A Novel Robust Method of Carrier Frequency Estimation For Wireless Communication

IJOSAT Vol.
2, Issue 2, Oct - Dec 2014
ISSN: 0976-7578 (Online)
A Novel Robust Method of Carrier Frequency Estimation for

Wireless Communication
1
R.Jagadeeswara Rao, 2P.Eswara Rao

Student of M.Tech,,Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering SISTAM, Srikakulam
2
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering,SISTAM, Srikakulam
1
jagadeesh_ravada@yahoo.com,2esu.ece20@gmail.com
1
Abstract
Carrier
allocation
in
digital
communications plays a very major role.
Several Carrier frequency Offset estimators
are available in spatial and frequency
domain. This paper discusses about various
carrier frequency offsets estimators like
fusco
multiuser
method,
maximum
likelihood methods and other frequency
estimators methods which uses periodical
sequence training methods .A comparison of
various Methods are studied for a multiuser
QAM Filter bank with less complexity is
proposed for staggered modulated multitone
multiple access systems the proposed
algorithm prove to be more efficient. The
carrier offset difference at the receiver
relative to the transmitter shall range should
be as low as possible.
Keywords: CFO, Maximum likelihood,
QAM, SMTMA,
I.aIntroduction
IN the last years, the interest for
filter-bank multicarrier (FBMC) systems is
increased, since they provide high spectral
containment. Therefore, they have been
taken into account for high-data-rate
transmissions over both wired and wireless
frequency-selective channels. One of the
most famous multicarrier modulation
techniques is orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM), other known types of
FBMC systems are filtered multitone
systems [1], [2] and OFDM based on offset
QAM modulation (OQAM) [3], [4], [5], [6].
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The FBMC approach complements the FFT

with a set of digital filters called poly phase
network (PPN) while the OFDM approach
inserts the cyclic prefix (CP) after the FFT.
Unlike OFDM, OFDM/OQAM systems do
not require the presence of a CP in order to
combat the effects of frequency selective
channels. The absence of the CP implies on
the one hand the maximum spectral
efficiency and, on the other hand, an
increased
computational
complexity.
However, since the sub-channel filters are
obtained by complex modulation of a single
filter, efficient poly phase implementations
is often considered [7]. Fundamental
differences
between
OFDM
and
OFDM/OQAM systems concern the
adoption (in the OFDM/OQAM case) of
pulse shaping filters very well localized in
time and frequency [8], [9] and memory
effects between useful symbols and
transmitted signal due to the PPN.
In this paper, we consider a type of
FBMC system often referred to as
OFDM/OQAM, where OQAM stands for
offset quadrature amplitude modulation. In
the term staggered QAM has also been used
to refer to OQAM and a more concise name
staggered modulated multitone(SMT) has
been suggested. For consistency, in the rest
of this paper, we will use the term SMT and
accordingly use the name SMTMA (SMT
multiple access) to refer to SMT-based
multiple access systems. Similar to OFDM
systems, SMT systems are also sensitive to
__________________________________________________
International Journal of Science And Technology
IJOSAT Vol. 2, Issue 2, Oct - Dec 2014
carrier frequency offset (CFO), which leads

to severe performance degradation. The
CFO is usually caused by the difference
between local oscillator frequencies at the
receiver and the transmitter and/or the
Doppler frequency shift in the channel.
Therefore, the accurate CFO estimation is
essential
to
guarantee
satisfactory
performance in SMT systems. Data-aided
CFO estimation in SMT systems has been
studied. Data-aided CFO and timing offset
estimation with robust acquisition properties
in multipath channels was proposed. This
algorithm exploits a periodical training
sequence made up of identical blocks. A
joint maximum likelihood (ML) CFO and
timing offset estimator using a nonperiodical training sequence in multipath
channel was developed. Moreover, under the
assumption that the CFO is sufficiently
small. However, the performance of the
CFO estimation is reduced when the CFO
value is relatively large. Moreover, the
performance of the CFO estimation is
dependent on the training sequence used.
Finally, authors estimated CFO using
spectral modeling. Interestingly, the CFO
estimation is independent on the timing
offset and also the training sequence used.
However, the CFO is estimated using a
maximization procedure through a 1dimensional search, which leads to heavy
computational complexity.
goal of this paper is to propose a lowcomplexity data-aided CFO estimation for

SMTMA with block allocation scheme.
Some studies have been performed to
estimate the CFO and timing offset in the
uplink of SMTMA systems.
In this paper, we study the data-aided

CFO estimation in the uplink of an SMTMA
system. In the uplink, the base station (BS)
needs to estimate multiple CFOs from
multiple users. The choice of CFO
estimation methods in the BS is closely
related to the adopted subcarrier allocation
scheme. However, the current trend in the
industry, as reflected in the 3GPP LTE
documents, is more towards block
allocation, where a block of contiguous
subcarriers are allocated to each user . The
The MSE of CFO estimation will

have an error floor when the CFO is
relatively large. Secondly, the complexity of
the estimator increases linearly with
increasing the number of users and can be
high when there are many users. Thirdly, the
performance is sensitive to training
sequence used. In this paper, by following
the approach, a CFO estimation using
frequency-domain
periodical
training
sequences is proposed. Different, the
proposed algorithm estimates CFO after
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The joint ML phase, CFO, and

timing offset estimation using a nonperiodical training sequence in an additive
white Gaussian noise (AWGN) was
considered. Under the assumption that the
CFO of each user is sufficiently small, an
AML estimator was developed, using which
the joint phase offset, CFO and timing offset
estimation for different users can be carried
out independently. The AML phase and
CFO estimators are in closed-form, while
the AML timing offset estimator requires a
one-dimensional maximization procedure.
By following an approach similar to that
considered, the estimator proposed for
single-user SMT systems can be easily
modified for SMTMA uplink in multipath
channels. To distinguish it from the single
user estimator proposed. In the rest of the
paper, we refer to the modified estimator as
Fuscos multiuser CFO estimator. There are
a couple of disadvantages in this estimator.
Firstly, due to an approximation used in the
derivation of the AML estimator, Fuscos
multiuser CFO estimator works only for
small CFO values.
__________________________________________________
DFT. By inserting some guard subcarriers

between each pair of adjacent users bands,
this estimator can be used for uplink
scenario with block subcarrier allocation
scheme. We show that the performance of
the proposed estimator is better than the
time-domain estimator for the uplink and
requires
much
lower
computational
complexity. Moreover, the estimator
requires special constraints on the real and
imaginary parts of the training sequences for
good performance. Using the proposed
estimator, the training sequence can be
freely chosen to meet specific system
requirements, such as to minimize the peak
to average power ratio (PAPR) of the
training sequence.
performs the demodulation at the receiver

side of the system. It is apparent that Fig. 1
is different from a conventional analysis
filter bank in the literature, where the poly
phase components are often followed by an
IDFT. This difference arises, simply,
because here we have chosen to feed the
input signal from the bottom of a tapped
delay line, i.e., opposite to the common
practice where the tapped delay line is fed
from the top. This puts the input samples in
a reversed order and accordingly the IDFT
has to be replaced by DFT. This
arrangement is chosen, here, because it
matches the common practice in the
presentation of an OFDM receiver. The N
1 input vector to the DFT block at the time
instant l as shown in Fig. 1 can be written as
II. System Considerations

We consider the uplink of a SMTMA
system where P active users are
communicating with a BS. It is assumed that
there are N = PQ subcarriers, where Q is
the number of subcarriers allocated to each
user, including both active and guard (null)
subcarriers. The transmitted signal from the
path user is represented by xp[n], and the
channel response between the pth user and
the BS is denoted by the sequence cp[n].
Accordingly, the received signal at the BS
Where
(2)
III. Poly phase Structure of the SMT

receiver
Several poly phase structures have
been proposed for efficient implementations
of SMT systems. For the purpose of our
study in this paper, we have chosen the poly
phase structure as shown in Fig. 1. The
components E0 (z) through EN1 (z) are the
poly phase components of a prototype filter
H (z), based on which the SMT is
implemented. We assume that H (z) has a
length of N, thus, each poly phase
component has a length of . The DFT block
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(3)
__________________________________________________
And *denotes point-wise multiplication of

vectors. Furthermore, the output vector of
the DFT block is given by where F denotes
the DFT operation. The output vector U(l) is
then multiplied with a column vector g
containing the one tap equalizer coefficients
(4)
.
The equalizer output is then sent to a
slicer and decisions on the transmitted data
symbols sI are obtained as shown in Fig. 1.
Data from different users are then separated
through user separation.
IV. CFO ESTIMATION:
IV -A. Fuscos multiuser CFO estimator:
Fusco [1]et al proposed a joint CFO
and timing offset estimator in the uplink
using non-periodical training sequences. The
CFO estimator for the pth user may be
simplified to
p =
Nc 1
i=0
Ai*Bi
(5)
where{} denotes the angle of a complex

number and the parameters Ai and Bi are
equal to
(6)
and xIK [n] and xQK [n] are transmitted signals
produced by the in-phaseSIK and quadrature
phase SQK of the training symbol on the kth
subcarrier. It should be noted that an
underlying assumption in the derivation of
(6) is that
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(7)
Where Q is comparable with the
length of the prototype filter. As a result,
this estimator only works well for small
CFO values. Also to achieve
an accurate CFO estimation on the pth user,
the constraint
(8)
Should be satisfied. From (6) and (7), it can
be seen that the CFO for each user is
estimated before the DFT. Since the CFO
for different users can be estimated
independently, the complexity of CFO
estimation grows linearly with the number
of users. However, as can be seen from (7),
the computational complexity for the CFO
estimation for each user is dependent on the
total number of subcarriers N, rather than
the number of subcarriers Q allocated to
each user. This is inefficient, especially
when the number of users P = N/Q is large.
IV-B. The Srocks Estimator:
A time-domain CFO estimation
algorithm
using
periodical
training
sequences was proposed for single user
SMT systems. It was shown that a least
square CFO can be obtained by estimating
the phase difference between the two
periods of the received signal. However this
may not be extended to multiuser case,
where signals from P users have been
received with different CFOs at BS which
cannot be easily separated in the time
domain.
To overcome this problem, in this
section, we derive a frequency-domain CFO
estimator for SMTMA uplink using
periodical training sequences. To reduce the
__________________________________________________
computational complexity of the estimator,

we uses only real training sequences such
that the estimator only uses the in-phase part
of an SMT receiver. In most practical design
of prototype filter h[n] takes significantly
non-zero values only when N n N.
Then it can be shown easily that if
the number of identical blocks in the
training sequence of the pth user are chosen
as +2.
(9)
WhereU1 and U2 are the DFT outputs of
vectors u1 and u2 respectively. While the
estimation error depends only on total
symbol energy, the algorithm works well in
multipath channels. However it is required
that the CFO as well as the channel impulse
response
remains
constant
during
estimation. Moreover the training sequence
may be chosen randomly so that to minimize
its PAPR.
IV-C. Maximum
Estimation:
Likelihood
CFO
In
OFDM,
frequency-selective
wideband channel is decomposed into a
large number (N) of narrow-band flat fading
channels.
Accordingly,
a
single-tap
frequency-domain equalizer on each
subcarrier can be used to compensate for the
effect of the CTF. Hence, estimation of the
CTF is crucial for coherent demodulation in
OFDM systems. There are numerous
contributions
towards
pilot-assisted,
decision-directed and blind techniques for
CTF estimation. Here, a pilot-assisted
scheme is assumed; extension to a decisiondirected scheme is straight forward. The
simplest CTF estimation technique is the
least-squares (LS) estimate
H [LS] = [X1]*Y
(10)
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IV.D. Principles:
Suppose there is a sample x1, x2, ,
xn of n independent observations, drawn
from an unknown probability density (or
probability mass) f0(). It is however known
that the function f0 belongs to a certain
family of distributions {f(|), }, called
the parametric model, so that f0 corresponds
to = 0, which is called the true value of
the parameter. It is desirable to find the
value (the estimator) which would be as
close to the true value 0 as possible. Both
the observed variables xi and the parameters
can be vectors.
The idea behind the method of
maximum likelihood is to first find the joint
density function for all observations. For iid
sample this density function will be
(11)
N
ow we want to look at this function at a
different angle: let the observed values x1,
x2, ,xn be fixed parameters of this
function, whereas the value of is allowed
to vary freely. From this point of view this
function is called the likelihood:
(12)
In practice it is always more convenient to
work with the scaled logarithm of the
likelihood function, called the loglikelihood:
(13)
__________________________________________________
The method of maximum likelihood

estimates 0 by finding the value of that
maximizes
. This is the maximum
likelihood estimator (MLE) of 0:
(14)
The estimator is the same regardless
whether we optimize the likelihood or the
log-likelihood function .For selected models
the maximum likelihood estimator can be
found as an explicit function of the observed
data x1,..,xn.
More often however, the closed-form
solution to this maximization problem
doesnt exist, and the solution has to be
found
numerically
using
various
optimization algorithms. For certain
problems the maximum likelihood estimates
may not be unique, or even may not exist
(meaning that the log-likelihood function
goes to for certain values of the
parameters ).
In the exposition above we have
assumed that the data are independent and
identically distributed. The method can be
applied however to a broader setting, as long
as it is possible to write the joint density
function f(x1,,xn | ), and its parameter
has a finite dimension which does not
depend on the sample size n. In a simpler
extension we may allow for data
heterogeneity, so that the joint density is
equal to f1(x1|) f2(x2|) fn(xn|). In a
more complicated case of time series models
we have to drop the independence
assumption as well.
V.Computational Complexity
Comparison:
In this section, we compare the
computational complexity for the proposed
CFO estimator with Fuscos multiuser CFO
estimator. The computational complexity of
the two CFO estimators in term of number
of complex multiplications (CMs) required
are summarized in Table I 1. It is assumed
that there are P users, N subcarriers and NP
subcarriers are assigned to each user. The
computational complexity of Fuscos
multiuser CFO estimator (6) is dependent on
the length of channel impulse response. In
this estimator, Ai and Bi need to be
calculated Nc times and therefore NNc
CMs are performed. Also, it requires
NcCMs to estimate CFO.
Accordingly, Nc(2N +1) CMs are
necessary for the CFO estimation for the
single user case and PNc(2N +1)for the
multiuser case. In the proposed estimator,
the calculation of u1 and u2 requires N
CMs and 2_N 2 log2 N_ are required to
calculate U1 and U2. The estimation of all
the CFO values for P users requires P N P
= N CMs .Also ,to give a sense of reduction
in computational complexity in practical
systems, the comparison of two estimators
for two typical N values is presented in [1].
The performance comparison of Various
CFO estimation scheme in fading channels
is given below
Fig. 1 Performance comparison of various CFO estimation

schemes in fast fading channel. Normalized Doppler = 0.05
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__________________________________________________
As seen [1] the Sourcks estimator

has the lower complexity than that of
Fuscos multiuser CFO estimator. But
maximum likelihood method has lower
complexity then the remaining two
estimators in this case. Because the period of
the training sequence is N, the acquisition
range of the CFO value using the proposed
VII. References:
estimator is
[2] B. Farhang-Boroujeny, R. Kempter,

Multicarrier communication techniques for
spectrum sensing and communication in
cognitive radios, IEEE Commun.Mag., vol.
48, no. 4, pp. 80-85, 2008.
VI. Conclusion:
Two maximum likelihood estimators
for CFO estimation in fading channel
conditions, Fusco estimator along with a
new Estimation technique were proposed in
this paper. The fading coefficient is
considered as a factor in this estimator
design.
The static channel was discussed as a
special case with the fading coefficient a =
1. Simulations showed that the proposed
schemes perform comparably with the
Moose MLE and the WLS scheme under
static channel conditions. Under fading
conditions, the proposed estimators are
better than the conventional schemes,
because the proposed schemes take the
fading factor into consideration. In addition
to better estimation accuracy, the TD-MLE
scheme has the added advantage of reduced
complexity since only the most dominant
multi paths are used in CFO estimation.
Hence, the proposed estimators can
be used to estimate the CFO more accurately
in fading channels and reduce the ICI in
OFDM systems here by improving the
system performance.
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[1].Low-complexity carrier frequency offset

estimation for multiuser Offset qam filter
bank multicarrier systems uplink by Hamid
Saeedi-Sourck_,
Yan
Wu,
J.W.M.
Bergmans, Saeed SadriBehrouzFarhangBoroujeny
[3] B. Farhang- Boroujeny, and C.H.

(George) Yuen, Cosine modulated and
offset QAM filter bank multicarrier
techniques: a continuous-time prospect,
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal
Processing, 2010, vol. 2010, Article ID
165654,
16
pages,
2010.
doi:10.1155/2010/165654.
[4] H. Saeedi-Sourck, Y. Wu, J.W.M.
Bergmans, S. Sadri, B. Farhang-Boroujeny
Sensitivity analysis of offset QAM
multicarrier systems to residual carrier
frequency and timing offsets, Elsevier
Signal Porcessing, vol. 91, pp. 1604-1612,
Jaun. 2011.
[5] T. Fusco, A. Petrella and M.
Tanda,Data-aided
time
domain
synchronization for filter-bank multicarrier
systems,
Proc.of
EUSIPCO
2008,
Lausanne, Switzerland, August 25-29, 2008.
[6] T. Fusco, A. Petrella, and M. Tanda,
Data-aided symbol timing and cfo
synchronization for filter-bank multicarrier
systems, IEEE Trans. on Wireless
Commun., vol. 8, no. 5, pp.2705-2715,
2009.
__________________________________________________
[7] L. Hanzo, M. Munster, B. J. Choi and T.

Keller,
OFDM
and
MC-CDMAfor
Broadband Multi-User Communications,
WLANs and Broadcasting,IEEE Press,
2003.
[8] Jungwon Lee, Hui-Ling Lou, D.
Toumpakaris, J. M. Cioffi, Effect ofcarrier
frequency offset on OFDM systems for
multipath fading channels,in Proc. IEEE
GLOBECOMM04, vol. 6, pp. 3721-3725,
Nov 2004.
[9] T. Pollet, M.V. Bladel, and M.
Moeneclaey,
BER
Sensitivity
of
OFDMSystems to Carrier Frequency Offset
and Wiener Phase Noise,,IEEETrans.
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[10] S. Kapoor, D. J. Marchok and Y. F.
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Wireless OFDM Systems over Fast Time
Varying FadingChannels, IEEE VTC 98,
48th IEEE, vol. 3, pp. 2077 - 2080, May
1998.
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A Novel Robust Method of Carrier Frequency Estimation For Wireless Communication

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IJOSAT Vol.

2, Issue 2, Oct - Dec 2014

ISSN: 0976-7578 (Online)