Hit-and-Miss Transform

Common Names: Hit-and-miss Transform, Hit-or-miss Transform

Brief Description
The hit-and-miss transform is a general binary morphological operation that can be
used to look for particular patterns of foreground and background pixels in an
image. It is actually the basic operation of binary morphology since almost all the
other binary morphological operators can be derived from it. As with other binary
morphological operators it takes as input a binary image and a structuring element,
and produces another binary image as output.

How It Works
The structuring element used in the hit-and-miss is a slight extension to the type
that has been introduced for erosion and dilation, in that it can contain both
foreground and background pixels, rather than just foreground pixels, i.e. both ones
and zeros. Note that the simpler type of structuring element used with erosion and
dilation is often depicted containing both ones and zeros as well, but in that case
the zeros really stand for `don't care's', and are just used to fill out the structuring
element to a convenient shaped kernel, usually a square. In all our illustrations,
these `don't care's' are shown as blanks in the kernel in order to avoid confusion.
An example of the extended kind of structuring element is shown in Figure 1. As
usual we denote foreground pixels using ones, and background pixels using zeros.

Figure 1 Example of the extended type of structuring element used in hit-and-miss

operations. This particular element can be used to find corner points, as explained
below.

The hit-and-miss operation is performed in much the same way as other

morphological operators, by translating the origin of the structuring element to all
points in the image, and then comparing the structuring element with the
underlying image pixels. If the foreground and background pixels in the structuring
element exactly match foreground and background pixels in the image, then the
pixel underneath the origin of the structuring element is set to the foreground color.
If it doesn't match, then that pixel is set to the background color.
For instance, the structuring element shown in Figure 1 can be used to find right
angle convex corner points in images. Notice that the pixels in the element form
the shape of a bottom-left convex corner. We assume that the origin of the element
is at the center of the 33 element. In order to find all the corners in a binary image
we need to run the hit-and-miss transform four times with four different elements
representing the four kinds of right angle corners found in binary images. Figure 2
shows the four different elements used in this operation.

Figure 2 Four structuring elements used for corner finding in binary images using

the hit-and-miss transform. Note that they are really all the same element, but
rotated by different amounts.

After obtaining the locations of corners in each orientation, We can then

simply OR all these images together to get the final result showing the locations of
all right angle convex corners in any orientation. Figure 3 shows the effect of this
corner detection on a simple binary image.

Figure 3 Effect of the hit-and-miss based right angle convex corner detector on a
simple binary image. Note that the `detector' is rather sensitive.

Implementations vary as to how they handle the hit-and-miss transform at the

edges of images where the structuring element overlaps the edge of the image. A
simple solution is to simply assume that any structuring element that overlaps the
image does not match underlying pixels, and hence the corresponding pixel in the
output should be set to zero.
The hit-and-miss transform has many applications in more complex morphological
operations. It is being used to construct the thinning and thickening operators, and
hence for all applications explained in these worksheets.

Guidelines for Use

The hit-and-miss transform is used to look for occurrences of particular binary

patterns in fixed orientations. It can be used to look for several patterns (or
alternatively, for the same pattern in several orientations as above) simply by
running successive transforms using different structuring elements, and
then ORing the results together.
The operations of erosion, dilation, opening, closing, thinning and thickening can
all be derived from the hit-and-miss transform in conjunction with simple set
operations.
Figure 4 illustrates some structuring elements that can be used for locating various
binary features.

Figure 4 Some applications of the hit-and-miss transform. 1 is used to locate

isolated points in a binary image. 2 is used to locate the end points on a
binary skeleton Note that this structuring element must be used in all its rotations
so four hit-and-miss passes are required. 3a and 3b are used to locate the triple
points (junctions) on a skeleton. Both structuring elements must be run in all
orientations so eight hit-and-miss passes are required.

We illustrate two of these applications on an image skeleton.

We start with

which is the skeleton of

The image

shows the triple points (i.e. points where three lines meet) of the skeleton. Note
that the hit-and-miss transform itself merely outputs single foreground pixels at
each triple point (the rest of the output image being black). To produce our
example here, this image was then dilated once using a cross-shaped structuring
element in order to mark these isolated points clearly, and this was then ORed with
the original skeleton in order to produce the overlay.
The image

shows the end points of the skeleton. This image was produced in a similar way to
the triple point image above, except of course that a different structuring element
was used for the hit-and-miss operation. In addition, the isolated points produced
by the transform were dilated with a square in order to mark them, rather than with
a cross.
The successful use of the hit-and-miss transform relies on being able to think of a
relatively small set of binary patterns that capture all the possible variations and
orientations of a feature that is to be located. For features larger than a few pixels
across this is often not feasible.

Interactive Experimentation
You can interactively experiment with this operator by clicking here.

Exercises
1. How can the hit-and-miss transform be used to perform erosion?
2. How can the hit-and-miss transform, together with the NOT operation, be
used to perform dilation?
3. What is the smallest number of different structuring elements that you
would need to use to locate all foreground points in an image which have at
least one foreground neighbor, using the hit-and-miss transform? What do
the structuring elements look like?

References

R. Gonzalez and R. Woods Digital Image Processing, Addison-Wesley

Publishing Company, 1992, p 528.
R. Haralick and L. Shapiro Computer and Robot Vision, Vol. 1, Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company, 1992, Chap 5, pp 168 - 173.
A. Jain Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, Prentice-Hall, 1989, Chap. 9.
D. Vernon Machine Vision, Prentice-Hall, 1991, p 75.

Local Information
Specific information about this operator may be found here.
More general advice about the local HIPR installation is available in the Local
Information introductory section.

2003 R. Fisher, S. Perkins, A. Walker and E. Wolfart.