)W/m C,where T is in C Determine the heat flow rate and the temperature at the centre of
the wall.
0

[Ans: Q=22851.6W,T=177.9 C]
18. Derive One dimensional (Radial) Steady State Heat Conduction through Hollow Cylinder without Heat
Generation and Logarithmic Mean Area.
19. Derive One dimensional (Radial) Steady State Heat Conduction through Hollow Sphere without Heat
Generation.
20. A plane metal plate 12cm thick generates heat at the rate of 5 x 105 W/m3 when an electrical current is
passed through it. If the surface temperatures on left and right side to be maintained at 2000 C and 1500 C
respectively, find :
(i) Temperature distribution across the plate section.
(ii) Position and magnitude of maximum temperature.
(iii) Heat flow rate from each surface of the plate.
Assume,k=50 W/mK
[Ans : (i)T=-500x2 +183.33x+200, (ii) x=0.01833 m,Tmax=201.680 C, (iii) Q(Left side)=-9166.7 W, Q(Right
side)=50833.5 W]

Unit II
1. State and derive the condition for an infinitely long fin.
2. Derive an expression for heat transfer for an adequately long fin with insulated tip.
3. What do you understand by short fins? Derive the temperature distribution and heat flow rate in
short fin.
4. Define fin efficiency. Determine a) the finefficiency for long fin with insulated tip b) for
rectangular fin of infinite length.
c ) Overall fin effectiveness.
5. An aluminium rod 2.0 cm diameter and 10 cm long protrudes from the wall maintained at 3000 C.
The rod is exposed to surroundings at 150 C. Heat transfer coefficient between rod surface and
2
environment is 20 w/m k . Find:
i)
Total heat dissipated by rod
ii)
Temperature of rod at 4 cm from the wall.
iii)
Temperature at the end of rod.
iv)
Fin efficiency
Assume that the rod end is insulated.

[Ans: I)Q =33.6W ii) T=283.060 C iii) T=273.70 C iv) Fin efficiency =93.83%]
0

6. Two rods of identical shape and size are both supported on a heat source at 100 C and are
0
surrounded by air at 25 C. One rod is known to have a thermal conductivity of 43w/mk and its
0
midpoint temperature of the other rod is measured to be 49 C . If the midpoint temperature of the
0
other rod is measured to be 75 C .What is its thermal conductivity?
[ Ans: k = 339.56 w/mk]
7. One end of a rod is inserted inside the furnace while the other end projects into surrounding air at
0
30 C. The diameter of the rod is 1.5cm.Under steady state heat flow, the steady state
0
0
temperatures at two points 12 cm apart on the rod were found to be 120 C and 90 C
2
respectively. Assuming, h=15w/m k , Find the thermal conductivity of the rod material.
[ Ans: k=350.36 w/mk]
8. Three 10mm diameter rods A,B and C protrude from a furnace at 1000 C . The length of all of
them = 25cm. They protrude out in ambient air at 200 C. The temperatures at the other ends are
26.70 C for A , 320 C for B , and 36.930 C for C. Considering rods to be very long fins, evaluate
their thermal conductivities if heat transfer coefficient =23w/m2k
[ Ans : KA=93.49 w/mk, KB =159.70w/mk, Kc=238.43 w/mk]
9. One end of copper rod 30cm long is firmly connected to a wall which is maintained at 200 0 C.
The other end is firmly connected to a wall which is maintained 930 C. Air is blown across the rod
so that h=17w/m2k .Diameter of rod =12.5mm. Temperature of air is 380 C. What is the net heat
lost to air in watts? Conductivity of copper = 300w/mk.
[ Ans: Q1= 21.74w, Q2=3W ]
10. A Centrifugal pump which circulates hot liquid metal at 5000 C w is driven by a electricity
motor,the motor is coupled to the pump impeller by a steel shaft 25mm in diameter. The
temperature of motor is limited to a maximum value of 600 C with ambient air at 250 C, what
length of shaft should be specified between motor and the pump? It may be presumed that the
thermal conductivity of shaft material is 35 w/mk and convective film coefficient between steel
shaft and air is 157 w/m2k. Treat steel shaft as fin with insulated end.
[ Ans : L=389.5mm]
11. 10 rectangular fins of brass (k=120w/mk) are welded horizontally to a plane vertical surface of a
tank, 1 m wide and 1 m high. The fins are 2 mm thick and 20 cm long.They are uniformly spaced
on the vertical surface of tank, which is maintained at 2000 C. If the unit is exposed to ambient air
at 200 C with convective heat transfer coefficient of 20w/m2k, find.
i)
Heat transfer rate before putting the fins.
ii)
Heat transfer rate after putting the fins.
Prove that the fins are effective. Assume insulated end condition for the fins.
[Ans: i) Q =3600w ii)Q=5519.4w iii)%increase in heat transfer after putting the fins=151.3% ]
12. Derive the error in temperature measurement.
13. Derive the quenching of a billet by lumped heat capacity method.And state significance of Biot
number and Fourier number.
14. Define the response time of a thermocouple. What does it signify?
15. A copper cylinder 10cm diameter, 20cm long is removed from liquid nitrogen at -1960 C and
exposed to air at 250 C with convection coefficient of 20w/m2k . Find the time required by the
0
cylinder to attain the temperature of -110 C . Take thermo physical properties as: c=380 J/kgk,
3
=8800kg/m ,k=360W/mk.
[ Ans: t=34.338 min]

16. A copper plate 2mm thick is heated up to 440 C and then quenched in water at 25 C. Find the
Biot number and verify if lumped heat capacity heat conduction analysis is applicable. Also find i)
0
The time constant and ii) The time required for the plate to reach the temperature of 40 C. The
2
following data are given for the problem: h=100w/m k ;Plate dimension =25m x 25m; Specific
3.
heat of copper=0.4 kJ/kg-k.Thermal conductivity of copper=385W/mk; Density of Cu=8800kg/m
-4
[ Ans: Biot number =0.2597x10 . ii)t=113.3sec ]
0

17. A 6cm thick copper plate at 240 c is kept on a water surface so that its lower face is in contact with
0
0
water at 30 c and upper face is exposed to surroundings at 30 c. Convective heat transfer coefficient on
2
2
water and air side are 90 W/m k and 10 W/m k respectively.
Assuming plate to be long having thermal conductivity of 380w/mk, density =8600kg/m3 and
c=400 J/kgk, find the time required to cool the plate upto 1200 C. Neglect radiation heat losses.
[ Ans: t=29.147 min]
18.A solid cylinder of steel of 5 cm diameter and 20 cm length, initially at a uniform temperature of 5000c
is suddenly placed in a fluid at 2000c with h=100 w/ m2 k .After a period of 5 minutes, the steel cylinder is
taken out from this fluid and immediately immersed in another fluid at 500c with h=10w/m2 k. Steel
properties are: Cp =0.46 Kj/jgk;density =7800kg/m3 and k=35 w/mk. Calculate the temperature of the
cylinder when it was taken out from the first fluid and the total time required for it to achieve the
temperature of 100
[ Ans: Temp=353.70c ,Total time=2.4811hrs ]
19.A thermocouple is used to measure the temperature of a fluid having the property of spherical junction
as: C=400 J/kgk, density =7800kg/m3 and k=50 w/mk,diameter of junction=3mm. The convective heat
transfer coefficient is 40 w/m2k. The junction is initially kept at 300c and it is immersed in to the fluid
temperature maintained at 3600c .Find:
i)
ii)

The time constant of thermocouple

If the thermocouple is taken out from hot fluid after 8sec and is kept in surrounding air at
300c having h=9w/m2k .Find the temperature attained by thermocouple junction after
16sec.
[ Ans: i) T=91.20c ii) T=85.80C ]

20.An egg with 35mm mean diameter is initially at 250c. It is placed in boiling water pan for 220 sec. at
atmospheric pressure and found to be of consumers taste.
For how long a similar egg be boiled for the same consumers taste when taken out from refrigerator at
30c? Assume an egg to be of spherical shape and its properties as follows
3

C=2000 J/kgk, density =1200kg/m and k=10 w/mk, convective heat transfer coefficient is 100 w/m k
[ Ans: time t=256sec]

Unit -III
1.i) State Newtons law of viscosity. Hence define the dynamic and kinematic viscosities
ii)Differentiatebetween laminar and turbulent flows.
2.Discuss the concept of hydrodynamic boundary layer. Hence define thickness of velocity boundary
layer in case of flow of fluid over the plate.
3. Discuss the concept of thermal boundary layer in case of flow of fluid over the plates. How does it
differ from velocity boundary layer.
4. Discuss the velocity boundary layer development in circular pipes. Hence, define entry length.
5.what is dimensional analysis and what is its practical utility. Also derive the dimensionless numbers.
6. Water at 250c is flowing through a pipe at 3.5m/min of diameter 3 cm. Determine the pressure drop per
m length. In case the velocity of water is 20 m/min, Find the new pressure drop/m length in the pipe.
For water at 250c density=997.1kg/m3, Kinematic viscosity =.8933x 10-6 m2/s
[Ans: pressure drop at 3.5m/min=2.3094 N/m2 , pressure drop at 20m/min=52.635 N/m2 ]
7.Air at 300 c and at atmospheric pressure flows over a plate at 3m/s. The plate is maintained at a
constant temperature of 900c .Assuming unit width of the plate, find the heat transfer from the portion at
x1=0.3m and x2=0.6m from the leading edge.
Take : Local value of Nusselets number Nu=0.332Re1/2 .Pr0.334
Properties of air at 600c are density=1.06kg/m3, Kinematic viscosity =18.97x 10-6 m2/s,C=1005 J/kgk,
Pr=0.696and k=0.0283w/mk,
[Ans: Q2-Q1=90.1w]
8.Compare the relative merits of water under pressure and liquid sodium as coolant; when flowing
through a stainless steel tube of 0.75 cm ID with a velocity of 5m/s.The tube wall temperature is 3000c
and temperature at the inlet to the pipe is 2000c.
Use the correlation: NuD=0.23 ReD

0.8

.Pr

0.33

Properties of water:Kinematic viscosity =0.16x 10-6 m2/s, Pr=0.938and k=0.665w/mk

Properties of liquid sodium:Kinematic viscosity =0.495x 10-6 m2/s, Pr=0.0075and k=80w/mk
[Ans: h(for water) =39468 w/m2k ; h(for liquid sodium) =392213.3 w/m2k;]
9.Discuss about forced convection correlations for flow through circular pipe.
0

10.Air at 20 c flows over a plate 0.5m wide x 1m long at a velocity of 3.2 m/s. The temperature of the
plate is maintained at 1200c. Find:
i) Heat loss per min. forms the plate if the air flows parallel to 1.0m side.

ii)What shall be the heat loss per min. from the plate if the air flows parallel to 0.5m side with all quantities
remaining the same.
Use correlation Nu=0.332 Re1/2 . Pr1/3
Take the properties of air at mean temperature Tm=700c as:density=1.029kg/m3, Kinematic viscosity
=20.02x 10-6 m2/s,C=1009 J/kgk, Pr=0.696and k=0.02964w/mk
[Ans: i) Q= 349.45 w ii)Q=492.1W ]
0

11.65kg/min of water is heated from 30 c to 60 c by passing through the duct of 3 cmx 2 cm. The duct is
heated by condensing the steam on its outer surface. Find out the length of the duct required.
Properties of water:density=995kg/m3,Dynamic viscosity =7.65x 10-4 kg/ms,C=4174 J/kgk, and
k=0.623w/mk
Conductivity of duct material =35w/mk.
Use correlation :for turbulent flow Nu=0.023 Re0.8 . Pr0.4
forlaminar flow Nu=4.36
[Ans: L=3.42m]
12.Air flows with a velocity of 0.5m/s through a rectangular cross sectioned duct with dimensions 10cm
x 5 cm and length =5.67m. The duct is heated uniformly through out its length. The duct wall temperature
is 200c higher than the air temperature throughout its length. If the bulk mean temperature of air is 270c,
Calculate the rate of heat transfer between duct and air. Now, air velocity is made=2m/sec. As a result,
duct wall temperature is 100c higher than air temperature through out the length of the duct.Find the
percentage change in rate of heat transfer between this case and the previous case: Correlations for
laminar flow Nu =4.364
for turbulent flow Nu=0.023 Re0.8 . Pr0.4
Take:density=1.1614kg/m3, Kinematic viscosity =15.89x 10-6 m2/s at T=300 k,C=1009 J/kgk, Pr=0.707
Ans: i) Q=58.5w ii)Q=184.8w ; Percentage increase in Q=215.9%]
13. A circular disc insulated from other side of diameter 25 cm is exposed to air at 200c . If the disc(open
surface) is maintained at 1200c, estimate heat transfer rate from it, when:
a) Disc is kept horizontal with (open) hot surface facing towards.
b)Disc is kept horizontal with (open) hot surface facing downwards.
c)Disc is kept vertical.
For air at 700c , K=0.03w/mk, pr=0.697, Kinematic viscosity =2.076x 10-6 m2/s
Use the following correlations :

Nu=.14 (Gr.Pr)0.334 for upward/top surface.

Nu=0.27(Gr.Pr)0.25 for downward/bottom surface.
Nu=0.59(Gr.Pr)0.25 for vertical surface.
[Ans: Q(disc facing up)=172.9 w, Q(disc is facing down)=65.58w , Q( disc is vertical) =101.5W ]
14.Air at 200c having average velocity of 4 m/sec is flowing along a heated plate at 1400c .The plate is 2m
long and 1.5 m wide. Determine:
a. Thickness of hydro dynamic boundary layer at 40cm from leading edge.
b. Thickness of thermal BL at 40cm from leading edge.
c. Local skin friction coefficient at 40cm from leading edge.
d. Local heat transfer coefficient and average value of heat transfer coefficient.
e. Heat transfer from entire plate.
Assume properties of air at mean temperature of 800c are:
density=1kg/m3, Kinematic viscosity =21.09x 10-6 m2/s ,C=1009 J/kgk, Pr=0.692,k=0.0305 w/mk
[Ans: a. t=0.00674m ;b. t=0.00743m; c.Local skin friction coefficient=0.0024; d. Local heat transfer
coefficient =6.168 w/m2k and average value of heat transfer coefficient=12.336w/m2k; e. Heat transfer
from entire plate=8882w].
15.3000kg of water per hour is heated from 300C to 700C by pumping it through a heated pipe. Diameter
of tube is 25mm and its surface temperature is 1100c.Estimate the length of the tube and rate of heat
transfer from tube water. Thermo physical properties of water at 800c are:
density=972kg/m3, Dynamic viscosity =355x 10-6 kg/ms ,Thermal conductivity= 0.667w/mk,C=4187 J/kgk
0.8

You may use following correlation for turbulent flows thorough pipes. Nu=0.023(Re)

Pr

0.33

[Ans: L=3.03m, Q=139.56KJ/s]

16.In a power plant feed water is flowing through a rectangular duct 8cm x 4 cm and the wall temperature
0
is maintained at 170 c throughout. The feed water flows at the rate of 3000kg/min , enters at a
temperature of 200c and is heated to 1500c. Compare the heat transfer coefficient using .i) Dittus
Boelter equation ii) Sieder- Tate equation. Also estimate the required length of the duct. Properties of
0
water at 85 c are :
Pr=1.64, Dynamic viscosity =265x 10-6 kg/ms ,Thermal conductivity= 0.683w/mk,C=4226 J/kgk
At 1700c Dynamic viscosity =158x 10-6 kg/ms

17.A circular disc insulated from other side of diameter 25 cm is exposed to air at 20 C. If the disc (Open
surface) is maintained at 1200C, estimate heat transfer rate from it, when;
(a) Disc is kept horizontal with (open) hot surface facing upwards.
(b) Disc is kept horizontal with (open) hot surface facing downwards.
(c) Disc is kept vertical.
For air at 700C, k=0.03 W/mK, Pr=0.697, v=2.076x10-6 .
Use the following correlation:
Nu=0.14 (Gr.Pr)

0.334

for upward/top surface

Nu=0.27 (Gr. Pr)0.25 for downward/bottom surface

Nu=0.59 (Gr. Pr)0.25 for vertical surface.
[Ans: Heat transfer rate when disc is facing up = 172.9 W,Heat transfer rate when disc is facing down =
65.58 W, Heat transfer rate when disc is kept vertical = 101.5 W.]
18.A hot plate 1 m x 0.5 m at 1800C is kept in still air at 200C with 0.5 m side vertical. The plate has a
mass of 20 kg and specific heat of 0.4 kJ/kg K. If convection takes place from both the sides of the plate,
determine heat transfer coefficient, initial rate of cooling the plate and time required in cooling of the plate
from 1200C to 800C. Use the following thermo physical properties of the air.
K=0.032 W/mK, v=23.13 x 10-6 m2 /s, Pr=0.688
Nu=0.14 Ra0.33 if turbulent Ra > 105.
Nu=0.59 Ra0.25 if laminar Ra <105.
[Ans: h = 7.3474 W/m2 K, Initial rate of cooling of plate = 8.8160C/min, Time required to cool up to 1200C
= 511.74 sec, Time required to cool up to 800C = 1067.94 sec, Time required to cool from 1200C to 800C
= 556.2 sec.]
19.A solid cylinder of steel (density = 8000 Kg/m3 , Cp= 0.42 kJ/kg) of 12 cm diameter and 30 cm length at
0
0
380 C is suspended vertically in a large room at temperature 20 C. If the emissivity of cylinder surface is
0.8, find total heat loss rate by the cylinder and initial rate of cooling.
Take properties of air at 2000C as follows:
3

-6

Cp= 1026 J/kg K, density = 0.746 kg/m , k-0.0393 W/mK, v = 34.85 x 10 m /s

Use the following correlations:
Nu = 0.56 (Gr. Pr)0.25 for vertical surface
Nu = 0.27 (Ra)0.25 for lower horizontal surface
Nu = 0.54 (Ra)

0.25

for upper horizontal surface

[Ans: Total heat flow by convection and Radiation = 0.1280C/sec.]

20.A thin hot plate 0.5 m high and 2 m long is kept at 200 C having the surrounding air at 20 C. The mass
of the plate is 40 kg. The heat is convected naturally from both sides. Find :
(a) Initial rate of cooling of plate.
(b) Time required to cool the plate from 1500C to 500C.
Assume thermo physical properties of air at mean temperature as :
K = 0.032 W/mK, v=23.5 x 10-6 m2 /s, Pr = 0.7
Specific heat of plate, C = 380 J/kg K.
[Ans: Initial rate of cooling = 0.01470C/sec, Time required to cool the plate from 1500C to 500C = 299.236
min.]

Unit - IV
1.Write a short note on thermal radiation and Discuss about theories of Radiation.
2.Define following terms:
(i) Reflectivity, absorptivity and transmissivity
(ii) Black body and Gray body
(iii) Opaque body
(iv) Emissive Power
(v) Emissivity
(vi) Monochromatic emissive power
(vii) Monochromatic emissivity
(viii) Radiosity
3.State and Prove Plancks law of radiation and Wiens displacement law.
4.State and explain Stefan Boltzmanns law.State the value of Stefan Boltzmanns constant.
5.Define intensity of radiation.State and explain Lambert cosine law.
6.Derive an expression for radiant heat exchange between two Finite Black surfaces by Radiation.
7. Explain about heat exchange between Gray bodies.
8.Discuss about the Thermal Radiation heat exchange concepts.
(i) Two parallel Infinite Plane Surfaces
(ii) Radiation Heat Exchange between Two Concentric Infinitely Long Grey Cylinders

(iii) Radiation Heat Exchange between Two Concentric Spheres.

9.What are radiation shields? Explain, why using radiation shields the heat transfer rates are reduced by
analytical analysis.
10.Write short notes on Green house effect.
11. Effective temperature of a body having an area of 0.12m3is 5270C. Calculate the following:
a) Rate of radiation energy emission
b) Intensity of normal radiation
c) Wave length of maximum monochromatic emissive power
2

[Ans: Q=2786.9W, Intensity of normal radiation = 7392.5 W/m sr, Wavelength of max monochromatic
emissive power = 3.62m.]
12.A black surface is maintained at 5000 K. Find:
(i) Heat flux due to thermal radiation.
(ii) Maximum valve of monochromatic emission power and the wave length at which it occurs.
(iii) Fraction of radiations emitted between 1= 0.5m to 2 =0.7 m.
[Ans: (i) qb= 35437.5 kW/m2, (ii) Maximum value of monochromatic emissive power and wave length =
4.018 x 1013W/m2(iii) Fraction of radiations emitted between 1= 0.5m to 2 =0.7 m = 7851.9 kW/m2].
13.The furnace of a boiler may be assumed as a black body having a temperature of 2500 K. Find the
following :
(i) wavelength at which emission is maximum and the magnitude of emissive power at this wave length.
(ii) Total emissive power.
(iii) Monochromatic emissive power at wavelength of 1 m.
(iv) Consider the furnace as real body having emissivity as 0.92, find its emissive power.
The area of furnace is 2 m2

[Ans : (i) Maximum wavelength = 1.1592 x 10-6 m and maximum emissive power = 2.5137 x 1012 W,(ii)
6
12
Total emissive power = 4.58594 x 10 W (iii) Monochromatic emissive power = 2.3799 x 10 W (iv) Total
emissive power = 4.0753 x 106W.]
14. Two small surfaces A and B are place in an isothermal enclosure maintained at constant temperature
considered as black body. The radiation to the surface by the enclosure is 8000 W/m2. The absorption of
2
2
the surfaces A and B are 1000 W/m and 6800 W/m . Under the conditions of steady state find :
(i) Absorptivity of each surface.
(ii) The temperature and heat flux to each surface.

(iii) Emissive power of each surface and their emissivity.

[Ans: (i) Absorptivity of surface A = 0.125, Absorptivity of surface B = 0.85, (ii) T=612.9 K,(iii) Emissivity of
each surface = 0.85,Emissive power of each surface = 1000 W/m2 and 6800 W/m2.]
15.A sphere of radius 5 cm is concentric with another sphere. Find the radius of outer sphere so that
shape factor of outer sphere w.r.t. the inner sphere is 0.6.
[Ans: 6.45 cm].
17.Calculate shape factor between two opposite sides of hollow cube if shape factor between two
adjacent sides of it is 0.2.
[Ans: 0.2.]
18.A cubical oven has inside sides equal to 0.5m. One of the faces of the oven forms the door. If the five
other inside faces are black and maintained at 6000C, find the rate of heat loss if the oven door is kept
open.
[Ans: 8.2334 kW.]
19.A double-walled thermos flask may be assumed to be equivalent to two infinite parallel plates. The
emissivities of wall are 0.3 and 0.7 respectively. Space between them is evacuated. Find the heat transfer
rate by radiation through the flask if inside surface temperature is 90 0C and outside surface at 30 0C
under steady state.
[Ans: 134.43 W/m2.]
20.The space between the two infinite parallel plates having emissivities 0.4 and 0.8 respectively is
evacuated. A polished Aluminium shield with emissivity of 0.06 is inserted between them. What will be the
percentage reduction in the heat transfer rate due to insertion of radiation shield.
[Ans: 92.16%.]

Unit V
1.Define Heat Exchanger and give the three broad classes of heat exchangers along with application.
2. Draw the temperature distribution for Parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers. And determine
the overall heat transfer coefficient in shell and tube type heat exchangers.
3. Derive the log mean temperature difference for parallel flow heat exchanger.
4. Derive the log mean temperature difference for counter flow heat exchanger.
5. How the cross-flow and multipass heat exchangers are analyzed using LMTD method? Define
correction factor and state its significance.
6.Derivethe effectiveness of a parallel flow heat exchanger.
7. Derive the effectiveness of a counter flow heat exchanger.

8.A counter flow shell and tube type heat exchanger is used to heat water at a rate of 0.8kg/sec from
0
0
0
0
30 C to 80 C with hot oil entering at 120 C and leaving at 85 C. Over all heat transfer coefficient is 125
2
w/m C . Calculate the size of heat exchanger required . Take specific heat for water as 4180 j/kg0C.
[Ans: 28.4m2].
9.In a double pipe heat exchanger has its inner tube of internal diameter of 1.6 cm and outer diameter of
2 cm. The thermal conductivity of inner tube material is 300 w/mk.The outer tube concentric to inner tube
has a diameter of 4 cm. The data available regarding this H.E. is as follows:
(a) Convective heat transfer coefficients on inner tube:
hi = 1000 W/m2 K, ho = 1400 W/m2 K
(b) Fouling factors on both sides of inner tube :Rfi = 0.0005 m2 K/W and Rfo = 0.0001 m2 K/W
Calculate the following per metre length of tube:
(i)Total thermal resistance.
(ii)Overall heat transfer coefficient based on inner and outer surface areas of the tube.
[Ans: (i) Total thermal Resistance = 0.05724 k/W,(ii) Ui = 347.53 W/m2K,Uo = 278.06 W/m2K.]
10.Hot air at 660C is cooled upto 380C by means of cold air at 15.50C. Mass flow rates of hot and cold air
are 1.25 kg/s and 1. 6 kg/s respectively.Specific heat of hot and cold air are 1.05 kJ/kg K, U=80 W/m2 K,
Find the area of the heat exchanger for parallel flow configuration.
If the same exchanger is operated in counter flow mode, find the exit temperatures of both the fluids.
[Ans:Area needed for parallel flow for H.E. = 39.236 m2, Area required for counter flow for H.E. = 17.873
m2.]
11.A steam condenser uses water flowing at the rate of 0.1 kg/s as cooling medium. The condenser tube
is having 3 cm O.D. and 22 m of length. Steam condenses at 1000C on the outside of the tube. Overall
heat transfer coefficient based on the tube outer surface are = 100 W/m2 K, Cp water =4180 J/kg k. If the
cooling water enters the heat exchanger at 300C, Calculate the exit temperature of this water.
[Ans:Exit temperature of water = 57.374 0C.]
12.A parallel flow heat exchanger has its tubes of 5 cm internal and 6 cm external diameter. The air flows
inside the tubes and receives heat from hot gases circulated in the annular space of the tube at the rate
of 100 kW. Inside and outside heat transfer coefficients are 250 W/m2 K and 400 W/m2 K respectively.
Given: Inlet temperature of hot gases, Th1 = 5000C
Outlet temperature of hot gases, Th2 = 3000C
0

Inlet temperature of air, Tc1 = 50 C

Exit temperature of air, Tc2 = 1400C
Calculate :

(i)Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outer surface area.

(ii)Length of tube required to affect the heat transfer rates. Neglect the thermal resistance of the tube.
(iii)If each tube is 3 m length, find the number of tubes required.
[Ans: ,Uo 136.99 W/ m2 K, L=138.088 m, N= 47.]
13.Define and explain condensation. What are its types and state the difference between them.
14.State the assumptions of Nusselts theory of filmwise condensation.
15.Discuss in detail, the various regimes of pool boiling.
16.Write a short note on forced convection boiling.
17.Saturated steam at 850C condenses on the outer surface at 256 horizontal tubes arranged in 16 x 16
array. The tube dimensions are, O.D. = 1.3 cm, length = 1 m, Tube surface temperature = 750C.Calculate
the rate of condensation in kg/s in this case.
Also calculate this rate if all these tubes (256 no.) are arranged vertically.
Properties of condensate :
K=0.668 W/m-K, = 355 x 10-6 kg/m-s, = 947 kg/m3, hfg = 2309 x 103 J/kg.
[Ans:m=0.3168 kg/s in horizontal tubes,m = 0.278 kg/s in vertical tubes.]
18.A vertical plate 1 m long and 0.5 m wide is maintained at 400C and the saturated steam at 100 0C and
at atmospheric pressure condenses over it. Calculate the following:
(i)Heat transfer rate.
(ii) Thickness of film at 0.5 m below the top end of plate and its maximum velocity at this section.
(iii) Thickness of film at bottom end and its maximum velocity.
(iv) Condensation rate in kg/hr.
Take at mean temperature : = 980 kg/m3,kf = 0.664 W/m K, = 434 x 10-6 kg/ms,, hfg = 2257 kJ/kg
[Ans:(i) Q = 111240W,(ii) Thickness of film and maximum velocity = 0.2 mm and 0.443m/s, (iii) )
Thickness of film at bottom end and its maximum velocity = 0.000238 m & 0.6265 m/s (iv) m = 177.432
kg/hr.]
19.State and explain the Ficks law of diffusion and compare it with Fouriers law of heat conduction.
20.Thetyre tube of a vehicle has a surface area of 2.4m2 and wall thickness of 20 mm. The tyre is filled
with air 3 bar and after 15 days the pressure drops to 2.9 bar. The solubility of air in rubber is 0.08 m3 of
air/m3 of rubber at 1 bar. The volume of air in tyre is 0.18 m3 at 300 K. Calculate the diffusivity of air in
rubber.
[Ans:the diffusivity of air in rubber = 2.5226 x 10-8 m2/s.]