Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Colophon
D. (Dianne) van de Berkt
dianne.vandeberkt@gmail.com
Supervisor:
V. (Vivien) Francis
vt.francis88@gmail.com
Examiner:
Prof. Dr. Ir. Adri van den Brink
Chair Landscape Architecture
Wageningen University
Examiner:
Ir. Rene de Waal
Promovendus
Wageningen University
Post address
Postbus 47
6700 AA, Wageningen
The Netherlands
Visiting address
Gaia (building no. 101)
Droevendaalsesteeg 3
6708 BP, Wageningen
Printed by Digigrafi B.V., Veenendaal
Wageningen University, 2014
Preface
This thesis, as part of the MSc program of
Landscape Architecture, shows the work
of its researchers Dianne van de Berkt and
Vivien Francis. It is their pleasure to share
their passions, in finding solutions for water
and environmental problems within the
domain of landscape architecture, with you
in this research. An iterative journey of design
research results in a better understanding of the
role of landscape architects in creating both a
physically and mentally sustainable city: a much
needed development in this urbanising world,
with climate change luring around the corner.
But without the knowledge and inspiration of
certain people this thesis could not have been
finalised. A big thanks to supervisor Ingrid
Duchhart for her guidance. Also to Bas van
Vliet, Eddy Moors, Wim van der Knaap and
Kees Hendriks, for the brainstorm sessions
leading to the proposal. In Cyprus, the test
case location, thanks to: our contact persons
Stella Hadjipanagi and Raymond Francis,
Adriana Bruggeman, Katerina Charalambous
and Marinos Eliades from The Cyprus
Institute, Charalambos Theopemptou (former
Commissioner of Environment), Water Board of
Lemesos, TerraCypria, the interviewees, and the
respondents of the questionnaire. Appreciation
towards Pieter Germeraad and Roel Dijksma
for sharing their knowledge on water (details),
and Wouter Achterkamp on the Swillgasser
technology.
Last but not least, a thank you fellow students,
friends and family for all the support.
Summary
The amount of people living in cities compared
to in rural areas is increasing. Currently,
these cities are not very sustainable, as they
often have a linear metabolism of consuming
input and repelling waste. In this thesis, the
physical and mental sustainability of urban
areas is increased through performing urban
landscapes. This is done through two aspects:
1) creating a circular metabolism to close city
cycles for physical sustainability, and 2) by
creating environmental awareness for mental
sustainability. The role of landscape architects
is of great significance in designing performing
urban landscapes. Not only should the
processes in the landscape function, it should
also be aesthetically appealing, and people
should be able to experience everything.
For the first aspect of creating a circular
metabolism, the researchers of this thesis
propose that the process of stormwater
harvesting and re-use, and the process of energy
production of organic waste should cooperate.
These topics are chosen because quite some
cities, especially in the Mediterranean Region
and/or in (semi-)arid climates, deal with water
quantity problems. In other words, having too
much stormwater in the winter and too little
in the summer. Another big linear metabolism
problem is the fact that urban areas create a
large amount of waste, which is passed on to
the rural areas for processing. The connection
between these processes may not seem
obvious, but this thesis provides insights and
solutions to prove it is possible.
The development of toolboxes, a research
for research method, is chosen to enable the
researchers in creating a performing urban
landscape for Limassol (Cyprus), by using the
toolboxes design options. Whilst testing the
toolboxes in Limassol, it turned out that the
results remained too broad and were not
specific enough, but the lessons learned from
the process gave valuable input for the following
design exploration. By applying the research
through designing method, the design of the
Little Garyllis Performing Park was made, and
the characteristics of designing a performing
urban landscape were unravelled.
Readers guide
Here are some useful insights for reading this
thesis, to start with the term Cyprus. It must
be clear that the island Cyprus and the country
Cyprus are not the same. When Cyprus is
discussed geographically in this thesis, it is the
island which is debated. But, when Cypriots,
economics, politics or statistics are disputed the
southern Greek part of the island is meant.
Furthermore, when a figure is marked with an
asterisk (*) in its caption, this figure is derived or
adapted from an external source. These external
sources can be found in the list of figures.
The content
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Table of contents
Preface
Summary
Readers guide
Part 1 Introduction
1.1
1.2
1.3
15
3.1
New knowledge
3.2 Purpose
3.3
Research questions
3.4
Process
Mediterranean Cyprus
Green mountains and dry plains
Altered land
Life on the island
City of attraction and distraction
Room for intervention
Watershed in distress
Little Garyllis
Points of attention
81
25
Design inspiration
Little Garyllis Performing Park
Four Fanaria
Limassol Network
101
Part 6 Findings
6.1
155
List of figures
References
Appendices
161
163
173
What?
How?
Why?
associations
Order: organisation, coherence, congruity,
legibility, clarity
Framing
Trimming, mowing,
ordering , and linear
planting
Level of cultivation
responds to site
[F1.5]* Design principles for creating cues for intended natural design.
10
For closing cycles, positive loops and tradeoffs are necessary (Agudelo-Vera et al., 2011).
Therefore, a second process has been identified
to work together with the process of stormwater
harvesting and re-use. Possibilities are found
Social acceptance
Besides some technical barriers, there are also
some other barriers that prevent the increase
of energy derived from biomass generally.
Rsch & Kaltschmitt (1999) describe some of
these barriers, such as: the higher production
costs of heat and/or electricity from biomass.
But overall, energy derived from biomass
is accepted by the public. If not, people are
often not familiar with the opportunities and
benefits (Rsch & Kaltschmitt, 1999). Attitude
does change with the type of feedstock. The
use of virgin biomass (grown solely for energy
purposes) is often seen as negative (Muradov
et al., 2010). Using non-virgin biomass, waste,
as feedstock could be positive for peoples
attitude, but waste as feedstock also brings
During biochemical anaerobic digestion two products are created: compost and biogas. The
compost can be used as fertiliser and the biogas can be transformed into electricity and heat or
green gas (Agentschap NL, n.d., p.2):
10 m3 biogas can be transformed into 20 kWh electricity and 85 MJ warmth
10 m3 biogas can be transformed into 6 kg green gas (100 km of driving)
The amount of biogas produced depends on the composition of the urban organic waste, which
contains organic household waste and waste from urban vegetation maintenance. The following
rules of thumb are composed with the help of information on Dutch potentials:
Organic household waste:
30% of the waste of a household is organic (Appendix 1c-I)
100 kg of this organic waste is turned into 10 m3 biogas (Agentschap NL, n.d., p.1-2)
Urban vegetation maintenance:
Vegetation has different amounts of maintenance output [T1.1]
100 kg mixed vegetation maintenance waste is turned into 7 m3 biogas (E-kwadraat
Advies, n.d.)
[T1.1] The different amounts of maintenance output of vegetation (see Appendix 1c-I).
Type of vegetation
Woody
Grass
Reed
Heather
13
Amount of maintenance
output in kg per m2 per year
0.67-1.65
0.25-4
1.43-7.14
0.13-2.25
14
15
16
17
The gap
Significance
18
2.2 Purpose
The most vital thing a designer does is to provide an explanation of what it could be like (Cross,
2006), this is exactly the purpose of this thesis.
19
20
2.4 Process
This chapter will share the process of this design research.
21
22
Approach
23
Literature study
Map study
Suitability study
Statistical study
Interviews
Questionnaires
Fieldwork (e.g. SWOT analysis)
24
25
26
27
The Mediterranean
28
Cyprus
Water quantity
Landfilling of waste
Soil erosion
[F3.3] Some environmental (health) problems Cyprus is dealing with.
29
Water problem
Waste problem
30
31
32
Tectonic processes
33
4
[F3.12]* The formation of Cyprus.
Natural resources
Water
[F3.13] The nine hydrological regions, with their watersheds, (ephemeral) rivers, and lakes.
34
Lakes
Due to the hot climate on the island, there
are only five natural lakes [F3.13]. All of these
natural lakes are brackish or salt [F3.15].
Therefore, they are unsuitable as resource of
20
16
17
14
15
1
19
13
11
18
10
35
12
3
4
Groundwater bodies
The groundwater bodies in Cyprus are mostly
used by inhabitants for domestic use and
irrigation, through springs, wells and boreholes.
Cyprus has 66 aquifers which are grouped into
20 groundwater bodies [F3.16]. Ten of these
aquifers are connected to the sea, making the
water brackish (WDD, n.d. a). Most of these
groundwater bodies are in a poor state (WDD,
2010).
Minerals
Timber
Vegetal cover
Mountain
Slopes
Plain
Streams/marshes
Coast
Salt lakes
36
Mountain
Highest slopes of
Troodes and/or
Kyrenia mountrain
range
Mostly trees
Slopes
Maquis, garigue and
rocky mountainsides
Mostly shrubs
Plain
Mostly shrubs
Streams/
marshes
Salix alba L.
Indigenous tree (0-1000m)
Cichorium spinosum L.
Indigenous subshrub
Mostly shrubs
Salt lakes
Akrotiri, Larnaca,
Famagusta, etc.
Mostly subshrubs
37
Halimione portulacoides
(L.) Aellen
Indigenous shrub
Juniperus foetidissima
Willd.
Arbutus andrachne L.
Indigenous shrub
(700-1300m)
Endemic shrub
(1100-1950m)
Osyris alba L.
Capparis spinosa L.
Indigenous shrub
(250-500m)
Endemic shrubs
(0-650m)
Indigenous shrub
0-900m)
Convolvulus dorycnium L.
Indigenous shrub
(0-500m)
Helichrysum conglobatum
(Viv.) Steud.
Indigenous subshrub
(0-300m)
Ficus carica L.
Nerium oleander L.
Indigenous shrub
(0-900m)
Indigenous subshrub
(0-700)
Atriplex halimus L.
Indigenous shrub
(0-350m)
Indigenous shrub
Arthrocnemum
macrostachyum (Moric.)
Moris et Delponte
Halocnemum strobilaceum
(Pall.) Bieb.
Indigenous shrub
(0-50m)
Indigenous subshrub
Indigenous subshrub
(0-150m)
Lycium schweinfurthii
Dammer
Indigenous shrub
(0-50m)
38
In this intermezzo the long history of the island Cyprus is explained. The chapter names and content is derived from Antoniadou
(2011).
8200 BCE
Historic Times: Geometric and Archaic Periods (1050 - 480 BC)
1050 - 750 BC
Cyprus started to get more Greek inhabitants and adopted the
Greek culture and language. Also, iron was becoming more
popular to use for jewellery and tools. Likewise decorated
pottery became well known (p.6).
750 - 480 BC
This period was marked by the subjugation of Cyprus to the Assyrians. The
Cypriot city-kingdoms remained independent as long as they paid tax to the
Assyrian ruler (p.6).
Classical, Hellenistic and Roman Periods (480 BC - 330 AD )
480 - 310 BC
Cyprus was in the middle of the Greco-Persian Wars. The Greek wanted the Persians to leave
all Greek lands, also Cyprus. Although they tried, Cyprus did become part of the Persian
Empire and became an important political and cultural centre (p.7).
310 - 30 BC
The Persian rule came to an end, because of Alexander the Great. He ruled Cyprus and after him his successors.
During this period Cyprus was used strategically, as military base (p.7).
30 BC - 330 AD
The Romans took control over Cyprus and exploited the copper mines. Under this occupation Cyprus had 300 hundred years
of economic growth (p.7).
39
2014 CE
The Ottoman Empire (1571 - 1878)
The Ottomans took over Cyprus anyway, with the
fall of Ammochostos (Famagusta). For the first time
in the history of Cyprus a Muslim community was
established on the island, but the Orthodox church
of Cyprus was also given privileges. Cyprus did have a
hard time under this rule, but there were also some
positive social aspects connected to it (p.12).
British Rule (1878 - 1960)
There was a secret treaty going on between Great Britain and the
Ottomans and this resulted in Great Britain taking over. The Cypriots
expected greater things to happen, but actually this rule prevailed
an economic recession. There were some uprisings because of harsh
colonial measures from the British. This resulted into an independent
Republic of Cyprus (p.13).
The Cyprus Republic, the Turkish invasion, European Union entry (1960 - today)
1960 - 1973
The Archbishop Makarius III was assigned as first President of the Republic and Cyprus
became a member of the United Nations. Two British military bases were established
on the island. From 1964, there were always conflicts between the Greek and Turkish
inhabitants (p.14).
1974 - today
In 1974 the Turkish military invaded the island and took over 37% of the island. Around 200,000 Greek
Cypriots had to flee the northern part of the island. The Turkish troops still occupy this part of the island. In
2004 Cyprus became a member of the European Union (p.14).
40
41
Troodos Terrane
The Troodos area mostly consists of
sclerophyllous vegetation [F3.21] and coniferous
forest.
Mamonia Terrane
This geological zone is quite diverse in its
landuse. It consists mostly of sclerophyllous
vegetation [F3.21], vineyards, continuous
and discontinuous urban fabric, and complex
cultivation patterns.
Circum Troodos Sedimentary Succession
In the western part of this terrane, lots of nonirrigated arable land can be found, while in
the eastern part of this terrane sclerophyllous
23%
27%
41%
59%
73%
77%
30%
70%
33%
100%
67%
Dwelling
Housing
Due to a census (Appendix 3s-I) being held
in 2001 and in 2011, the development of the
housing in Cyprus can be discussed. In 2001
as well as in 2011, most people lived in a twoperson household. Household size is decreasing
though, with an average household size of 3.06
persons in 2001, and 2.76 persons in 2011
[F3.23]. Typically Cypriots live in a conventional
living quarter (99.5%), mostly in singles houses
or apartments [F3.24].
42
Water
Surface water
A big part of the cultural water process in Cyprus
are the dams and reservoirs, called surface
water. The first dam (an earth-fill dam) in Cyprus
was built at Kouklia in 1900, and between 1945
and 1958, 15 more dams were built of which
13 are gravity dams and two are earth-fill dams.
After the establishment of the Cyprus Republic
in 1974, more dams were constructed. The
reservoirs are mainly filled by the inflow of water
from rivers, which takes place during the winter.
The reservoirs and storage basins are structured
with the objective to provide water for drinking
or irrigation, and have the possibility to dry out
and they often do in reality. Each dam is under
Water input
Balance useable
370
Groundwater
135
Recharge
45
Evaporation (86%)
2 300
Surface water
235
Balance useable
370
Groundwater
135
Recharge
45
Surface water
235
Exce
s
-29 s pumpi
ng
Diversions
15
Loss
es
70
Sea
43
Evaporation (86%)
2 300
Losses
48
Dam releases
127
Sea
Re-use
In Cyprus there are several wastewater
treatment plants of various sizes [F3.29].
Eliades (2010) describes that there are at least
eight urban wastewater treatment plants with
capacities ranging from 2,100 to 400,000 m3 per
day, and six rural ones with capacities ranging
from 200 to 500 m3 per day. The recycled
water is mostly used for the irrigation of crops
(Iacovides, n.d.).
Groundwater
The groundwater bodies, discussed and showed
in in the previous chapter, also form a source for
drinking and irrigation water.
Desalination
In Cyprus desalination plants are seen as a
necessity, because they cannot rely solely on
stormwater. The first one was built at the shore
of Dhekelia in 1997 (Iacovides, n.d.) and five
others followed (Theopemptou, 2013).
These plants have to deal with two major
negative aspects: costs and energy consumption.
Desalination plants are a big investment, and
cost a lot of money even when they are not
operating. Besides this, a desalination plant
uses 4.5 kWh to produce one m3 of freshwater.
In 2012 this resulted in an energy consumption
of 4% of the total energy consumption that year
(Theopemptou, 2013).
44
Water use
Households
The households in Cyprus use the most water
for flushing the toilet, and bathing or showering
[F3.31] (WDD, 2002).
45
(Appendix 3c-I).
In the period of Frankish and Venetian rule, during the Middle Ages (1192-1571), the walled towns in Cyprus collected
the rainwater channelling it, and stored it underground (WDD, 2003). Remains of this can still be found. The cisterns
used for underground storage are a tradition in a lot of Cypriot villages, and there is willpower to re-invent them again
(Theopemptou, 2013).
In comparison to the dams and reservoirs that Cyprus has, this ancient way of harvesting stormwater seems very outdated
and superfluous. Theopemptou (2013, p.32) does not agree and states: Water projects do not always have to be big and
of national scale. Any alternative source of water however small and humble, can contribute to a greener and friendlier
surrounding and a better quality of life!
Lofou
A specific example of a village that used to rely on rainwater harvesting is Lofou [F3.35]. This old isolated village got its
name from its location, the hills (CCL, n.d.). In this village stormwater has been collected on the roofs of buildings and
retained in underground laying cisterns (Theopemptou, 2013).
[F3.35] Lofou.
46
Waste to electricity
Wind
The first wind park in Cyprus was constructed
in 2010, today there are 5 of them [F3.38] with
a total capacity of 146,700 kilowatt (Appendix
3s-I).
Electricity input
47
Solar
In Cyprus they divide the photovoltaic
systems into two types: photovoltaic parks
and photovoltaic units on public buildings/on
schools/for the military. The first now has 1,694
systems with a total capacity of 30,026 kilowatt,
and the latter now has 57 systems with a total
capacity of 758 kilowatt (Appendix 3s-I).
Biomass
At this moment biomass is mostly processed by
farmers in Cyprus. The first biomass unit was
built in 2007 and currently there are 13 biomass
plants on the island [F3.38] with a total capacity
of 9,714 kilowatt (Appendix 3s-I).
Electricity use
Households
Electrical appliances and lighting consumes
the most electricity in households [F3.40]
(Appendix 3s-I).
48
Organic waste
As you can see, organics are not a waste stream at GreenDot. There are some pilots ongoing dealing with separating
organic waste, for example by the company Kypros & Zena Kyprianou Ltd. Their pilots results are as following (Appendix
3i-IX):
For the pilot 700 households declared willingness of participation, around 50% does really participate.
The average weight of organic waste collected per household is 20 kg per week.
The incentive for collaboration is the promise of cheaper electricity in the future.
There is some signs of Cypriots becoming more sustainable, so that also helps to get people participating.
This pilot and assumptions from GreenDot (Appendix 3i-V) show that Cyprus is ready for another step in waste separation,
organic waste has too much potentials to not be separated. Some details, like storage and collection, should be thought
through though.
49
INTERMEZZO: interviews
The appendices with the code 3i refer to interviews. During the on-site research in Cyprus 13 unstructured, open-ended
interviews (Kumar, 2005) were conducted, face-to-face or via email (Appendix 3i-I). The interviewees were approached
through tips of other people or through interviewees of already conducted interviews, so-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005).
Coding
The qualitative data gained from the 13 interviews is coded to sort and analyse their contents (Appendix 3i-XVI) (Creswell,
2009). Coding is the assigning of codes (that have been previously defined or operationalized in a codebook) to raw data.
This allows researchers to engage in data reduction and simplification. (Decuir-Gunby, Marshall & McCulloch, 2011, p.138).
First, like Creswell (2009) suggests, categories and themes are made to connect the codes to. Also, these categories, as well
as the themes, are linked to each other [T3.1]. Together the categories and themes make the codes (Appendix 3i-XV), for
example, Energy (category)- Problem (theme). There are also five codes that are not connected to a theme, but are important
subjects for this thesis within the categories, for example, Riversystem within the category Water.
[T3.1] Codes used for the analysis of the content of the interviews.
Environment
Water
Energy
Economy
Social/General
Habit/Approach
Problem
Awareness
Change/Future
plan
Politics/Policy
Biodiversity
Riversystem
Organic waste
Foreigners
Setting
Categories
Themes
Loose codes
50
Money matters
Economic development
Divided island
Environmental policies
Landscape
Seven points or ideas on landscape policy are
shared by the Department of Town Planning
and Housing (2008, p.5):
1. Introduction of landscape management
concepts for sustainable development and
quality of life.
2. Consolidation of development tendencies
Kyrenia
Nicosia
Famagusta
Dhekelia
Larnaca
Pafos
Akrotiri
Limassol
[F3.46] The Greenline dividing the island in two, and two sovereign bases: Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
52
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
consumption by 2020.
The Cypriot
Their characteristics
Design language
Observations have taught that the colour used in design are quite neutral. A lot of earthy grey and brown shades are
used, alongside the pale greens and yellows of the vegetation [F3.50]. The pops of colour can primary be found in the
flowers and fruits of vegetation. The textures and materials the Cypriots use are wood, stones/rocks from the mountains,
stucco, concrete, and glass [F3.51]. The scale of designed landscape in Cyprus in quite uniform and small scale [F3.52]. In
urban forms like Limassol or Nicosia some higher buildings can be found, but no shocking skyscrapers.
The first lines and shapes are found in Cyprus cultural landscape design, which are the terraces [F3.53], and plantations
[F3.54]. The terraces consist of evenly spread steps following the organic lines of a mountain slope. The plantations are
more straight-forward with trees planted in lines or grids. In urban (park) design in Cyprus other lines and shapes are
found, namely the crossing units [F3.55], and the altering of the natural [F3.56]. In parks in Nicosia and Limassol, rational
and organic units are used crossing each other. In the urban form natural parts, for example riverbeds, are altered in a way
making them more rational and less place consuming.
54
Mouttagiaka
2,939
Ayios
Athanasios
14,347
Pano
Polemidia
3,470
Kato Polemidia
22,369
Ayios
Tychonas
3,455
Germasogeia
13,421
Meso
Geitonia
14,477
Limassol
101,000
Development
1883
1927
1937
1947
1957
1965
1981
Buildings
Water
Vegetation
Water
There is almost no surface water in the urban
area of Limassol. There are three ephemeral
rivers running through the city: Garyllis
(Polemidia dam), Vathias (no dam) [F3.62],
and Germasogeia (Germasogeia dam). Along
these rivers there is a high risk of floods when
stormwater is available (Appendix 3i-XI).
Buildings
Along the B-roads and bigger city roads, higher
buildings with commercial functions can be
found [F3.61]. Sometimes these buildings are
only used by businesses, and sometimes there
are apartments above shops, restaurants or
other businesses. Along the coast there are
56
Vegetation
Although there are often single trees in the
urban streets of Limassol, there is not a lot
of surface vegetation. Larger amounts of
vegetation can mostly be found along the
coast boulevard, some parks, and along
one of the three rivers (Germasogeia). The
following species are observed as street trees
often occurring in the urban area of Limassol:
Cupressus sempervirens, Citrus sinensis,
Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Ficus benjamina
[F3.63].
Quantity
Stormwater characteristics
16
1
2
7
15
11-15
8
16
10
14
4
5
13
12
11
57
10
Quality
58
Human comfort
26
warm
block
block
block
block
free
free
free
free
6077%
4-9
comfort
5873%
4-10
comfort
5569%
5-11
comfort
5868%
7-14
comfort
December
22
comfort
November
18
cool
23
comfort
19
cool
15
cool
free
free
block
block
5673%
7-14
comfort
6080%
5-11
comfort
28
28
26
warm warm warm
October
15
cool
September
June
13
cool
August
May
13
cool
July
April
Humidity +
dew point C
(3)(4)(5)
March
Wind speed +
direction
(1)(2)
February
Air temperature C +
feel
(1)
January
55575757555268%
70%
72%
74%
69%
69%
11-17 14-21 17-24 17-24 13-21 10-18
com- comununcom- comfort
fort comf. comf. fort
fort
(1) = (Haby, n.d. a) | (2) = (Windfinder, n.d.) | (3) = (Haby, n.d. b) | (4) = (Meteorological Service, n.d. b) | (5) = Weatherspark, n.d.)
59
INTERMEZZO: questionnaire
A questionnaire was made with general questions (Q1-6), and questions about water (Q7-10) and energy (Q11-14) use in
households. This English questionnaire was translated into Greek for better understanding under the Greek Cypriots.
The goal of this questionnaire is to find out what the opinions (and habits) are of Cypriots and foreigners who live in Limassol
(for at least 6 months a year). The initial idea was to distribute the questionnaire on the street, at different locations and at
several time slots. Whilst trying this, it became clear that this is quite difficult in Cyprus. People tend to be in their cars or in
restaurants/bars/shops, not loose on the street. Therefore, the questionnaire was digitalised and put online using Qualtrics.
com, to distribute the questionnaire via email and Facebook. People were reached using contact persons on the island.
So-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005) made sure the questionnaire reached 122 people, of which 33 living in Limassol [T3.3]
(Appendix 3q-I).
[T3.3] Respondents from Limassol and Nicosia.
Limassol
Nicosia
TOTAL
Cypriots
27
53
80
Foreigners
10
16
TOTAL
33
63
96
60
Awareness in Limassol
A suitability study
Structure
Floods
Quantity
Energy
Subjective
combined
Awareness
Biodiversity
Objective and
subjective combined
Subjective
62
Objective
Subjective
Choosing a location
63
Development
Before 1900
1965
Today
64
[F3.80]* Location of Garyllis Linear Park, with images how it should look like in the future.
[T3.4] Positive aspects of the project.
Positive aspects
Reason
65
Negative aspects
Nothing is wrong about planting trees of course, but the fact that mostly
exotic species are planted is not so positive for the ecology of Cyprus.
Therefore, besides exotic also native species should be planted.
The use of concrete walls in a park that is already quite enclosed, seem to
only make it feel more enclosed. Openness is also attractive, this should
be kept in mind.
Crossings are of course important for safety, but in this design they tend
to be the points where the path of the park is lost. These crossings should
also function as clear entrees to the park.
Natural surroundings and a natural flow are not created by concrete.
Furthermore, a less smooth surface can help to slow down the stormwater
in the river.
Many parts of the river within the linear park are tunnelled. Therefore,
the river is not only not visible but cannot function optimally. Of course
tunnelling is needed at some locations, but more visible river is more
linking the river to its surroundings.
The plans of the linear park will bring benefits, but more benefits can be
taken. The park can have more functions than in this project. The scarce
space should be used as best as it can be used. A performing landscape
would bring much more benefits.
The school and university students using the park for transportation is
one thing. It would be even better if the park would play an actual role in
their education.
Yes, the paths in the park create a different route. But when the path is
taken, the only safe and pleasant way back is the same route. Therefore,
the paths of the path should be part of a bigger network of paths.
Yes, the new park could bring a new wind of change, but this could be
exploited better. A performing landscape seems more positive.
66
Mise en scne
36.8 m
32.3 m
27.8 m
23.4 m
18.8 m
14.4 m
9.9 m
5.4 m
67
Facilities
Stormwater
15
13
13
9
15
8
8
[F3.82] The surroundings of Little Garyllis.
68
69
70
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
TOTAL
Precipitation in mm
83.76
72.43
41.09
15.99
5.64
0.59
0.67
0.00
2.27
21.23
56.33
88.08
388.08
Runoff in mm
51.82
44.05
23.59
7.58
2.56
0.23
0.42
0.00
1.32
12.61
36.91
57.41
238.50
Runoff in m3
55,592.41
47,256.77
25,307.31
8,131.81
2,747.44
246.74
450.58
0.00
1,416.09
13,527.99
39,596.99
61,589.35
255,862.39
[T3.7] Mean amount of days per year with a certain amount of rainfall.
Amount of days
(1980-2010)
718
226
84
38
22
14
5
1
1
1
Mean amount of
days per year
23.16
7.29
2.71
1.23
0.71
0.45
0.16
0.03
0.03
0.03
Source
Households
Park
Empty plots
71
Potential amount of
organic waste
987,413
195,757
95,922
Biogas yield in m3
89,741
13,708
6,717
Eight aspects
72
Type of riverbed
The natural riverbed of the Little Garyllis
consists of natural (sediment) stones [F3.87].
Sometimes the riverbed is adjusted by people
making it semi-solid (often with natural
materials) [F3.88] or solid (concrete) [F3.89]. It
also occurs that there is no riverbed at all, here
the river is tunnelled [F3.90].
73
Use of riverbanks
The riverbanks are used in four different ways.
The parts of the linear park where there is only a
path for cycling and walking is called boulevard
in this thesis. This boulevard is combined with
a more spacious park [F3.91] or with private
grounds [F3.92]. At the end of the river, near
the old harbour, there is no boulevard. Here the
use of the riverbanks is private and road [F3.93].
74
75
Vegetation
In case of vegetation there are six options for
vegetation in the riverbed and on the riverbanks
at Little Garyllis: none [F3.101], in: no / banks:
some trees/shrubs [F3.102], in: no / banks: lots
of trees/shrubs [F3.103], in: grass / banks: some
trees/shrubs [F3.104], in + banks: some trees/
shrubs [F3.105], and in + banks: lots of trees/
shrubs [F3.106].
[F3.101] No vegetation.
76
Spaciousness
Often the space around the river is enclosed
due to buildings [F3.107], but sometimes it is
more spacious [F3.108].
[F3.107] Enclosed.
[F3.108] Spacious.
77
Legibility
For legibility there are the same five options: low
[F3.109] medium/low medium [F3.110]
medium/high high. For the legibility to be high
there should not be too much (unorganised)
vegetation, the path should not go too far from
the river, the river should not be too shallow,
and the river should not be fenced at places
where there is no danger.
Safety
For the safety along the river again five
options are chosen: low [F3.111] medium/
low medium [F3.112] medium/high
high [F3.113]. The safety was estimated by
looking at the availability of street lighting, the
organisation of the vegetation (density), the
feeling of being locked-in (availability of exits),
and the type of use along the riverbanks (e.g.
parking, high walls).
78
SWOT
79
81
82
NB.
It should be clear that during the design process the cooperation potential, which is going to be
discussed in chapter 4.1, was researched before visiting Cyprus and therefore before the conduct
of all the analyses found in Part 3 as well. Also the toolboxes in chapter 4.2 were developed before
going to Cyprus. As should become clear, the analyses shared in Part 3 were done to make sieving
the toolboxes possible. These results can also be found in chapter 4.2. What happened hereafter can
be found in chapter 4.3 and 4.4.
83
The processes
Biofiltration as treatment
As explained in chapter 1.2, the lens of the
researchers includes finding solutions in
natural processes. Therefore, because urban
stormwater is polluted (Niemczynowicz, 1999),
a natural system is used for the third step in the
process: the treatment. The system used in this
thesis is the biofilter system.
Due to rapid urbanisation, the biofiltration
treatment technology is increasingly used
(Bratieres et al., 2008; Read et al., 2008). The
reason for this is the flexibility of the technology
in terms of size, location, configuration, and
appearance (Bratieres et al., 2008). These
biofilter systems are, according to Hatt, Deletic
& Fletcher (2007, p.201) defined as vegetated
86
87
The potential
[F4.8] The cooperation between the stormwater harvesting and re-use process, and the energy production from
organic waste process.
88
The toolbox(es)
The making
SMALL SCALE
household
MEDIUM SCALE
street
TREATMENT
watershed
RETENTION
CONSUMER
TRANSPORTATION
Green roof
Pond
Green roof
Tank
underground
Family
Gully
Balcony
Tank above
ground
Vertical biofilter
Tank above
ground
Public building
Pipe above
ground
By foot
Garden
Tank
underground
Street
Pond
Public green
Shaded pond
Aquifer
Small obstacles
Riverbed and
sides
Bypass
Reservoir
Dam
Public green
Weir
Pipe underground
Tank
underground
Public green
Gutter
Infiltration
Horizontal
biofilter
Tank above
ground
Several
households
Pipe above
ground
Small scale
service
Aquifer
Small obstacles
Infiltration
Vertical biofilter
Vertical biofilter
Tank
underground
Aquifer
89
Roof
Swale
LARGE SCALE
The sieving
Pipe underground
Neighbourhood
Gutter
Infiltration
Public green
Pipe above
ground
Pipe underground
locations.
Choose a location.
Analyse this location in further detail,
including SWOT analysis.
10. Filter the design options.
Besides the analyses, also interviews and
questionnaires were used to help filter the
design options.
8.
9.
SMALL SCALE
Kitchen waste
household
Garden waste
STORAGE
House container
PRE-TREATMENT
DIGESTER
Positive aspects
The sieving did also result in two positive
aspects:
LOCATION: The advantage of finding a
suitable location during the sieving.
ANALYSES: The intensive analyses
conducted ensured that the researchers
gained a tremendous amount of
knowledge about Cyprus and especially
Limassol. This knowledge is (partly) shared
in the previous part, and chapter 3.9 sums
up the most important and/or striking
points learned.
PRODUCT
CONSUMER
TRANSPORTATION
By hand
Inside house
Electricity
Compost
Family
Processor
Near house
Gas
Heat
Public building
Electricity
Compost
Public green
Small scale
service
Gas
Heat
Several
households
Network/grid
Electricity
Compost
Public green
Gas
Heat
Neighbourhood
Network/grid
By foot
Fuel
MEDIUM SCALE
Public green
street
Street container
Processor
Underground
container
Chopper
Fuel
LARGE SCALE
Riverbed and
sides
watershed
Public green
Storage unit
Processor
Chopper
On its own
Fuel
90
STORAGE
PRE-TREATMENT
Chopper
DIGESTER
On its own
PRODUCT
Electricity
Gas
Fuel
CONSUMER
Compost
Heat
TRANSPORTATION
Big scale
service
Reservoir
Public green
Public green
DETENTION Bypass
AND DELAY
Dam
Weir
Small
obstacles
TREATMENT Vertical
biofilter
Horizontal
biofilter
RETENTION Tank
underground
Tank above
ground
Aquifer
CONSUMER Neighbourhood
Neighbourhood
Public green
Public green
TRANSGutter
PORTATION
Pipe above
ground
Pipe
underground
Infiltration
Big scale
service
Big scale
service
91
Network/
grid
Green infrastructure
Urban parks
[F4.12] How an urban park can help and in closing city cycles.
92
are:
What is an urban park and what is it used
for?
How is an urban park designed?
Designing a park
Aesthetic considerations
Establish a substantial experience:
acknowledge the effects and dominance
of lines, forms, textures, and colours (also
of enclosure)
Establish an appropriate experience: the
why should be clear, it should suit to the
personality of space, personality of user,
personality of function, and to scale
Functional considerations
Satisfy technical requirements: test
location for size, quantities, orientation to
the natural forces, and operating needs
(e.g. management)
Meet needs for lowest possible cost:
keep costs as low as possible, also taking
maintenance and lifespan into account
Provide for supervision ease: create
dos instead of donts, create flowing
circulation, design for safety, and
discourage unwanted behaviour
THERMAL COMFORT
WIND
Free wind
Blocked wind
SUN
Blocked sun
Reflected sun
[F4.13]* Create human comfort: the use of vegetation for sun and wind regulation.
93
Scale levels
Sieving
Design options
[T4.1] Designable features for the stormwater harvesting and re-use process.
Steps
Explanation
Harvesting
Stormwater can be harvested from four types of surfaces: impervious private (e.g. roofs), pervious
private (e.g. vegetated gardens), impervious public (e.g. roads), and pervious public (e.g. grass
field). The only thing that can be done for all these surfaces, is to give it a certain slope. In this way
the water can be collected for further transportation.
The first transportation makes sure that the stormwater is brought to the detention facilities. This
transportation can be done through: pipes, gutters, swales, and streams. During heavy precipitation
the stormwater might needs to be delayed, so it does not enter the detention facilities all at once.
First of all, the journey of the water can be lengthened, and secondly, the water can have to deal
with resistance during its journey.
Transport 1 + delay
Detention
Transport 2 + delay
To prevent floods and create a buffer for treatment, the water is detained. This can be done near
the collection site or at a collection point more at the end of the catchment area. The facilities used
for this can be a (open, potentially shaded) pond or a closed tank. When a pond is used the design
principles for mosquito control (infobox 4.3) should be taken into account, because of the open
water.
The second transportation has the same characteristics as the first transportation.
Treatment
When using the biofiltration system to treat the stormwater, there are two options: vertical and
horizontal. When using a vertical biofilter the treated water is infiltrated and is kept in an aquifer
potentially for re-use. In this case the treated water needs to be directly used in the urban park,
therefore the horizontal biofilter is used. In this case the treatment facilities have an impermeable
layer underneath to prevent the treated water to infiltrate.
Transport 3
The third transportation consists of drainpipes that collect the treated water at the bottom of the
horizontal biofilter, and bring this water to the retention facility.
Retention
Airtight and (sun)lightless underground cisterns or tanks above ground are used to store the treated
water in (see infobox 4.4).
Transport 4
The last transportation is needed for the treated water to reach its destination. In this case the
urban park and the digester are the consumers of the treated water. Therefore, pipes for irrigation
are needed, and/or paths when irrigation is done by hand.
94
Flowing water
Min. 1
Design slopes
Min. 4
Maximum width
Max. 50
Min. 2.5:1
Max. 4:1
wrong
wrong
right
right
Max. 3
95
Urban parks
Urban parks consist of more clearly designable
features than the two processes. In this thesis
the design features for urban parks are divided
in eight themes and discussed shortly [T4.3]
(Rutledge, 1971; Gehl, 1996 cited in Carmona
et al., 2010); McCormarck, 2010).
[T4.2] Designable features for the energy production from urban organic waste process.
Steps
Explanation
Harvesting
After collection of the urban organic waste by the households and the maintainer of urban green,
the waste is brought to a container. This container is positioned in the streetscape, for all people
accessible. Besides the design of the container itself, the location of the container can also be
designed.
The waste needs to be transported from the container to the pre-treatment and storage facilities.
This can be done by sustainable vehicles, using the existing roads. At the location of the pretreatment and storage an inlet port is needed.
Transport 1
Pre-treatment +
storage
The pre-treatment and storage takes place in a built unit, for example a container or an actual
building.
Transport 2
When the pre-treatment and storage are located within the same built unit as the digester this
transportation does not really exist. When dealing with two separate built units though, within the
urban park, the paths need to be used for transportation. Again an inlet port is needed.
Digester
The digester is also located in a built unit, just like the pre-treatment and storage.
Transport 3
Finally, the products of the process need to be distributed. The electricity and gas can go into the
network, or gas can be picked-up at site. When this is the case, a pick-up point needs to be designed.
The compost available from the process, is used in the park. For this distribution the paths are used.
Theme
Explanation
Parking
A park needs one or more areas where cars can be parked. If there is a bicycle path running through
the park, bicycle parking is needed at locations where people might want to have a stop.
Entrees
Paths
Paths bring people from one site to another in the park, preferably through walking or cycling.
Activities
In this thesis two types of activities are distinguished: intentional and unintentional activities. With
intentional activities is meant, that the location is designed for a certain activity, for example a
playground for children. Sites for unintentional activities can also be designed, but not for a specific
type of activity, for example a grass field where one can play football, sunbath, etcetera.
Seating
It is pleasant for people to be able to sit on arranged seating in a park. In this thesis two types
of seating are discussed. Seating is sometimes needed for the activity itself, for example to eat.
Otherwise seating can be used to look at something (e.g. during resting), for example a grandstand
at a football game.
Open water
An optional feature in an urban park is open water. Open water can come in many forms, and three
categories are formulated in this design research. First of all, streams (channels, rivers, etcetera) can
flow through the park. Secondly, a pond (or lake) can be situated within the park. Finally, the park
can contain water elements (waterfalls, fountains, etcetera).
Management + safety
The management and safety of a park is important for people to feel pleasant there. In this thesis
lighting, railings, bins, and sanitary facilities are of importance.
Vegetation
Vegetation is divided into three categories in this thesis: trees, shrubs, and grasses. Trees are
aesthetically important, but also play a big role in creating human comfort in the park. Alterations
with shrubs and grasses can give the parks vegetation more variety.
96
Design explorations
Approach
Examples
[F4.15] A location large enough to conduct all the treatment is not available.
[F4.16] The four created sub-watersheds within the Little Garyllis watershed.
98
Four Fanaria
This location near the old city centre, is the
location chosen for the digester on the Little
Garyllis scale level. Reasons for this are the
proximity of a water retention facility and
the proximity of the old city centre, which
means that it is close enough for people to get
attracted to come visit and therefore create
environmental awareness (Lehmann, Lane
Keller & Farley, 2008).
Several options for locating and designing a
place for this digester have been tested and
reviewed. Locating the digester in the east
created more opportunities for the design
around the building [F4.17], but turned out not
being the most logical place for experiencing
the cooperation between the processes as it
goes against the natural elevation and flow of
the water (which is needed in the digester). The
location in the lower part of the area turned out
the be the most logical and best location for the
digester [F4.18], with a design based on existing
(sight)lines from the surrounding buildings.
Findings
100
101
102
103
Connection
104
Naturalness
Experience
105
Identity
106
The concept
107
General
For the general design style the design language
(see infobox 3.3) is used. Also observations from
the Pedieos Park in Nicosia are used to come
up with a general design style for this design.
Important is to use materials and vegetation
common for the island.
The general rules followed are:
The main path (3.5 m wide) is shared by
pedestrians and cyclists, and is made of
loam or wood.
The riverbed always has a natural
appearance: semi-solid with natural
stones.
All benches are made in the same style
with metal and wood, but different designs
are possible.
A set of bins, railings and lighting is used
throughout the park, where possible
clustered together.
Natural rocks from the mountains are used
as water delaying elements.
Wood is used for all weirs.
All water treatment basins have a concrete
base.
Place specific vegetation on locations
where it can increase human comfort.
When using very wild natural vegetation,
make sure it is framed.
Where water stands still for a while
Specific
The slight difference between the appearances
of the two river branches, natural and
manmade, is expressed by the choice of
vegetation, materials and constructions. Also,
the riverbed plays a role in articulating the
differences between the branches [T5.1].
[T5.1] The guidelines for the different river branches.
Natural
Manmade
Vegetation
Mainly indigenous or
endemic species
Mainly exotic,
adventive or
cultivated species
Materials
Mainly wood,
concrete, sleek-filled
gabions
Constructions
Concrete is covered
with natural rocks organic shapes
Riverbed
Slopes of 45 or less:
natural, with stones
or coarse-filled
gabions
Concrete is visible,
use of wood
constructions like
pergolas - rational
shapes
Slopes of more than
45: with stones,
sleek-filled gabions or
concrete
108
A green oasis
109
110
111
112
113
[F5.8] The energy production from urban organic waste process in the park.
114
Urban park
All designable features of urban parks can be
found in the design of Little Garyllis Performing
Park [F5.9].
Parking
There are ve car parks available near the park.
Furthermore, it is custom in Cyprus to park
along streets were possible. Besides this there
is a possibility to park bikes near the digester,
where also a new location will be created
for Nextbike bicycle rental which is already
available on several other locations in Limassol.
Entries and paths
An ongoing 3.5 m wide path for pedestrians
and cyclists can be found in the park, with clear
entrances at signicant location.
Activities
Both intentional and unintentional activities are
distinguished in the park.
Seating
At interesting locations, such as treatment sites,
there is the opportunity to sit down. As Cypriots
like to eat together, also picknick tables will be
placed throughout the park.
Open water
In the case of this urban park, the Garyllis river
is the back-bone of the park. The riverbed is
designed with great care (see Appendix 5e-I for
slope types), because the river is not often lled
with water. The outer bends are often made
of cascading gabions, for: strength, character
(inspired by the terraced landscape), the idea of
a full river (because often only a little water is
running through there), and/or for seating.
Management + safety
Throughout the park lighting, railings and bins
can be found, where possible clustered (see
chapter 5.3). Also, three sanitary facilities are
located, including one at the site of the digester.
Vegetation
The trees and shrubs used in the Little Garyllis
Performing Park thrive on elevations beneath
100 m and can already be found on the island
(besides some of the species in the biolters).
The species in this park are chosen for one or
more specic roles they can play (see Appendix
5i-II). They can be positive for human comfort,
have a role in ltering stormwater (with the
capacity to be able to survive very wet and very
dry seasons (Read et al., 2008), have aesthetic
values, or help in telling a certain story. It is
noted that certain roles are only played in
certain seasons.
Furthermore, the trees and shrubs are chosen
for the ower and seed/fruit colour scheme of:
115
116
The atmosphere
117
details
Four Fanaria
[F5.10] Little Garyllis Performing Park with the locations of the four atmospheric visualisations.
118
[F5.11] The stormwater treatment facility in sub-watershed 1, and the current state of this location.
[F5.12] The use of pergolas to create a greener atmosphere where there is little space in sub watershed 2, and
the current state of this location.
119
[F5.13] One of the detention sites of sub-watershed 3 which is a multifunctional football field with seating
arrangement, and the current state of this location.
[F5.14] Delaying the water, for which throughout the park natural rocks are used, in sub-watershed 4, and the
current state of this location.
120
The experience
121
[F5.15] Four Fanaria bridge, the location of the third treatment facility.
122
123
124
[F5.24] Section of the three treatment basins and their height differences.
125
126
127
[F5.32] Overview of the energy production from urban organic waste process.
128
129
[F5.38] Overview of the cooperation of the processes, with the urban park playing the strengthening role.
130
SPRING
SUMMER
[F5.39] Crossing the rst basin of the treatment facility, the loam pedestrian and cycling path becomes a wooden bridge enabling an
overview over all treatment basins.
131
AUTUMN
WINTER
132
SPRING
SUMMER
[F5.40] The northern pedestrian bridge allows people walking along the treatment site to enter the second treatment basin, giving them a
view of the river and the energy building.
133
AUTUMN
WINTER
134
SPRING
SUMMER
[F5.41] For full experience pedestrians can enter the two of three treatment basins, giving them the chance to walk between the plants of
the biofilter.
135
AUTUMN
WINTER
136
SPRING
SUMMER
[F5.42] Sitting (on gabion steps) or walking along the river (on the pedestrian path) gives the opportunity to take in the view from along the
treatment site, experiencing the height differences.
137
AUTUMN
WINTER
138
Technical design
Paths
45 cm
30 cm
15 cm
ground level
loam: 320 cm
concrete: 15 cm
4 cm
20 cm 8 cm
ground level
30 cm
62 cm
3 cm
22 cm
wood: 250 cm
10 cm
[F5.45] Section of the pedestrian and cycling path, of wood without railings.
139
wearer: 40 cm
10 cm
E
E
F
H
F
C
C
G
H
G
B
A
D
140
100 cm
4 cm
8 cm
292 cm
30 cm
20 cm
40 cm
494 cm
ground level
10 cm
rail: 3 cm
[F5.46] Section of the pedestrian and cycling path, of wood with railings.
141
pole: 7 cm
rail: 3 cm
10 cm
30 cm
20 cm
ground level
loam: 220 cm
concrete wall: 20 cm
concrete: 15 cm
142
3 cm
143 cm
30 cm
20 cm
40 cm
44 cm
6 cm
ground level
wood: 100 cm
wearer: 20 cm
5 cm
2 cm
18 cm
5 cm
143
100 cm
213 cm
313 cm
ground level
rail: 3 cm
10 cm
pole: 7 cm
rail: 3 cm
144
30 cm
20 cm
40 cm
150 cm
390 cm
150 cm
River
The river has cascading gabions on one side,
inspired by the Cypriot terraced landscape. The
other side is more natural [F5.50].
gabions: 150 cm
concrete: 15 cm
gabion: 50 cm
gabion: 50 cm
gabion: 50 cm
[F5.50] Section showing the relationship between the river and the third treatment basin.
145
ground level
river: 450 cm
riverbed: 296 cm
slope: 154 cm
146
250 cm
50 cm
690 cm
300 cm
60 cm
30 cm
concrete: 15 cm
concrete: 15 cm
[F5.51] Section showing the relationship between the energy building and the third treatment basin.
147
Building
At the end of the third treatment basin
the energy building is positioned, with the
opportunity for seating in front of it [F5.51].
ground level
square: 700 cm
basin border concrete: 50 cm
trimmed grass: 450 cm
148
500 cm
250 cm
5 cm
33 cm
149
3 cm
80 cm
229 cm
48 cm
Some features
The seating in front of the energy building
[F5.52], and a cluster of fence, lighting and bin
is shared here [F5.53].
bin metal: 40 cm
lighting pole metal: 10 cm
6 cm
6 cm
150
Connecting pearls
Type of route
151
[F5.55] Pedestrian route in the old city centre, for example guided by coloured paving stone.
[F5.56] Cycling route with fast trac, for example guided by coloured poles.
[F5.57] Cycling route alongside fast trac, for example guided by coloured border.
[F5.58] Solo cycling route, for example guided by coloured signs on trees.
152
153
New pearls
[F5.60] Locations with opportunities for new pearls, for example an energy farm.
154
155
156
157
Results
Relevance
Limitations
159
Final words
160
List of figures
[F1.2]*
[F1.5]*
[F3.2]*
[F3.4]*
[F3.6]*
[F3.7]*
[F3.10]*
[F3.12]*
[F3.18]*
161
[F3.19]*
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Zagermann, S., Huchzermeyer, G. & Rath, T., n.d. A low-cost approach for large algal screening experiments. [pdf] Leibniz
Universitt Hannover. Available at: http://www.bgt-hannover.de/algae/Zagermann_A_low_cost_approach_for_large_algal_
screening_experiments.pdf [Accessed 30 October 2013].
172
173
APPENDICES
174
Content
In the text references to a certain appendix are given as: Appendix 2e-I. The first number tells to which part
the appendix belongs, the following letter shares the category, and the roman number on the end tells
which appendix it is within the category.
Part 1
c
Part 2
e
Part 3
c
Part 4
c
175
Calculations
Extra information
Calculations
I
II
III
Extra information
I
II
Suitability study
SWOT analysis
Interviews
I
II
II
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
Characteristics
Transcript Andreou
Transcript Constandinides
Transcript Francis
Transcript GreenDot
Transcript Hadjipanagi
Transcript Hellicar
Transcript Kordatos
Transcript Nicolaidou
Transcript Panayiotou
Transcript Sergides
Transcript TerraCypria
Transcript The Cyprus Institute
Transcript Theopemptou
Codebook
Results per category
Questionnaire
I
II
III
Characteristics
Single results
Cross results
Statistics
I
II
Cyprus
The Netherlands
Calculations
Extra information
177
179
183
185
191
193
196
197
206
211
221
222
223
226
229
233
236
238
240
241
242
244
246
247
254
258
272
277
283
293
305
307
309
310
Part 5
c
II
313
Interviews
Transcript Achterkamp
Calculations
I
II
III
316
319
321
322
324
Extra information
I
II
Slope types
Vegetation list
326
327
176
177
PART 1
178
c Calculations
I
2,706,000,000 (1)
30%
9,043,000,000 (2)
Amount of waste in kg
(1) = (Platform Groene Grondstoffen, 2007; CBS, 2013a)
(2) = (CBS, 2013a)
% dry matter
Citations / Calculations
(1) (2) between (2, p.23) "Tolkamp et al. (2006) geven een
kg dry
kg / ha /
matter / ha /
year
year
3,889
between
6,705 and
16,506
179
5,250
kg / m2 /
year
between 0.67
and 1.65
5,250
5,777
(5) (6)
(4) can be
between
1,000 and
8,000
between 0.25
and 4
between
14,286 and
71,429
between 1.43
and 7.14
between
1,000 and
5,200
between
35%, but not beheer (plantdichtheid, nat of droof
5,500 and
stated as
branden), aantastingen door insecten en 17,500
truth
de uitputting van nutrinten bedraagt de
bovengrondse biomassaproductie 5.5 17.5 ton/ha/jr (Van der Toorn, 1982;
Mook, 1982). Echter volgens de meeste
onderzoekers op het gebied van riet is
het onwaarschijnlijk dat de oogstbare
hoeveelheid aan biomassa beduidend
hoger zal liggen dan 10 ton ds/ha/jaar
(NRLO, 1982)."
(2, p.28) "Het productieniveau van riet van
between
2,500 and
40,000
6,600
180
Heather
No data
found,
estimation of
40% is used
(heather is
dry plant)
between
5,000 and
25,000
between
2,600 and
9,000
between 500
hectare heide is sterk afhankelijk van het and 5,000
stadium waarin de heide zich bevindt. De
bovengrondse bijgroei van biomassa
bedraagt, afhankelijk van de bodem en
het ontwikkelingsstadium van de heide
0,5 - 5 ton ds biomassa per jaar. Tolkamp
et al (2006) schatten de
biomassaproductie op gemiddeld 2,15
ton ds biomassa per ha per jaar op basis
van Diemont (1997)."
(3, p.72) "Op basis van de aanname dat
3,2
50% heide is vergraste en 50% niet is
vergraste velden gaat met een
gemiddelde droge-stof-opbrengst van 3,2
ton ds/ha/jaar."
(1) = (Tolkamp et al., 2006)
(2) = (Spijker et al., 2007)
(3) = (De Vries et al., 2008)
(4) = (Daatselaar, Hoogendam & Poppe, 2009)
(5) = (Klein Teeselink, n.d.)
(6) = (Anonymous, n.d.)
181
between
1,250 and
22,500
between 0.13
and 2.25
182
183
PART 2
184
Extra information
185
Strategy
Qualitative
LITERATURE STUDY
Collection techniques:
articles, scientific books, researches, websites
Collection tactics:
scientific databases, Google
Analysis techniques:
skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable
parts, making literature tree
Analysis tactics:
hardcopy versions and marker
Qualitative
Qualitative
Qualitative
Qualitative
LITERATURE STUDY
Collection techniques:
articles, scientific books, researches, websites
Collection tactics:
scientific databases, Google
Analysis techniques:
skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable
parts, making literature tree
Analysis tactics:
hardcopy versions and marker
Qualitative
Qualitative
Qualitative
LITERATURE STUDY
Collection techniques:
articles, scientific books, researches, websites
Collection tactics:
scientific databases, Google
Analysis techniques:
skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable
parts, making literature tree
Analysis tactics:
hardcopy versions and marker
Qualitative
Qualitative
Qualitative
187
Qualitative
Qualitative
Qualitative
Quantitative
Qualitative
Quantitative
Qualitative
Qualitative
Qualitative
Qualitative
Qualitative
Qualitative
189
Quantitative
Qualitative
Qualitative
Qualitative
190
191
PART 3
192
c Calculations
I
inhabitant
Water use
1. per
Water
use per inhabitant
The Netherlands
Total water use households in m3 (1)
Number of inhabitants (2)
Water use in m3 / person / year
Water use in L / person / day
2003
815,400,000
16,192,572
2007
789,400,000
16,357,992
2011
783,000,000
16,655,799
50.36
138
48.26
132
47.01
129
2003
65,800,000
722,900
2007
73,900,000
776,400
2011
80,600,000
862,000
91.02
249
95.18
261
93.50
256
Cyprus
Total water use households in m3 (3)
Number of inhabitants (3)
Water use in m3 / person / year
Water use in L / person / day
(1) = (CBS, 2013b)
(2) = (CBS, 2013c)
(3) = (Appendix 3s-I)
Water priceWater
per m3price per m3
2.
The Netherlands
2003
Amount of water in m3 (1)
Total costs in (1)
Price in / m3
2007
2011
138
173.35
81
100.11
54
66.60
1.26
1.24
1.23
2003
0.17-0.31
2007
0.19-0.34
2011
0.48-0.77
0.24
0.27
0.62
Cyprus
Variable costs in / m3 (2)
Price in / m3
(1) = (Appendix 3s-II)
(2) = (Appendix 3s-I)
193
The stormwater
potential Cyprus
3.
The stormwater
potential Cyprus
m3
48,000,000
Amount of water used by households for irrigating garden (= 14%) (1) (2)
Amount of water used by households for cleaning outdoor (= 9%) (1) (2)
Amount of water used by households for flushing the toilet (=28%) (1) (2)
9,212,000
5,922,000
18,424,000
Stormwater excess
14,442,000
per inhabitant
Electricity
4.use
Electricity
use per inhabitant
The Netherlands
Total electricity use households in kWh (1)
Number of inhabitants (2)
2003
23,300,000,000
16,192,572
2007
24,261,000,000
16,357,992
2011
23,628,000,000
16,655,799
1,438.9
1,483.1
1,418.6
3.9
4.1
3.9
2003
1,295,000,000
722,900
2007
1,608,000,000
776,400
2011
1,723,000,000
862,000
1,791.4
2,071.1
1,998.8
4.9
5.7
5.5
Electricity price
per kWhprice per kWh
5.
Electricity
The Netherlands
Costs in / kWh first period (1)
Costs in / kWh second period (1)
Price in / kWh
2003
0.1758
0.1781
2007
0.2180
:
2011
0.1740
0.1838
0.18
0.22
0.17
2003
0.1052
0.1098
2007
0.1376
0.1339
2011
0.2050
0.2413
0.11
0.14
0.22
Cyprus
Costs in / kWh first period (2)
Costs in / kWh second period (2)
Price in / kWh
(1) = (Appendix 3s-II)
(2) = (Appendix 3s-I)
194
The organic
6. The
organic
waste
waste
potential
Cypruspotential Cyprus
Total amount of municipal waste (2007)
Amount of organic waste (2007) in kg (1)
Electricity yield in kWh (2)
CO2 emissions in grams / fossil fuel kWh (3)
CO2 emissions in grams / biomass kWh (4)
512,190,000
221,310,000
44,262,000
893
47
Fossil fuel
39,525,966
in kg
512,190,000
199,754,100
71,706,600
271,460,700
195
Biomass
2,080,314
37,445,652
= 43%
= 53%
II
Organic 1.
Organicwaste
household
household
potentialwaste
Limassolpotential Limassol
2007
Amount of inhabitants Cyprus (1)
776,400
180,000
221,310,000
48,688,200
= 22%
2011
Amount of inhabitants Limassol (1)
Number of people in one household (1)
Number of households
Amount of organic waste / household / year (2)
180,000
2.76
65,217.4
780
50,869,565
50,000,000
10.000.000
196
III
1. Garyllis and Pedieos micro-watershed report Marinos Eliades, The Cyprus Institute
197
198
199
200
201
202
watershed:
recalculated
runoff
Little Garyllis
2. Little
Garyllis
watershed:
recalculated runoff
Minimum runoff per month
Month
Precipitation in mm
Runoff in mm
Runoff in m3
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
9.4
12.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4
4.64
3.52
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
4,977.78
3,776.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,145.60
TOTAL
29.9
10.16
10,899.63
Precipitation in mm
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
TOTAL
Runoff in mm
Runoff in m3
83.76
72.43
41.09
15.99
5.64
0.59
0.67
0
2.27
21.23
56.33
88.08
51.82
44.05
23.59
7.58
2.561
0.23
0.42
0
1.32
12.61
36.91
57.41
55,592.41
47,256.77
25,307.31
8,131.81
2,747.44
246.74
450.58
0
1,416.09
13,527.99
39,596.99
61,589.35
388.08
238.50
255,862.39
203
Precipitation in mm
Runoff in mm
Runoff in m3
277.9
161
172.8
60.4
33.7
7.1
18.3
0
30.3
97.1
237.4
278.1
184.96
103.2
116.96
37.76
18.24
3.92
13.04
0
18.64
70.32
170.72
192.08
198,424.77
110,712.78
125,474.49
40,508.86
19,567.84
4,205.37
13,989.29
0
19,996.96
75,439.18
183,148.13
206,063.10
1374.10
929.84
997,530.77
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
2 - 9.9
10 - 17.9
18 - 25.9
26 - 33.9
34 - 41.9
42 - 49.9
50 - 57.9
58 - 65.9
66 - 73.9
74 - 81.9
34
5
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
27
13
7
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
30
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
33
9
3
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
24
9
4
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
10
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
26
8
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
24
8
3
5
3
0
0
0
0
0
38
8
7
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
5
3
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
12
5
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
23
13
3
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
9
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
# of days
44
50
37
47
40
34
36
43
55
28
21
45
27
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
2 - 9.9
10 - 17.9
18 - 25.9
26 - 33.9
34 - 41.9
42 - 49.9
50 - 57.9
58 - 65.9
66 - 73.9
74 - 81.9
15
8
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
27
5
1
4
3
3
0
0
0
0
18
7
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
27
6
1
1
0
3
2
0
0
0
25
7
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
8
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
21
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
23
7
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
28
8
2
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
26
7
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
26
7
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
18
11
5
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
20
6
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
# of days
25
43
27
40
36
43
26
36
42
35
39
37
31
06
07
08
09
2010
2 - 9.9
10 - 17.9
18 - 25.9
26 - 33.9
34 - 41.9
42 - 49.9
50 - 57.9
58 - 65.9
66 - 73.9
74 - 81.9
23
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
16
10
4
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
15
3
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
18
11
5
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
16
3
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
# of days
29
33
20
39
22
# of days
718
226
84
38
22
14
5
1
1
1
Mean # of
days
23.16
7.29
2.71
1.23
0.71
0.45
0.16
0.03
0.03
0.03
204
Little Garyllis
4. Little
Garyllis watershed:
urban
organic waste
watershed:
urban organic
waste
Households
Estimate of acreage municipality Limassol in km
Amount of inhabitants municipality Limassol (1)
34
101,000
1.07
3,179
3,179
2.76
1152
780
897,413
89,741
179,482
Vegetation maintenance
Estimate of acreage park in m2
89,285
25,893
47,544
95,758
26,562
195,757
13,708
27,417
Empty plots
Estimate of acreage empty plots in m2
43,750
12,688
23,297
46,922
13,016
95,922
205
6,717
13,434
Extra information
Suitability study
SUITABILITY STUDY
Urban
Building density
Vegetation
Harvesting
Detention
Treatment
Retention
*
**
***
**
***
***
***
**
*
**
***
**
***
**
*
*
***
**
***
**
*
*
***
**
*
***
*
***
*
***
*
***
***
***
***
***
*
***
*
***
Storage
Pre-treatment
Digester
*
**
***
***
***
-
***
**
*
***
-
***
**
*
***
-
***
**
*
***
-
*
*
*
***
*
***
*
***
**
***
***
***
***
Low
Medium
High
Line
Square
Street
Peri
Agriculture
Other
Water
Waterbed
Waterbank
ENERGY
Urban
Building density
Vegetation
Low
Medium
High
Line
Square
Street
Peri
Agriculture
Other
Water
Waterbed
Waterbank
OBJECTIVE
WATER
Vegetation - square
Peri-urban - other
Waterbank
Street
Building density - medium
Waterbed
Building density - low
Vegetation - line
Building density - high
Peri-urban - agriculture
Harvesting
Detention
Treatment
Retention
***
***
***
***
**
***
*
**
***
*
***
***
***
**
**
***
***
**
*
*
***
***
***
**
**
*
***
*
*
*
***
***
***
**
**
*
***
*
*
*
206
ENERGY
Urban
Vegetation - line
Building density - high
Peri-urban - agriculture
**
***
*
**
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Urban
organic waste
availability
Storage
Pre-treatment
Digester
***
***
**
*
*
***
*
***
**
***
***
**
***
***
*
*
-
***
***
**
***
***
*
*
-
***
***
**
***
***
*
*
-
ENERGY
Vegetation - square
Waterbank
Building density - medium
Building density - low
Peri-urban - other
Building density - high
Peri-urban - agriculture
Vegetation - line
Waterbed
WATER AND ENERGY
*******
*******
*******
******
*****
****
***
**
*
* = highest amount is green, lowest is red
Vegetation - square
Peri-urban - other
Waterbank
Building density - medium
Waterbed
Building density - low
Vegetation - line
Building density - high
Peri-urban - agriculture
SUBJECTIVE
***
**
*
Quantity
Dam overflows
Dam
No dam
***
**
*
Awareness
***
**
*
Biodiversity
***
**
*
Suitability riverparts
Garyllis
Vathias
207
Germasogeia
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Flood
*
*
***
***
***
***
*
Quantity
**
**
**
**
*
*
***
Awareness
*
**
**
***
***
**
**
Biodiversity
***
***
***
***
***
***
**
Biodiversity
***
**
*
Suitability riverparts
Garyllis
Vathias
Germasogeia
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Flood
*
*
***
***
***
***
*
*
#
4
3
5
6
7
8
2
1
********
*******
******
*****
****
***
**
*
Quantity
**
**
**
**
*
*
***
***
Awareness
*
**
**
***
***
**
**
*
Biodiversity
***
***
***
***
***
***
**
**
Ranking
Garyllis
Vathias
Germasogeia
Garyllis
208
209
SUBJECTIVE
Limassol
***
**
*
Quantity
Dam overflows
Dam
No dam
***
**
*
Awareness
***
**
*
Biodiversity
***
**
*
Suitability riverparts
Garyllis
Vathias
Germasogeia
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Flood
*
*
***
***
***
***
*
*
Quantity
**
**
**
**
*
*
***
***
Awareness
*
**
**
***
***
**
**
*
Biodiversity
***
***
***
***
***
***
**
**
Garyllis
Vathias
Germasogeia
Garyllis
#
4
3
5
6
7
8
2
1
********
*******
******
*****
****
***
**
*
210
II
SWOT analysis
211
212
213
214
Map: vegetation
215
Map: spaciousness
216
Map: legibility
217
Map: safety
218
219
220
i Interviews
I
Characteristics
During our stay in Cyprus 13 unstructured, open-ended interviews (Kumar, 2005) were conducted, face-to-face or via email.
Interviewees
All interviewees have given permission to use their names in this thesis.
Medium
Name
Evangelos Andreou
Victoras Constandinides
Face-to-face
Raymond Francis
Raymond Francis
Face-to-face
Face-to-face
Stella Hadjipanagi
Cypriot
Face-to-face
Martin Hellicar
Birdlife Cyprus
Harris Kordatos
Face-to-face, Email
Maria Nicolaidou
Ioanna Panayiotou
Commissioner of Environment
Face-to-face
Christakis Sergides
Face-to-face, Email
TerraCypria
Face-to-face, Email
Face-to-face
Charalambos Theopemptou
Face-to-face
Contact
These interviewees were approached by us through tips of other people or through interviewees of already conducted
interviews, so-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005). This approach was necessary because contacting people in Cyprus is hard
without initial contact via someone else. Potential contacts (especially from municipalities) were often hesitant, because of
the fact that foreign students want to look into things.
221
II
Transcript Andreou
Interviewer:
Interviewee:
Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:
Email
9 December 2013
-
Hello,
Unfortunately my Thesis is in Greek and I do not have much time to translate it now.
In few words, We recorded different kinds of woody flora one can meet in Nicosia, the ecology status of them and problems
in several rows of trees on the sides of the roads.
The trees of the roadsides have been recorded and counted and the 10 most common are:
Ficus microcarpa, Brachychiton diversifolius, Olea europaea, Washingtonia filifera, Schinus terebinthifolius, Tipuana tipu,
Cupressus sempervirens, Cercis siliquastrum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Casuarina cunninghamiana.
For other species we recognised them but not counted the total population of one each off different species. I hope I could
help you more but I do not have know enough time. If you need more help send me an email.
Tell my regards to Athina and Lefkios
Evangelos
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III
Transcript Constandinides
Interviewer:
Interviewee:
Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:
Face-to-face, recorded
Starbucks, Germasogeia, Limassol
22 November 2013
approximately 15 minutes
V: Usually, most of the time we do not have an overflow because we have a shortage of water. Although there is the
Germasogeia dam, that if there is a good season, like let say I am not sure last year or the year before, we have overflow. It
means that it does not go to the sea, because when it overflows it has, lets say, ten kilometers until it, so it goes down but
almost never reaches the sea.
S: But, when it rains and the drainage system here collects the water, does the system itself take it to the sea or do you also
sometimes have the system dump into the river? Like the drainage goes into the river and the river takes it.
V: The rivers are in the mountains, but there are some small rivers. And you can see, lets say 100 meters from here there is
a kind of river. But this is connected to dam, Germasogeia dam, on the hill. So, these rivers when it rains, well not river it is
called something else. A river is always with water. These are called something else. So, when it rains all the rainwater is going
into this thing and to the sea.
S: So, also from the city, it goes in the river and then it goes to the sea?
V: Yes, we saw many times these rivers full of water. When, because, okay, some of it is collected in the streets, but a lot of it
goes to these kind of rivers.
S: Okay! so, we were wondering if the Sewerage Board also has like maps of where this drainage is?
V: If you go to this thing, this, this, and this. And you, there are ... Because I was searching last night trying to find it local. There
are two studies, one is the master plan of Limassol, with the drainage, the masterplan it is called, for the Sewerage Board of
Limassol. And there are a lot of maps in it, it is Greek and English. There are texts in English and some of them are in Greek.
If you can find someone to help you
[Interuption]
V: But here you can find a lot a lot of information, with a lot of maps and in the masterplan there is information about the
drainage system, policies, a lot of things.
S: I do not know, maybe you have something to tell about You said you know a lot about biomass energy?
V: Biomass, I know everything. Because we have, in the plant, we have biogas production, because of the anaerobic sludge. It
produces 2003 liters per day. From that we produce power. 4500 kWh a day. Which is 40% of the need of power of the plant.
So we gain back 40% of the power. This in general. If you want to go more in detail I can.
S: What I think is interesting for us, we are actually looking into two kinds of things for biomass energy like as input. And that
is maintenance, so maintenance of green in the streets. If they capture that and use it. And if organic waste has any potential.
Because we heard, everyone is putting everything in one bin and if they would separate, then we could create a lot of biomass
energy with the organic part of the waste.
V: We are trying to do.. they plan to collect the garbage. Produce biogas and then produce power. There are biomass units,
especially farmers, but they have cows. So, they have their own. There are now about 20 units, they use electricity from manure
from the cows or pigs. The plants, originally was Limassol the adapted methods and we got.. I worked for the environmental
department of the government because of this new product, new idea. But now there is in Pafos also, they have a small unit
and they are going to start also in Larnaca. A plant. And most of them, all of them, they are using the electricity for their own
needs, because if you want to buy electricity it is very expensive, you like holland. It is for us like 22, 23, 24, 25 cents, so it is
better to use it for yourself instead of buying electricity. Because if you want to sell the electricity it is only 11,5 cents. So, it is
better to use it instead of selling it. That is the idea.
S: So these are more situated in the rural area, because of the farms? And they use it themselves?
V: Yes
S: Do you think there are opportunities within the city? For example, in the Netherlands people now start to have small
digesters for an apartment block for example.
V: It is very difficult to have an intown digester. Some small companies we have. They have a small reactor, not a reactor but
what you said. Electricity, but you do not have many. And then you need there own plant, which is not allowed in the city
and it is very difficult. Better to, all the sewage go to the plants and we treat it there and produce there biogas. Now the new
thing is photovoltaics. I do not know in the Netherlands, but in Germany I know they have a lot. In Greece they have a lot. In
the Netherlands, I do not know.
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IV
Transcript Francis
Interviewer:
Interviewee:
Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:
Face-to-face, recorded
Apartment, Mouttagiaka, Limassol
18 November 2013
approximately 21 minutes
R = Raymond
S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)
S: We would like to know what kind of people Cypriots are.
R: Cypriots are nice people, accept they have a history of home-grown Cypriot versus UK Cypriot. So, this all comes from
history, from 1974, on the split. A lot of people ran away, trying to find a better living. Most of them, there are Cypriot all over
the world, in South Africa, in America, in England, but the biggest concentration is probably in the UK. Because, they had an
entitlement to go to the UK as Cyprus was a protective of the UK. It was made independent at this time the split happened
between the Greek speaking and the Turkish speaking. Because, Cyprus, like many islands in the Mediterranean, they have
been occupied over centuries by other nationalities: Turkish, French, English, Italian. And like most of these islands they have
become very protective of their own culture and their way of life. But, it also makes them very much aware of how they have
been exploited or how they are not been able to fulfill their own culture, because of you know being occupied by al these
other people, or peoples. With regards to business, Cyprus unlike most of the islands in the Med, they are quite exceptional.
Inasmuch that for many many years, up until them joining the EU, they were being looked at as being an offshore opportunity
for business.Where most of the other islands in the Med, they belong to a nation. In other words, Crete belongs to Greece,
Mallorca belongs to Spain, etcetera etcetera etcetera. But, Cyprus is an independent nation. So, that makes a big difference
in what they can and cannot do. Up until joining the euro, they had their own currency, being the Cyprus Pound. That gave
them flexibility, in other words, they could value their currency as they wanted on the open market. So, Cyprus has, shall we
say, enjoyed to a certain extend an evolution from their independence. First of all, there was a very large expat, UK expat,
present here. Because of the army bases, which still are UK terrain. In other words, it is owned by the UK. Both army and
airforce, both here in Limassol and in Famagusta still belong to the UK. But you have a lot of people retiring from the army
etcetera etcetera, and it was cheap to live here. It was cheap to have an apartment or a small house to retire to. The weather
was good, they knew the island. So, there was a certain amount of economical support for the island. But it did not, it did
not bubble. In other words, the economical levels remained steady. Because there was not enough English or others, actually
residing here, or becoming pensioned here, or taking a second house here. It did not have a great impact on the island. Then
of course, from 1974 the tourist industry started building up in the whole Med, more people traveling etcetera etcetera,
throughout Europe, on holidays and this and the other, holiday homes. So, they had a little bit of an upside. Why, because
they had their own currency, property was cheap, land was cheap. But, again no bubble. But then what happened is, you had
the disbandment of Russia. And Cyprus being a tax-heaven as such, its own currency, its own taxes, its own laws. There was
a lot of money of different shades, of money, if you know what I mean by shades. I mean, good money, grey money, black
money. Call it different shades of money, flowed into Cyprus and also through Cyprus. So, Nicosia was built on a basis of a
financial centre, not a tourist centre, not a residence centre, but a financial centre. Many many banks here, all the banks, all
the European banks were here processing these funds.
S: So if Nicosia is a financial centre, what is Limassol then?
R: It is commercial because of the port.
S: Port and tourists?
R: And tourists. Limassol is commercial. Many many banks here, because the expats from whatever country they are do
not reside in Nicosia. Nicosia is not an attractive place to live, it is too hot, it is this and the other. There is no attraction and
distraction. Whereas the coastal places, and Limassol being the major coastal resort, place to live, became also a type of
secondary commercial entity. Banks etcetera etcetera, especially with the shipping. Shipping has always found a big place
here, because it is a transit between the eastern part of the Mediterranean. Because it has also a free-port, it has dwang vrij.
You understand dwang vrij, with other words, they have a zone in which goods can come in, be remixed, and go out without
actually entering Cyprus. It is a toll-free area. It was very attractive. Now, when the line of Russian money started coming in,
then you had two things which happened. You had the commercial banking which took off in a big way, but also you had
property and prices of ground going up. And it all became very sexy for people to have a bank account here, to have
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a second residence here, etcetera etcetera. And that all came to an end, in one way, by Cyprus joining the euro, not by joining
the EU, but by joining the euro. The cost of living for the locals went up by 20 or 30%. It did not mean that much for the
Russians who had the big money, because it makes no difference they just had enough money. You can see all the buildings,
all the property around, extravaganza. But, for the local people it was an opportunity. They started sending their children tom
they could afford to send their children to better schooling. A lot of their children went to universities outside of Cyprus.
But the problem is either they stayed abroad, or if they came back they all wanted to be managers. So, one of the problems
with the level of education here, is that you have a mix of education and mentally. And this is a big problem in Cyprus. They
have this external education, but this Mediterranean sort of avrio, avrio, you will get it done tomorrow. At the same time of
course, when you have this explosion in economy, you have get a lot of misfits, a lot of people trying to make money on the
back of other people. You get an inbalance. For example, if you take Holland, France, Germany, England. They have grown up
over hundreds of years in their legislation and their controls on this and that. There is corruption everywhere. But, when a
country grows up so fast there are, there is not enough controls in place. So, it is manipulated. That manipulation is from top
to bottom, through the banking, through economics, through who you know, who can sign, who can do this and who can do
that. So, this has been a big problem for Cyprus, to get their legislation in place. It is coming, but it is still not there.
S: And what does this mean for the environment here?
R: What it means for the environment is that ... First of all, do they recognise an issue called environment? They know their
island. They are very self-centred in one way. They are very nice people, but they are very protective. So they do not, they
do not see a problem themselves in the environment. Are you with me? They do not necessarily identify with environmental
issues. But if you take environment and you make that broader, just take nature itself. From the 750 000 inhabitants of
Cyprus, Greek Cyprus, there are 100 000 gun licences. And the male population is cars, and shooting, it is very masculine,
very macho tendency. You know, you do as I say and not as I do. You know. So, it is, the problem is it is a Mediterranean hot
blooded existence. They are hot blooded, even the women. When they have an argument, they have an argument. But then
it is forgotten tomorrow and they will have another argument about something else. You know, you have seen the Greek,
the Greek Fat Wedding. A lot of people say it is just a film, but it is like that. It really is like that. And a lot of people do not
understand it. They are very lovable, but very hot blooded. But when it comes to business and the environment. First of all
come the family and the business. So, environment will always come second, or third, or fourth, or fifth. It is not on their list
of priorities. Yes you will see it in the newspaper, yes you will have all this bla bla political spin, but at the end of the day what
do they do about it? But, that is not necessarily only here. What is Greece dong about it, what is Spain doing about it? All
of these Mediterranean countries, what is Turkey doing about it? You know, if you see the newspaper today, where they are
saying that the acid factor in the seawater is increased to such an extend that twenty thirty species are dying per day in the
sea. Just think about the pollution that is been dumped into the sea from countries like Turkey, who is not developed at all.
Well, they are developed, but you will see what the developments are, but what is still going into the Med? It is the same as
here. What is actually being processed from the sanitary and what is still going into the Med? Nobody knows. So, environment
is, I do not think it is there on the top of their list. Economy is on the top of their list, employment is on the top of their list. But
even when you come to look at medicare, there is no medicare here. Well, you have a general hospital and you have doctors.
When you go to the doctor you have to pay. There is no central insurance system here. So, then you have to start listing your
priorities in life. Priority is an income, medicare. So, environment comes right down the list. When in fact all the other things
are not in place.
S: How do you think we can make environment go up in the list?
R: I think, the only way you can get environment going up in their list is by EU subsidies. In other words, if they do not have to
pay for it they will definately get it done. But, if you expect them to pay for it, you are never going to get it done.
S: And if they can gain something from it?
R: What gain, what gain do you, what gain would you say they would get from it? What your values are, are not necessarily
their values.
S: No, but if they can get something. Like they pay for water, if they use less water because of something we do, and therefore
pay less money.
R: That is an equation. They are very much aware of the water problem in Cyprus. And I will point out, what you see in the
bay there is not a boat, it is waterport. Three four year ago they had such a drought, that they had to tank in from Greece.
These tankers offloaded in this waterport, which was then pumped up to go into the drinking water plant, not into the lake.
But, then they found out that they build this thing and the actual pipeline was so 40 meters to short. So, five tankers went
sour, the water went sour. You know, when water standing still in a container is only good for So, they had to pump the
water then into the lake. So that the lake would self process the water again. So, they could not pump it directly into the
You understand? So, it is not a priority with them. They are aware of the water problem, but it is not their, it is not a major
issue for them. They do not think so. Until they do not have it and then they start complaining. But in fact, they could have
done something about it years ago. But, there are a lot of countries that have similar problems. Not necessarily water, for
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example waste disposal, which is an environmental issue. There are three major environmental issues: how you create
energy, you water process, and your waste disposal process be it your toilet waste or your, lets say physical household waste.
Here, they are still using landfill, which is again the EU rules. So, they are having to pay a fine every month, because they are
using landfills. Now, several companies have proposed several types of alternatives. But it all comes to who is going to pay
for it? Because, at the present moment they have a tax on the household for waste collection, which are the green bins on
the street. People then put their plastic in and stuff and it goes to the landfill. They will not tolerate, because they do not
have the income base, to for them now to start paying an extra 5 or 10 euros a month for the waste to be processed through
a processing plant. You understand? So, it just goes into a landfill, and it is not like the landfill is now constructed in such a
way you can tap it for gas and have a biogas. No, it is just landfill. So, what is more important, is the landfill issue a problem,
greater than the waste of water problem, or the process of toilet waste, or the medicare system, or the education system?
So, you have to try and find at what level they place. Water, as an example, or waste. You have to find out what is important to
them first. And then, when it is important to everybody else, the only way it is going to be solved is by external funds coming
in and financing this.
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Transcript GreenDot
Interviewer:
Interviewee:
Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:
Face-to-face, recorded
Office of GreenDot, Strovolos, Nicosia
11 December 2013
approximately 35 minutes
G = GreenDot
S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)
G: The main aspect of our work is packaging, packaging waste. We were formed by the industry in 2004. But actual operations,
planning and operations, began mid 2005 and of course it was an outcome of the acceptance of Cyprus in the EU. So, since
2002 we have the legislation on responsibility of packaging. It was the, it was basically the transposition of European legislation
to a local legal framework. And of course the industry had to decide what to do with packaging. Companies need to recover
in Cyprus certain percentages of their packaging waste and they can either do it individually or join organisations, non-profit
organisations, who then run the recycling systems for them. But, they are funded through them, through the packaging fees.
The local commerce created GreenDot Cyprus. We were accredited in 2006. So, a few months ago we have ended our first
term of accreditation. And now we are running on our second term of accreditation and we represent around 900 companies.
And of course within these 900 companies, one can recognise all the big names acting in the local market. So, a big part of
the market, they are registered with us, we represent them and we are collecting the packaging waste. Now to be able to
recover and recycle packaging, based on the fact that recycling was not an issue or was a very small issue for some very few
companies doing the collection of industrial packaging and recycling on why pay the recycling. A few year back we had to start
everything, almost from scratch. So, we designed the collection shifts, we were consulted by the Belgian system Force Plus,
at the time. So, we designed the systems and began corporations with local authorities to run recycling programs for the
households. Of course, at the same time we ran recycling for the commercial and industrial sector. So, we recycle brown
paper and things from the industry and from the trade sector. But, we also since 2007 we started our first house programs
with five municipalities back then. Eventually we grew up to a system with geographical coverage and now we have 85% of
the population, we cover almost all the municipalities and a number of communities. But what is left now is more rural,
distant lets say from the city centre areas. Of course this system is the only on the market, so eventually we have to cover the
whole of the island with a recycling system. And of course we have also the great part of the responsibility of the communication
and sensi rationalisation of the population. We believe that we did a good job given the circumstances in about seven years
time. We calculated that about half of the people in the area where we have the program, participate in our packaging
recycling. And these are encouraging numbers, not only because it is something new for Cyprus, but also because the citizens
do not have an obligation to participate. They do not have fines or anybody to put pressure to participate, and they also have
an incentive, an financial incentive to do so because we do not have pay-and-throw systems for example. People are paying
taxes, so in fact if you recycle you more or less are subsidising your neighbour who is not recycling. Of course, we have been
shouting to the authorities all these years to do things about these issues, but as you notice governments are slow or have
other things in mind. So, we still do not have all these supportive mechanisms that would help the programs grow. But, we
are very satisfied with responses this far, we have problems with the authorities, but we are doing quite well with the people
that accept us. In the mean time we will also add by the industry to develop other collection systems. So, we will built up the
system for electronic waste. And that is done by two organisations, two separate organisation, but we manage them. We have
designed them and we manage them. So it is Weee for the waste electric electronic equipment and another one for household
batteries. So, we run three recycling programs now under a single roof. Of course, through these years of existence in the
market and the experience with local authorities and following up all these developments in the greater waste management
sector and the strategies of the governments to deal with waste problems, because we also have problems with existing
dumps. Actually the two large cities are served by dumps, not even secure landfills. This is something we are in the European
courts for now. But, looking after all these issues and talking to the local authorities and also looking at the planning of the
government, we saw in the process that one of the big issues that needs to be dealt with, and in fact something that is now
more and more regulated by the EU, is the green waste, organic waste, from households and from the industry. Although we
are not directly involved, we scanned the market and tried to find out what are the options available. There are already two
composting facilities, small composting facilities in the Nicosia area. But, the most important thing that we realised in the
process, is that Cyprus is already equipped with, I think it must be 12 by now it was 11, biomass plants at farms to deal with
farm waste. And of course, after talking to these people we found out that even as we speak today they have an incapacity of
around 150.000 tons a year. That is about the amount of organic waste that is produced in Cyprus. So if you collect organic
waste separately from the households and the industries, you already have facilities to deal with it. Okay, two of them are
already fully equipped to doing so, the others need some pasteurisation equipment but this is equipment of, lets say, less than
half a million euros per unit. So it is not something significant. And additionally, these are facilities that are very well
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geographically located everywhere on the island. In mean, all the areas that have significant production have such a facility
close to them, with an exception of Paphos. But still there are farms in Paphos that need to solve their waste problem as well.
So, here we will have a full-blown network of the farms, full-blown system for organic waste. In that sense we tried to
convince the government and the local authorities that they also need to start up separate collection programs for organic
waste, because definitely we would have much lower cost of treatment because those are existing facilities. So, it is not that
they have to deal with more waste, they want more waste. So, they are really ready to have a deal with a very small gate fee,
about ten euros per ton, which would give a very good solution to the local authorities and the government. But, apparently,
as I said earlier, the governments are not always thinking very rationally. Well, we saw the planning of the government, we
saw that they basically are ignoring all the statistics and going for the construction of new SRF facilities that would actually dry
the organic waste and prepare this as fuel. We are not saying that being on an island definitely we will have to take energy
recovery criteria and see what we can do with energy recovery. But if you have existing facilities that can take the material at
a very low cost, then you have to think twice before you get into huge investments based on the scale of the market for energy
recovery. Of course we also have a cement plant on the island, so energy recovery can be co-combustion in cement production,
that does not have to be an incinerator or a new waste-to-energy facility. But still, we believe these existing biogas facilities
are a very good way to deal with the organic issue and have electricity on one hand, heat you can use in the farms especially
during the winter and of course you also have the compost at the end of the day which when you have properly sorted organic
waste you have very good quality compost that can compete with compost that comes Holland, peat moss. It is not very clear
how this will proceed. The government was very adamant to go ahead with the planning to have new facilities for SRF. They
have made a couple of steps back, because those that were supposed to be projects funded by the EU, or great extent by the
EU, but it seems that they are not getting all the money from the EU now. So, they are now talking about having a SRF facility
in thr Limassol area, to deal with Limassol, the Greater Limassol waste area. But, for the case of Nicosia they are now talking
about a secure landfill, to start with, and of course this means that Cyprus will have, if we go in that direction, we will have
two plans, with the Larnaca-Famagusta plan and the Limassol plan, two plans for SRF less say with a capacity of about 350.000
tons to 400.000 tons. The production is close to 600.000 tons, so there is room to do other things with the waste. So, without
being able to predict exactly what will happen, because it is still at the back of the mind of the government to find ways to find
ways to proceed with yet another plant for Nicosia, a SRF plant for the Nicosia area. But we hope that they will not manage
that there will be area for other things to happen. We spoke to a number of local authorities and we showed our interest to
begin separate collection of organic waste, if they decide to go into another direction and come up with an agreement with
some of those biomass facilities so that we can take organic waste there. Now there is a small pilot with a number of
communities that Kypros spoke with. It was also an initiative from our minister of environment, because we kind of found this
strange situation that two ministries involved in the management of waste, the ministry of environment and the ministry of
interior. And there is of course conflict between them, they have different agendas and although the ministry of environment
is more or less in line with what we are saying and trying to promote separate collection of organic waste as well. The ministry
of interior is pushing things towards the direction of SRF rather than any other type of treatment of organic waste. So, cannot
say what will exactly happen in the future, but we hope it will be more towards separate collection than anything else.
S: I wonder, how long did it take for people to start recycling since you put up the whole campaign?
G: Okay, some people begin recycling day one, it is not a big percentage of people but they are more or less waiting for an
organised system. And of course this changes through time. I mean, we began programs seven years ago and we began
programs three years ago. Especially the participation three years ago, the initial participation was better than the initial
participation seven years ago. We believe having 50% of the people participating in a period of five to six years, more or less,
is quite an successful for Cyprus. In fact, many people never thought this would actually happen in Cyprus. And given the fact
that the supportive mechanisms that should be in place, are still not there. I mean, if you take into account, for example, that
two dumps which served about for 70% of the population actually. The two dumps, at Nicosia and Limassol where most of
the people are, are basically almost free, because it is two or three euros per ton. And if you would have a competitor, that
is sucking all the material because it is free. Anything that costs even a euro is an issue to convince people to do it, even the
industry. When they can just send their trucks to the landfill and pay, lets say, 7 euro or 10 euro, it is an issue to spend 20 euros
for the truck to be recycled. So that is something that is unbelievable that is happening, but it shows quite well the different
agendas at the government level. To say, okay but you know the dumps are there and still the material is going there, we have
to do something else because it is not working. Well, what have you done for it to work? So, it depends I mean, looking at
the area demographics are important. You can see different numbers in different even adjacent municipalities, because here
older people are living and not willing to participate, as in the next municipality has better demographics and much better
participation.
S: But you think if now an extra separation possibility comes with organic waste, people would then easily also separate this?
G: Definately! I think you first have to break the barrier of the too many years of habit of throwing it together. And of course
you keep listening to people and they will say it is difficult to do it. But when they do it, they will say is was so simple. In the
beginning they do not know where to put the bins, but once they do it they say it is very simple. If they already think that it
is simple, it is much easier to convince them to do something else. So I think that the work that has been done for packaging
for all these years. It is instrumental for electric and electronic waste, for batteries, for organic. Whatever you try to do, it is
easier to do it. Organic is a challenge of course. But still, breaking the habit of putting everything together and getting into the
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exported. Same happens with paper, all the paper goes out. All the metals go out. With glass, we keep it here and we use it
as a raw material in the cement factory. Because we do not have a glass recycling facility. Today, most of the treatment, it is
not feasible to do it here. I mean for example for paper, you need a lot of water and energy for paper. Water we have scarce
of and the energy here is the most expensive energy. So it is not feasible to do it here, unless there is some new technology
we do not know.
[...]
S: The only thing that we are missing, is that we would actually liked to speak to the municipalities where we want to make a
design, just an example design. They are really careful and suspicious on what you want to do with the information.
G: Well, it is a strange time for the municipalities to say the truth. The last two years have been very difficult, most of them
are, for the first time, facing very serious financial problems. In fact, there is this whole discussion going on with consults from
the UK, about the future of the local authorities. So, most of these people are not sure if they will be there as a municipality as
they are today six months from today. So, for them it is like okay this is beyond, at this time. Of course, if you had some more
time on the island, we could to more people and arrange things for you.
[...]
G: I can tell you for sure, in the last two years, in terms of cleanliness and tidiness etcetera, things have been going backwards.
Mostly, because of these financial problems.
[...]
G: If one compares things in the last ten years, a lot has happened. It has been a long way since then, but there is a longer
way ahead.
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VI
Transcript Hadjipanagi
Interviewer:
Interviewee:
Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:
Face-to-face, recorded
Starbucks, Germasogeia, Limassol
17 November 2013
approximately 18 minutes
H = Stella
S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)
S: We were curious what kind of people Cypriots are.
H: It depends how you means this. What do you want to know.
S: For example, in The Netherlands, they say that the people are easy going, like these characteristics people can have. So, if
you are open or closed, I do not know.
H: Well, one things I can tell you for sure, is because we are a small island people might be, how to say, prejudiced. Like they
are not so easy to new ideas. Now the new generation is slightly better in this. But, we have also another thing, here we think
we are the center of the world. It sounds funny, but really, because we are on this island and you have to travel with a plane or
a boat to go outside. How to say, you think everything is here, but when you go out you see what is going on. So, the people
that go out usually, I do not know, they change their point of view on things. Well, we are known for our hospitality here,
especially up in the villages, like amazing. This thing does not exist in many countries. Another thing we have is with the family,
we consider it very important here Like, having say lunch or dinner with the family, is something standard. Which I think is not
so common in other countries outside the Mediterranean.
Well, the other thing is that not a lot of people are into the environment here. They just see what money they can take
come it mostly, instead of what they would do for the environment. But, there are some people that are very interested
in the environment, like mr. Theopemptou for example, my family also, we want to do something. But the regulation, the
government does not help. The problem is, in order to make the laws, policies and stuff that will help, help us to do something
better with the environment, you have to see the financial point of view. And because we are also in the EU, it kind of makes
them, you have to do this. So, they have to do things, this and that. They think of energy, and Cyprus energy regulation
authorities are on this. Like, they have to put up in the road of this, to do it. That is the majority, of course we have exceptions.
Well, what else about Cypriots. They like good food, they have good taste for sure. What else? We like to mainly like to show
they have like a nice car, a nice house. This is probably the reason we had this crisis here. Everyone was borrowing money
from the bank, the bank was like: yes, you can get the money no problem. In the end they did not have such big salary to pay
it back.
S: You already told that they are not very caring about the environment, but are they aware of the climate change?
H: Some of them yes. Many of them are, but I do not really think there is that much interest in that. What they care about is
what car they will have. You tell them there is a hybrid car, but I like the BMW it is nicer. They do not care about the petrol.
Some of them do, but mostly because they save money on petrol not that much for the environment. Now, with the PVs that
I see the client that wants to install PVs. From all the clients I have only seen one, me, that wants to install because it is good
for the environment. The rest just wants to save money.
S: For their own benefits?
H: Yes!
S: And what about the awareness on water scarcity?
H: Well, this we are very aware of it. Except some ladies that like to get the water hose and splash the pavement or wash the
car during summertime. We are very aware of it, because we have water cuts. If it does not rain a lot, they cut water during
summertime. You have to arrange when you have a shower, when you do the washing machine, everything. It is something
that we do not waste that much, we are really trying to save it. But, there are always people that just do not care. We are
usually having a fight with them, my father and I. We are trying to do something about that. Well, the good thing that we know
this about the water, we try to , I do not know, at least not wash the car at home, take it somewhere where they use recycled
water. Or, use a full washing machine to put everything in, so that you save some water. But, anyway in the summertime when
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you know that there will be water cut outs, you will definitely try to save some. Otherwise you will not have a shower.
H: What is next?
S: We are also interested in organic waste, in separating waste, do you know something about that?
H: Yes, well they started doing this in the schools to educate the students. I know some people are doing this, I also do it at my
house. We separate the fresh vegetables from the meat, the cooked stuff, also the fresh eggs and, how do you call it, around
the egg, the peel of the egg. Also things from the garden, when you cut the trees, the grass, everything. All this is put in a
special bin to make our own fertiliser. And you can notice that we reduce our garbage. Like if we put everything in their would
be. I do not know, one cubic meter. It is half of this these days. It is really saving from rubbish for the municipality. I think
people in a family are now do probably also recycling. We change our rubbish, garbage, once or twice a week, as where we
would every day in the past. Recycling is going even better now. Like in most cities and villages on the island there is recycling,
but still there are people that are like no I do not do recycling.
S: But, what does the majority of the people do?
H: Most people now are recycling.
S: But not the greens, the organic waste, because for Limassol that is not a standard option?
H: If you want to do it, you have to do it yourself, in the backyard. I heard many people trying to organise this in larger scale.
But, the municipalities are really giving us a hard time. I am not sure what is the problem, but they just do not care that much.
The thing is, they do not realise the benefit they could have. They could have free fertiliser ...
S: And biogas?
H: Biogas is a different case. You can only do it, I think, with processed and cooked food. You need to have a place to put it,
like an anaerobic digester. It has to be closed. With the fresh vegetables, you do it in your garden, it does not smell and also it
is not really a problem to do it. With the other thing you need to have special equipment and educate people. Because, you
have gas production and you have to be careful with that. The thing is they do not even do it with the fresh vegetables and
stuff. That would be very good to organise it. I heard people were trying, but ...
S: But, not all people have a garden, so ...
H: Yes yes, but one thing they did, was with the sewage system in Limassol. If you go towards ...
[Interruption]
H: But, let us do the biomass stuff. Well, I think, if people had better information or more easiness on how to do this. They
would be more willing to do it. Like with the recycling a company said, GreenDot, we have to separate. People slowly slowly,
from mouth to mouth, you see your neighbour doing it. That is one thing we do in Cyprus, you see the neighbour doing
something and you want to do the same. That is one way to make things happen. So, this is how things are spreading now.
You see your neighbour and you think I also want to do that. Something like that.
H: The sewage system, I forgot to say, are already doing everything. Making fertiliser, biogas and the energy they make, they
use it to process the rest of the water, sewage stuff. I think, it is not enough, they even need some more from our electricity
authorities. But, the thing is they are going to do it in all towns now. You have some regulations, it is a plan the government,
I am not sure.
H: There is something I forgot to tell you about Cypriots. Cypriot people have been through a lot, a lot of stuff, since the
ancient times. We have been a country that everyone wanted to conquer. They wanted our trees, they were cutting our trees
to make boats, ships and everything. The were digging the land to take copper, now we do not have much left. They did, you
know, major changes, even villages were modified because of copper findings they had. And its an island with huge resources.
We have some of the biggest varieties of plants from all over the world. We also have our unique animal, the mouflon. It is
like a goat with big horns. And the thing is be have been through war many many times and this made us as a nation very
suspicious. Although we are very hospital, we are not that open to new ideas and stuff. We need to meet someone that tried it
and then we do it. You can see, unless you are open minded, it is not so easy to cooperate. And due to the last war we had, in
1974, and the Turkish invasion, people lost their homes and whatever they had. They lost it when they came to the southern
part of Cyprus. So, was this tendency to buy expensive stuff, giving your kids everything they did not have, That is why you see
so many expensive cars around and people do not care that much about the environment. I think, we did not the time and
chance to go into that. And another reason that not many things happened for the environment is that the government and
politicians spending their time and money trying to solve the Cyprus problem. Not that they are doing much there, but it is
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like considered it more important. Now, we see all this climate change and they start to somehow think about how it works.
They have done very serious research on why we are like this. But, many people love Cyprus now, we have many foreigners.
Okay, and now there is this mix of cultures and we are not so used to having many cultures. Now they have to adapt.
H: What I also forgot to tell you about Cyprus, is that we have it all here, different climates. You drive 30 minutes you are at
the beach and you can swim. Another day you drive into the mountains, where there is a more pleasant temperature. And we
have cities. Yes, you have what you need on the island, I guess.
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Transcript Hellicar
Interviewer:
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Email
4 December 2013
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Dear Dianne,
Thank you for your email. I am forwarding you the words of my colleague Martin Hellicar regarding the river systems of
Cyprus:
The river systems of Cyprus are important habitats for birds in their full- length from the source to the mouth. This is especially
true for dry islands like Cyprus. In higher - usually more wooded parts of Cyprus rivers clusters of dense vegetation are
created, which are attractive shelters, feeding and nesting places for forest bird species. Such species include the Eurasian
Wren Troglodytes troglodytes which is a permanent resident of the island and the Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos which
is a summer visitor from Africa. The Cettis Warbler Cettia cetti - a cryptic and noisy bird - also has a special liking to the
dense riparian vegetation regardless of altitude. Large numbers of invertebrates identified close to river systems are vital
for these insectivorous species. The increased concentration of invertebrates attracts members of the swallow family, like
the Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica, the Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica, the House Martin Delichon urbicum, and the
Sand Martin Riparia riparia. For the Red-rumped Swallow bridges and pipes directing water make the rivers are ideal nesting
site. Even hawks like the Hobby Falco subbutteo, the Eleonoras Falcon Falco eleonorae and the Red-Footed Falcon Falco
vespertinus are attracted by the numbers of insects along the rivers. The Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus, likes riparian
thickets in the lowlands and estuaries for reproduction.
The reeds that grow in flat areas with slow flow , are important breeding places for the Eurasia reed warbler Acrocephalus
scirpaceus, a relatively rare summer visitor from Africa. The winter posts in reed beds are occupied by the Reed Bunting
Emberiza schoeniclus. Reed systems are also points of attraction for the Spotted Crake Porzana porzana, the Little Crake
Porzana parva and the Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus, the latter breeding even in wells near rivers. Although most
commonly found along the coast or in wetlands and dams, the Kingfisher Alcedo athis, uses rivers during winter and migration,
although it doesnt breed in Cyprus. Along the lower reaches, where the river creates steep slopes in soft sediment, the beeeater Merops apiaster and more frequently the Roller Coracias garrulus dig holes for nesting. Cyprus offers a summer refuge
to a significant portion of the European population of the Roller, a species whose protection is of global concern.
The only bird that specializes in hunting through the rivers is the Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea, located in rapidly flowing
rivers with shallow areas where the bird collects aquatic invertebrates. It is a frequent winter visitor to the island and for the
first time breeding evidence was confirmed in Troodos in 2013.
Wading birds such as the Little Bittern Ixobrichus minutus, the Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides, the Night heron Nycticorax
nycticorax, the common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos, the Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola and the Green SandpiperTringa
ochropus use rivers especially during migration periods as resting and foraging areas and as migratory routes. Even ducks like
the Teal Anas creccakai and the Garganey Anas querquedula have been observed to migrate along rivers.
In addition to the above , the streams and rivers of Cyprus are important habitats for almost all bird species on the island ,
because they provide water.
Specifically to Garyllis and Pedieos:
We dont hold much specific information about Garyllis. Pedieos however is a river that is linked to 3 Important Bird Areas
(IBAs) (for more info on IBAs read here http://birdlifecyprus.org/en/html-8-Habitats_and_Sites.html ) in Cyprus. These are
Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant, Mesaoria Plain and Famagusta Lakes. Famagusta Lake has been identified as an IBA for
its importance for breeding Plegadis falcinellus, Himantopus himatopus, Vanellus spinosus and Francolinus francolinus. Also
recorded regularly breeding at the site are Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Bubulcus ibis, Burhinus
oedicnemus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Coracias garrulus, Galerida cristata, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and nonbreeding Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ixobrychus minutes, Ardeola ralloides, Botaurus stellaris, Phoenicopterus
roseus, Platalea leucorodia, Falco vespertinus, Circus aeruginosus, Grus grus, Porzana porzana, Porzana parva, Tringa
erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa tetanus, Numenius arquata, Glareola pratincola, Charadrius leschenaultii, Larus audouinii,
Chlidonias niger, Chlidonias hybrida, Alcedo athis, Melanocorypha calandra, Calandrella brachydactyla, Lanius nubicus, Lanius
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minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia. Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant has been identified as an IBA for its importance
for the regular occurrence on migration of the Oxyura leucocephala, and for breeding Vanellus spinosus, Homantopus
himantopus and Meanocorypha calandra. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Francolinus francolinus, Alectoris
chukar, Burhinus oedicnemus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata, Galerida cristata. Non breeding Egretta garzetta,
Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Ixobrychus minutus, Bubulcus ibis, Ardea alba, Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea,
Plegadis falcinellus, Aythya nyroca, Aquila fasciata, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespertinus, Pernis apivorus, Falco
subbuteo, Accipiter nisus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Tringa erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa totanus, Luscinis
svecica, Calandrella brachydactyla, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus, Acrocephalus melanopogon are regularly recorded.
Mesaoria Plain has been identified as an IBA for its importance for breeding Burhinus oedicnemus, Melanocorypha calandra,
Francolinus francolinus and Galerida cristata. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Alectoris chukar, Athene noctua,
Pterocles orientals (possible breeding area), Coracias garrulus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and non breeding
Buteo rufinus, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespertinus, Pernis apivorus, Falco naumanni, Falco subbuteo, Milvus
migrans, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Lullula arborea, Calandrella brachydactyla,
Antus campestris, Lanius nubicus, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia, Emberiza hortulana.
I hope this information is useful for you.
I wish you all the luck with you project.
Regards, Vasiliki
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Transcript Kordatos
Interviewer:
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Face-to-face, notes
Cyprus Energy Agency, Nicosia
5 December 2013
approximately 30 minutes
Look at:
Law on renewable energy, Directive 2/2006
cera.org.cy
cie.org.cy
Enerscapes.eu (guidelines to reduce the impacts in the landscape)
energy4farms.eu (Geronimo II project)
Greendot
Some info:
Cyprus has the following renewable energy sources: solar, wind, biomass. (mostly solar)
Green residues (organic waste) has great potential in Cyprus.
There are now 14 biogass plants in Cyprus (mean capacity 500 kWh) (for manure)
We have to check how big a anaerobic digester needs to be to be economically feasible, but still allowed in urban area.
CEA info package send to us by email:
ENERSCAPES - Territory Landscape and Renewable Energies
Powerstation map
Biogas map
Wind mill map
VP map
Geranimo2 biogas: Farmers Guide to Implementing a Biogas Project
REAK table
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Interviewer:
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Email
13 December 2013
approximately 30 minutes
Law on renewable energy (what is the legislation on having (small scale) digesters in urban areas)?
If the capacity of the digester is over 30 kW please read the attached pdf (CEA regulatory framework), page 59.
Also keep in mind the general provisions of Directive 2/2006, page 16.
The provisions of the Directive 2/2006 are described in the attached document
Location of different energy sources on the island (where are the windmill parks, solar parks, biomass plants (farms), and
the normal energy plants)?
We have the maps with RES -wind and solar potential in cyprus. Also please find attached a map with the biogas plants
installations that was created under the Geronimo project. Please note that this map was created before one year therefore
a few more biogas plants have been installed since then. We dont have any maps showing the exact locations of the different
wind parks, solar parks.
Wind map potential: http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/ms/ms.nsf/0/da0b0c1b609e174fc22578e2002bcf6b/$FILE/Final_
CYPRUS%20MEAN%20ANNUAL%20WIND%20SPEED.JPG
Cyprus solar potenial: http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/cmaps/eu_cmsaf_opt/G_opt_CY.png
How much energy is producted by what source (and maybe who consumes it and how much of it)?
Attached (see raek pdf). At the moment all RES plants are connected with the electricity grid (Electricity Authority of CyprusThe main provider of electricity in the island at the moment) and the res electricy is consumed by the public . But in some
cases like farms which they installed biogas plant, they can use a part of the energy that they produced for their own needs.
The rest is supplied into the electricity grid (EAC).
Biogas potential and permits see the attached pdf-Geronimo guide book.
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Transcript Nicolaidou
Interviewer:
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Email
5 December 2013
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700 households declare willingness of participation but some of them never took out their house the organic waste for
collection. The average amount of the households who participate in practice is 350.
What is the mean weight of organic waste per household per week?
The mean weight of organic waste per household per week is 20 kg.
Did the households join the program themselves or did your company try to persuade them?
All the households had information about the program structure and significance and they decided whether on not to
participate.
Do the households receive something from your company for joining the program? (Like compost, biogas, electricity etc.)
The Department of Environment (it is a Government department which runs the organic waste program) provided the
households with the organic waste bin. The future motivation for them to participate will be the electricity provision in
proportion with the collected waste, but for now the program is pilot and the amount of organic waste we collect is very low.
Do you know what the most common reason for the households was to join the program?
We believe the most common reason for the households to join the program was their environmental consciousness and
awareness.
In general, Cypriot citizens start to participate in environmentally based programs, but we have a lot more to do in order to
persuade more people to be sensitized.
For any more information, please do not hesitate to email us.
Kind regards
Maria Nicolaidou
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Transcript Panayiotou
Interviewer:
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Face-to-face, notes
Office of the Commissioner of the Environment, Nicosia
12 December 2013
approximately 30 minutes
I = Ioanna
S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)
S: What are the task of the Commissioner of Environment, as there is also a Minister of Agriculture, Natural Resources and
Environment?
I: The Constitution says that no extra Ministers can be appointed and there was a desire from the Green Party 8 - 10 years
ago to have have someone extra in Parliament considering the environment. The Commissioner now has a checking and
coordinating position on all ministries. The Commissioner is on an independent state to advise the president, the ministers
and the parties.
S: What is the environmental mindset of the Cypriots?
I: A survey we have conducted has shown that only 1% of the Cypriots care about the environment. This 1% is mostly made
out of people connected to the Green Party.
S: Is that why there is a Commissioner of the Environment?
I: As said, this was a desire from the Green Party. Also, as Cyprus entered the EU, a lot needs to be discussed.
S: What are the goals of your period as Commissioner?
I: The main goal is to reduce consumption. But, water and energy are not the main problem of Cyprus. Waste is. We need
to change a lot around waste, especially the management. 40% of the waste in Cyprus is organic and there are a lot of
possibilities to create energy from this. In 2014 the EU is going to give funds for separating organic waste in Cyprus. Also, there
needs to be a new law, it is now on the agenda of the President, to make sure the money saved due to, for example, reduced
energy consumption, can be used on the environment.
S: How can more awareness be created for the environment?
I: People do separate into some categories already, but do not know how to do the organics yet. A campaign is going to inform
the people how to do this. Also, municipal green spots are in planning, to prevent the uncontrolled dump sites. The waste
from the green spots will be separated later. We are thinking about building a new automatic separation plant in Limassol.
S: We see that a lot of public green is not really maintained well, can you tell something about this?
I: There is just no money, it is not a priority. As said, if this law is accepted we can use the money saved for the environment.
For example saving energy with energy saving buildings, this saves money and this money can be used for maintenance of
public green.
S: Do you think Cyprus is ready for design?
I: Every new idea needs time and patience, but it will become a habit. We need examples to get used to the idea. So, I think
this is the right time to show what you can do in design.
S: Has public participation become more important in Cyprus, or is it still a very top-down style of government?
I: The Government is more open for listening and people also tend to talk a little more. There is an improvement, but people
are still not trusting the government very much. Therefore, they tend to go to independent body, like the Commissioner of
Environment or NGOs.
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Transcript Sergides
Interviewer:
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Face-to-face, notes
His house, Limassol
4 December 2013
approximately 75 minutes
Info on Limassol:
Town started where the old hospital and the post office are situated, after this the centre moved to the current old
centre: at the old harbour and old castle.
In 1940 the town got its roundway, for the movements of military vehicles during WOII.
the British on Cyprus made the port in Limassol more important, therefore flood prevention in the town became more
important.
In 1974 (the Turkish invasion) the big expansion started, with refugee estates (governmental) and people building
privately (building boom).
Limassol expanded to the north and east and municipalities which were far away were now stuck onto limassol.
Limassols population doubled.
Around 1990 Limassol got a new Planning Law, which from then looked at the Greater Limassol and not only at the
municipality.
Info on Garyllis:
The left and right branch of the Garyllis river are artificial, the middle one is the authentic one.
The middle branch did follow a different route before, through the old town.
The left branch was dug after the big flood of 1894.
Also walls where built along the authentic middle branch to prevent floods.
Between the left branch and the middle branch there is a place with the Greek name lake, this is where the water would
go in the old days.
Other:
During the Byzantine era cisterns and wells could be found in Limassol.
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Email
3 April 2014
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Transcript TerraCypria
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Face-to-face, notes
TerraCypria, Limassol
27 November 2013
approximately 60 minutes
Amphibians:
Hyla savignyi
Rana ridibunda
Bufo virdis
Reptiles:
At http://hscyprus.org/index.php/en/cyprus-reptiles/lizards you can find all the lizards we have in Cyprus but the ones living
in towns are:
Ophisops elegans
Laudakia stellio
Mabuya vittata
Chalcides ocellatus
Hemidactylus turcicus (sta spitia to bradi)
Chamaeleon (ektos) - at Athalassa close to Nicosia
Cyrtopodio kotchie - at Athalassa close to Nicosia
Ablepharus kitaibelli - at Athalassa park close to Nicosia and also in the Pediaios river
Mammals:
Mus musculus
Rattus rattus
Hemiechinus auritus dorotheae
Pipistrellus kuhli
Pipistrellus savii
Eptesicus serotinus
Rousettus aegyptiacus
Further notes:
Interesting book about common tree species: trees and shrubs in Cyprus
Master Dissertation about trees in town centres (Evaggelos Antreou)
There are some turtles in the Pedieos river
Eucalyptus is a common species in the riverbed
Ask the architect of Limassol for maps
Reed is a native species and is good for biofiltration
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Email
11 April 2014
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We have some questions for you about plant growth and maintenance in Cyprus. Do you know in which months the plants in
Cyprus grow most? And in which months does plant maintenance occur? Do you think the plants in Cyprus grow less/more
hard compared to the Netherlands (because of the climate) and what percentage?
Many thanks in advance,
Kind regards,
Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis
ANSWER:
Hello girls,
I cannot give a definitive answer to your questions as all depends on the plants. Which plants are you refering to. I would
say that most of the plants grow better in spring but yet again this depends on the type of plant. Comparing Cyprus to
Netherlands plants is not feasible as we are talking about deferent plants and completetly defferent climates. Keep in mind
that the ecological rule is that a plants growth depends on the factor that is in limitation (for Cyprus is water for Netherlands
I would say is sunshine). In addition to the confusing answers, if we are refering to landscaping plants that have been planted
in the cities, these are being watered regularly.
I am sorry I cannot help more
Best wishes
Athina
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XIII
Interviewer:
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Face-to-face, notes
The Cyprus Institute, Aglandsia, Nicosia
11 November 2013 + 26 November 2013
approximately 90 minutes (total)
Info:
Waste is separated by GreenDot
Separated waste is probably shipt to somewhere else to process
Sewerage board Limassol is responsible for stormwater management in Limassol
In Nicosia the municipalities are responsible
There is no dam management (both the Tamassos and Polemidia dam are not managed)
Landfill at Polemidia dam, water is polluted
The only water in the Pedieos river in Nicosia is surface runoff from the city
In Limassol the water in the Garyllis river might also come from the Polemidia dam (but it almost never overflows, once
every 10 year)
The difference in quality of urban surface runoff and rural surface runoff might not be that big
The municipalities probably have maps of the design of the pedieos park
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Transcript Theopemptou
Interviewer:
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Face-to-face, recorded
Presse Caf, Strovolos, Nicosia
11 November 2013
approximately 44 minutes
C = Charalambos
S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)
C: Why did you come to Cyprus?
S: Well, we wanted to do something in the Mediterranean region with drought and yes actually some water issues. Also, my
father lives in Limassol and he said it is quite easy to come here and they have big problems here. So we looked into Cyprus
and actually found that this might be the place that has the most problems with water and stuff like that.
C: I always say if you want to see about climate change, come to Cyprus.
S: That is why we are here. I have been here, this is my fourth time I think. Twice when I was 14 and I already can see in ten
years it changed a lot. I can remember it was much greener, much more plants.
C: The big difference is up in Troodos. If you came in the winter you still had snow which was regularly above a meter, a meter
and a half. Now it is only rare that you get a meter, usually a few centimeter.
S: Yes that is a big difference. We would like to know something about your blog, because we could not really understand the
Greek. We cannot speak Greek. But, you were the commissioner of environment, now you are a teacher and what else do
you do besides write a blog?
C: Well, I was involved in, I am an activist of the environmental group from the 1990s. And I was one of the people that
signed and we made the Cyprus Green Party. That was in 1996 and we wait the first election and after the second time
we participated in the elections, we elected one in P. We still have one in P who is very vocal in Parliament. In 2006 I was
appointed by the then President, as a Commissioner to the environment, but this lasted only 18 months. You realise I was
the first Commissioner, so I needed to set up the office, find a place to rent, find a secretary, buy the furniture, whatever.
And then, the whole appointment ended up in the elections, in the presidential elections because the previous President lost
the elections. So, we had a new President in 2008 in March, who appointed me again as the Commissioner. That lasted until
this year in March. Because we have a new President again and he appointed somebody else. And now I am teaching at the
university in Limassol.
S: Okay. What are you teaching?
C: I teach environmental sciences to first year students, so the introduction to environment. I do restoration, mainly landfill
restoration and gas collection systems in landfills and the restoration work you need to do when you do fieldwork, when you
pick the wrong methods about it. I also do coastal management, the principles for coastal management.
S: That is a lot.
C: And when i was appointed Commissioner, July the first, 2006. If you go to my blog, you find the first entry there. I wanted
to record what I was doing. I was not, i did not have any contacts with the media and I did not know anybody. So, what I knew
was, I know the internet works very well. So, I started a blog, which is easy. So, first day I started a blog and I kept writing it
there and became very very popular. It was, I do not know now I do not think so, it was one of the most popular blogs on the
island. And it was made so because I like writing, but it was referenced quite often from newspapers. And I also have a web
page which I maintain where the heavy stuff are, I mean all the documents on policy, what happens, the news. And on top
of that, I have a mailing list which is around 5000 prosperity. The mailing list is in sections, so if I have news that will be of
interest to paper people, journalists, I have 240 I think of them. So I hand them out. Something to do with energy, I have the
energy people. The biking people. And the general public. The companies. I write them individually, so everybody gets their
follow up for instance, personalised. And I applied what I teach other people to do, use your strength. My strength were the
internet and I used that a lot.
247
collect. For this reason. In that village, it is very nice, you can go and see and you will love it.
S: What village is this?
C: It is called Lofou, L-O-F-O-U.
S: Okay!
C: This is the reason why, in this village, you are not allowed to have pigeons. Because, they will foul up the roof and then
whatever.
S: We are looking at ways to naturally treat it, with certain plants which grow here, which can. In Holland we do this a lot
with reed. Water goes through it and it cleans. And we want to find out if we can find plants here that have sort of the same
characteristics. And because we use plants we want to see if we can also use these plants to create biomass energy. So that
it has a double function.
C: I do the type, I do not know the name in English, it looks like bamboo or the one you make corn, you know the plant called
corn? Imagine that without the corn. It comes up like this. e have lots of them in places where there is water. So, if you go to
places where we treat sewage like this, you see a lot of them and they grow very very quickly. But they need water.
S: Well, we cycled through Limassol yesterday, 25 kilometers, and found all the dry rivers. And we, for ourselves we just also
found that there is like erosion, rocks falling in clogging it. Sometimes they also use it as parking place now, because it is not
wet. And it is really interesting.
C: This is because they built dams. Well, they blocked all the rivers, because their water motto here is Not a drop of water
in the ocean. That is what they used to say. They blocked up the rivers, that is why we have a lot of coastal erosion as well.
Because do do not get any sediment now arriving.
S: Yes, because you need the sediments from the mountains at the coast. Because we have seen one or two, with the one
near the Crowe Hotel or something, it is really, also they are not really nice places where they end. Only the one, they are
doing something in the old harbour, they are making everything new there, sort of looks nice but also really artificial.
C: You know what they make? They say, they decided to do a marina Dubai style. So you will have a road going into the sea and
you have large villas on the side of the road in the water. You have a place to stay, a house, there will be a parking place for the
car, and a parking space on the other side of the house for the yacht. I think they sell them for 3 million or something like that.
You have to understand that that area is, most of the industry in Cyprus was there along the coast and in the 1960s they would
dump all their industrial waste in the water in that area. So, they needed to do something to restore the place, the conditions.
S: Let us see what else we prepared. Yes, so can you maybe tell something about the dams, because the dams in Cyprus are
really important for the drinking and water supply.
C: Okay, the major lifeline in Cyprus in the Troodos range of the mountains. Troodos, I think it is 1900 meter high, I do not
know I did not study. But it is enough to give you, to get you snow. In the old days we used to have a lot of snow high up in the
mountains. That snow would melt very slowly and that will give you small rivers and freshwater while running out the top of
the mountains for some time, there were times it even lasted up to May the melting of the snow.
S: And it starts in March?
C: No, you get the big snowfall around December, January, February, around then and then it starts to melt. Now of course
it melts very quickly. Through the range you get the major basin of water collection and then you get all these rivers forming
along the island. Some of the rivers will end up, we get rivers on all sides of the island. You get rivers on the west coast near
Paphos, you get in Limassol three rivers, and you get halfway rivers, and then you get very interesting rivers that come from
the mountains and cross the plain and go to Famagusta. That rivers we have here in Nicosia as well, there is a river going right
in the middle. When we say rivers in Cyprus, you do not see any water. We call them rivers, because they have water when
it rains.
S: Yes, so they have water when the dams are full?
C: We let a little bit of water running out of the dam just to maintain the biodiversity along the river and to replenish the
groundwater as well in the various areas.
S: Because we have also read that the groundwater is used a lot as well.
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C: Yes, in the small villages, most of the small villages in Cyprus, and we have the biggest number of villages per square
kilometer in Europe. There are a lot of small villages around in Cyprus, a lot. Our villages are really small, you get five or ten
people living just there. So, the way they get their drinking water is through groundwater, because otherwise it is very difficult
to have a network of drinking water pipelines to go all over the island. It is impossible. You have to have a local source, the
local source is either groundwater or a small dam. We have a lot of them, the small dams. There are a lot of arguments of
people that what we did is wrong and you should not have done that. The point is, at this moment, the way we act now, we
are facing a huge problem with the groundwater level. Because we pipe up a lot of water, out of that. We are a small island,
so it is very easy for sea water to seep through the piping. One of the worst cases we have is, if you see the map of Cyprus
and you go to Ayia Napa, were all the young people go to have fun. That area, which is a cultural area, they have a cultural
influence. They overuse the groundwater and it is now 40 meters below sea level. So it is actually useless now, saltwater is
rushing in now. We should have stopped them earlier, but we did not do anything. Damn politics! Because you cannot fix it.
S: No, it takes a long time.
C: And you need water!
S: Yes, to fix it.
C: If you have a lot of energy you can do that, you can desalinate and pump it in.
S: And energy wise, we also found that Cyprus is quite still, a really polluted island with carbon dioxide from cars and actually
one of the things that gives a lot of carbon dioxide, is actually the energy making.
C: We have three power stations which are the major source of CO2 and a lot of air pollution as well. We have a lot of cars in
the streets as you can see, everyone drives a car. Our cities are not designed for pedestrians or cyclists, so it is just cars. And
they killed of the public transport we used to have before. Because when I was young I used to go with the bicycle, busses,
everyone was using the public transport. And then they suddenly these policies and all these things that it is cool to have your
own car and you have deductions to buy a car. If your car was for instance a petrol car, you get even bigger deductions. And
you see the result.
S: Yes, a lot of parking everywhere. We cycled yesterday, it was sometimes a little bit dangerous.
C: Oh yes, because drivers do not pay that much attention. You are a nuisance.
S: Well, we are fortunate that in Holland we drive, everyone drives the bike. So, we know now to drive a bike. But, if you do
not know, then it is not really safe to do it. But they are making also, like along the sea in Limassol, they are making bicycle
paths. But they stop and you have to go back on the road again.
C: Yes, we have arguments about that.
S: And then you cannot get back on the bicycle path.
C: You are on the cycle path and you do not have priority. There was a big fight two weeks ago. Somebody was telling me, two
guys punched each other Because this guy was going by the bicycle and the other, the other the driver was coming with the
car and he turned over the cycle path to go into his house. When you go to the cycle path, you see that every house entry,
the entrance, there is a stop for the cyclists. Well, how do I know that a car is going to turn in. It is stupid. The driver should
stop, wait for him to pass and then turn. When I saw this it was too late, they did it. i got in touch with the guys, the cycling
organisation in Limassol. I said to them, they are very good guys, what do you think you agreed to. They said to us it is okay, it
will be for a short period of time. But good, nothing is more permanent than temporary stuff. Two weeks ago there was this
fight.
S: In The Netherlands it is actually so that ,although the cyclist is doing it wrong the car is always on who is in fault. It is actually
quite a good thing, that cars go always really big around you. Like if you do anything, that is good, that is why a lot of people
cycle. And we do not have hills of course.
C: Actually, there is this study. I receive a lot of emails from European commission and they tell me this and that. And one
of these, it was a very interesting study, it was done on, it was a university research project, why what are the policies that
Germany, Denmark, and Holland The Netherlands have done to promote cycling, these three countries. And they identified
seven policy reasons. That was very interesting, very very!
S: Well, what I would like to know is, we read that you are also into ecology or sustainability and what we would like to do
C: Yes, anything environment I handle this.
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S: And in Holland it is now really, sort of hype or something, are these ecosystem services. I wonder if people here, even policy
makers even know these?
C: No!
S: Oh, that is very interesting, because like it showed that you can gain from it actually. A lot of benefits, but thats a good one,
than we introduce something new. What is now the situation on Cyprus with renewable energy? We saw some windmills, we
see sometimes these solar panels and what else? Do they also do, like they have a lot of dams, do they also do hydropower
with these dams or not?
C: No, they do not let that much there out. They were looking at it, but I think it is not worth it. One of the things they are
looking also, which when you this you smile. It is a good idea. One of the problems we have with a hot climate like this is that
you get a lot of water evaporating in summer, so you have a big dam with a lot of water and a lot of surface. You lose a lot of
water through evaporation, so the question is can I do something. And there are various solutions. One solution would be
trow a million balls on the dam and they prevent evaporation. They reduce it. Also you have something floating. This company
came up with the idea that we float solar panels ha ha. It is really heavy and you need a solid boat and it will cost you a lot of
money to get the boat. And what do you do when it is windy? And why should I put it on the water and why not somewhere
else?
S: Have they ever looked into sand dams in Cyprus? What they used in certain African countries? Where they also have of rain
and then droughts, they store water in sand and then the sand already takes out some of the pollutants and then they, or it
goes to the groundwater or they pump it up again. That is also a way of not letting the sun to the water.
C: This is I know a roman technique. The small green spaces in Paris they were for that reason. So when Paris became bigger
and bigger they have to find a way for drinking water. The romans used to do these dams. No but we do not have them.
S: Okay, and biomass energy, do you do.
C: Biomass yes, biomass we have something like 12 unique digesters that produce electricity. And they also use the compost
in the end. So biomass is nice and I also promoted that a lot, because if you look at the 1999 directive 31, EU directive 31 of
1999, it talks about biomass. And the directive, the 98 of 2008 talks about separate collection as well, so especially the last
one, the 98 of 2008 talks about organic, separate collection of organic material. And there is a different directive as well on
the green waste policies that you can do. So I used all this and I kept pushing the government.
S: Yes, that is actually a part of our research. We actually saw that in the Netherlands from the households green waste a lot
of biomass can be or energy can be produced. A thing we want to see here as well is actually if, we want to do a questionnaire
to see if people are for example willing to separate if they get something back for it.
C: Two days ago I sat over there with people who wanted to start a business and they were asking me this and these days I
think, they were going around to interview people, to do a survey. But we have put a lot of effort to the government and they
have an area here in Nicosia. An area of four villages that actually do a separate collection of organic waste.
S: Okay, and which villages are those?
C: It is Marki, Sha, Lythrodontas and Agia Varvara. And there is the municipality of Dali that does it as well. So, according
to what, only a group of people that are in the government agrees on waste. So, in Nicosia we are going to have separate
collection. Very complex.
S: Yes, that is a good thing. Because in the Netherlands, I said, oh we do not separate that much and then we started thinking,
we do plastics, glass, paper, green and normal. So you do plastic here?
C: We do plastic in one bag. We have glass, you see there the glass collection thing. We have paper, also newspaper and
packaging etcetera. So what is left, is garden waste and the food remain. So the garden waste and the food remain, I go
around pep talking and I do talk about composting. Promote, you need to promote household composting. But household
composting will not solve the problem, it will reduce it. But you need to do it. So you do that, and then you try to get the
quality to collect the green waste and to have some use for it. Like compost or biomass etcetera. And the next thing is collect
all the things, the food remain, to produce electricity. That was what I was promoting.
S: Yes, that is a good one. That is what we want to try to promote as well, so that is nice. Is it correct that you said that the
environmental awareness is better now in the new generation?
C: Very much better!
251
S: And is this because of higher education or just the internet, that they read more maybe?
C: It is a combination of factors, definitely we are doing very good work in high school. Especially in elementary school, so that
need a little bit of time to show. But, we did a, we have a very good policy on sustainable education at schools. Environmental
education training. And we have environmental education training centre located on the island, and people can go there and
you stay there for a weekend to teach there and learn people how to teach. They are very good, especially at the place, how
is called this place, where you take kids to see. But, especially for teacher to go there and staying a weekend, and train them
how to teach the subject.
S: So it does work if you put in, well we finally have to make a design, and we also thought about awareness, that you can
play with things or stuff. In Holland that really works with children, who can see how much water there is and stuff like that.
C: There is material like this. I do not think it is a lot in quantity, but there are, there are books and stuff. I probably know one
or two games, I do not know anything to play with. I am not so familiar with that. I only saw one one energy, like a snake which
you put on the floor, and throw a dice and do this.
S: It is very interesting, because I wonder how many people know where the rivers are actually. For example, Limassol.
Because we had quite a difficult time finding them. And when we did find them we thought: oh.
C: People know that there is a river, but we do not know the name. People know, yes yes yes yes. But, we do not know the
name. It is a peculiarity. For instance, if you are a Cypriot and you are lost or so, they will not give you the name of the street.
They will say: do you know where so and so shop is? This traffic lights of, we give for example the name of the shop that was
near the traffic lights twenty years ago. The shop is not there anymore, but we say the traffic lights of We do not know the
street.
S: And here in Nicosia, at the river in the west, there is a park. We still have to see it, we are going there this afternoon. But,
there is a park now also with a cycling lane or something. Is it nice, is it working?
C: Yes, I do this every weekend.
S: Okay, so it is working.
C: It is nice, yes it is nice.
S: Okay, we have to see it. Because, I wonder how, because in Limassol the rivers are like polluted, what is left of the river.
C: No, here it is different. No, it is very nice. It is not what you see in Holland.
S: We have a lot of water! Interesting ...
C: The only thing is, the Pedieos is very long, you can cycle quite a few kilometers, it is cycling along the river. For most of the
path there is a cycle lane and there is a pedestrian lane. So, when you go there you see the pedestrians are always on the side
of the river, sometimes you are on the left side of the river and sometimes on one bank and than on the other. So, always they
keep the pedestrian lane on the side of the river. But, it is nice. You get on the bike and you go, you get out of the city easily.
This is, this is one of the places where they were thinking about building a small tram. So that it will take people from outside
the city to the centre. Because it will bring you right in the middle of the city. And I fought against that, because if you read
different policies, if you do not restrict the use of the private care, you have not done anything. If it is easy for me to get into
the car to go to the city centre, I will get into the car. I do not want to go to some place to drop off my car and get on a tram
to go to the city.
S: Because, in The Netherlands, like in Amsterdam you take the train or something and the tram, because if you park there it
costs you five euros per hour. And that is why people do not do it. Because then, the train is cheaper or you can even leave
your car there for free and take the train for 2 euros or something and then you go into the city. It is quite nice, because in the
city it is like only bikes going everywhere.
C: Yes, I know! I have been there quite a few times.
S: And here it is just cars everywhere, parking everywhere. It is incredible. But, do a lot of people use the river then here, or
the park?
C: Oh yes, now it is working day and you will not see many people. But if you go, for instance in the weekend, yes. I actually
wrote that before in a, and I am going to do it again. Because there are a lot of bikes on the bicycle lane and there is a risk of
accidents, because of design flaws. There are certain places where you go straight and then they built this thing, which the
252
architect thought it would be a nice thing to have, but this small bend that you see on the map, if you are moving a bit faster
with the bike you have crashes. You have crashes with the person coming from the other side, because you cannot see them.
S: Yes, yesterday in Limassol as well. We really had to cycle ...
C: Yes, the guys that do this, they never sat on a bike. It looks good on paper, but it does not work.
S: But they also want to do, we actually saw on Google Maps or something, that one of the rivers in Limassol also has a linear
park. But we went there and there was nothing.
C: They are planning it.
S: So they already put it on Google Maps. Like, okay this will be there in the next ten years.
C: What you will see in the city is they are working on the outskirts of the river. It will come to a point that it will end in the
old harbour there.
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XV Codebook
The qualitative data gained from the 13 interviews is coded to analyse their contents (Creswell, 2009). Coding is the assigning
of codes (that have been previously defined or operationalized in a codebook) to raw data. This allows researchers to engage
in data reduction and simplification. (Decuir-Gunby, Marshall & McCulloch, 2011, p.138).
The codes
First, like Creswell (2009) suggests, categories and themes are made to connect the codes to. Also, these categories, as well
as the themes, are linked to each other. Together the categories and themes make the codes, for example, Energy (category)
- Problem (theme). There are also five codes that are not connected to a theme, but are important subjects within the
categories, for example, Riversystem within the category Water.
Environment
Water
Energy
Economy
Social/General
Habit/Approach
Problem
Awareness
Change/Future
plan
Politics/Policy
Biodiversity
Riversystem
Organic waste
Foreigners
Setting
Categories
Themes
Loose codes
The book
Codebooks should exist of six components: code name/label, brief definition, full definition, inclusion criteria, exclusion
criteria, and and examples (Macqueen et al., 1998; cited in Decuir-Gunby, Marshall & McCulloch, 2011) To make it easier,
because coding is not a main method used in this thesis. This codebook is consists of only, like Decuir-Gunby, Marshall &
McCulloch (2011) use, three components: code name/label, full definition, and an example.
Full definition
Example
Environment
Biodiversity
Environment
Habit/Approach
Environment
Problem
Code name/label
254
Environment
Awareness
Environment
Change/Future plan
Environment
Politics/Policy
Water
Riversystem
Water
Habit/Approach
Water
Problem
Water
Awareness
Water
Change/Future plan
Water
Politics/Policy
Info:
Sewerage board Limassol is responsible for stormwater
management in Limassol.
In Nicosia the municipalities are responsible. (Appendix
3i-XIII)
Energy
Organic waste
255
Energy
Habit/Approach
Energy
Problem
Energy
Change/Future plan
Energy
Politics/Policy
Economy
Foreigners
Economy
Habit/Approach
And it all became very sexy for people to have a bank account
here, to have a second residence here, etcetera etcetera.
(Appendix 3i-IV)
Economy
Problem
Economy
Change/Future plan
Economy
Politics/Policy
Social/General
Setting
Social/General
Habit/Approach
Well, what else about Cypriots. They like good food, they
have good taste for sure. What else? We like to mainly like to
show they have like a nice car, a nice house. (Appendix 3i-VI)
Social/General
Problem
Social/General
Awareness
Every new idea needs time and patience, but it will become
a habit. We need examples to get used to the idea. So, I think
this is the right time to show what you can do in design.
(Appendix 3i-X)
Social/General
Change/Future plan
Social/General
Politics/Policy
257
XVI
In this Appendix the results of the coding process can be found. All data that received the same code is gathered together.
This to be able to find the needed information derived from the interviews.
Environment
Biodiversity
In few words, We recorded different kinds of woody flora one can meet in Nicosia, the ecology status of them and problems
in several rows of trees on the sides of the roads. The trees of the roadsides have been recorded and counted and the 10
most common are:
Ficus microcarpa, Brachychiton diversifolius, Olea europaea, Washingtonia filifera, Schinus terebinthifolius, Tipuana tipu,
Cupressus sempervirens, Cercis siliquastrum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Casuarina cunninghamiana. (Appendix 3i-II)
And its an island with huge resources. We have some of the biggest varieties of plants from all over the world. We also have
our unique animal, the mouflon. It is like a goat with big horns. (Appendix 3i-VI)
The river systems of Cyprus are important habitats for birds in their full- length from the source to the mouth. This is especially
true for dry islands like Cyprus. In higher - usually more wooded parts of Cyprus rivers clusters of dense vegetation are
created, which are attractive shelters, feeding and nesting places for forest bird species. Such species include the Eurasian
Wren Troglodytes troglodytes which is a permanent resident of the island and the Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos which
is a summer visitor from Africa. The Cettis Warbler Cettia cetti - a cryptic and noisy bird - also has a special liking to the
dense riparian vegetation regardless of altitude. Large numbers of invertebrates identified close to river systems are vital
for these insectivorous species. The increased concentration of invertebrates attracts members of the swallow family, like
the Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica, the Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica, the House Martin Delichon urbicum, and the
Sand Martin Riparia riparia. For the Red-rumped Swallow bridges and pipes directing water make the rivers are ideal nesting
site. Even hawks like the Hobby Falco subbutteo, the Eleonoras Falcon Falco eleonorae and the Red-Footed Falcon Falco
vespertinus are attracted by the numbers of insects along the rivers. The Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus, likes riparian
thickets in the lowlands and estuaries for reproduction. (Appendix 3i-VII)
The reeds that grow in flat areas with slow flow , are important breeding places for the Eurasia reed warbler Acrocephalus
scirpaceus, a relatively rare summer visitor from Africa. The winter posts in reed beds are occupied by the Reed Bunting
Emberiza schoeniclus. Reed systems are also points of attraction for the Spotted Crake Porzana porzana, the Little Crake
Porzana parva and the Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus, the latter breeding even in wells near rivers. Although most
commonly found along the coast or in wetlands and dams, the Kingfisher Alcedo athis, uses rivers during winter and migration,
although it doesnt breed in Cyprus. Along the lower reaches, where the river creates steep slopes in soft sediment, the beeeater Merops apiaster and more frequently the Roller Coracias garrulus dig holes for nesting. Cyprus offers a summer refuge
to a significant portion of the European population of the Roller, a species whose protection is of global concern. (Appendix
3i-VII)
The only bird that specializes in hunting through the rivers is the Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea, located in rapidly flowing
rivers with shallow areas where the bird collects aquatic invertebrates. It is a frequent winter visitor to the island and for the
first time breeding evidence was confirmed in Troodos in 2013. (Appendix 3i-VII)
Wading birds such as the Little Bittern Ixobrichus minutus, the Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides, the Night heron Nycticorax
nycticorax, the common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos, the Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola and the Green Sandpiper Tringa
ochropus use rivers especially during migration periods as resting and foraging areas and as migratory routes. Even ducks like
the Teal Anas creccakai and the Garganey Anas querquedula have been observed to migrate along rivers. (Appendix 3i-VII)
In addition to the above , the streams and rivers of Cyprus are important habitats for almost all bird species on the island ,
because they provide water. (Appendix 3i-VII)
Specifically to Garyllis and Pedieos:
We dont hold much specific information about Garyllis. Pedieos however is a river that is linked to 3 Important Bird Areas
(IBAs) (for more info on IBAs read here http://birdlifecyprus.org/en/html-8-Habitats_and_Sites.html ) in Cyprus. These are
Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant, Mesaoria Plain and Famagusta Lakes. Famagusta Lake has been identified as an IBA for
its importance for breeding Plegadis falcinellus, Himantopus himatopus, Vanellus spinosus and Francolinus francolinus. Also
recorded regularly breeding at the site are Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Bubulcus ibis, Burhinus
oedicnemus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Coracias garrulus, Galerida cristata, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and nonbreeding Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ixobrychus minutes, Ardeola ralloides, Botaurus stellaris, Phoenicopterus
roseus, Platalea leucorodia, Falco vespertinus, Circus aeruginosus, Grus grus, Porzana porzana, Porzana parva, Tringa
erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa tetanus, Numenius arquata, Glareola pratincola, Charadrius leschenaultii, Larus audouinii,
Chlidonias niger, Chlidonias hybrida, Alcedo athis, Melanocorypha calandra, Calandrella brachydactyla, Lanius nubicus, Lanius
258
minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia. Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant has been identified as an IBA for its importance
for the regular occurrence on migration of the Oxyura leucocephala, and for breeding Vanellus spinosus, Homantopus
himantopus and Meanocorypha calandra. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Francolinus francolinus, Alectoris
chukar, Burhinus oedicnemus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata, Galerida cristata. Non breeding Egretta garzetta,
Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Ixobrychus minutus, Bubulcus ibis, Ardea alba, Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea,
Plegadis falcinellus, Aythya nyroca, Aquila fasciata, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespertinus, Pernis apivorus, Falco
subbuteo, Accipiter nisus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Tringa erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa totanus, Luscinis
svecica, Calandrella brachydactyla, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus, Acrocephalus melanopogon are regularly recorded.
Mesaoria Plain has been identified as an IBA for its importance for breeding Burhinus oedicnemus, Melanocorypha calandra,
Francolinus francolinus and Galerida cristata. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Alectoris chukar, Athene noctua,
Pterocles orientals (possible breeding area), Coracias garrulus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and non breeding Buteo
rufinus, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespertinus, Pernis apivorus, Falco naumanni, Falco subbuteo, Milvus migrans,
Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Lullula arborea, Calandrella brachydactyla, Antus
campestris, Lanius nubicus, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia, Emberiza hortulana. (Appendix 3i-VII)
Amphibians
Hyla savignyi
Rana ridibunda
Bufo virdis
Reptiles
At http://hscyprus.org/index.php/en/cyprus-reptiles/lizards you can find all the lizards we have in Cyprus but the ones living
in towns are:
Ophisops elegans
Laudakia stellio
Mabuya vittata
Chalcides ocellatus
Hemidactylus turcicus (sta spitia to bradi)
Chamaeleon (ektos) - at Athalassa close to Nicosia
Cyrtopodio kotchie - at Athalassa close to Nicosia
Ablepharus kitaibelli - at Athalassa park close to Nicosia and also in the Pediaios river
Mammals
Mus musculus
Rattus rattus
Hemiechinus auritus dorotheae
Pipistrellus kuhli
Pipistrellus savii
Eptesicus serotinus
Rousettus aegyptiacus (Appendix 3i-XII)
There are some turtles in the Pedieos river. (Appendix 3i-XII)
Eucalyptus is a common species in the riverbed. (Appendix 3i-XII)
Reed is a native species and is good for biofiltration. (Appendix 3i-XII)
I would say that most of the plants grow better in spring but yet again this depends on the type of plant. Comparing Cyprus
to Netherlands plants is not feasible as we are talking about different plants and completely different climates. Keep in mind
that the ecological rule is that a plants growth depends on the factor that is in limitation (for Cyprus is water for Netherlands
I would say is sunshine). In addition to the confusing answers, if we are referring to landscaping plants that have been planted
in the cities, these are being watered regularly. (Appendix 3i-XII)
We let a little bit of water running out of the dam just to maintain the biodiversity along the river. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Habit/approach
They do not necessarily identify with environmental issues. (Appendix 3i-IV)
First of all come the family and the business. So, environment will always come second, or third, or fourth, or fifth. It is not on
their list of priorities. (Appendix 3i-IV)
So, environment is, I do not think it is there on the top of their list. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Now, several companies have proposed several types of alternatives. But it all comes to who is going to pay for it? (Appendix
3i-IV)
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They will not tolerate, because they do not have the income base, to for them now to start paying an extra 5 or 10 euros a
month for the waste to be processed through a processing plant. (Appendix 3i-IV)
So, it just goes into a landfill, and it is not like the landfill is now constructed in such a way you can tap it for gas and have a
biogas. No, it is just landfill. (Appendix 3i-IV)
The main aspect of our work is packaging, packaging waste. We were formed by the industry in 2004. But actual operations,
planning and operations, began mid 2005 and of course it was an outcome of the acceptance of Cyprus in the EU. So,
since 2002 we have the legislation on responsibility of packaging. It was the, it was basically the transposition of European
legislation to a local legal framework. (Appendix 3i-V)
So, a big part of the market, they are registered with us, we represent them and we are collecting the packaging waste. Now
to be able to recover and recycle packaging, based on the fact that recycling was not an issue or was a very small issue for
some very few companies doing the collection of industrial packaging and recycling on why pay the recycling. (Appendix 3i-V)
We calculated that about half of the people in the area where we have the program, participate in our packaging recycling.
(Appendix 3i-V)
But still, breaking the habit of putting everything together and getting into the mindset of sorting things makes a lot of
difference. (Appendix 3i-V)
What we also wondered, we looked at a lot of dry rivers. And we have seen a lot of garbage that has been dumped in these
areas and we do not understand it. Because, you do not have to pay to put your garbage in the bins. Yes, we are very good
in that. You have to drive with it. We do not understand it either, but it happens. (Appendix 3i-V)
Yes, this is a cultural thing. It is something that we have. We are very sensitive with the area within the walls of our house
and our garden. But it is, like, someone can have a perfect garden and throw the materials outside. It does not make sense of
course because waste is still there, but that is something we have. (Appendix 3i-V)
It is unrealistic for a country with a touristic economy, to not care about the environment. But it is something we have been
doing for years. (Appendix 3i-V)
The other thing we were amazed about was, why do people throw their waste from the hill down? Because when you throw
it from the hill, you do not see it anymore. Out of sight, out of mind. So, it is both a cultural issue, but is also an issue of a nonorganized state to take care of it. (Appendix 3i-V)
A very small amount stays here, because we have a plastic fabric one locally, but not a big one. Most of it is pressed and
exported. Same happens with paper, all the paper goes out. All the metals go out. With glass, we keep it here and we use it as
a raw material in the cement factory. Because we do not have a glass recycling facility. Today, most of the treatment, it is not
feasible to do it here. (Appendix 3i-V)
Well, the other thing is that not a lot of people are into the environment here. They just see what money they can take come
it mostly, instead of what they would do for the environment. (Appendix 3i-VI)
They do not care about the petrol. Some of them do, but mostly because they save money on petrol not that much for the
environment. Now, with the PVs that I see the client that wants to install PVs. From all the clients I have only seen one, me,
that wants to install because it is good for the environment. The rest just wants to save money. (Appendix 3i-VI)
I think people in a family are now do probably also recycling. We change our rubbish, garbage, once or twice a week, as
where we would every day in the past. Recycling is going even better now. Like in most cities and villages on the island there
is recycling, but still there are people that are like no I do not do recycling. (Appendix 3i-VI)
But, what does the majority of the people do? Most people now are recycling.(Appendix 3i-VI)
There is something I forgot to tell you about Cypriots. Cypriot people have been through a lot, a lot of stuff, since the ancient
times. We have been a country that everyone wanted to conquer. They wanted our trees, they were cutting our trees to make
boats, ships and everything. The were digging the land to take copper, now we do not have much left. They did, you know,
major changes, even villages were modified because of copper findings they had. (Appendix 3i-VI)
That is why you see so many expensive cars around and people do not care that much about the environment. I think, we did
not have the time and chance to go into that. And another reason that not many things happened for the environment is that
the government and politicians spending their time and money trying to solve the Cyprus problem. Not that they are doing
much there, but it is like considered it more important. (Appendix 3i-VI)
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What I also forgot to tell you about Cyprus, is that we have it all here, different climates. You drive 30 minutes you are at the
beach and you can swim. Another day you drive into the mountains, where there is a more pleasant temperature. And we
have cities. Yes, you have what you need on the island, I guess. (Appendix 3i-VI)
People do separate into some categories already, but do not know how to do the organics yet. A campaign is going to inform
the people how to do this. (Appendix 3i-X)
Info:
Waste is separated by Greendot.
Separated waste is probably shipped to somewhere else to process. (Appendix 3i-XIII)
Problem
Here, they are still using landfill, which is again the EU rules. So, they are having to pay a fine every month, because they are
using landfills. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Of course, through these years of existence in the market and the experience with local authorities and following up all these
developments in the greater waste management sector and the strategies of the governments to deal with waste problems,
because we also have problems with existing dumps. Actually the two large cities are served by dumps, not even secure
landfills. This is something we are in the European courts for now. (Appendix 3i-V)
And given the fact that the supportive mechanisms that should be in place, are still not there. I mean, if you take into account,
for example, that two dumps which served about for 70% of the population actually. The two dumps, at Nicosia and Limassol
where most of the people are, are basically almost free, because it is two or three euros per ton. And if you would have a
competitor, that is sucking all the material because it is free. Anything that costs even a euro is an issue to convince people to
do it, even the industry.(Appendix 3i-V)
The other thing we have to admit, is that we do not have areas where people can take their waste and organise it. We do not
have any green points where people can take their constructions. So even some construction waste of a small restructuring
of your house, you do not know what to do with it, so you just throw it somewhere and it will be okay. It is an issue not only
of the society, but it is an organising issue. (Appendix 3i-V)
The main goal is to reduce consumption. But, water and energy are not the main problem of Cyprus. Waste is. We need to
change a lot around waste, especially the management. (Appendix 3i-X)
They blocked up the rivers, that is why we have a lot of coastal erosion as well. Because we do not get any sediment now
arriving. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
You have to understand that that area is, most of the industry in Cyprus was there along the coast and in the 1960s they would
dump all their industrial waste in the water in that area. So, they needed to do something to restore the place, the conditions.
(Appendix 3i-XIV)
Awareness
So they do not, they do not see a problem themselves in the environment. (Appendix 3i-IV)
And of course we have also the great part of the responsibility of the communication and sensi rationalisation of the
population. (Appendix 3i-V)
We believe that we did a good job given the circumstances in about seven years time. (Appendix 3i-V)
And these are encouraging numbers, not only because it is something new for Cyprus, but also because the citizens do not
have an obligation to participate. (Appendix 3i-V)
Especially the participation three years ago, the initial participation was better than the initial participation seven years ago.
(Appendix 3i-V)
So, it depends I mean, looking at the area demographics are important. You can see different numbers in different even
adjacent municipalities, because here older people are living and not willing to participate, as in the next municipality has
better demographics and much better participation. (Appendix 3i-V)
You already told that they are not very caring about the environment, but are they aware of the climate change? Some of
them yes. Many of them are, but I do not really think there is that much interest in that. (Appendix 3i-VI)
In general, Cypriot citizens start to participate in environmentally based programs, but we have a lot more to do in order to
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Water
Riversystem
Ah, okay, So, in the mountains we have, Troodos mountain, it will snow in the winter period of 3 months and the snow melts
it goes through these rivers downwards. There are a lot of dams, so we collect the water, but after the dams when we do not
have overflow, it is dry. Or upwards, when there is no snow and no rain, again it is dry. So, these rivers are used to, when there
is rain or snow, collection of the water in the dams. (Appendix 3i-III)
So, these rivers when it rains, well not river it is called something else. A river is always with water. These are called something
else. So, when it rains all the rainwater is going into this thing and to the sea. (Appendix 3i-III)
So, also from the city, it goes in the river and then it goes to the sea? Yes, we saw many times these rivers full of water. When,
because, okay, some of it is collected in the streets, but a lot of it goes to these kind of rivers. (Appendix 3i-III)
Info on Garyllis:
The left and right branch of the Garyllis river are artificial, the middle one is the authentic one.
The middle branch did follow a different route before, through the old town.
The left branch was dug after the big flood of 1894.
Also walls where built along the authentic middle branch to prevent floods.
Between the left branch and the middle branch there is a place with the Greek name lake, this is where the water would
go in the old days. (Appendix 3i-XI)
Info:
The only water in the Pedieos river in Nicosia is surface runoff from the city.
In Limassol the water in the Garyllis river might also come from the Polemidia dam (but it almost never overflows, once
every 10 year). (Appendix 3i-XIII)
Through the range you get the major basin of water collection and then you get all these rivers forming along the island.
Some of the rivers will end up, we get rivers on all sides of the island. You get rivers on the west coast near Paphos, you get
in Limassol three rivers, and you get halfway rivers, and then you get very interesting rivers that come from the mountains
and cross the plain and go to Famagusta. That rivers we have here in Nicosia as well, there is a river going right in the
middle. When we say rivers in Cyprus, you do not see any water. We call them rivers, because they have water when it rains.
(Appendix 3i-XIV)
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Habit/approach
We were curious if the sewerage board is only responsible for Limassol or for the Greater Limassol? It is responsible for the
Greater Limassol and for the municipalities around Limassol, like Germasogeia, Agios Athanasios, Agios Tychonas, [...], Meso
Geitonia, Polemidia. Around Limassol, all this area. (Appendix 3i-III)
We do not collect the drainage water, it goes all into the sea. (Appendix 3i-III)
Okay, so you said the water all goes to the sea? All of it yes, by gravity. (Appendix 3i-III)
And what about the awareness on water scarcity? Well, this we are very aware of it. Except some ladies that like to get the
water hose and splash the pavement or wash the car during summertime. (Appendix 3i-VI)
You have to arrange when you have a shower, when you do the washing machine, everything. It is something that we do not
waste that much, we are really trying to save it. But, there are always people that just do not care. (Appendix 3i-VI)
During the Byzantine era cisterns and wells could be found in Limassol. (Appendix 3i-XI)
Info:
There is no dam management yet (both the Tamassos and Polemidia dam are not managed). (Appendix 3i-XIII)
That is something that they used to do a lot in Cyprus. In a city near Limassol, you can go and see, there is a small village
which has the biggest number of cisterns. You know what a cistern is? You collect rainwater from the roof and you store it in
a underground compartment. They used to do this in the old days. They had a well on top and you bring up the water that
you collect. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
This is because they built dams. Well, they blocked all the rivers, because their water motto here is Not a drop of water in the
ocean. That is what they used to say. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Okay, the major lifeline in Cyprus in the Troodos range of the mountains. Troodos, I think it is 1900 meter high, I do not know
I did not study. But it is enough to give you, to get you snow. In the old days we used to have a lot of snow high up in the
mountains. That snow would melt very slowly and that will give you small rivers and freshwater while running out the top of
the mountains for some time, there were times it even lasted up to May the melting of the snow. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
We let a little bit of water running out of the dam just to maintain the biodiversity along the river and to replenish the
groundwater as well in the various areas. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
So, the way they get their drinking water is through groundwater, because otherwise it is very difficult to have a network of
drinking water pipelines to go all over the island. It is impossible. You have to have a local source, the local source is either
groundwater or a small dam. We have a lot of them, the small dams. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Problem
You know is Cyprus we do not have rain, too much rain. The first rain is very polluted, because it collects all the [...] toxics from
the street, all these things. So, we see it is very polluted. We know it is very polluted, because some of it comes through the
sewerage system and goes to the plant and we have seen increased levels so far. Especially [...], because of the car emissions.
Because we have a period of, let say six months, we have rain. When the first rain is, all the pollutants on the street goes
through the drainage to the sea. (Appendix 3i-III)
They are aware of the water problem, but it is not their, it is not a major issue for them. They do not think so. Until they do
not have it and then they start complaining. But in fact, they could have done something about it years ago. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Info:
Landfill at Polemidia dam, water is polluted
The difference in quality of urban surface runoff and rural surface runoff might not be that big. (Appendix 3i-XIII)
There are a lot of arguments of people that what we did is wrong and you should not have done that. The point is, at this
moment, the way we act now, we are facing a huge problem with the groundwater level. Because we pipe up a lot of water,
out of that. We are a small island, so it is very easy for sea water to seep through the piping. One of the worst cases we have is,
if you see the map of Cyprus and you go to Ayia Napa, were all the young people go to have fun. That area, which is a cultural
area, they have a cultural influence. They overuse the groundwater and it is now 40 meters below sea level. So it is actually
useless now, saltwater is rushing in now. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
One of the problems we have with a hot climate like this is that you get a lot of water evaporating in summer, so you have a
big dam with a lot of water and a lot of surface. You lose a lot of water through evaporation, so the question is can I do
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Energy
Organics
We are trying to do.. they plan to collect the garbage. Produce biogas and then produce power. There are biomass units,
especially farmers, but they have cows. So, they have their own. There are now about 20 units, they use electricity from
manure from the cows or pigs. (Appendix 3i-III)
Green residues (organic waste) has great potential in Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-VIII)
But, looking after all these issues and talking to the local authorities and also looking at the planning of the government, we
saw in the process that one of the big issues that needs to be dealt with, and in fact something that is now more and more
regulated by the EU, is the green waste, organic waste, from households and from the industry. Although we are not directly
involved, we scanned the market and tried to find out what are the options available. There are already two composting
facilities, small composting facilities in the Nicosia area. But, the most important thing that we realised in the process, is that
Cyprus is already equipped with, I think it must be 12 by now it was 11, biomass plants at farms to deal with farm waste.
And of course, after talking to these people we found out that even as we speak today they have an incapacity of around
150.000 tons a year. That is about the amount of organic waste that is produced in Cyprus. So if you collect organic waste
separately from the households and the industries, you already have facilities to deal with it. Okay, two of them are already
fully equipped to doing so, the others need some pasteurisation equipment but this is equipment of, lets say, less than half a
million euros per unit. So it is not something significant. And additionally, these are facilities that are very well geographically
located everywhere on the island. In mean, all the areas that have significant production have such a facility close to them,
with an exception of Paphos. But still there are farms in Paphos that need to solve their waste problem as well. So, here we
will have a full-blown network of the farms, full-blown system for organic waste. (Appendix 3i-V)
So, it is not that they have to deal with more waste, they want more waste. (Appendix 3i-V)
But still, we believe these existing biogas facilities are a very good way to deal with the organic issue and have electricity on
one hand, heat you can use in the farms especially during the winter and of course you also have the compost at the end
of the day which when you have properly sorted organic waste you have very good quality compost that can compete with
compost that comes Holland, peat moss. (Appendix 3i-V)
Now there is a small pilot with a number of communities that Kypros spoke with. (Appendix 3i-V)
But you think if now an extra separation possibility comes with organic waste, people would then easily also separate this?
Definately! I think you first have to break the barrier of the too many years of habit of throwing it together. (Appendix 3i-V)
So I think that the work that has been done for packaging for all these years. It is instrumental for electric and electronic
waste, for batteries, for organic. Whatever you try to do, it is easier to do it. Organic is a challenge of course. (Appendix 3i-V)
Well, the existing situation, as you described very well, is not hygienic anyways. It smells, it is dirty, it is whatever. So, try to
deal with the organic directly is not necessary a big change. The same material, but keep them separately. So definitely, when
265
we have a separate collection system and you also manage things in a better order, you will more or less abandon the existing
system with all the dirty bins etcetera. (Appendix 3i-V)
So we believe that the collection of organic is also something that should be done to the extent that you can do it. With at site
collection rather than bins and stuff like that, because the cities are not build for bin places.They do not have the area. So at
site collection, possibly once a week. Maybe in the summer you have to increase the collection because of the temperature.
(Appendix 3i-V)
So I believe that it will be a combination of at site collection for the households and some collection points for our facilities.
With bins, closed bins. Already many hotels have air-conditioned areas that are well climate controlled to keep the waste in
the summer. (Appendix 3i-V)
Yes, well they started doing this in the schools to educate the students. I know some people are doing this, I also do it at my
house. We separate the fresh vegetables from the meat, the cooked stuff, also the fresh eggs and, how do you call it, around
the egg, the peel of the egg. Also things from the garden, when you cut the trees, the grass, everything. All this is put in a
special bin to make our own fertiliser. And you can notice that we reduce our garbage. Like if we put everything in their would
be. I do not know, one cubic meter. It is half of this these days. (Appendix 3i-VI)
If you want to do it, you have to do it yourself, in the backyard. I heard many people trying to organise this in larger scale.
(Appendix 3i-VI)
Biogas is a different case. You can only do it, I think, with processed and cooked food. You need to have a place to put it, like an
anaerobic digester. It has to be closed. With the fresh vegetables, you do it in your garden, it does not smell and also it is not
really a problem to do it. With the other thing you need to have special equipment and educate people. Because, you have
gas production and you have to be careful with that. The thing is they do not even do it with the fresh vegetables and stuff.
That would be very good to organise it. I heard people were trying, but (Appendix 3i-VI)
700 households declare willingness of participation but some of them never took out their house the organic waste for
collection. The average amount of the households who participate in practice is 350. (Appendix 3i-IX)
The mean weight of organic waste per household per week is 20 kg. (Appendix 3i-IX)
All the households had information about the program structure and significance and they decided whether on not to
participate. (Appendix 3i-IX)
The Department of Environment (it is a Government department which runs the organic waste program) provided the
households with the organic waste bin. The future motivation for them to participate will be the electricity provision in
proportion with the collected waste, but for now the program is pilot and the amount of organic waste we collect is very low.
(Appendix 3i-IX)
We believe the most common reason for the households to join the program was their environmental consciousness and
awareness. (Appendix 3i-IX)
40% of the waste in Cyprus is organic and there are a lot of possibilities to create energy from this. In 2014 the EU is going to
give funds for separating organic waste in Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-X)
And the directive, the 98 of 2008 talks about separate collection as well, so especially the last one, the 98 of 2008 talks about
organic, separate collection of organic material. And there is a different directive as well on the green waste policies that you
can do. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
It is Marki, Sha, Lythrodontas and Agia Varvara. And there is the municipality of Dali that does it as well. So, according to what,
only a group of people that are in the government agrees on waste. So, in Nicosia we are going to have separate collection.
Very complex. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
So what is left, is garden waste and the food remain. So the garden waste and the food remain, I go around pep talking and I
do talk about composting. Promote, you need to promote household composting. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
But you need to do it. So you do that, and then you try to get the quality to collect the green waste and to have some use
for it. Like compost or biomass etcetera. And the next thing is collect all the things, the food remain, to produce electricity.
(Appendix 3i-XIV)
Habit/approach
And most of them, all of them, they are using the electricity for their own needs, because if you want to buy electricity it
266
is very expensive, you like holland. It is for us like 22, 23, 24, 25 cents, so it is better to use it for yourself instead of buying
electricity. Because if you want to sell the electricity it is only 11,5 cents. So, it is better to use it instead of selling it. (Appendix
3i-III)
Cyprus has the following renewable energy sources: solar, wind, biomass (mostly solar). (Appendix 3i-VIII)
There are now 14 biogass plants in Cyprus (mean capacity 500 kWh) (for manure). (Appendix 3i-VIII)
At the moment all RES plants are connected with the electricity grid (Electricity Authority of Cyprus- The main provider of
electricity in the island at the moment) and the res electricity is consumed by the public . But in some cases like farms which
they installed biogas plant, they can use a part of the energy that they produced for their own needs. The rest is supplied into
the electricity grid (EAC). (Appendix 3i-VIII)
Biomass yes, biomass we have something like 12 unique digesters that produce electricity. And they also use the compost in
the end.(Appendix 3i-XIV)
Problem
We have three power stations which are the major source of CO2 and a lot of air pollution as well. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Change/future plan
It is not very clear how this will proceed. The government was very adamant to go ahead with the planning to have new
facilities for SRF. They have made a couple of steps back, because those that were supposed to be projects funded by the
EU, or great extent by the EU, but it seems that they are not getting all the money from the EU now. So, they are now talking
about having a SRF facility in the Limassol area, to deal with Limassol, the Greater Limassol waste area. But, for the case of
Nicosia they are now talking about a secure landfill, to start with, and of course this means that Cyprus will have, if we go
in that direction, we will have two plans, with the Larnaca-Famagusta plan and the Limassol plan, two plans for SRF less say
with a capacity of about 350.000 tons to 400.000 tons. The production is close to 600.000 tons, so there is room to do other
things with the waste. So, without being able to predict exactly what will happen, because it is still at the back of the mind
of the government to find ways to find ways to proceed with yet another plant for Nicosia, a SRF plant for the Nicosia area.
(Appendix 3i-V)
Politics/policy
Law on renewable energy, Directive 2/2006. (Appendix 3i-VIII)
If the capacity of the digester is over 30 kW please read the attached pdf (CEA regulatory framework). (Appendix 3i-VIII)
But, apparently, as I said earlier, the governments are not always thinking very rationally. Well, we saw the planning of the
government, we saw that they basically are ignoring all the statistics and going for the construction of new SRF facilities that
would actually dry the organic waste and prepare this as fuel. We are not saying that being on an island definitely we will have
to take energy recovery criteria and see what we can do with energy recovery. But if you have existing facilities that can take
the material at a very low cost, then you have to think twice before you get into huge investments based on the scale of the
market for energy recovery. (Appendix 3i-V)
So biomass is nice and I also promoted that a lot, because if you look at the 1999 directive 31, EU directive 31 of 1999, it talks
about biomass. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Economy
Foreigners
First of all, there was a very large expat, UK expat, present here. Because of the army bases, which still are UK terrain. In other
words, it is owned by the UK. Both army and airforce, both here in Limassol and in Famagusta still belong to the UK. But you
have a lot of people retiring from the army etcetera etcetera, and it was cheap to live here. It was cheap to have an apartment
or a small house to retire to. The weather was good, they knew the island. So, there was a certain amount of economical
support for the island. But it did not, it did not bubble. In other words, the economical levels remained steady. Because there
was not enough English or others, actually residing here, or becoming pensioned here, or taking a second house here. It did
not have a great impact on the island. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Then of course, from 1974 the tourist industry started building up in the whole Med, more people traveling etcetera etcetera,
throughout Europe, on holidays and this and the other, holiday homes. So, they had a little bit of an upside. Why, because they
had their own currency, property was cheap, land was cheap. But, again no bubble. (Appendix 3i-IV)
But then what happened is, you had the disbandment of Russia. And Cyprus being a tax-heaven as such, its own currency,
its own taxes, its own laws. There was a lot of money of different shades, of money, if you know what I mean by shades. I
267
mean, good money, grey money, black money. Call it different shades of money, flowed into Cyprus and also through Cyprus.
(Appendix 3i-IV)
Habit/approach
With regards to business, Cyprus unlike most of the islands in the Med, they are quite exceptional. Inasmuch that for many
many years, up until them joining the EU, they were being looked at as being an offshore opportunity for business. (Appendix
3i-IV)
But, Cyprus is an independent nation. So, that makes a big difference in what they can and cannot do. Up until joining the
euro, they had their own currency, being the Cyprus Pound. That gave them flexibility, in other words, they could value their
currency as they wanted on the open market. So, Cyprus has, shall we say, enjoyed to a certain extend an evolution from their
independence. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Banks etcetera etcetera, especially with the shipping. Shipping has always found a big place here, because it is a transit
between the eastern part of the Mediterranean. Because it has also a free-port, it has dwang vrij. You understand dwang
vrij, with other words, they have a zone in which goods can come in, be remixed, and go out without actually entering Cyprus.
It is a toll-free area. It was very attractive. (Appendix 3i-IV)
And it all became very sexy for people to have a bank account here, to have a second residence here, etcetera etcetera.
(IAppendix 3i-IV)
Economy is on the top of their list, employment is on the top of their list. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Water, as an example, or waste. You have to find out what is important to them first. And then, when it is important to
everybody else, the only way it is going to be solved is by external funds coming in and financing this. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Problem
At the same time of course, when you have this explosion in economy, you have get a lot of misfits, a lot of people trying to
make money on the back of other people. You get an inbalance. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Especially the last couple of years we go through financial problems. The municipalities do not have the money to do their
cleaning properly. (Appendix 3i-V)
I can tell you for sure, in the last two years, in terms of cleanliness and tidiness etcetera, things have been going backwards.
Mostly, because of these financial problems. (Appendix 3i-V)
Change/future plan
Now, when the line of Russian money started coming in, then you had two things which happened. You had the commercial
banking which took off in a big way, but also you had property and prices of ground going up. (Appendix 3i-IV)
And that all came to an end, in one way, by Cyprus joining the euro, not by joining the EU, but by joining the euro. The cost
of living for the locals went up by 20 or 30%. It did not mean that much for the Russians who had the big money, because it
makes no difference they just had enough money. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Politics/policy
There is corruption everywhere. But, when a country grows up so fast there are, there is not enough controls in place. So, it
is manipulated. That manipulation is from top to bottom, through the banking, through economics, through who you know,
who can sign, who can do this and who can do that. So, this has been a big problem for Cyprus, to get their legislation in place.
It is coming, but it is still not there. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Social/General
Setting
So, Nicosia was built on a basis of a financial centre, not a tourist centre, not a residence centre, but a financial centre. Many
many banks here, all the banks, all the European banks were here processing these funds. (Appendix 3i-IV)
So if Nicosia is a financial centre, what is Limassol then? It is commercial because of the port. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Port and tourists? And tourists. Limassol is commercial. Many many banks here, because the expats from whatever country
they are do not reside in Nicosia. Nicosia is not an attractive place to live, it is too hot, it is this and the other. There is no
attraction and distraction. Whereas the coastal places, and Limassol being the major coastal resort, place to live, became also
a type of secondary commercial entity. (Appendix 3i-IV)
268
You can see all the buildings, all the property around, extravaganza. (Appendix 3i-IV)
We even have problems because of the way we built it in the city. For example, you are in the Netherlands, Amsterdam. You
see the city is solid built, when you build in areas, you build all the plots and then you move on. Now we have houses, with
empty spots in between. So people find it easy to go to these places and dump their waste. Especially when it is not close to
their dothouse. Even the way we build creates some of these problems. If you have a solid built area you cannot throw it away,
there are no places to throw it away. (Appendix 3i-V)
If you drive around you see the city is full of garbage. Maybe not a lot of household garbage, but you see other kinds of
garbage. Like electronic, furniture. But you know, people do not have an idea of where to put their garbage. (Appendix 3i-V)
Info on Limassol:
Town started where the old hospital and the post office are situated, after this the centre moved to the current old
centre: at the old harbour and old castle.
In 1940 the town got its roundway, for the movements of military vehicles during WOII.
the British on Cyprus made the port in Limassol more important, therefore flood prevention in the town became more
important.
In 1974 (the Turkish invasion) the big expansion started, with refugee estates (governmental) and people building
privately (building boom).
Limassol expanded to the north and east and municipalities which were far away were now stuck onto limassol.
Limassols population doubled.(Appendix 3i-XI)
So for example, if people buy an empty building plot and eventually they do not build a house on it, is that permitted or not?
The answer to your question is no. There is not, practically, any such restriction. (Appendix 3i-XI)
You know what they make? They say, they decided to do a marina Dubai style. So you will have a road going into the sea and
you have large villas on the side of the road in the water. You have a place to stay, a house, there will be a parking place for
the car, and a parking space on the other side of the house for the yacht. I think they sell them for 3 million or something like
that. (Appendix 3i-XIV))
Yes, in the small villages, most of the small villages in Cyprus, and we have the biggest number of villages per square kilometer
in Europe. There are a lot of small villages around in Cyprus, a lot. Our villages are really small, you get five or ten people living
just there. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Our cities are not designed for pedestrians or cyclists, so it is just cars. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
The only thing is, the Pedieos is very long, you can cycle quite a few kilometers, it is cycling along the river. For most of the
path there is a cycle lane and there is a pedestrian lane. So, when you go there you see the pedestrians are always on the side
of the river, sometimes you are on the left side of the river and sometimes on one bank and than on the other. So, always they
keep the pedestrian lane on the side of the river. But, it is nice. You get on the bike and you go, you get out of the city easily.
(Appendix 3i-XIV)
Because there are a lot of bikes on the bicycle lane and there is a risk of accidents, because of design flaws. There are certain
places where you go straight and then they built this thing, which the architect thought it would be a nice thing to have, but
this small bend that you see on the map, if you are moving a bit faster with the bike you have crashes. You have crashes with
the person coming from the other side, because you cannot see them. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Yes, the guys that do this, they never sat on a bike. It looks good on paper, but it does not work. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Habit/approach
Cypriots are nice people, accept they have a history of home-grown Cypriot versus UK Cypriot. (Appendix 3i-IV)
And like most of these islands they have become very protective of their own culture and their way of life. (Appendix 3i-IV)
They know their island. They are very self-centred in one way. They are very nice people, but they are very protective.
(Appendix 3i-IV)
From the 750 000 inhabitants of Cyprus, Greek Cyprus, there are 100 000 gun licences. And the male population is cars, and
shooting, it is very masculine, very macho tendency. You know, you do as I say and not as I do. (Appendix 3i-IV)
So, it is, the problem is it is a Mediterranean hot blooded existence. They are hot blooded, even the women. When they
have an argument, they have an argument. But then it is forgotten tomorrow and they will have another argument about
something else. (Appendix 3i-IV)
269
They are very lovable, but very hot blooded. (Appendix 3i-IV)
We believe, and of course the culture is the part that not everything is aligned to push people to do it properly. You have to
do things that are very convenient to people, so that they will participate. (Appendix 3i-V)
But, we have also another thing, here we think we are the center of the world. It sounds funny, but really, because we are on
this island and you have to travel with a plane or a boat to go outside. How to say, you think everything is here, but when you
go out you see what is going on. So, the people that go out usually, I do not know, they change their point of view on things.
Well, we are known for our hospitality here, especially up in the villages, like amazing. Which I think is not so common in other
countries outside the Mediterranean. (Appendix 3i-VI)
Well, what else about Cypriots. They like good food, they have good taste for sure. What else? We like to mainly like to show
they have like a nice car, a nice house. (Appendix 3i-VI)
What they care about is what car they will have. You tell them there is a hybrid car, but I like the BMW it is nicer. (Appendix
3i-VI)
People slowly slowly, from mouth to mouth, you see your neighbour doing it. That is one thing we do in Cyprus, you see the
neighbour doing something and you want to do the same. That is one way to make things happen. So, this is how things are
spreading now. You see your neighbour and you think I also want to do that. Something like that. (Appendix 3i-VI)
And the thing is be have been through war many many times and this made us as a nation very suspicious. Although we are
very hospital, we are not that open to new ideas and stuff. We need to meet someone that tried it and then we do it. You
can see, unless you are open minded, it is not so easy to cooperate. And due to the last war we had, in 1974, and the Turkish
invasion, people lost their homes and whatever they had. They lost it when they came to the southern part of Cyprus. So, was
this tendency to buy expensive stuff, giving your kids everything they did not have. (Appendix 3i-VI)
We have a lot of cars in the streets as you can see, everyone drives a car. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
We cycled yesterday, it was sometimes a little bit dangerous. Oh yes, because drivers do not pay that much attention. I14
(Appendix 3i-XIV)
For instance, if you are a Cypriot and you are lost or so, they will not give you the name of the street. They will say: do you
know where so and so shop is? This traffic lights of, we give for example the name of the shop that was near the traffic lights
twenty years ago. The shop is not there anymore, but we say the traffic lights of We do not know the street. (Appendix
3i-XIV)
But, do a lot of people use the river then here, or the park? Oh yes, now it is working day and you will not see many people.
But if you go, for instance in the weekend, yes. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Problem
But the problem is either they stayed abroad, or if they came back they all wanted to be managers. So, one of the problems
with the level of education here, is that you have a mix of education and mentally. And this is a big problem in Cyprus. They
have this external education, but this Mediterranean sort of avrio, avrio, you will get it done tomorrow. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Well, it is a strange time for the municipalities to say the truth. The last two years have been very difficult, most of them are,
for the first time, facing very serious financial problems. In fact, there is this whole discussion going on with consults from the
UK, about the future of the local authorities. So, most of these people are not sure if they will be there as a municipality as
they are today six months from today. So, for them it is like okay this is beyond, at this time. (Appendix 3i-V)
Awareness
But, it also makes them very much aware of how they have been exploited or how they are not been able to fulfill their own
culture, because of you know being occupied by all these other people, or peoples. (Appendix 3i-IV)
This thing does not exist in many countries. Another thing we have is with the family, we consider it very important here Like,
having say lunch or dinner with the family, is something standard. (Appendix 3i-VI)
Every new idea needs time and patience, but it will become a habit. We need examples to get used to the idea. So, I think this
is the right time to show what you can do in design. (Appendix 3i-X)
The Government is more open for listening and people also tend to talk a little more. There is an improvement, but people
are still not trusting the government very much. Therefore, they tend to go to independent body, like the Commissioner of
Environment or NGOs. (Appendix 3i-X)
270
People know that there is a river, but we do not know the name. People know, yes yes yes yes. But, we do not know the name.
It is a peculiarity. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Change/future plan
But, for the local people it was also an opportunity. They started sending their children tom they could afford to send their
children to better schooling. A lot of their children went to universities outside of Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-IV)
If one compares things in the last ten years, a lot has happened. It has been a long way since then, but there is a longer way
ahead. (Appendix 3i-V)
Well, one things I can tell you for sure, is because we are a small island people might be, how to say, prejudiced. Like they are
not so easy to new ideas. Now the new generation is slightly better in this. (Appendix 3i-VI)
And they killed of the public transport we used to have before. Because when I was young I used to go with the bicycle,
busses, everyone was using the public transport. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Politics/policy
Info on Limassol:
Around 1990 Limassol got a new Planning Law, which from then looked at the Greater Limassol and not only at the
municipality. (Appendix 3i-XI)
So, I am not happy, I criticise the legislation quite a lot. Because there are always loopholes if you look in our legislation. We
transpose the European Directive to national legislation and you find loopholes. I know everybody does that. That is why a lot
of the members of Parliament are very angry. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Second problem here is. That is good, it is good that we have legislation, we have problems, but it is good. The big problem is
that we are not usually strict in applying the legislation. From the moment that it passes parliament until whoever needs to
implement the legislation understands it. In the day to day work, whether they will implement it. We lose people. (Appendix
3i-XIV)
271
q Questionnaire
I
Characteristics
A questionnaire was made with general questions (Q1-6), and questions about water (Q7-10) and energy (Q11-14) use etcetera
of households. This English questionnaire was translated into Greek for better understanding under the Greek Cypriots.
Goal
The first goal of this questionnaire was to find out what the opinions (and habits) are of Cypriots and foreigners who live
in Limassol or Nicosia (for at least 6 months a year). This to compare the two cities, as well as Cypriots and foreigners.
Beforehand, the goal was set on 100 filled in questionnaires. After conducting and analysing the questionnaire, the choice
was made to only look at Limassol. Nevertheless is Nicosia still mentioned in distribution, response, and reliability.
Distribution
The initial idea was to distribute the questionnaire on the street, at different locations and at several time slots. Whilst trying
this it became clear that this is quite difficult in Cyprus. People tend to be in their cars or in restaurants/bars/shops, not loose
on the street. Therefore, the questionnaire was digitalised and put online using Qualtrics.com, to distribute the questionnaire
via email and Facebook. People were reached using contact persons on the island. So-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005) made
sure the questionnaire reached inhabitants of Limassol and Nicosia.
NB. In the online questionnaire four questions were added at the beginning to be able to get the informatie we would have
gotten whilst approaching people on the street:
Question
Answer options
Male
Female
Cyprus
Abroad
Response
Online 122 questionnaires were (partly) filled in, of which 96 were usable. The division was as following:
Limassol
Nicosia
TOTAL
Cypriots
27
53
80
Foreigners
10
16
TOTAL
33
63
96
Eventually the 33 questionnaires of the people living in Limassol were used in this thesis.
Reliability
The question is how reliable the results of this questionnaire are. The results might be biased.
Snowballing
Due to the fact that people were reached through snowballing, the results of this questionnaire can be biased. Most of
the contact persons on the island were somehow connected with creating a better environment. If they only shared the
questionnaire with people with a similar mindset, this influences the questionnaire.
272
Questionnaire
Limassol 34.4%
Nicosia: 65.6%
Conclusion
It would have been better to have more response from
Limassol, but it is not assumed that this will severely alter
the outcomes because of the minor difference.
Questionnaire
Cypriots: 83.3%
Foreigners: 16.7%
Conclusion
The difference between reality and our questionnaire is not
extreme, it is not assumed that this will severly alter the
outcomes. Although it might be the case that less foreigners
are reached because of the snowballing.
Questionnaire
Important: 99%
Not important: 1%
Conclusion
The difference between reality and our questionnaire is
extreme, maybe the result of the snowballing or social
desirability. It is assumed that this will severely alter the
outcomes and this needs to be remembered when using the
results.
Questionnaire
1 person: 18.8%
2 or 3 persons: 45.8%
4 or 5 persons: 28.1%
6+ persons: 7.3%
Conclusion
It would have been better to have more response from
people living with 1, or 2 or 3 persons in a household, but
it is not assumed that this will severely alter the outcomes
because of the minor difference.
273
Questionnaire
Apartment: 44.8%
Terraced: 5.2%
Semi-detached: 7.3%
Freestanding: 42.7%
Conclusion
It would have been better to have more response from
people living in terraced or semi-detached houses. It is
assumed that this could alter the outcomes and nthis needs
to be remembered when using the results.
274
In this research we find the inhabitants opinion, your opinion, very important. Therefore, we would
appreciate it very much if you could take the time to fill in this double-sided questionnaire about your
households water and energy use. The 14 questions take just a little more than 5 minutes to fill in.
This questionnaire is confident and no names are asked or used. The results will only be used in our
research (connected to the Wageningen University in The Netherlands).
We are students from Wageningen University, The Netherlands. To finish our Master study Landscape
Architecture we are doing research in Limassol and Nicosia. We are looking at ways to naturally clean
and retain storm water and ways how to use waste products to produce renewable biomass energy.
, ,
.
.
14 5 .
.
(
).
.
.
.
275
Terraced
(3 or more roofs
connected)
Semi-detached
(2 roofs connected)
6 or 7
Rooftop garden
No outside space(s)
Freestanding
(1 roof)
Mostly water
(swimming pool)
Mostly plants
Mostly stone
(path, terrace, etc.)
8 or more
Mostly Totally
disagree disagree
()
(1
)
()
( , .)
Watering plants or
grass
Cooking
Cleaning (incl.
washing car)
Washing (clothes)
Other
Swimming pool
I do not know
Watering plants or
grass
Cooking
Cleaning (incl.
washing car)
Washing (clothes)
Other
Swimming pool
I do not know
Yes
No
Q8b: Would your household like to be able to use more water for the answer given on question 8a?
Choose one answer ...
Toilet
Shower
Q8a: For what does your household use the least water in and around your house? Choose one answer
Toilet
Shower
(.
)
()
(.
)
()
8:
8;
8: ;
7: ;
WATER
Q7: For what does your household use the most water in and around your house? Choose one answer
Economy
Current state
Culture
6: : , . 1 , 2
3 . ( )
Q6: Rank the importance of nature, culture and economy in this city: 1 for most important, 2 for semi-important, and 3 for
least important (use every number just one time)
Nature
E5: ;
My household only visits nature when free for most of the day.
(2
)
8 =
4: ();
()
1. (0.6 )
.
Neutral
(3 )
67
3: () ();
(
)
30oC, .
Mostly
agree
45
Totally
agree
23
2: ;
STATEMENT
Q5: Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Choose one answer per statement
No outside space(s)
Q4: Which characteristic fits the best with your outside space(s)? Choose one answer
Garden
(ground floor)
Q3: Does your house have outside space(s)? More answers possible
Apartment
(more houses under
1 roof)
Q2: In what type of house does your household live? Choose one answer
4 or 5
1: ;
2 or 3
Q1: How many people does your household consists of? Choose one answer
GENERAL
276
(.
)
()
9:
; .
Mostly
agree
Neutral
Mostly Totally
disagree disagree
Transportation
Other
I do not know
Transportation
Other
I do not know
Yes
No
Q12b: Would your household like to be able to use more energy for the answer given on question
12a? Choose one answer
()
(.. )
13: ;
Mostly
agree
Neutral
My household would not mind separating the organic waste (leftovers from
cooking, garden residues, etc.).
Totally
agree
Mostly Totally
disagree disagree
,
(:
).
,
(:
).
(ta , .).
Nothing
(,
.)
12:
12; ..
(.
, ,
.)
(, ,
.)
(.
.)
14: ?
Charcoal
()
STATEMENT
Compost
(,
.)
12: ;
(.
, ,
.)
(, ,
.)
(.
.)
11:
;
,
(: ).
,
(: ).
()
.
Q14: Does your household agree or disagree with the following statements? Choose one answer per statement
Fuel
Electricity
Gas
Q13: Which product from biomass energy production would your household use? More answers possible
Lightening, etc.
Q12a: For what does your household use the least energy in and around your house? Choose one answer
Heating
Maintenance
Cooking
Electronics
Air conditioning
(also water for
(cleaning, garden,
(incl. oven, mixer,
(television,
shower etc.)
etc.)
dishwasher, etc.)
computer,
Washing (clothes)
telephone, etc.)
Lightening, etc.
Q11: For what does your household use the most energy in and around your house? Choose one answer
Heating
Maintenance
Cooking
Electronics
Air conditioning
(also water for
(cleaning, garden,
(incl. oven, mixer,
(television,
shower etc.)
etc.)
dishwasher, etc.)
computer,
Washing (clothes)
telephone, etc.)
NERGY
Totally
agree
Swimming pool
Nothing
10: ?
Washing (clothes)
Other
STATEMENT
Watering plants or
grass
Cooking
Cleaning (incl.
washing car)
Q10: Does your household agree or disagree with the following statements? Choose one answer per statement
Toilet
Shower
Q9: For what would your household use treated storm water in and around your house? More answers possible
II
Single results
The single results of Q2 to Q14 for Limassol are shared here (Nicosia has been left out of the single results).
Most C
ypr
freesta iots live in a
wherea nding house,
s most
for
live in
an apa eigners
r tmen
t
both
have ony,
s
t
o
i
lc
Cypr
a ba
s
Most en and oreigner
d
f
r
a ga as most alcony
b
e
wher have a
y
l
n
o
Both Cypr
iots as we
ll as
the foreig
ners have
m
ostly
plants outs
ide
277
think
ts do not
io
r
p
y
C
st
Mo
place
a healthy
is
l
o
ss
a
Lim
to be
So
me me Cy
etin
p
g p riots
e
gre ople dislike
en
i
spa n pub
lic
ce.
n the
ey agree o
It seems th ere is public
th
fact that
rby
green nea
Cypriots seem
to dislike
living in the
city more
than foreign
ers
278
y
econom
oment
m
e
t
h
s
t
o
At
as the m the
is seen
in
t
u
nt, b
impor ta
uld like
riots wo ost
p
y
C
e
r
em
futu
to be th
nature
t
n
a
impor t
Both
the Cyprio
t
fore
igne s as we
ll as
r
s th
sho
i
the wer use nk the
mos
t wa s
ter
279
they
s think
Cypriot t water for
leas
ing
use the
nd cook
a
g
in
n
clea
fore Most C
ig
y
use ners d priots
mo
and
on
cat
ego re wat ot wa
nt
ries
er f
to
o
t
leas hey us r the
e th
t in
e
nd
priots a e
Most Cy
us
rs would
foreigne ormwater
st
et,
treated
the toil
g
in
h
s
u
and
for
plants,
e
h
t
g
in
water
cleaning
280
k
thin the
s
t
o
i
g
ypr
olin
t
st C nd co e mos
o
M
a
th
ting ses
hea use u ergy
en
ho
Lighten
mainten ing and
ance use
least en
s the
ergy in
t
h
e
house,
Cypriots
believe
281
fore Most C
ig
y
use ners priots
do
mo
and
n
r
cat
ego e ene ot wa
rg
nt
ries
to
the y for
the
y
leas
u
t in se th
e
use
uld
o
w
he
ts
prio
nd t
t Cy ricity a
s
o
M
elect mpost
the
co
Most foreigners
would use
the electricity
282
III
Cross results
With the help of the statistic analysis program SPSS, cross tables are created to see how certain answers are related to other
answers. Again only the results for Limassol are shared.
NUMBER 1
Type of house <> Type of outside space
Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding
40%
100%
100%
94%
80%
0%
100%
78%
0%
0%
0%
0%
No outside
Rooftop
Balcony
Garden
0%
0%
0%
0%
CYPRIOTS
100% = 5
100% = 1
100% = 3
100% = 18
Semi-detached
and freestanding
houses often have
both a garden and
balcony
Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding
No outside
Rooftop
Balcony
Garden
FOREIGNERS
25% 75% 0% 0%
0% 100% 0% 0%
0% 0% 100% 0%
0% 0% 0% 0%
100% = 4
100% = 1
100% = 1
0
NUMBER 2
Type of house <> Characteristics of outside space
Stone
Plants
Water
No
CYPRIOTS
Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding
40%
0%
0%
0%
0% 40% 20%
0% 100% 0%
0% 67% 33%
0% 83% 17%
100% = 5
100% = 1
100% = 3
100% = 18
Appartments
sometimes do
not have outside
space, the rest is
mostly with plants
0% 50% 50%
0% 100% 0%
0% 100% 0%
0% 0% 0%
Stone
Water
0%
0%
0%
0%
Plants
No
FOREIGNERS
Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding
283
100% = 4
100% = 1
100% = 1
0
Outside spaces
of terraced and
semi-detached
houses are with
plants
NUMBER 3
S1: Going outside with temperature above 30C
S2: Visiting nature for whole day
0%
4%
0%
0%
0%
T disagree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M disagree
Neutral
0% 11%
11% 7%
4% 11%
0% 7%
0% 11%
T agree
M agree
0%
7%
0%
0%
7%
0%
0%
4%
0%
0%
T disagree
Neutral
17% 0% 0%
0% 17% 0%
0% 0% 17%
17% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0%
M disagree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M agree
T agree
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
17%
0%
0%
0%
0%
CYPRIOTS
Opinions are
spread
FOREIGNERS
Opinions are
spread
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
0%
4%
0%
0%
0%
M disagree
Neutral
37% 19%
4% 7%
0% 0%
7% 0%
11% 0%
T agree
M agree
T disagree
0%
4%
0%
0%
0%
4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
CYPRIOTS
Most opinions
totally/mostly
agree on both
statements
50% 17%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 17%
0% 0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
T disagree
Neutral
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
M disagree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M agree
T agree
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
FOREIGNERS
Most opinions
totally agree on
both statements
284
4%
4%
0%
7%
0%
T disagree
33%
11%
0%
7%
0%
M disagree
7%
0%
0%
0%
7%
Neutral
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M agree
T agree
11%
4%
0%
0%
0%
4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
CYPRIOTS
Most opinions
totally agree with
S1 and mostly
agree with S2
T disagree
Neutral
33% 17% 0%
0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 17%
0% 0% 0%
M disagree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M agree
T agree
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
17%
0%
0%
0%
0%
FOREIGNERS
Most opinions
totally/mostly
agree with both
statements
7%
4%
0%
4%
0%
T disagree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M disagree
Neutral
22% 30%
0% 4%
0% 0%
0% 4%
4% 4%
T agree
M agree
0%
11%
0%
0%
4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
CYPRIOTS
Most opinions
totally/mostly
agree with both
statements
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
33% 17%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
17%
0%
0%
17%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
T agree
M agree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
285
FOREIGNERS
Most opinions
totally/mostly
agree with both
statements
Neutral
0%
0%
4%
0%
0%
T disagree
4% 0%
7% 11%
11% 4%
22% 11%
15% 0%
M disagree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M agree
T agree
0%
0%
0%
4%
0%
0%
0%
4%
0%
0%
CYPRIOTS
Most opinions
disagree with S1
and agree with S2
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
T disagree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M disagree
Neutral
17% 0%
0% 17%
33% 17%
0% 0%
0% 0%
T agree
M agree
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
FOREIGNERS
Most opinions are
neutral concerning
S1 and agree with
S2
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
T agree
0%
0%
0%
7%
4%
4% 7%
11% 4%
4% 4%
15% 11%
7% 0%
7%
7%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
4%
0%
0%
CYPRIOTS
Opinions are
spread
T disagree
Neutral
17% 0% 17%
0% 17% 0%
0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0%
0% 33% 0%
M disagree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M agree
T agree
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
FOREIGNERS
Most opinions
disagree with S1
and agree with S2
286
7%
4%
4%
7%
0%
19%
4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
4%
4%
0%
7%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
7%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
E-N-C
C-E-N
C-N-E
N-E-C
N-C-E
Under: now
N-C-E
N-E-C
C-N-E
C-E-N
E-N-C
E-C-N
E-C-N
C-E-N
C-N-E
CYPRIOTS
Most think it is
E-C-N now and
want N-C-E in
the future
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
E-C-N
Under: now
N-C-E
N-E-C
C-N-E
C-E-N
E-N-C
E-C-N
N-E-C
N-C-E
E-N-C
NUMBER 4
Ranking now <> Ranking future (Nature - Culture - Economy)
FOREIGNERS
0%
0%
17%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
No conclusion, too
many reponses
missing
NUMBER 5
Type of house <> Most water used
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
11%
Other
Pool
0%
0%
0%
0%
Pool
Other
Washing
20%
0%
0%
22%
Washing
Plants
0%
0%
0%
0%
0% 0% 0% 0%
0% 100% 0% 0%
0% 0% 100% 0%
0% 0% 0% 0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Toilet
Cleaning
60%
100%
100%
33%
Cleaning
Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding
Cooking
Shower
0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%
17% 17%
CYPRIOTS
100% = 5
100% = 1
100% = 3
100% = 18
Apartments,
Terraced and
semi-detached
houses use the
most water for
the shower
Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding
287
50%
0%
0%
0%
Plants
Toilet
Cooking
Shower
FOREIGNERS
0%
0%
0%
0%
25%
0%
0%
0%
100% = 4
100% = 1
100% = 1
0
Opinions are
spread
NUMBER 6
Type of house <> Least water used
0%
0%
0%
6%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%
11% 11%
Pool
Other
Pool
0%
0%
0%
0%
Washing
Other
Washing
Cooking
Toilet
Cleaning
Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding
Plants
Shower
CYPRIOTS
100% = 5
100% = 1
100% = 3
100% = 18
Semi-detached
and freestanding
houses use the
least water for
cleaning
0% 0% 25% 25%
0% 100% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0% 0%
25%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Plants
Toilet
Cleaning
0%
0%
0%
0%
Other
0%
0%
0%
0%
FOREIGNERS
Cleaning
Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding
Cooking
Shower
40%
60%
100%
= 10
100% = 4
100% = 1
100% = 1
0
Opinions are
spread
NUMBER 7
Wish for more <> Least water used
50%
50%
100%
=2
x
x
0%
100%
100%
=1
50%
50%
100%
=2
50%
50%
100%
=2
Plants
Toilet
100%
0%
100%
=2
Other
29%
71%
100%
=7
Pool
x
x
Washing
Yes
No
Cooking
Shower
CYPRIOTS
When least water
is used for the
toilet, more water
for this is wanted,
also sometimes for
watering plants
Pool
0% 0% 0%
100% 100% 100%
x
x
0%
100%
x
x
x
x
100%
=1
Cleaning
x
x
Toilet
x
x
Cooking
Washing
Yes
No
Plants
Shower
FOREIGNERS
No conclusion, too
many reponses
missing
288
NUMBER 8
S1: Alterations on house
S2: Direct benefits
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
T disagree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M disagree
Neutral
44% 11%
7% 22%
0% 7%
0% 4%
0% 0%
T agree
M agree
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
CYPRIOTS
Alterations are
accepted by most,
but all people
would like direct
benefits
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
T disagree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M disagree
Neutral
33% 0%
0% 17%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%
T agree
M agree
17%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
FOREIGNERS
Alterations are
accepted by all,
not everyone
wants direct
benefits
4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
T disagree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M disagree
Neutral
37% 15%
7% 22%
0% 7%
4% 0%
0% 0%
T agree
M agree
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
CYPRIOTS
Alterations are
accepted by most,
but most people
would like indirect
benefits (less than
direct)
289
33% 17%
0% 17%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
T disagree
Neutral
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
M disagree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M agree
T agree
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
FOREIGNERS
Alterations are
accepted by all, all
people would like
indirect benefits
(more than direct)
NUMBER 9
Type of house <> Most energy used
Other
Washing
0%
0%
0%
0%
CYPRIOTS
20%
0%
0%
11%
Air-co
20% 0% 0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
0% 33% 0% 33% 33%
6% 6% 11% 22% 17%
Electronics
0%
0%
0%
0%
20%
0%
0%
6%
Cooking
Transport
20%
100%
0%
22%
Maintain
Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding
Lighting
Heating
100% = 5
100% = 1
100% = 3
100% = 18
Opinions are
spread
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
25%
0%
0%
0%
Other
Air-co
25% 0% 0%
0% 100% 0%
0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0%
Washing
Electronics
0%
0%
0%
0%
25%
0%
0%
0%
Cooking
Transport
0%
0%
0%
0%
Maintain
Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding
Lighting
Heating
FOREIGNERS
100% = 4
100% = 1
100% = 1
0
Opinions are
spread
NUMBER 10
Type of house <> Least energy used
Electronics
Air-co
Washing
Other
0%
0%
0%
6%
0%
0%
0%
0%
20%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Electronics
Air-co
Washing
Other
20%
0%
0%
17%
Maintain
Cooking
Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding
Lighting
0% 20% 20% 0%
0% 0% 100% 0%
0% 67% 33% 0%
11% 28% 33% 0%
Heating
Transport
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
CYPRIOTS
100% = 5
100% = 1
100% = 3
100% = 18
Terraced and
freestanding
houses use the
least energy for
maintenance,
semi-detached
houses for lighting
Cooking
0%
0%
0%
0%
Transport
25%
100%
0%
0%
Maintain
Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding
Lighting
Heating
50%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
FOREIGNERS
0%
0%
0%
0%
100% = 4
100% = 1
100% = 1
0
Apartments use
the least energy
for maintenance,
terraced houses
for heating
290
NUMBER 11
Wish for more <> Least energy used
CYPRIOTS
Maintain
Transport
Cooking
Electronics
Air-co
Washing
Other
50%
50%
100%
=2
25%
75%
100%
=8
22%
78%
100%
=9
x
x
50%
50%
100%
=4
0%
100%
100%
=1
x
x
100%
0%
100%
=1
x
x
x
x
Lighting
Yes
No
Heating
When least
energy is used
for the washing,
more energy for
this is wanted,
also sometimes
forheating and
cooking
Transport
Cooking
Electronics
Air-co
Washing
Other
Yes
No
x
x
0%
100%
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
100%
=2
100%
=2
Lighting
0%
100%
Heating
Maintain
FOREIGNERS
No conclusion, too
many reponses
missing
NUMBER 12
S1: Separating organic waste
S2: Direct benefits
7%
4%
0%
0%
0%
T disagree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M disagree
Neutral
37% 15%
4% 19%
0% 0%
0% 0%
4% 0%
T agree
M agree
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
CYPRIOTS
Waste separation
would be done by
most, but most
people would like
direct benefits
291
M disagree
T disagree
17%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Neutral
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M agree
T agree
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
17% 17%
17% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
FOREIGNERS
Waste separation
would be done
by all, and a
minority would
like direct benefits
0%
4%
0%
0%
0%
T disagree
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M disagree
Neutral
41% 19%
7% 15%
0% 0%
0% 0%
4% 0%
T agree
M agree
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
CYPRIOTS
Waste separation
would be done by
most, but most
people would like
indirect benefits
(more an direct)
0%
17%
0%
0%
0%
T disagree
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
M disagree
50%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Neutral
Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree
M agree
T agree
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
FOREIGNERS
Waste separation
would be done
by all, but most
people would like
indirect benefits
(more than direct)
292
Statistics
Statistics Cyprus
1. Population per district and urban/rural
2. Census of population
3. Water resources
4. Water use
5. Price of potable water - households
6. Energy/electricity use
7. Renewable energy capacity
8. Price of electricity - households
9. Generation and treatment of municipal waste
10. Population per municipality/community
11. Population growth
293
2. Census of population
294
3. Water resources
295
4. Water use
297
6. Energy/electricity use
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
II
306
307
PART 4
308
Calculations
1,072,798.3
21,455.97
Surface sub-watersheds in m2
Surface treatment sub-watersheds in m2 (2% (1))
SUB-W 1
231,726.1
4,634.5
309
SUB-W 2
374,619.4
7,492.4
SUB-W3
359,982.6
7,199.7
SUB-W 4
106,470.2
2,129.4
Extra information
310
Therefore, besides empty plots also spacious streetscapes and multifunctional areas (car parks, sports fields, etcetera) were
used to make sure everyone in the Little Garyllis had to only walk 100 m to the nearest harvesting location.
311
2. Path locations
For the placement of the 3.5 m wide pedestrian and cyclist path in Little Garyllis Performing Park, an exploration on the
options for the location was conducted. Including the locations: river, park, treatment and city, six options are possible. In the
design of Littke Garyllis Performing Park it is made sure that all path options are present, and ensure variety.
river - river
city - river
park - park
park - treatment
treatment - treatment
city - park
city - city
city - treatment
park - river
river - treatment
312
II
1
313
3
314
i Interviews
I
Transcript Achterkamp
Interviewer:
Interviewee:
Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:
Face-to-face, notes
Van Der Valk Hotel Cuijk
30 January 2014
approximately 30
Info:
The Swillgasser is an anaerobic digester, which fits in a standard container.
On and around this container an one meter safety zone is needed, although there is almost no danger.
The digester should be odorless and quiet.
At Van Der Valk only swill (kitchen waste) is processed, but more woody materials should be possible too. Most likely
some other bacteria have to be added, and more compost will be produced.
Op en rondom deze container hoeft er maar n meter vrij te blijven als veiligheidszone, maar er is vrijwel geen gevaar.
In principle is de Swillgasser gereukloos en geluidloos.
At Van Der Valk nothing is really done with the biogas at the moment, but test are done to see what the possibilities are.
Electricity as well as green gas seem an option.
A Swillgasser, in a standard container, costs around 150,000.
315
Interviewer:
Interviewee:
Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:
Email
27 Februari 2014
-
Beste Wouter,
De uitleg in Cuijk vonden we erg nuttig, nogmaals bedankt daarvoor.
Wij hebben wel nog een paar vragen over de Swillgasser.
Op de site staat dat de Swillgasser geschikt is voor minimaal 100 m3 organisch afval, zou je kunnen zeggen hoeveel kg
dat ongeveer is?
Wat is de maximale hoeveelheid organisch afval wat de Swillgasser (opstelling Cuijk) aan kan?
Hoeveel m3 biogas kan er met de Swillgasser worden geproduceerd met 1 kg organisch afval?
Zal de biogas productie sterk afnemen als er meer houtig organisch afval wordt verwerkt, zou je iets kunnen zeggen over
het effect?
Hoeveel water per kg organisch afval is er nodig tijdens het proces?
Hoeveel energie per kg organisch afval is er nodig tijdens het proces?
We zullen het voor nu bij deze vragen houden, hopelijk kunnen ze beantwoord worden.
Alvast bedankt!
Vriendelijke groeten,
Dianne & Vivien
ANSWER:
Hallo Dianne & Vivien,
Onderstaand in rood de antwoorden op jullie vragen.
Met vriendelijke groet, Kind regards,
Huisman Elektrotechniek
Wouter Achterkamp
(Projectengineer)
316
Interviewer:
Interviewee:
Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:
Email
6 June 2014
-
Beste Wouter,
We hadden nog een klein vraagje over een assumptie die wij hebben.
Wij denken dat het omzetten van biogas naar electriciteit minder gevaren (explosie etc.) met zich mee brengt, dan biogas
naar groengas? Kan je dit bevestigen?
Groeten,
Dianne & Vivien
ANSWER:
Hallo Dianne, Vivien,
Excuus voor mijn late reactie, maar door wijzigingen in mijn werkzaamheden heb ik nog maar beperkte toegang tot mijn
email.
Met onderstaande bewering omtrent de veiligheid ben ik het niet eens. Beide situaties zijn zonder problemen veilig
uitvoerbaar, het is hooguit een kwestie welke van de twee opties de meeste/minste kosten met zich mee zal brengen. Dit is
echter weer sterk afhankelijk van de situatie. Het aardgasnet in Nederland zou vergelijkbaar kunnen zijn met een biogasnet
en is daarmee dus niet onveilig te noemen.
Met vriendelijke groet, Kind regards,
Huisman Elektrotechniek
Wouter Achterkamp
317
Interviewer:
Interviewee:
Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:
Email
12 June 2014
-
Hallo Wouter,
Bedankt voor het antwoord, hier kunnen we wel iets mee. Je zegt dat het misschien een kwestie is van meeste/minste kosten.
Wat heeft gemiddeld gezien een hoger rendement groene elektriciteit of groen gas? Hiermee bedoelen we wat is de betere
optie als we het toch voor het kiezen hebben?
We stellen jouw hulp erg op prijs.
Groeten,
Dianne & Vivien
ANSWER:
Hallo Dianne, Vivien,
rendement zegt iets over verliezen. De verliezen hebben betrekking op de gekozen verbruiker, niet of deze elektrisch of op
gas werkt.
Met het rendement wat jullie noemen bedoelen jullie denk ik wat kostentechnisch het beste terugverdien model geeft. Dit
is weer afhankelijk van de ter plaatse geldende kWh (kiloWatt-uur) en aardgas prijzen. Kortom, lastig om hier een uitspraak
over te doen.
Over het algemeen is elektriciteit breder toepasbaar en gemakkelijk te transporteren (de buurman gebruikt het immers weer
van je). Het opwekken op kleine schaal is echter nog lastig. Toch zou ik aanhouden dat wanneer er in er omgeving van de
vergister GEEN warmte vraag is, dat er DAN beter elektriciteit van gemaakt kan worden. Dit met name in verband met het
transport.
Hoop dat dit jullie iets verder helpt.
Met vriendelijke groet,
Wouter Achterkamp
318
319
PART 5
320
c Calculations
I
1. Detention surface
2. Show digester
1. Detention surface
Needed
Precipitation in mm (1)
Runoff in mm
Surface
Runoff in m3
SUB-W 1
57,9
46,32
231726,1
10.733,55
SUB-W 2
57,9
46,32
374619,4
17.352,37
SUB-W3
57,9
46,32
359982,6
16.674,39
SUB-W 4
57,9
46,32
106470,2
4.931,70
Runoff in mm
Runoff in m3
Available in design
Detention 1
Detention 2
Detention 3
Detention 4
TOTAL
SUB-W 1
1.072
6.332
3.348
SUB-W 2
3.717
1.610
12.111
10.752
17.438
SUB-W3
3.053
4.129
2.953
7.043
17.178
SUB-W 4
4.287
1.340
5.627
2. Show digester
Households
Park
897.413
82%
195.757
18%
300.000
= 27%
Housholds
Park
Contribution in kg
Biogas yield in m3 (2)
Electricity yield in kWh (2)
246.000
24.599,89
49.199,79
56.762,55
56,76
321
54.000
3,781,40
7.562,76
II
1. Water use
2. Electricity use
1. Water use
Water use by digester
Water use in L per kg feedstock (1)
Amount of feedstock per year in kg (2)
Water use in m3 by digester
0,35
300.000
105
255.862,39
105
Excess water
255.757,39
Eto in inch
per day (4)
January
Februari
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Plant factor
Square feet
0,055880112
0,075928009
0,106680213
0,148293963
0,190500381
0,224409449
0,232410465
0,214630429
0,17191601
0,120650241
0,077427822
0,054610109
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
Efficiency
Gallons of
water per day m3 per day
(5)
January
Februari
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
45,111.28
61,295.68
86,121.53
119,715.76
153,788.44
181,162.78
187,621.90
173268.31
138,785.52
97,399.35
62,506.46
44,086.02
170.76
232.03
326.01
453.17
582.15
685.78
710.23
655.89
525.36
368.70
236.61
166.88
Constant
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
TOTAL water
in m3 per
month
5,293.71
6,496.82
10,106.17
13,595.20
18,046.73
20,573.27
22,017.01
20,332.65
15,760.81
11,429.60
7,098.38
5,173.40
TOTAL
155.923,70
100% can be covered by the stormwater harvesting
(1) = (Appendix 4i-I) (0.35 L / kg is used due to drier feedstock)
(2) = (Appendix 5c-I)
(3) = (Appendix 3c-I)
(4) = (Bruggeman et al., 2011)
322
December
0,75
44,086.02
166.88
5,173.40
TOTAL
155.923,70
100% can be covered by the stormwater harvesting
2. Electricity use
Electricity use by digester
Electricity use in kWh per kg feedstock (1)
Amount of feedstock per year in kg (2)
Electricity use in MWh by digester
0,058
300.000
17,4
56,76
17,4
Excess electricity
39,36
Length of path in m
Amount of lights (one every 10 m)
Annual consumption per LED light in kWh (3)
Total electricity use lights in MWh
5.000
500
292
146
27% can be covered by the show digester
323
III
Park
651.413
65.141,30
130.282,60
39.084,78
141.757
9926,62
19.853,24
5.955,97
75,067.92
150,135.84
150.14
45,040.75
180,201
2.76
65,290.22
780
50926371.60
897,413
50028958.60
5002895.86
10005791.72
300173.52
TOTAL
TOTAL electricity yield in kWh
TOTAL electricity yield in MWh
TOTAL electricity yield in GWh
TOTAL green gas yield in m3
10.155.927,56
10.155,93
10,16
934.855,30
324
2. Cars as consumer
Driving electric or on green gas
Efficiency
Electric
Green gas
10 m3 = 100 km (1)
Electric
325
Extra information
Slope types
326
II
Vegetation list
This vegetation list is made with the help of TsTsintides, Hadjikyriakou & Christrodoulou (2002), Janssen (2006) and images on
Google. The following aspects were of importance whilst chosen vegetation:
Able to grow in lower altitudes up to 100 m.
Mostly trees and shrubs are chosen that are already present on the island, the only exception is made for filter plants.
Fitting in the white, green-yellow, orange, red, brown, black colour scheme.
Schemes
In three schemes (indigenous/endemic, adventive/cultivated/extotic, and new to the island) the following characteristics are
shared.
Type
Origin: indigenous/endemic or adventive/cultivated/exotic
State: evergreen or deciduous
Tree, shrub or different (possibly climbing)
Height
Maximum height
Transparency
Estimate: open/medium/dense
Crown shape
Only if it is a tree, otherwise: N.A.
Estimate: columnar/oval/round/oblate/narrow pyramidal/wide pyramidal/ovate/wide ovate/narrow obovate/v-shaped/
wide v-shaped/ narrow weeping/wide weeping
Indigenous/endemic
Latin name
English name
Type
Height
Transparency
Crown shape
Alnus orientalis
Oriental Alder
20 m
medium
oval
Arbutus unedo
Strawberry Tree
5m
medium
oblate
Asparagus stipularis
Wild Asparagus
indigenous deciduous
tree
indigenous evergreen
shrub
indigenous shrub
2m
open
n.a.
Ballota integrifolia
endemic shrub
1.5 m
dense
n.a.
Bosea cypria
Entire-Leaved
Horehound
Cyprus Bosea
2m
dense
n.a.
Celtis australis
Southern Nettle-Tree
20 m
medium
oblate
Ceratonia siliqua
Carob Tree
endemic evergreen
shrub
indigenous deciduous
tree
indigenous evergreen
tree
10 m
dense
oblate
Clematis cirrhosa
Virgins Bower
5m
medium
n.a.
Crataegus monogyna
One-Styled Hawthorn
7m
medium
round
Cyprinia gracilis
8m
medium
n.a.
Ficus carica
indigenous evergreen
climbing shrub
indigenous deciduous
tree/shrub
indigenous deciduous
climbing shrub
indigenous deciduous
tree/shrub
6m
medium
oblate
327
Leaves
Type
Size: small/medium/large
Colour: pale/medium/dark
Flowers
Type
Colour
Time
Seed/fruit
Type
Colour
Time
Role
Role in providing human comfort: shade in summer (HS) and or wind barrier in winter (HB), medium crown
transparency: + needles or hairy leaves = fine dust (HF), + needles or waxy/leathery leaves = volatile organic matter
(HP), + flat large leaves = ozone (HO) (Hiemstra, Schoenmaker Van der Bijl & Tonneijck, 2008)
Role in filtering stormwater (F)
Appearance: crown shape (AC), flowers (AF), seeds/fruit (AS), leaves (AL), odour (AO)
Storytelling capacity of: where there is water, there is vegetation (SW) or of cultural (SC)
In:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Leaves
Flowers
Seeds/fruits
Role
catkins yellow/red
winter
petals white
autumn/winter
petals green/yellow
spring
blossoms white/red
spring
petals green/brown
spring
petals green/yellow
- spring
petals green/
brown/orange
autumn
nuts brown
summer
berries orange/red
spring
berries black
autumn/winter
nuts brown
summer
berries red
summer
drupes green/
brown autumn
pods brown
summer
HS (2-4)
SW
HP (1-4)
AS (2)
AL (2-4)
SC
SC
blossoms white/
yellow winter
blossoms white
spring
petals yellow/green
summer
blossoms white
spring
achenes white
spring
pomes red
autumn
follicles brown
autumn
syncarps brown/
purple summer
HB (1-4)
AS (3)
HS (2-4)
HB (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AF (4)
AS (3)
SC
AF (1)
AS (2)
AS (3)
HP (2-4)
HO (2-4)
AF (2)
AS (3)
AL (2-4)
SW
328
Hedera Helix
Ivy
Helichrysum
conglobatum
Inula viscosa
medium
n.a.
Everlasting
indigenous evergreen
climbing shrub
indigenous subshrub
80 cm
medium
n.a.
Clammy Inula
indigenous subshrub
1.5 m
medium
n.a.
Juniperus
phoenicea
Phoenician
Juniper
indigenous evergreen
tree/shrub
10 m
medium
oblate
Laurus nobilis
Laurel
indigenous evergreen
tree/shrub
10 m
dense
round
Lawsonia inermis
Henna Plant
indigenous evergreen
tree/shrub
6m
medium
round
Myrtus communis
Common Myrtle
indigenous evergreen
shrub
3m
medium
n.a.
Nerium oleander
Oleander
indigenous evergreen
shrub
4m
medium
n.a.
Olea europaea
Olive Tree
indigenous evergreen
tree/shrub
10 m
medium
round
Ononis spinosa
Spiny Resth-harrow
indigenous subshrub
80 cm
medium
n.a.
Origanum majorana
Sweet Marjoram
endemic shrub
1m
open
n.a.
Phragmites australis
Reed
indigenous perennial
herb
3m
medium
n.a.
Pistacia atlantica
Terebinth Tree
indigenous deciduous
tree
15 m
medium
oblate
Pinus brutia
Calabrian Pine
indigenous evergreen
tree
25 m
open
wide pyramidal
Platanus orientalis
Oriental Plane
indigenous deciduous
tree
30 m
medium
round
Polygonum
equisetiforme
Horsetail Knotweed
indigenous subshrub
1m
medium
n.a.
Cyprus Oak
Quercus infectoria
15 m
medium
oblate
Rubus sanctus
Holy Bramble
indigenous evergreen
shrub
2m
dense
oblate
Salix alba
White Willow
indigenous deciduous
tree
30 m
medium
round
Sarcopoterium
spinosum
Prickly Burnet
indigenous shrub
50 cm
medium
n.a.
329
petals green/yellow
autumn
petals white/yellow
spring
petals white/yellow
summer/autumn
cones yellow/brown
winter
berries black/yellow
autumn/winter
achenes white
spring
achenes white
autumn
cones red/brown
autumn
petals white/green
winter
berries black
autumn
petals white/yellow
spring
blossoms white
spring/summer
capsules orange/
brown summer/
autumn
berries black/white
autumn/winter
blossoms white
spring/summer/
autumn
petals white/green
spring
follicles brown
autumn/winter
pods brown
summer/autumn
blossoms white/
pink spring/
summer/autumn
petals white
spring/summer/
autumn
panicles brown
summer/autumn
petals brown/green
winter/spring
caryopsises
brown summer/
autumn
drupes red/green
autumn
cones yellow/red
spring
petals green
spring
petals white/red
spring/summer/
autumn
catkins green/
yellow spring
achenes brown
spring/summer/
autumn
nuts brown/green
autumn
blossoms pink/white
all year
catkins green/
yellow winter
capsules green/
yellow spring
petals white/
yellow/red winter
achenes green/red
spring
drupes black/purple
autumn/winter
nuts green/brown
summer/autumn
SW
SC
HF (?)
AS (4)
SW
HB (1-4)
HF (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AS (1-4)
HB (1-4)
AS (4)
AO (1-4)
SW
HO (1-4)
AS (2)
SC
AO (1-4)
SW
SC
HB (1-4)
AF (2-4)
SW
HP (1-4)
AS (4-1)
SC
HF (1.4)
SW
HF (1-4)
AO (?)
SC
F
SW
HS (2-4)
SC
HF (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AC (1-4)
SC
HS (2-4)
HF (2-4)
HP (2-4)
SW
HS (2-4)
AF (1-4)
AS (1-4)
SW
HS (2-4)
HF (2-4)
F
SW
AS (3)
330
Silene fruticosa
Woody Catchfly
indigenous subshrub
50 cm
dense
n.a.
Styrax officinalis
Storax
6m
medium
round
Tamarix tetragyna
Desert Tamarisk
indigenous deciduous
tree/shrub
indigenous deciduous
tree/shrub
15 m
medium
oblate
Tamarix tetrandra
Tamarisk
3m
open
n.a.
Ulmus canescens
Mediterranean Elm
10 m
medium
oval
Vitex agnus-castus
Caste Tree
indigenous deciduous
shrub
indigenous deciduous
tree
indigenous deciduous
shrub
3m
medium
n.a.
Adventive/cultivated/exotic
Latin name
English name
Type
Height
Transparency
Crown shape
Acacia salicina
Willow Wattle
10 m
open
round
Agave americana
Century Plant
7m
medium
n.a.
Albizia julibrissin
Silk Tree
exotic evergreen
tree/shrub
adventive evergreen
perennial herb
exotic deciduous tree
15 m
medium
oblate
Alcea setosa
Bristly Hollyhock
adventive herb
1.5 m
open
n.a.
Aracaria heterophylla
70 m
medium
narrow pyramidal
Artemisia
arborescens
Arundo donax
Shrubby Wormwood
adventive shrub
1m
dense
n.a.
Giant Reed
adventive evergreen
perennial herb
6m
medium
n.a.
Arundo plinii
3m
medium
n.a.
Caesalpinia gilliesii
adventive deciduous
shrub/tree
adventive evergreen
perennial herb
adventive evergreen
perennial herb
4m
medium
round
Campsis radicans
exotic deciduous
climbing shrub
adventive evergreen
perennial herb
10 m
medium
n.a.
Cestrum nocurnum
Night Jessamine
exotic evergreen
shrub
3m
medium
n.a.
Citrus sinensis
Sweet Orange
cultivated evergreen
tree
6m
dense
ovate
Dalbergia sissoo
Sissoo
10 m
medium
round
Dodonaea viscosa
Hopseed-Bush
4m
dense
n.a.
Eucalyptus
gomphocephala
Eucalypt, Tuart
adventive evergreen
shrub
exotic evergreen tree
45 m
medium
oval
331
petals white
spring
petals white
spring
petals white
winter/spring
petals white
spring
petals red/brown
winter
petals white
summer/autumn
capsules brown
spring/summer
drupes brown
summer/autumn
achenes green/red
capsules brown/
white spring
capsules brown/
white - spring
samaras brown
summer
drupes brown autumn
Leaves
Flowers
Seeds/fruits
Role
petals green/white
autumn
panicles yellow/
green ?
blossoms white/red
spring/summer
pods brown
spring
capsules brown - ?
AO (4)
blossoms white/red
spring/summer/
autumn
cones brown
autumn
schizocarps brown
summer/autumn
petals yellow/white
spring
panicles grey
summer/autumn
achenes brown
summer/autumn
caryopsises brown
autumn
caryopsises brown
autumn
pods brown
summer/autumn
panicles grey
summer/autumn
blossoms yellow/
red spring/summer/
autumn
petals orange/red
spring/summer/
autumn
petals white/green
summer/autumn
petals white
spring
berries orange
autumn/winter
petals green/yellow
spring
blossoms yellow/
green winter
petals white
spring
pods green/brown
autumn/winter
capsules yellow/
brown summer
capsule green/
brown - summer
pods brown
autumn
cones brown
spring
capsules green/
brown summer/
autumn
berries white
autumn
HF (2-4)
AO (2)
HS (2-4)
SW
SW
HS (2-4)
AO (1-4)
SW
AC (1-4)
SW
HS (2-4)
HO (2-4)
AF (2-3)
HF (2-4)
HO (2-4)
HB (1-4)
HF (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AC (1-4)
AO (1-4)
SC
HB (1-4)
F
SW
F
SW
AF (2-4)
HF (1-4)
HO (2-4)
HP (1-4)
HO (1-4)
AL (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AS (4-1)
SC
HS (2-4)
HB (1-4)
AF (1)
HB (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AO (1-4)
SW
332
Fallopia aubertii
Russian Vine
exotic evergreen
climbing shrub
8m
medium
n.a.
Ficus benjamina
Benyan Fig
exotic evergreen
tree/shrub
12 m
dense
wide weeping
Gleditsia triacanthos
Honey Locust
20 m
open
round
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
China Rose
exotic evergreen
tree/shrub
4m
dense
round
Jasminum
grandiflorum
Justicia adhatoda
Spanish Jasmine
exotic deciduous
climbing shrub
adventive evergreen
shrub
4m
open
n.a.
4.5 m
dense
n.a.
Leucena
leucocephala
Liquidambar
styraciflua
White Popinac
10 m
open
wide v-shape
Sweet Gum
adventive deciduous
tree
12 m
medium
oval
Lonicera japonica
Japanese
Honeysuckle
Bracelet Honey
Myrtle
Prickly Pear
6m
medium
n.a.
exotic evergreen
tree/shrub
adventive shrub
14 m
dense
oblate
5m
medium
n.a.
Parthenocissus
quinquefolia
Ampelopsis
exotic deciduous
climbing shrub
20 m
medium
n.a.
Phoenix dactylifera
Date Palm
30 m
medium
narrow obovate
Phytolacca dioica
Bellasombra
adventive evergreen
tree
exotic evergreen tree
15 m
medium
round
Plumeria alba
Frangipani
8m
medium
oblate
Punica granatum
Pomegranate
adventive deciduous
tree/shrub
7m
medium
round
Pyracantha coccinea
Firethorn
3m
medium
n.a.
Quercus ilex
Holm Oak
cultivated evergreen
shrub
exotic evergreen tree
25 m
medium
oblate
Robinia pseudoacacia
False Acacia
25 m
medium
round
Schinus
terebinthifolius
Sophora japonica
Brazialian Pepper
Tree
Japanese Pagoda Tree
adventive deciduous
tree
exotic evergreen tree
15 m
medium
oblate
20 m
medium
round
Sambucus nigra
Common Elder
adventive deciduous
tree/shrub
10 m
medium
round
Melaleuca armillaris
Opuntia ficusbarbarica
333
Justicia
petals white/green
spring/summer/
autumn
blossoms white (?)
summer/autumn
AC (1-4)
syncarps yellow/
brown - ?
pods brown
summer/autumn
capsules brown - ?
petals white/green
spring
blossoms red
spring/summer/
autumn
blossoms white
summer/autumn
blossoms white
spring/summer
HB (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AC (1-4)
HS (2-4)
AS (3-4)
HB (1-4)
AF (2-4)
blossoms white/
green spring
petals green
spring
petals white/yellow
spring/summer
petals white/yellow
autumn/winter
blossoms yellow/
orange spring
berries black
summer
capsules brown
winter/spring
berries orange/red
summer/autumn
berries black
summer/autumn
petals white/red
spring/summer/
autumn
petals white/yellow
spring
petals green/white
spring
blossoms white/
yellow summer
blossoms red
spring
syncarps red/yellow
summer/autumn
petals white
spring
catkins green/
yellow spring
pomes red/orange
autumn
nuts brown
autumn
petals white
spring
petals white
summer
panicles green/
yellow summer
petals white - spring
pods green/brown
summer
drupes orange/red
autumn
pods green/yellow
autumn
drupes purple/black
- summer
berries black
autumn/winter
capsules brown
summer
AO (3-4)
HB (1-4)
HO (1-)
AF (2-3)
AL (1-4)
AO (2)
HS (2-4)
AL (4)
SW
AC (?)
HB (1-4)
AF (4-1)
HF (1-4)
AF (2)
AS (3-4)
AL (1-4)
HO (2-4)
AL (4)
AC (1-4)
HS (2-4)
HO (2-4)
AF (3)
AO (3)
HP (2-4)
AF (2)
AS (3-4)
SC
HB (1-4)
AS (4)
HB (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AL (1-4)
HS (2-4)
AS (4)
HS (2-4)
AF (3)
HS (2-4)
HF (2-4)
HO (2-4)
AF (2)
SW
334
Taxodium distichum
Swamp Cypress
40 m
medium
wide pyramidal
Tecomaria capensis
Cape Honeysuckle
exotic evergreen
shrub
4m
medium
n.a.
Vitis vinifera
Grape
adventive deciduous
climbing shrub
6m
open
n.a.
Washingtonia filifera
Washingtonia
30 m
medium
narrow ovate
Withania somnifera
Common WinterCherry
adventive evergreen
tree
adventive subshrub
1.5 m
medium
n.a.
Yucca elephantipes
Spineless Yucca
12 m
medium
v-shape
Zizyphus zizyphus
Jujube
adventive deciduous
tree/shrub
7m
medium
oblate
English name
Type
Height
Transparency
Role
Carex appressa
Dianella revoluta
Leucaphyta brownii
Melaleuca ericifolia
Microleana stipoides
Tall Sedge
Black-anther Flax-lily
Cushion Bush
Swamp Paperbark
Weeping grass
Perennial grass
Perennial herb
Perennial subshrub
Tree/shrub
Perennial grass
1m
1m
70 cm
8m
70 cm
medium
medium
dense
medium
medium
F
F
F
F
F
335
catkins green/
brown spring
cones brown
summer
blossoms orange/
red autumn/winter
petals green/white
spring
capsules brown
autumn/winter/
spring
berries purple/red autumn
panicles white/
yellow summer
petals green all
year
blossoms white
summer
petals yellow/green
spring
drupes black
autumn
berries red
spring/summer/
winter
capsules red/brown
- ?
drupes red/brown
autumn
HS (2-4)
AC (2-4)
SW
HB (1-4)
AF (4-1)
HO (2-4)
AL (2-4)
AS (4)
AL (1-4)
HO (?)
AL (1-4)
AF (3)
HS (2-4)
AL (2-4)
AS (4)
336
337