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Performing Urban Landscapes

for creating physically and mentally sustainable cities

A test case in Limassol, Cyprus


D. van de Berkt & V. Francis

Performing Urban Landscapes


for creating physically and mentally sustainable cities

A test case in Limassol, Cyprus


D. van de Berkt & V. Francis

Colophon
D. (Dianne) van de Berkt
dianne.vandeberkt@gmail.com

Supervisor:

V. (Vivien) Francis
vt.francis88@gmail.com

Dr. Ir. Ingrid Duchhart


Assistent Professor Landscape architecture
Wageningen University

All rights reserved. No part of this


publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of
either the authors or the Wageningen
University
Landscape
Architecture
Chairgroup. This publication is written as a
final master thesis in landscape architecture
by order of the chairgroup of landscape
architecture at Wageningen University.
Chairgroup landscape architecture
Phone: +31 317 484 056
Fax: +31 317 482 166
E-mail: offi ce.lar@wur.nl
www.lar.wur.nl

Examiner:
Prof. Dr. Ir. Adri van den Brink
Chair Landscape Architecture
Wageningen University
Examiner:
Ir. Rene de Waal
Promovendus
Wageningen University

Post address
Postbus 47
6700 AA, Wageningen
The Netherlands
Visiting address
Gaia (building no. 101)
Droevendaalsesteeg 3
6708 BP, Wageningen
Printed by Digigrafi B.V., Veenendaal
Wageningen University, 2014

This research was made possible through


the generous funding of Stichting NH Bos

Preface
This thesis, as part of the MSc program of
Landscape Architecture, shows the work
of its researchers Dianne van de Berkt and
Vivien Francis. It is their pleasure to share
their passions, in finding solutions for water
and environmental problems within the
domain of landscape architecture, with you
in this research. An iterative journey of design
research results in a better understanding of the
role of landscape architects in creating both a
physically and mentally sustainable city: a much
needed development in this urbanising world,
with climate change luring around the corner.
But without the knowledge and inspiration of
certain people this thesis could not have been
finalised. A big thanks to supervisor Ingrid
Duchhart for her guidance. Also to Bas van
Vliet, Eddy Moors, Wim van der Knaap and
Kees Hendriks, for the brainstorm sessions
leading to the proposal. In Cyprus, the test
case location, thanks to: our contact persons
Stella Hadjipanagi and Raymond Francis,
Adriana Bruggeman, Katerina Charalambous
and Marinos Eliades from The Cyprus
Institute, Charalambos Theopemptou (former
Commissioner of Environment), Water Board of
Lemesos, TerraCypria, the interviewees, and the
respondents of the questionnaire. Appreciation
towards Pieter Germeraad and Roel Dijksma
for sharing their knowledge on water (details),
and Wouter Achterkamp on the Swillgasser
technology.
Last but not least, a thank you fellow students,
friends and family for all the support.

Summary
The amount of people living in cities compared
to in rural areas is increasing. Currently,
these cities are not very sustainable, as they
often have a linear metabolism of consuming
input and repelling waste. In this thesis, the
physical and mental sustainability of urban
areas is increased through performing urban
landscapes. This is done through two aspects:
1) creating a circular metabolism to close city
cycles for physical sustainability, and 2) by
creating environmental awareness for mental
sustainability. The role of landscape architects
is of great significance in designing performing
urban landscapes. Not only should the
processes in the landscape function, it should
also be aesthetically appealing, and people
should be able to experience everything.
For the first aspect of creating a circular
metabolism, the researchers of this thesis
propose that the process of stormwater
harvesting and re-use, and the process of energy
production of organic waste should cooperate.
These topics are chosen because quite some
cities, especially in the Mediterranean Region
and/or in (semi-)arid climates, deal with water
quantity problems. In other words, having too
much stormwater in the winter and too little
in the summer. Another big linear metabolism
problem is the fact that urban areas create a
large amount of waste, which is passed on to
the rural areas for processing. The connection
between these processes may not seem
obvious, but this thesis provides insights and
solutions to prove it is possible.
The development of toolboxes, a research
for research method, is chosen to enable the
researchers in creating a performing urban
landscape for Limassol (Cyprus), by using the
toolboxes design options. Whilst testing the
toolboxes in Limassol, it turned out that the
results remained too broad and were not
specific enough, but the lessons learned from
the process gave valuable input for the following
design exploration. By applying the research
through designing method, the design of the
Little Garyllis Performing Park was made, and
the characteristics of designing a performing
urban landscape were unravelled.

Readers guide
Here are some useful insights for reading this
thesis, to start with the term Cyprus. It must
be clear that the island Cyprus and the country
Cyprus are not the same. When Cyprus is
discussed geographically in this thesis, it is the
island which is debated. But, when Cypriots,
economics, politics or statistics are disputed the
southern Greek part of the island is meant.
Furthermore, when a figure is marked with an
asterisk (*) in its caption, this figure is derived or
adapted from an external source. These external
sources can be found in the list of figures.

The content

Before starting to read, a brief introduction to


the global content of the six parts of this thesis
is shared here.

Part 1

This first part gives an introduction to the


theories included and a review on the topic.

Part 2

Before starting the design research, this part


explains why and how this design research has
been conducted.

Part 3

The third part summarises all the information


on the island Cyprus, the country Cyprus and
the city Limassol that was needed to be able to
conduct the design research.

Part 4

The research part of this this can be found in


this part.

Part 5

This part holds the design part.

Part 6

Finally, the discussion and conclusions are


shared in this sixth part.

Table of contents
Preface
Summary
Readers guide

Part 1 Introduction
1.1
1.2
1.3

Scope of this thesis


Theoretical framework
Topic review

Part 2 Research structure

15

3.1
New knowledge
3.2 Purpose
3.3
Research questions
3.4
Process

Part 3 Cypriots and their island


3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

Mediterranean Cyprus
Green mountains and dry plains
Altered land
Life on the island
City of attraction and distraction
Room for intervention
Watershed in distress
Little Garyllis
Points of attention

Part 4 Getting water and energy to cooperate


4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

81

The cooperation of the two processes


First sieve: toolbox
Strengthening role of the urban park
Second sieve: design explorations

Part 5 Envisioning Little Garyllis


5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

25

Design inspiration
Little Garyllis Performing Park
Four Fanaria
Limassol Network

101

Part 6 Findings
6.1

155

Discussion and conclusion

List of figures
References
Appendices

161
163
173

1.1 Scope of this thesis


The first chapter of this thesis gives a little sneak preview. The well-known questions of What?,
How? and Why are answered to give an idea of what this design research is about.

What?

This thesis combines two strategies to make


the expanding urban areas more sustainable.
Physical sustainability by changing the citys
metabolism from linear to circular, and mental
sustainability by creating environmental
awareness.

How?

Landscape architects can play a significant


role when creating a physically and mentally
sustainable city. This by designing a performing
urban landscape. A landscape that is a setting
for closing city cycles, as well as a medium for
creating environmental awareness.
The proposal of this design research is the ability
to cooperate the processes of stormwater
harvesting and re-use, and energy production
from urban organic waste, and herewith
closing city cycles. By ensuring that people
can experience all steps of the processes in an
aesthetic way, also environmental awareness
may be created.

Why?

There is a knowledge gap on how to translate


the theory of urban metabolism into design.
Furthermore, there is not a lot of research
on the role of landscape as medium to create
environmental awareness, and no design
examples were found.

1.2 Theoretical framework


In this chapter theory on the overarching subjects of this thesis is outlined [F1.1].

[F1.1] The theoretical framework.

Sustainable urban design

Sustainability is a commonly used word


nowadays, but the meaning remains somewhat
unclear for a lot of people. The reason for this
is that there are many definitions. For this
thesis the most commonly used definition
is adopted, namely that the demands of the
present generation are met, but without losing
the future generations ability to meet their
own demands (Willis, n.d.). Sustainable urban
design, more specifically, is concerned with
incorporating sustainability on two scale levels:
in the individual building and in public town
planning (Gosling & Maitland, 1984 cited in
Frey, 1999, p.9).

The urban setting

Over half of the population on this planet live in


cities. Between 2009 and 2050 the population
of cities is likely to grow from 3.4 billion to 6.3
billion (UN, 2010 cited in While & Whitehead,
2013, p.1325). These increasing urban areas
bring several problems. Biodiversity is, for
example, under pressure due to urbanisation
(Hoff, n.d.), and imperviousness can increase
stormwater runoff (Gallo et al., 2013) and
therefore increase flood risk (Montenegro
& Ragab, 2013). Cities play a big role in the
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currently changing climate. Cities make up


for over 80% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions
globally every year (UNEP/UN-HABITAT, 2005
cited in While & Whitehead, 2013, p.1325),
but they are also amongst the most vulnerable
sites that have to deal with the consequences
of climate change (While & Whitehead, 2013).
Furthermore, several studies show that the
demands of a city are large, with an ecological
footprint reaching further than their borders
(Pincetl, 2012). Baccini (1997) states that 7080% of the worlds resources are used by cities.
Thus, cities are both instigator as well as
victims. Is it therefore a wise decision to try to
make cities more sustainable? Beatley (2000)
and others state that cities play a big role in
making the world more sustainable, especially
by reducing their ecological footprints. Cities
- through their spatial organisation, their
management practices, and the development
of their economic bases can be the locus for
significant reductions in demand and pressure
on the planets resources and ecosystems
(Beatley, 2000, p.4).

Creating sustainable cities

Previously, the definition of sustainability used


in this thesis is has been determined, and in
this definition the word demands is used. What
these demands are and how to achieve them
will be discussed now.
There are three demands every generation
has: 1) social justice and cultural diversity, 2)
the conservation of air, water and biodiversity,
and 3) economic expansion to conquer poverty
(Willis, n.d.). The concepts often used for the
three directions of sustainability are cultural,
environmental and economic sustainability, or
in other words: people planet profit (e.g.
Meyer, 2008).
The approach of this thesis to create sustainable
cities is twofold. First of all, by changing the
urban metabolism, and secondly by creating
environmental awareness.
From a linear to a circular metabolism
Changing the urban metabolism is the first
strategy for creating urban sustainability.
Metabolism means the sum total of the
technical and socio-economic processes that
occur in cities, resulting in growth, production
of energy and elimination of waste (Kennedy,
Cuddihy & Engel-Yan, 2007, p.44). Currently,
cities seem to have a linear metabolism of
absorbing inputs (food, energy, goods, water)
and repel outputs (organic waste, emissions,
inorganic waste, waste water) (Meijer et
al., 2011). Fundamental for creating a more
sustainable city is adjusting its metabolism
(conceived by Wolman in 1965) from linear to
circular [F1.2]. The city needs to function as
an ecosystem, being a self-sufficient (Kennedy,
Pincetl & Bunje, 2011) eco-effective city
reducing its ecological footprint (Newman,
2010). This circular metabolism creates new
inputs from its own outputs, zero emissions,
and clean air and water (Meijer et al., 2011).

The urban metabolism methodology is


practical and standardised enough for urban
areas to follow (Kennedy & Hoornweg, 2012).
Nevertheless, some guidance is useful. Green
urbanism can help and give guidance for
designing a more sustainable circular city.
Green urbanism is used as a means to describe
cities that are smart, secure and sustainable
(Newman, 2010, p. 149). Lehmann (2010)
explains that this is achieved due to the
interaction between three main pillars: energy
and materials / water and biodiversity / urban
planning and transport. Cities adapting the
green urbanism framework (Lehmann, 2010,
p.3):
respond well to their climate, location,
orientation and context, optimising natural
assets such as sunlight and wind flow,
are quiet, clean and effective, with a
healthy microclimate,
have reduced or have no CO2 emissions, as
they are self-sufficient energy producers,
powered by renewable energy sources,
eliminate the concept of waste, as they
are based on a closed-loop ecosystem
with significant recycling, reusing,
remanufacturing and composting.
Both Lehmann (2010) as well as Meijer et al.
(2011) state that there is an importance in
letting activities, design components, and cycles
cooperate. Where Meijer et al. (2011, p.539)
emphasise that an effective development
would in fact take place within the existing city
[] it would save the green space outside the
city.
Creating environmental awareness
Sustainable landscape design must do more
than function or perform ecologically; it must
perform socially and culturally (Meyer, 2008,
p.16). Therefore, the second strategy for more
sustainable cities is creating environmental
awareness, and landscape design can play a

[F1.2]* The difference between a linear and circular metabolism.

role in this. Meyer (2008, p.10) believes that


design can alter an individuals consciousness
and perhaps assist in restructuring her priorities
and values. Nassauer (2012, p.224) adds that:
because landscapes are visible and inherently
integrative, landscape can be a medium that
synthesises diverse environmental functions
and human perspectives. This changing of
environmental ethics can lead to attentiveness,
empathy, love, respect, care, concern and
action towards sustainable design (Meyer,
2008, p.20). Hence, besides guiding the city
physically towards sustainability, also its users
are directed psychologically towards a different
environmental mind-set.

and creates new forms required for new types


of usage (Vroom and Steiner, 1991 cited in
Duchhart, 2007, p.15).

The role of the landscape architect

Importance of urban landscape

As became clear in the previous paragraph,


urban design involves buildings and town
planning. Thus, where do landscape architects
play a role? This part elaborates on the role
landscape architects can play when both
the citys metabolism needs to be altered,
whilst simultaneously creating environmental
awareness. But first, landscape architecture
as a discipline is explained, the researchers
landscape architectural lens is shared, and the
importance of urban landscape is described.

Landscape architectural lens

The landscape architectural lens is a profession


orientated theoretical lens, which is often
used by qualitative researchers to review
their studies (Creswell, 2009). This lens is of
importance, because it shows the researchers
idea of what landscape architecture stands
for and what it can do. To understand the lens
of the researchers, the terms landscape and
landscape architecture need to be clear.
There are many different definitions for the
concept landscape. Landscapes are continuously
changing and therefore dynamic (Antrop,
1998; Dramstad & Fjellstad, 2011). Landscapes
are formed by natural processes, human
interventions, and especially the interaction
between those natural processes and human
interventions. Mankind has adapted the
landscape in such a way that it is more suitable
for their living and needs (Antrop, 1998).
Therefore, landscape is the visible result on the
surface of earth of the interactions between man
and nature (Kerkstra & Vrijlandt, 1988 cited
in Duchhart, 2007, p.16). Architecture is the
ordering and shaping of space (Vroom, 1986
cited in Duchhart, 2007, p.15) and landscape
architects see the landscape as this space.
A specific focus of landscape architecture is
placed on understanding the elements and
qualities present in the physical realm (Jauslin,
n.d.). Besides space, activities are of importance
too in landscape architecture. A landscape
architect adapts already existing developments,
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The researchers of this thesis find it important


that landscape architects step in when dealing
with environmental problems. Landscape
architecture can contribute in solving problems,
which is the main aspect of the core landscape
architectural approach design as synthesis
(Crewe & Forsyth, 2003). To turn these
challenges into opportunities natural processes
can be mimicked and the services of ecosystems
can be used (Meyer, 2008), and a design can be
educating through awareness creation.
The role of the landscape architect in designing
(parts of) cities has become more eminent, this
due to, for example, the landscape urbanism
movement. Landscape urbanism ensured that
landscape is more and more seen as the basic
building block of a city (Thompson, 2012).
First landscape in cities was seen as left-over
places, places unsuitable for buildings. Now
with landscape urbanism, culture and natural
processes help the designer to arrange the
urban form (Steiner, 2011). Together with
the fact that, the in the previous paragraph
mentioned, green urbanism is interdisciplinary,
landscape architects now can play a major role
in urban design (Lehmann, 2010).
As landscape was not the basis of urban
design for long time, green is currenly added
to cities again. This urban greening promotes
more natural vegetation in cities, for example
for sustaining wildlife (Birch & Wachter, n.d.).
Besides implementing green in the city solely
because it looks nice and it may attract some
wildlife, green can have more problem solving
functions. It can act like infrastructure: a
network of natural and semi-natural areas that
protects and enhances ecosystem services,
regenerative capacities, and ecological
dynamism over long time frames (Marcucci
& Jordan, 2013, p.184). Besides clearly doing
something for the planet, green infrastructure
can also improve the quality of life (people)
and increase economic activity (profit)
(Marcucci & Jordan, 2013). To elaborate, green
infrastructure is the network of all the unbuilt
vegetated spaces in the city (Kambites & Owen,
2006 cited in Schffler & Swilling, 2013, p.247).
It consists of a variety of green features on all
scales: hedgerows, green roofs, floodplains,
rivers, etcetera, but these are only green
infrastructure when they are of high quality
and capable of providing more than just being
green space (European Commission, 2013). A
green roof, for example, when designed with
this thought can help with pollution reduction
(Rowe, 2011). Landscape architects can play a

role in creating or adjusting this variety of high


quality green features, which are capable of
providing more than just being green space.

Experiencing the performing urban


landscape

Beautiful sustainable landscape design involves


the design of experiences as much as the design
of form and the design of the ecosystems.
(Meyer, 2008, p.18)
A performing urban landscape involves the
design of both function and appearance:
function can ensure direct sustainability, in this
case by creating a circular metabolism, and the
aesthetic appearance can help with creating
environmental awareness (Meyer, 2008).
Both function and appearance, technique and
aesthetics, need to be intertwined. Therefore,
it is not form follows function or function
follows form (Sauerbruch & Hutton, n.d.),
but a joint effort of function and appearance
[F1.3]. The goal is to create the most appealing
appearance, that allows the processes to
function as optimal possible.

[F1.3] The joint effort of function and form.

Important though is the experience of the


performing urban landscape, of both the ecotechnologies as well as aesthetics. In this thesis
narratives are of importance in doing so: stories
about the natural processes, the cultural use,
and the alterations made to it (Potteiger &
Purinton, 1998). People should experience
the story of nature and culture, as in nature

and man-made (Meyer, 2008). When showing


how function and appearance, and nature and
culture can work together, people can learn
something (Forsyth, Musacchio & Fitzgerald,
2005). Furthermore, it should be experienced
that the landscape is dynamic not static, it is
often experienced through movement (Meyer,
2008). Thus, paths are the bookmarks for the
storytelling. They guide along different sensory
experiences (Forsyth, Musacchio & Fitzgerald,
2005). It changes every season, and it changes
over time (Koh, 2013). Lastly, the narrative
should be experienced with all senses, not only
visual (Meyer, 2008).
The language of landscape is our native
language. Landscape was the original dwelling;
humans evolved among plants and animals,
under the sky, upon the earth, near water.
Everyone carries that legacy in body and
mind. Humans touched, saw, heard, smelled,
tasted, lived in, and shaped landscapes before
the species had words to describe what it
did. Landscapes are the first human texts,
read before the invention of other signs and
symbols. (Whiston Spirn, 1998, p.125)
When creating a performing urban landscape,
landscape architects are crucial, because of the
interdisciplinary approach of the field (Meyer,
2008). Although the technical and aesthetical
part of the design are not separable, two
different roles can be played by a landscape
architect: the technical landscape architect and
the creative landscape architect.
Technical landscape architect
Whilst using natural processes, the landscape
architect finds its role in eco-engineering.
Infrastructures functionally integrated with
landscapes become sustainable, multifunctional
and self-organising with educational, aesthetic
and even recreational effects (Koh, 2013, p.27).
The function helps to experience the aesthetic.
Within eco-engineering five design principles

Design consistent with ecological


principles: include and copy
natural structures and processes in
your design

Design for site-specific context:


every location is different

Design for eciency in energy and


information: let nature do some of
the work for you

Acknowledge the values and


purposes that motivate design:
create benefits for both the society
as for nature

Maintain the independence of


design functional requirements:
keep solutions simple and practical

[F1.4] Design principles within eco-engineering.

[F1.4] can be distinguished (Bergen, Bolton &


Fridley, 2001).
Creative landscape architect
Within eco-engineering there is already
some attention for aesthetics. But to fulfil the
creative role of the landscape architect, to fully
experience the aesthetics, some insights on
preferences, elements and qualities are needed.
The five general environmental preferences are
(Nassar, 1998 cited in Carmona et al., 2010,
p.169):
Naturalness: environments where natural
elements dominate over built elements
(see infobox 1.1)
Upkeep/civilities: environments that are
managed, clearly looked after
Openness and defined spaces:
environments with a mix including defined
open spaces with views on nice elements
Historical significance/content:
environments that raise positive

associations
Order: organisation, coherence, congruity,
legibility, clarity

Besides these general preferences, the


appreciation of design is also culturally defined
(Meyer, 2008). When applying design elements
and qualities, the common design style needs to
be reviewed, as well as the sense of place and
the site conditions (Hansen, 2010). Probably,
because design elements and qualities are
culture- and location-bound, different literature
sources (Hutchinson, n.d.; Rutledge, 1971; Loidl
& Bernard, 2003; Hansen, 2010; Whiting & de
Jong, 2013) do not agree on what these design
elements and qualities should exactly be.
Therefore, a selection of design elements [F1.6]
and design qualities [F1.7] has been made to
work with during this thesis.

INFOBOX 1.1: cues for intended natural design


Peoples environmental preference towards naturalness is confusing. Using natural processes in
the cultural city, can cause unfamiliarity and rejection of it. Messy ecosystems do not seem to
be welcome in the urban area (Nassauer, 1995). Forsyth, Musacchio and Fitzgerald (2005) also
state that unattractive natural vegetation needs cues to show it is intended. Van Ruijven (2010)
conducted a research for her Master thesis to find out what these cues can be, and translated
them into seven design principles [F1.5].
Flowering plants and trees

Architectural details like


sharp edges

Framing

Trimming, mowing,
ordering , and linear
planting

Bold pattern in use, color


and maintenance

Level of cultivation
responds to site

[F1.5]* Design principles for creating cues for intended natural design.

The color white

Colour: a crucial mood-setting


element of design, it can also draw
attention to a certain feature

Scale: related to the surroundings


and an appropriate size for
humans (proportions)

Form: connected to lines, as lines


shape

Texture: the feel and/or look of


the surface (fineness/coarseness,
roughness/smoothness, heaviness/
lightness)

Line: the horizontal and/or vertical


structure former, straight lines for
a formal look and organic lines for
an informal look

[F1.6] Five design elements used in this thesis.

Unity: or harmony is realised by


linking elements and features to
create a clear composition

Sequence: change/ow in form,


colour, texture, and size for
movement/life

Simplicity and variety: the working


together of repetition (no change)
and diversity (contrasts)

Emphasis: a focal point is needed


to keep the attention

Balance: the (a)symmetry on the


left and right side

[F1.7] Five design qualities used in this thesis.

10

1.3 Topic review


In this chapter the literature review on the topic and a proposition are shared [F1.8].

[F1.8] The topic review with a proposition as result.

Cooperation of two urban resources

To create a more sustainable city with a circular


metabolism, open cycles have to be closed
by harvesting resources. There are enough
outflows (waste) that have potential to be used
again (Agudelo-Vera et al., 2012). Within this
urban harvesting, four strategies are defined
(Agudelo, Rovers & Mels, 2009 cited in AgudeloVera et al., 2012, p.4):
Multi-sourcing: locally available and
renewable resources (e.g. stormwater,
solar power)
Cascading: remains of flows, usable for
lower quality purposes (e.g. wastewater
from shower as flushwater for toilet)
Quality upgrading and recycling: on-site
treatment for re-use
Quality upgrading and closing loops: onsite treatment of a system without inputs
or outputs
This thesis is based on the last strategy: creating
a circular metabolism by closing city cycles,
without new inputs and as little outputs as
possible. To do so, the researchers of this thesis
propose that the processes of stormwater
harvesting and re-use, and of energy production
from urban organic waste have the potential to
cooperate and strengthen each other.

Urban water: stormwater harvesting and


re-use

Water is the largest component of the urban


metabolism (Kennedy, Cuddihy & Engel-Yan,
2007). Therefore, it is a logical choice to make
a water-related process the main topic of this
thesis. This design research focusses on cities
with a water quantity problem. To be more
clear: too little water in the summer, and
more water than manageable in the winter.
The Mediterranean is an example of a region
dealing with these kind of water problems. The
Mediterranean region has hot/dry summers
11

and cool/wet winters (Mediterranean climate,


2014), bringing periods of water scarcity
and extreme events as droughts and floods
(Choukr-Allah, 2012). The coastal areas and
the highly urbanised areas are particularly
affected by water stress, because of the uneven
distributed rainfall and the seasonal variations
of water resources (Bixio et al., 2006). On
the other hand, urban areas also suffer from
external water dependence, flooding and
stream degradations (Farreny et al., 2011).
Furthermore, the Mediterranean region is
also one of the most sensitive areas regarding
possible consequences of the present climate
change (Calbo, 2010), therefore the situation
for this region is very distressing. Besides the
Mediterranean region, also other regions suffer
from this water quantity problem, for example
regions with a (semi-)arid climate (Montenegro
& Ragab, 2012). According to Angelakis et al.
(1999) and Fatta et al. (2005) there is a need
to look for alternative water resources, and
solutions can be found in recycling water.
Most of the water problems such as droughts,
water shortages and floods in dry regions
are related to stormwater. Especially in
cities the paved areas ensure a decrease
of the permeability of soil, and decrease
of infiltration, which results in accelerated
surface runoff (increasing floodrisk) and soil
erosion (Niemczynowicz, 1999; Charalambous,
Bruggeman & Lange, 2012). Also, natural
streams are often channelled in urban areas,
which results in altered ecological systems, and
a fast runoff of urban stormwater with high peak
flows (Niemczynowicz, 1999). Furthermore,
runoff water from roads may be polluted by
heavy metals which come from brakes and tires
of vehicles, and drip loss (fuel, gear oil, grease,
brake fluid, antifreeze, etcetera) (Gbel, Dierkes
& Coldewey, 2007). Besides this, stormwater
runoff from roads can also contain organic

compounds (Helmreich & Horn, 2009).


The quantity and quality problems of urban
stormwater runoff can be turned into an
opportunity, when this water is harvested
and treated. Besides preventing droughts and
floods, stormwater harvesting has many other
benefits in addition. It may reduce:
a citys external water demand (Helmreich
& Horn, 2009; Farreny et al., 2011;
Kathijotes, 2012)
water stress on the area (Farreny et al.,
2011)
energy use (less groundwater pumping)
(Kathijotes, 2012)
non-point source pollutant loads
(Niemczynowicz, 1999; Mitchell et al.,
2007; Farreny et al., 2011)
drinking water consumption (Abdulla & AlShareef, 2009; Chanan et al., 2010)
And it also may:
help to alleviate climate change (Farreny
et al., 2011)
add aesthetic and recreational values to a
city (Niemczynowicz, 1999; Mitchell et al.,
2007)
Social acceptance
Besides all the benefits of stormwater
harvesting, there are some social constraints
which prevent people to implement this. These
social constraints include issues of health and
safety, aesthetics and impacts on recreation
(CSIRO, 2006):
Odour problems
Visual impacts
Noise disturbance
Health and safety: physical injuries,
contamination, vermin
The re-use of stormwater in non-potable
applications is publicly accepted. Surveys
initially show strong community support when
it comes to the use of recycled water, but this
supports does decline when people see the
actual project proposal (McArdle et al., 2011).
There are a couple of reasons for the public
opposition to the use of recycled stormwater.
According to McArdle et al. (2011) these
reasons include:
Concern for public health
Economic impact
Environmental impact and social value of
land

Urban waste: energy production from


urban organic waste

For closing cycles, positive loops and tradeoffs are necessary (Agudelo-Vera et al., 2011).
Therefore, a second process has been identified
to work together with the process of stormwater
harvesting and re-use. Possibilities are found

in urban environmental quality. To achieve


urban environmental quality quite some topics
can be discussed on different scale levels. The
main topics that are present in most, if not all,
scales are: air quality, soil quality, and water
quality. These qualities are often threatened
by greenhouse gas emissions and/or waste
mismanagement (Anonymous, 2000; DAlisa, Di
Nola & Giampietro, 2012).
How can both the problem of greenhouse gas
emissions and the management of waste be
addressed? Waste management is seen as
an urban problem, because of the collection,
shortage of landfills, and limited urban space for
recycling (Gandy, 1994 cited in Uyarra & Gee,
2013). Several references in Aranda Usn (2013,
p.72) emphasise the magnitude of the collection
and transportation of urban waste within the
city and towards the locations where the waste
is processed. This is done by vehicles, which
are after power plants (USA 32%) the biggest
contributors of greenhouse gas emissions (EPA,
n.d.). Therefore, waste is not only a nuisance
itself, but its management also contributes
to greenhouse gas emissions. Dealing with
waste within cities as an effective development
(Meijer et al., 2011), could decrease the
magnitude of the transportation of urban waste
and therefore reduce greenhouse gas emissions
for a small part. The Council of Europe (2007
cited in Aranda Usn et al., 2013, p.72) states
that the collection, sorting, transportation,
processing and recycling of municipal solid
waste in an environmentally friendly manner
can lead to solutions that are sustainable in the
medium and long term, taking into account the
needs of urban development demands.
Besides this, a different management style of
waste could help to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions even further. Due to the lens of the
researchers answers to problems need to be
found in natural processes, hence using the
organic part of the waste. The separation of
urban organic waste could be rewarding (see
infobox 1.2). Creating energy from urban organic
waste can help to increase the air quality, soil
quality, and water quality (Cheng, n.d.; Basu,
2010). The air, for example, will have a better
quality due to less greenhouse gas emissions
from power plants, and cars (when changing
to driving on green electricity or gas). Beside
these environmental benefits, there are also
two socio-economic benefits: 1) All countries
have waste, but not all countries have crude
oil or natural gas. Therefore, a lot of countries
are importing energy resources from foreign
countries. Producing own renewable biomass
energy will make countries more energy
independent (Cheng, n.d.; Khanal & Lamsal,
n.d.; Basu, 2010), and 2) This shift in waste
management can create local job opportunities
12

(Cheng, n.d.) and thereby improve the economy


(Khanal & Lamsal, n.d.; Basu, 2010). Besides
this, governments can also profit from better
tax revenue (Khanal & Lamsal, n.d.).

some environmental distress. It can be seen as


dirty, contaminated and non-renewable and
hazardous for humans and ecosystems (Rsch
& Kaltschmitt, 1999, p.354).

Social acceptance
Besides some technical barriers, there are also
some other barriers that prevent the increase
of energy derived from biomass generally.
Rsch & Kaltschmitt (1999) describe some of
these barriers, such as: the higher production
costs of heat and/or electricity from biomass.
But overall, energy derived from biomass
is accepted by the public. If not, people are
often not familiar with the opportunities and
benefits (Rsch & Kaltschmitt, 1999). Attitude
does change with the type of feedstock. The
use of virgin biomass (grown solely for energy
purposes) is often seen as negative (Muradov
et al., 2010). Using non-virgin biomass, waste,
as feedstock could be positive for peoples
attitude, but waste as feedstock also brings

Furthermore, there could be some social


constraints involving the location of the digester
used in the waste to energy process. Peoples
attitude towards renewable energy can change
if they are faced with it in their neighbourhood.
They can then suffer from the NIMBY effect.
They are in favour of renewable energy sources,
but Not In My Back Yard (NIMBY) (Rsch &
Kaltschmitt, 1999).

INFOBOX 1.2: urban organic waste and its yields


When talking about urban organic waste in this thesis, two resources are selected: 1) organic
waste produced by households, small businesses and hotels, to have a more bottom-up approach
to create environmental awareness (Yang et al., 2012), and 2) the organic waste produced due
to the need of citys vegetation maintenance (Lyytimki & Sipil, 2009). For this design research
(peri-)urban agricultural and industrial organic wastes are not taken into account.

Biogas yields from Dutch examples

During biochemical anaerobic digestion two products are created: compost and biogas. The
compost can be used as fertiliser and the biogas can be transformed into electricity and heat or
green gas (Agentschap NL, n.d., p.2):
10 m3 biogas can be transformed into 20 kWh electricity and 85 MJ warmth
10 m3 biogas can be transformed into 6 kg green gas (100 km of driving)
The amount of biogas produced depends on the composition of the urban organic waste, which
contains organic household waste and waste from urban vegetation maintenance. The following
rules of thumb are composed with the help of information on Dutch potentials:
Organic household waste:
30% of the waste of a household is organic (Appendix 1c-I)
100 kg of this organic waste is turned into 10 m3 biogas (Agentschap NL, n.d., p.1-2)
Urban vegetation maintenance:
Vegetation has different amounts of maintenance output [T1.1]
100 kg mixed vegetation maintenance waste is turned into 7 m3 biogas (E-kwadraat
Advies, n.d.)
[T1.1] The different amounts of maintenance output of vegetation (see Appendix 1c-I).

Type of vegetation
Woody
Grass
Reed
Heather

13

Amount of maintenance
output in kg per m2 per year
0.67-1.65
0.25-4
1.43-7.14
0.13-2.25

14

15

16

17

2.1 New knowledge


Research is a structured inquiry that utilises acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems
and create new knowledge that is generally applicable. (Grinnell, 1993 cited in Kumar, 2005, p.7)
This new knowledge is created when gaps are present in the knowledge currently available, and
there is a significance to get rid of this gap (Kumar, 2005).

The gap

In this case the knowledge gap is twofold.


First of all, there is a gap between the theory
of urban metabolism and its translation to
design. Secondly, comprehensive knowledge on
the contribution of appearance to sustainable
landscape design could not be found.

Designing for the urban metabolism

Kennedy, Pincetl & Bunje (2011, p.1970) state


that the potential to use the concept of urban
metabolism in an urban design context is a
relatively new development. They elaborate
on the only three attempts to design with the
concept of urban metabolism findable. First,
Oswald and Baccini (2003 cited in Kennedy,
Pincetl & Bunje, 2011, p.1970) start to show in
Netzstadt how morphological and physiological
tools can be used together, how they can be
integrated. For reconstructing New Orleans
after hurricane Katrina, John Fernandez,
together with students from MIT, used material
flow analysis to come up with more sensitive
design regarding ecology (Quinn, 2007 cited
in Kennedy, Pincetl & Bunje, 2011, p.1970).
Students studying civil engineering at the
University of Toronto also created a sustainable
design at neighbourhood scale using the urban
metabolism. These students included green
buildings, sustainable transportation, and
alternative energy systems in their designs,
examples are: greywater use for toilets,
wastewater sludge as compost, energy
production from municipal waste for a light rail
system, and fly-ash from the waste gasification
was used as building material. Thus, a start
has been made in actually designing with the
urban metabolism in mind, but in the landscape
architecture discipline many steps are still to be
taken.

Designing to create environmental


awareness

Meyer (2008) states that until now there


has been little attention on the fact that the
appearance of landscape can contribute to
sustainable landscape design. Besides the
manifesto of Meyer (2008), only the article
of Nassauer (2012) states that the landscape
can function as a medium. No other literature

was found on how to actually design for this


purpose.

Significance

There is need to further develop the role of


urban metabolism within urban planning
and design (Kennedy, Pincetl & Bunje, 2011).
Agudelo-Vera et al. (2011) also state that there
is a need to develop methodologies to assess
local potentials and provide guidelines for
resource management, considering available
technology, local context characteristics and
trade-offs among flows. Therefore, this design
research is of significance, because this thesis
aims to give more insights on how landscape
architects can design with the urban metabolism
in mind. Also, the role of landscape as medium
will be addressed.
This design research will contribute to the
body of knowledge for at least the fields of
water management, waste management,
renewable energy production, ecology, and
especially landscape architecture. During the
study landscape architecture at Wageningen
University, one is prepped for thinking
interdisciplinary and in this design research
this is most definitely the case (technical
and creative), and this makes this thesis
academically significant. The design part of this
thesis ensures that the (design) proposition is
implementable, and this is shown by making a
design in Limassol, Cyprus. This also gives this
research architectonic significance. Cyprus
will function as a test to illustrate how it could
work, but it will also be implementable for
similar cities. This makes the findings replicable.
Besides dealing with water and waste problems,
the design of a performing urban landscape
can also provide options to create some
social benefits in the urban areas, like options
for recreation and cultural development
(education). Therefore, this thesis and design
also have social significance.

18

2.2 Purpose
The most vital thing a designer does is to provide an explanation of what it could be like (Cross,
2006), this is exactly the purpose of this thesis.

Goal and audience

The goal of this design research is to show


the municipalities of cities with a stormwater
quantity (and quality) and waste problem,
and more general policy makers, how these
problems can be turned into opportunities.
This by creating a toolbox with design options
on several scale levels, to enable the designing
of the cooperating city processes (to close city
cycles) within a performing urban landscape.
Besides being an example for a change in
city metabolism, the design will also be an
illustrative example of how design can function
as medium to create environmental awareness
by experiencing.

19

2.3 Research questions


To achieve the purpose of this thesis, a main research question and four sub research questions will
help to gain knowledge on performing urban landscapes.

Main research question

The main research question of this thesis is:


What are the characteristics of designing a
performing urban landscape that:
1. plays a strengthening role in the
cooperation of the stormwater re-use
and urban organic waste to energy
processes to close city cycles,
and
2. is simultaneously a medium for
creating environmental awareness?

Sub research question

The following sub research questions will help


to find an answer to the main research question:
1. What are the cooperation potentials for
the stormwater re-use and urban organic
waste to energy processes?
2. What design options can be distinguished
for every step in the stormwater re-use
process?
3. What design options can be distinguished
for every step in the urban organic waste
to energy process?
4. How can these design options per
process step be applied in the design of a
performing urban landscape in Limassol?

20

2.4 Process
This chapter will share the process of this design research.

Knowledge claim and strategy

The knowledge claim adopted during this design


research is the pragmatic one. This means that
understanding the problem(s) and finding ways
to solve the problem(s) is important in this thesis
(Creswell, 2009). To understand the problem,
researchers look at many approaches to collect
data and do analysis, multiple methods, different
knowledge claims, and different assumptions
(Creswell, 2009). Two of the three other
knowledge claims are of importance during this

[F2.1] Combination of research and design.

21

thesis. The postpositivistic knowledge claim is


prominent when the landscape architects fulfils
a more technical role, and needs measurements
and calculations for the design to function. The
constructivistic knowledge claim is prominent
when the landscape architect fulfils a more
creative role, and needs insights on what the
users find aesthetically appealing. For this, it is
important to understand the context or setting
of the design/research area by visiting the area
and gathering information on the spot. It is also

about listening carefully to the inhabitants to


understand the historical and cultural settings
of these people (Creswell, 2009).
The research strategy that fits the pragmatic
knowledge claim is the mixed methods research
strategy, which combines both qualitative and
quantitative research. In this case using a
concurrent embedded strategy. The concurrent
approach is chosen because there is limited
time in the field, and in this way the data can
be collected simultaneously (Creswell, 2009).
But it is more than just collecting both kind of
data. In this strategy either quantitative data
collection is embedded in qualitative data
collection, or vice versa (Creswell, 2009). For
this design research data is mainly gained from
qualitative data collection, with the help of
existing quantitative data (extrapolation).

Toolbox (research) for design

The term design research has been used a few


times in this thesis. The reason is simple: this
thesis combines research with design [F2.1].
Combining research with design can be done in
three ways (Lenzholzer, Duchhart & Koh, 2013):
Research for design: research is conducted
to improve the quality of the design and
increase its reliability
Research on design: research is done on
finished designs or the design process
Research through designing: design is used
as a research method
The intention was to use the first way research
for design, by creating toolboxes as input for
the design (see chapter 4.2 for explanation why
this was the intention).

22

Approach

The approach of this design research is twofold,


and input for this is extracted from two of
Milburn and Browns (2003) models: concept
test, and analysis synthesis.
Firstly, to find an answer to the first sub research
question the proposition (concept) discussed in
chapter 1.3 about the cooperation of the two
processes is tested, and adapted where needed.
Then the analysis conducted to find answers to
the second and third research questions are
used to create toolboxes. Finally, a sieving guide
is used to find implementable design options
and to synthesise these for application in design
(fourth sub research question).
Methods, techniques and tactics
For the first, concept test part of the approach
literature study was conducted to do research
for design, as well as reference studies for a
little research on design. The approach for
the second analysis synthesis part is more
extensive. The same literature study and
reference study of the first part was also used
for sub research questions 2 and 3. At last,
to be able to sieve the toolboxes to come up
with the implementable design options and to
synthesise these for application in design, quite
some methods are used to gain knowledge
(the landscapes of) of Cyprus and the city
Limassol (see Appendix 2e-I for exact methods,
techniques and tactics per sub research
question):






23

Literature study
Map study
Suitability study
Statistical study
Interviews
Questionnaires
Fieldwork (e.g. SWOT analysis)

24

25

26

27

3.1 Mediterranean Cyprus


Cyprus, as part of the Mediterranean region, is dealing with quite some environmental (health)
problems. Besides, water scarcity being the main problem on the island, the landfilling of waste is
a threat too.

The Mediterranean

Cyprus is an island in the Mediterranean region.


The Mediterranean region or Mediterranean
basin is defined as countries bordering the
Mediterranean Sea, including Portugal. This
Mediterranean Sea is surrounded by 18
countries on three different continents: Europe,
Asia and Africa [F3.1] (FAO, 2013).

Cyprus is the third largest island in the


Mediterranean region, and is located in the
southeast of the basin (Iacovides, n.d.). On the
island there are two climates: the Mediterranean
climate, and the hot semi-arid climate [F3.2]
(Peel, Finlayson & McMahou, 2007).

[F3.1] Location of Cyprus within the Mediterranean region.

[F3.2]* The division of the Mediterranean and hot semi-arid climate.

28

Cyprus

Cyprus is a naturally and culturally attractive


country (see next chapters), resulting in a lot of
tourism on the island (Sharpley, 2002). Besides
these potentials, Cyprus is also dealing with
some environmental (health) problems:
Water quantity and quality (including
salinisation) [F3.3] (Birol, Koundouri &
Koundouris, n.d.; Iacovides, n.d.; Seth,
n.d.; Howe & Smith, 2010; Christodoulidou
et al., 2012)
Landfilling of waste [F3.3] (Athanassiou
& Zabaniotou, 2008; Savva, Costa &
Charalambides, 2013)
High amount of greenhouse gas emissions
(Tsilingiridis, Sidiropoulos & Pentaliotis,
2011; Zachariadis, 2011)

Soil quality (including erosion) [F3.3] (Seth,


n.d.; Iglesias, et al., 2011; Cohen, 2012)
Air quality (Middleton et al., 2008;
Kleanthous et al, 2009)
Increasing wellness diseases, such as:
asthma and allergies (Kolokotroni et al.,
2011)
Urban heat island effect (especially capital
Nicosia) (Price et al., 1999; Hadjimitsis et
al., n.d.)

Obviously, Cyprus is chosen as test case location


in this thesis because of the water and waste
problems.

Water quantity

Landfilling of waste

Soil erosion
[F3.3] Some environmental (health) problems Cyprus is dealing with.

29

Water problem

The most extensive problem Cyprus is dealing


with is the water scarcity. Cyprus is one of the
places in the Mediterranean area that is facing
the biggest water issues, like severe water
scarcity, frequent occurrence of droughts,
limited water resources, unevenly distributed
rainfall, and many small catchments but no
perennial flow (Aletraris, 2012; Charalambous,
Bruggeman & Lange, 2012). The main source
of water in Cyprus is precipitation, but the
amount of this water resource has decreased,
and also approximately 80% of the main water
resources is lost because of direct evaporation
and transpiration (Iacovides, n.d.). Besides
this, the precipitation is unevenly distributed
geographically with the highest amount in the
mountain areas and the lowest in the eastern
lowlands and the coastal areas [F3.4] (WDD,
n.d. a).

the moment the island is at a turning point,


there are already some companies involved in
recycling (Athanassiou & Zabaniotou, 2008), for
example GreenDot (see infobox 3.2).
CO2 emissions
Cyprus is dealing with high CO2 emissions,
especially from energy production and
transportation [F3.5] (Tsilingiridis, Sidiropoulos
& Pentaliotis, 2011). Savva, Costa &
Charalambides (2013) see a potential for
Cyprus waste to energy production, which will
help the CO2 emissions to drop.

Waste problem

The landfilling of waste in Cyprus is seen as


large problem, especially now Cyprus is part
of the EU (Savva, Costa & Charalambides,
2013). Not only is waste dumped at controlled
sites, there are five to six uncontrolled landfills
present (Athanassiou & Zabaniotou, 2008). At

[F3.5] Percentage CO2 emissions per category.

[F3.4]* Unevenly distributed precipitation.

30

3.2 Green mountains and dry plains


Cyprus is the third largest Mediterranean island, with a surface of 9,251 km2. There are two mountain
ranges on the island, Kyrenia in the North and Troodos in the centre. In between those two ranges
lies the Mesaoria plain.

Risen from the sea

To understand how Cyprus is arisen from the


sea the geology and soils are explained before
the tectonic processes, so that the geological
terranes mentioned during the explanation of
the tectonic processes are discussed already.

altitude from 800 to 1,024 meters above sea


level. The Pentadaktylos is the striking mountain
range forming the west of the terrane (Cyprus
Geological Heritage, 2004; Geological Survey
Department, 2014).

Geological zones and their soils

Cyprus is divided in four geological zones [F3.6]


(Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004; Geological
Survey Department, 2014):
Kyrenia Terrane (Pentadaktylos)
Troodos Terrane (Troodos Ophiolite
Complex)
Mamonia Terrane
Circum Troodos Sedimentary Succession
(Sediments)
Kyrenia Terrane
The Kyrenia Terrane [F3.7] is the most northern
geological zone of Cyprus, and it is considered
as the most southern portion of the TauroDiraride Alpine Zone. It forms a chain of narrow
and steep mountains. It is in contrast with its
surrounding lowlands, because it rises quite
abruptly from these lowlands. The mountain
range runs from Cape Kormakitis in the west
to Cape Andreas in the east, and varies in its

[F3.6]* The four geological zones and soil types.

31

[F3.7]* The Kyrenia Terrane.

The Kyrenia Terrane is a complex collection


of sediments from Permian (300 to 250
Ma) to present, and limited metamorphic
and igneous rocks. The terrane is formed by
different geological formations. The three main
formations are the allochthonous Dhikomo,
Sykhari and Hilarion Formations which have their
own specific characteristics and appearances
(Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004; Geological

Survey Department, 2014).


The most common soil orders present on this
terrane are:
Regosols: Characterised by shallow,
medium- to fine-textured, unconsolidated
parent material that may be of alluvial
origin and by the lack of a significant soil
horizons (layer) formation because of dry
or cold climatic conditions. Regosols often
show accumulations of calcium carbonate
or gypsum in hot, dry climatic zones.
(Encyclopdia Britannica, 2014)
Leptosols: Soils with a very shallow
profile depth (indicating little influence
of soil-forming processes), and the often
contain large amounts of gravel. They
typically remain under natural vegetation,
being especially susceptible to erosion,
desiccation, or waterlogging, depending
on climate and topography. Because
of continual wind or water erosion or
shallow depth to hard bedrock, Leptosols
show little or none of the horizonation,
or layering, characteristic of other soils.
(Encyclopdia Britannica, 2014)
Troodos Terrane
The central part of Cyprus is dominated by the
Troodos Terrane [F3.8] or Troodos Ophiolite
complex, forming the geological core of the
island. There are two regions to be distinguished
within the Troodos Terrane. First there is the
main mass of the Troodos mountain range, and
the second region consists of the Limassol and
Akapnou Forests south of the mountain range.
The Troodos Terrane is formed in the Upper
Cretaceous (90 Ma), on the Tethys sea floor. It is
seen as the most complete, intact and studied
ophiolite of the world (Cyprus Geological
Heritage, 2004; Geological Survey Department,
2014).

[F3.8] The Troodos Terrane.

The Troodos Ophiolite is a fragment of a fully


developed oceanic crust, and it consists of four
different stratigraphic units (in ascending order):
Plutonics (mantle sequence and cumulates),
Intrusives, Volcanics and chemical sediments.
The Troodos Terrane plays a significant role
for the water budget of Cyprus. Most of the
rocks are good aquifers due to fracturing. The

perennial rivers running radially are feeding the


main aquifers in the foothills and lowlands of
the Troodos (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004;
Geological Survey Department, 2014).
The soil orders most common for this terrane
are the same for the Kyrenia Terrane, namely:
Regosols
Leptosols
Mamonia Terrane
The Mammonia Terrane [F3.9] consists of
igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
rocks from the Middle Triassic to the Upper
Cretaceous (230 75 Ma). The rocks paced over
during the Maaistrichtian, and they only occur
on the southern part of Cyprus in the region
of Pafos (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004;
Geological Survey Department, 2014).

[F3.9] The Mamonia Terrane.

The combination of deformation and alteration


and the clays and steep topography is
considered as some of the factors for instability
in the region of Pafos. In addition, earthquakes
played and still play their own, significant role in
this region (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004;
Geological Survey Department, 2014).
The most common soil orders of the Mamonia
Terrane are:
Regosols
Luvisols: a mixed mineralogy, high
nutrient content, and good drainage that
make these soils suitable for a wide range
of agriculture, from grains to orchards to
vineyards. Luvisols form on flat or gently
sloping landscapes under climatic regimes
that range from cool temperate to warm
Mediterranean. Luvisols are technically
characterized by a surface accumulation
of humus overlying an extensively leached
layer that is nearly devoid of clay and
iron-bearing minerals. Below the latter lies
a layer of mixed clay accumulation that
has high levels of available nutrient ions
comprising calcium, magnesium, sodium,
or potassium. (Encyclopdia Britannica,
2014)

32

Circum Troodos Sedimentary Succession


The area between the Kyrenia Terrane and
the Troodos Terrane, as well as the southern
part of the island, is a zone of autochthonous
sedimentary rocks ranging in age from the
Upper Cretaceous to the Pleistocene (70 Ma
to present). The Circum Troodos Sedimentary
Succession [F3.10] of bentonitic clays,
volcaniclastics, melange, marls, chalks, cherts,
limestones, calcarenites, evaporites and clastic
sediments (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004;
Geological Survey Department, 2014).

[F3.10]* The Circum Troodos Sedimentary Succession.

The soil types commonly present are:


Regosols
Leptosols
Luvisols

Tectonic processes

The movement of plates created the elevated


landscape of Cyprus [F3.11], as can be seen
today.
The island of Cyprus is formed by tectonic
processes [F3.12]. It started in the Upper
Cretaceous (100 Ma) with the subduction of the
African plate underneath the Eurasian plate,

[F3.11] Elevated landscape.

33

4
[F3.12]* The formation of Cyprus.

which caused the formation of the Troodos


Ophiolite. This was followed by the detachment
of the Troodos Ophiolite through a sinistral
rotation of 90, and the collision to its southern
and western part of older rocks (230 to 75 Ma).
A relatively inactive tectonic period followed
(75 to 10 Ma). Carbonate sediments were
deposited and the sedimentary basis (Lefkara
and Pachna Formation) became shallower. The
following important tectonic period (Miocene,

10-15 Ma) was characterized by the placement


of the Kyrenia Terrane in the northern part of
the Troodos Terrance and the uplift of the island
to almost its present position (Cyprus Geological
Heritage, 2004; Geological Survey Department,
2014).

Natural resources

At the same time as the subduction of the


plates, these plates moved northwards so that
their southern edges were placed in the area
where the Pentadaktylos Range would finally
be positioned. The Mamonia Terrane and the
Troodos clashed during a period of marine
sedimentation and relative tectonic inactivity.
The uplift of the Troodos started in that same
period which resulted in the creation of the
island Cyprus. At the end of Miocene (6 Ma)
the Tethys Sea east of Cyprus was closed and
the Mediterranean Sea obtained approximately
its present shape (Cyprus Geological Heritage,
2004; Geological Survey Department, 2014).

Water

During the Messinian, there was a


Mediterranean salinity crisis, caused by its
isolation from the Atlantic Ocean. This crisis
created conditions of extreme seawater
evaporation and deposition of evaporate
sediments. The opening of Gibraltar resulted in
a re-connection of the Mediterranean Sea with
the Atlantic Ocean. In combination with the rise
of sea level, new sediments were deposited.
During the Pleistocene (2,5 Ma to present)
the island was uplifted abruptly. During that
period the Troodos and Pentadaktylos were
even higher than they are today. This significant
uplift in combination with the climate change in
the Pleistocene resulted in extensive erosion of
the ranges (Cyprus Geological Heritage, 2004;
Geological Survey Department, 2014).

The island of Cyprus only has a few natural


resources. The main resource interesting for
this thesis is, of course, water. Besides water,
also minerals and timber resources can be
found on the island.
Cyprus has been defined as one River Basin
District in the Water Framework Directive
(INECO Cyprus, n.d.) A River Basin District is
defined by EEA (2013) as the area of land and
sea, made up of one or more neighbouring river
basins together with their associated ground
waters and coastal waters. Within this one
River Basin District, Cyprus is subdivided into
nine hydrological regions [F3.13]. These nine
hydrological regions are further subdivided
into 70 watersheds, and 387 sub-watersheds
(INECO Cyprus, n.d.). Within these watersheds,
rivers and lakes are located on the surface.
Below the surface, groundwater bodies can be
distinguished.
Rivers
The rivers in Cyprus mostly originate in the
Troodos mountain range, this is where the
most precipitation falls. Besides this, there is a
seasonal distribution of stormwater runoff, due
to the seasonal distribution of precipitation. As
a result most rivers in Cyprus are ephemeral,
lacking perennial flow along their entire length
[F3.13]. Most rivers flow 3 to 4 months a year
(in the winter/spring) and are dry for the rest of
the year. There are only a few rivers upstream in
the Troodos areas which have a continuous flow
all year: Xero, Diarizos, Kargotis, Marathasa,
Kouris, and Germasogeia [F3.14]. (INECO
Cyprus, n.d.; WDD, n.d. a).

[F3.13] The nine hydrological regions, with their watersheds, (ephemeral) rivers, and lakes.

34

Lakes
Due to the hot climate on the island, there
are only five natural lakes [F3.13]. All of these
natural lakes are brackish or salt [F3.15].
Therefore, they are unsuitable as resource of

potable water (INECO Cyprus, n.d.; WDD, n.d.


a).

[F3.14] Downstream Germasogeia without water.

[F3.15] Salt lake near Larnaca.

20

16
17
14

15

1
19

13

11

18
10

[3.16] Groundwater bodies.

35

12

3
4

Groundwater bodies
The groundwater bodies in Cyprus are mostly
used by inhabitants for domestic use and
irrigation, through springs, wells and boreholes.
Cyprus has 66 aquifers which are grouped into
20 groundwater bodies [F3.16]. Ten of these
aquifers are connected to the sea, making the
water brackish (WDD, n.d. a). Most of these
groundwater bodies are in a poor state (WDD,
2010).

Six vegetation zones

Besides soils, the elevation and availability


of water is important for the survival of
plant species (Tsintides, Hadjikyriakou &
Christrodoulou, 2002). The researchers of this
thesis found six different zones in Cyprus [F3.17]
where specific vegetation occurs [F3.18], due to
these limitations.

Minerals

On the island several minerals can be found,


both metallic as well as non-metallic (CIA, 2013):
Metallic: copper, pyrites, asbestos
Non-metallic: gypsum, salt, marble, clay
earth pigment

Timber

Besides minerals, Cyprus also has timber as a


natural resource (CIA, 2013).

Vegetal cover

Cyprus has both endemic and indigenous or


native vegetation. Endemic means that these
species only naturally exist in Cyprus, whereas
indigenous or native mean that they naturally
occur there but also in other countries.
Tsintides, Hadjikyriakou and Christodoulou
(2002) describe the tree and (sub-)shrub
species that can be found in Cyprus, and after
some calculations it became clear that 53% of
the tree and (sub-)shrub species in Cyprus are
endemic or indigenous/native. Whereas the
remaining 47% are adventive, cultivated or
exotic. The status of the endemic tree and shrub
species of Cyprus is of importance, as 21 species
are included in Annex I of the Convention for
the Conservation of European Wildlife and
Natural Habitats (Tsintides, Hadjikyriakou &
Christrodoulou, 2002).

Mountain

Slopes

Plain

Streams/marshes

Coast
Salt lakes

[F3.17] Six vegetation zones.

36

Mountain
Highest slopes of
Troodes and/or
Kyrenia mountrain
range

Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold


subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.)
Holmboe
Indigenous tree (14001900m)

Mostly trees

Slopes
Maquis, garigue and
rocky mountainsides
Mostly shrubs

Plain
Mostly shrubs

Streams/
marshes

Ephedra fragilis Desf.


subsp. campylopoda (J.C.
Mayer) Asch. et Graebn.
Indigenous shrub
(0-900m)

Prosopis farcta (Banks et


Sol.) J.F.Macbr.
Indigenous shrub
(0-180m)

Salix alba L.
Indigenous tree (0-1000m)

Moist places, along


rivers, streams and
water channels
Mostly trees and
shrubs
Coast

Cichorium spinosum L.
Indigenous subshrub

Mostly shrubs

Salt lakes
Akrotiri, Larnaca,
Famagusta, etc.
Mostly subshrubs

[F3.18]* Some key species per vegetation zone.

37

Halimione portulacoides
(L.) Aellen
Indigenous shrub

Juniperus foetidissima
Willd.

Arbutus andrachne L.

Rosa chionistrae H.Lindb.

Indigenous shrub
(700-1300m)

Endemic shrub
(1100-1950m)

Osyris alba L.

Bosea cypria Boiss.

Capparis spinosa L.

Indigenous shrub
(250-500m)

Endemic shrubs
(0-650m)

Indigenous shrub
0-900m)

Zizyphus lotus (L.) Lam.

Convolvulus dorycnium L.

Indigenous shrub
(0-500m)

Helichrysum conglobatum
(Viv.) Steud.

Indigenous subshrub
(0-300m)

Ficus carica L.

Nerium oleander L.

Indigenous tree (0-1400m)

Indigenous shrub
(0-900m)

Indigenous tree (14001950m)

Indigenous subshrub
(0-700)

Phragmites australis (Cav.)


Trin. ex Steud
Indigenous shrub
(0-600m)

Atriplex halimus L.

Tamarix dalmatica Baum

Indigenous shrub
(0-350m)

Indigenous shrub

Arthrocnemum
macrostachyum (Moric.)
Moris et Delponte

Thymelaea hirsuta (L.)


Endl.

Halocnemum strobilaceum
(Pall.) Bieb.

Indigenous shrub
(0-50m)

Indigenous subshrub

Indigenous subshrub
(0-150m)

Lycium schweinfurthii
Dammer
Indigenous shrub
(0-50m)

38

INTERMEZZO: the civil history of Cyprus


10,000 Years of civil history

In this intermezzo the long history of the island Cyprus is explained. The chapter names and content is derived from Antoniadou
(2011).

Prehistoric Age (8200 - 1050 BC)


8200 - 3800 BC
The first signs of permanent settlement date from the Neolithic age. The Cypriots lived in single room dwellings, used stone
tools, made jewellery from picrolite, and ate fish, cereals, lamb and goat (p.5).
3800 - 2400 BC
Some cultural changes took place. The Cypriots started living in multi-room dwellings, started to make copper
jewellery, and started to use a plough for agriculture (p.5).
2400 - 1650 BC
Although the Cypriots grew economically because of the changes, they still lived in small
villages. Communication and trade was kept locally, within the boundaries of the island (p.5).
1650 - 1050 BC
In this period some major changes occurred. The Cypriots established coastal
towns, started mining for copper and other metals, started writing, and began
trading with surrounding regions. Also, there were mainland Greeks coming to
the island to settle there (p.5).

8200 BCE
Historic Times: Geometric and Archaic Periods (1050 - 480 BC)
1050 - 750 BC
Cyprus started to get more Greek inhabitants and adopted the
Greek culture and language. Also, iron was becoming more
popular to use for jewellery and tools. Likewise decorated
pottery became well known (p.6).
750 - 480 BC
This period was marked by the subjugation of Cyprus to the Assyrians. The
Cypriot city-kingdoms remained independent as long as they paid tax to the
Assyrian ruler (p.6).
Classical, Hellenistic and Roman Periods (480 BC - 330 AD )
480 - 310 BC
Cyprus was in the middle of the Greco-Persian Wars. The Greek wanted the Persians to leave
all Greek lands, also Cyprus. Although they tried, Cyprus did become part of the Persian
Empire and became an important political and cultural centre (p.7).
310 - 30 BC
The Persian rule came to an end, because of Alexander the Great. He ruled Cyprus and after him his successors.
During this period Cyprus was used strategically, as military base (p.7).
30 BC - 330 AD
The Romans took control over Cyprus and exploited the copper mines. Under this occupation Cyprus had 300 hundred years
of economic growth (p.7).

39

Byzantine Period (330 - 1192)


330 - 1192
In the Roman Empire christianity was declared the official religion, but the church of Cyprus remained fully independent. In
this period (7th century) the Islam did manage to reach the island. In this period new cities were built and others demolished.
Between the 11th and 12th century Lefkosia became the capital of Cyprus. Cyprus grew in industry, for example silk, wood,
silver and gold (pp.8-9).
Frankish Period (1192 - 1489)
Richard the Lionheart, king of England conquered Cyprus as a base for the Third Crusade. He soon understood
how hard it would be to keep the island and sold it to the Knight Templars. They gave it back to him after
an uprising on the island. This time Richard sold it to a French nobleman and it remained in French hands
for three centuries. In this period the Catholic church was implemented as the official religion. The 14th
century was quite positive for Cyprus with a lot of commercial and economic activity. The cities Lefkosia and
Ammochostas (Famagusta) grew and the lace industry flourished (p.10).
The Venetians in Cyprus (1489 - 1571)
After the French the Venetians came to conquer Cyprus. Cyprus was producing a lot of
goods from agriculture and industry, which were shipped from the port of Ammochostos
(Famagusta). At the end of this period Larnaka became the most important port of Cyprus
and the port of Lemesos started to develop. It were the Venetians who built the fortifying
walls around Lefkosia as a protection against the Ottomans (p.11).

2014 CE
The Ottoman Empire (1571 - 1878)
The Ottomans took over Cyprus anyway, with the
fall of Ammochostos (Famagusta). For the first time
in the history of Cyprus a Muslim community was
established on the island, but the Orthodox church
of Cyprus was also given privileges. Cyprus did have a
hard time under this rule, but there were also some
positive social aspects connected to it (p.12).
British Rule (1878 - 1960)
There was a secret treaty going on between Great Britain and the
Ottomans and this resulted in Great Britain taking over. The Cypriots
expected greater things to happen, but actually this rule prevailed
an economic recession. There were some uprisings because of harsh
colonial measures from the British. This resulted into an independent
Republic of Cyprus (p.13).
The Cyprus Republic, the Turkish invasion, European Union entry (1960 - today)
1960 - 1973
The Archbishop Makarius III was assigned as first President of the Republic and Cyprus
became a member of the United Nations. Two British military bases were established
on the island. From 1964, there were always conflicts between the Greek and Turkish
inhabitants (p.14).
1974 - today
In 1974 the Turkish military invaded the island and took over 37% of the island. Around 200,000 Greek
Cypriots had to flee the northern part of the island. The Turkish troops still occupy this part of the island. In
2004 Cyprus became a member of the European Union (p.14).

40

3.3 Altered land


In this chapter the cultural adaptations of the land that create a better setting for living on Cyprus
are discussed.

Using the island

Approximately 1,340 km2 (14.5%) of Cyprus is


cultivated (Hadjiparaskevas, 2005). But how is
the rest of the island used?

Landuse per geological zone

Map study and fieldtrips tell that Cyprus has


a big variety in land uses [F3.19]. However,
there are three different kind of land uses
that are the most common on the island. The
biggest category is the non-irrigated arable
land, which can be found all over the island.
The second biggest form of landuse in Cyprus is
sclerophyllous vegetation, located on the slopes
of the two mountain ranges. The coniferous
forest is the third biggest land use form in
Cyprus, and this category can be mostly found
in the higher mountain areas of Troodos and
Kyrenia. Within the geological zones certain
landuses are more common [F3.20].
Kyrenia Terrane
On the mountain range the most common
landuses are sclerophyllous vegetation [F3.21]
and coniferous forest. In the lower areas
towards the south, lots of non-irrigated arable
land can be found. In the northern coast area,
continuous and discontinuous urban fabric is
common.

[F3.19] Landuse per theme.

41

[F3.21]* The in every geological zone occurring


sclerophyllous vegetation.

Troodos Terrane
The Troodos area mostly consists of
sclerophyllous vegetation [F3.21] and coniferous
forest.
Mamonia Terrane
This geological zone is quite diverse in its
landuse. It consists mostly of sclerophyllous
vegetation [F3.21], vineyards, continuous
and discontinuous urban fabric, and complex
cultivation patterns.
Circum Troodos Sedimentary Succession
In the western part of this terrane, lots of nonirrigated arable land can be found, while in
the eastern part of this terrane sclerophyllous

23%

27%

41%
59%

73%

77%

30%
70%

33%
100%

67%

[F3.22] Division of rural and urban living, per administrative district.

vegetation [F3.21] is the most common land


use. Furthermore, two big areas of continuous
and discontinuous urban fabric can be found,
namely Limassol and Nicosia. But also some
areas of agriculture with natural vegetation,
complex cultivation patterns, fruit trees, and
berry plantations are spread out over this
geological zone.

Dwelling

The, in six administrative districts divided, island


with in total 840,407 inhabitants, is urbanising.
Around 2005, Cyprus was, with 2.61%, the
second highest performing European country in
urban growth (Tosics, n.d.). The majority (67%)
of the people on the island live in an urban
setting [F3.22] (Appendix 3s-I).

Housing
Due to a census (Appendix 3s-I) being held
in 2001 and in 2011, the development of the
housing in Cyprus can be discussed. In 2001
as well as in 2011, most people lived in a twoperson household. Household size is decreasing
though, with an average household size of 3.06
persons in 2001, and 2.76 persons in 2011
[F3.23]. Typically Cypriots live in a conventional
living quarter (99.5%), mostly in singles houses
or apartments [F3.24].

[F3.23] Average household size.

[F3.20]* Landuse per geological zone.

42

[F3.24] Types of conventional living quarters Cypriots live in.

Water

As already mentioned earlier, Cyprus is dealing


with water scarcity. Cyprus has e few natural
lakes and only some rivers that flow all year
round, but these sources are not sufficient for or
suitable as domestic, irrigation and infiltration
water. In this paragraph the Cypriot water needs
and where it comes from, are discussed. Also,
the potential of stormwater harvesting as a
more sustainable water resource is discussed.

are available on the island [F3.26].

Cyprus loses a lot of its natural water when


no actions are taken [F3.25]. This is why the
Cypriots adapted the natural water system
into a system that meets their water demand.
Meanwhile also other sources than stormwater

Surface water
A big part of the cultural water process in Cyprus
are the dams and reservoirs, called surface
water. The first dam (an earth-fill dam) in Cyprus
was built at Kouklia in 1900, and between 1945
and 1958, 15 more dams were built of which
13 are gravity dams and two are earth-fill dams.
After the establishment of the Cyprus Republic
in 1974, more dams were constructed. The
reservoirs are mainly filled by the inflow of water
from rivers, which takes place during the winter.
The reservoirs and storage basins are structured
with the objective to provide water for drinking
or irrigation, and have the possibility to dry out
and they often do in reality. Each dam is under

Annual water supply


2 670

Annual water supply


2 670

Water input

Balance useable
370
Groundwater
135
Recharge
45

Evaporation (86%)
2 300

Surface water
235

Balance useable
370
Groundwater
135
Recharge
45

Surface water
235

Exce
s
-29 s pumpi
ng

Diversions
15

Loss

es
70

Sea

[F3.25] Water schemes: no action and cultural intervention.

[F3.26] The water resources.

43

Evaporation (86%)
2 300

Pumping & springs


139

Losses
48

Dam releases
127

Sea

the supervision of the corresponding District


Office of the Water Development Department
in Cyprus, this District Office is also responsible
for the maintenance of the dam (WDD, 2009a).
Of the 108 dams and ponds of Cyprus [F3.27],
35 are regarded as large dams [F3.28] with a
capacity of 281.1 hm3. Four of those large dams
are groundwater recharge and flood protection
dams and there are 42 small dams with a
capacity of 16.1 hm3 of which 32 are recharge
and flood protection dams. Furthermore, there
are 26 ponds with a capacity of 2.5 hm3 (INECO
Cyprus, n.d.; WDD, 2009a).

Re-use
In Cyprus there are several wastewater
treatment plants of various sizes [F3.29].
Eliades (2010) describes that there are at least
eight urban wastewater treatment plants with
capacities ranging from 2,100 to 400,000 m3 per
day, and six rural ones with capacities ranging
from 200 to 500 m3 per day. The recycled
water is mostly used for the irrigation of crops
(Iacovides, n.d.).

Groundwater
The groundwater bodies, discussed and showed
in in the previous chapter, also form a source for
drinking and irrigation water.
Desalination
In Cyprus desalination plants are seen as a
necessity, because they cannot rely solely on
stormwater. The first one was built at the shore
of Dhekelia in 1997 (Iacovides, n.d.) and five
others followed (Theopemptou, 2013).
These plants have to deal with two major
negative aspects: costs and energy consumption.
Desalination plants are a big investment, and
cost a lot of money even when they are not
operating. Besides this, a desalination plant
uses 4.5 kWh to produce one m3 of freshwater.
In 2012 this resulted in an energy consumption
of 4% of the total energy consumption that year
(Theopemptou, 2013).

[F3.28] One of the large dams: Kouris.

[F3.29]* Wastewater treatment plant near Limassol.

[F3.27] Location of the dams.

44

Water use

The main water users in Cyprus are agriculture


and the households [F3.30] (Appendix 3s-I).

[F3.30] Water use by category.

Households
The households in Cyprus use the most water
for flushing the toilet, and bathing or showering
[F3.31] (WDD, 2002).

[F3.31]* Average households water consumption.

Interesting to see is the difference between


Cyprus (water scarcity) and the Netherlands
(water abundance), regarding water use
per inhabitant and the water price. In the
Netherlands the inhabitants use less water
than the inhabitants of Cyprus, also the use is
increasing in Cyprus whereas it is declining in the
Netherlands [F3.32] (Appendix 3c-I). The water
prices (without taxes and fixed charges) have
decreased in the Netherlands and increased in
Cyprus, but striking is the difference in water
price in Cyprus between 2007 and 2011 [F3.33]

[F3.32] Water use in m3 per inhabitant per year.

45

(Appendix 3c-I).

Stormwater harvesting potential

In Cyprus 48 million m3 of stormwater is lost to


the sea [F3.25]. With this amount of water the
inhabitants of Cyprus could have irrigated their
gardens, washed their car and clean outdoor
spaces, and flushed their toilets in 2003 and
still there would be 14,442,000 m3 water left
(Appendix 3c-I). Furthermore, Cyprus is no
stranger to harvesting stormwater (see infobox
3.1).
As mentioned in the previous chapter Cyprus
has problems with the condition of their
groundwater bodies. Optimally 48 million m3
less groundwater needs to be pumped up if
stormwater is harvested in a more efficient
way. Also, harvesting the stormwater from
urban areas could reduce urban floods and the
amount of pollutants going into the sea.

[F3.33] Water price in per m3.

INFOBOX 3.1: Cyprus and stormwater harvesting


The dams and reservoirs the Cypriots created on their island are of course a form of stormwater harvesting. But the first
dam was built in 1900 (WDD, 2009), so how did they get the water they needed before that time? They also harvested
rainwater, just in a different way [F3.34].

[F3.34]* Historical images of stormwater harvesting.

In the period of Frankish and Venetian rule, during the Middle Ages (1192-1571), the walled towns in Cyprus collected
the rainwater channelling it, and stored it underground (WDD, 2003). Remains of this can still be found. The cisterns
used for underground storage are a tradition in a lot of Cypriot villages, and there is willpower to re-invent them again
(Theopemptou, 2013).
In comparison to the dams and reservoirs that Cyprus has, this ancient way of harvesting stormwater seems very outdated
and superfluous. Theopemptou (2013, p.32) does not agree and states: Water projects do not always have to be big and
of national scale. Any alternative source of water however small and humble, can contribute to a greener and friendlier
surrounding and a better quality of life!

Lofou

A specific example of a village that used to rely on rainwater harvesting is Lofou [F3.35]. This old isolated village got its
name from its location, the hills (CCL, n.d.). In this village stormwater has been collected on the roofs of buildings and
retained in underground laying cisterns (Theopemptou, 2013).

[F3.35] Lofou.

46

Waste to electricity

Although the problems this thesis is dealing


with are water and waste, this paragraph will
mostly be about electricity. The reason for this
is that with the organic waste energy is going
to be produced, and in Cyprus energy is mostly
consumed in the form of electricity (47.4%)
[F3.36] (Appendix 3s-I).

(1950s, capacity: 460 megawatt), Moni (1960s,


capacity: 270 megawatt), and Vasilikos (2000s,
capacity: 868 megawatt) (EAC, n.d.).

[F3.37] The electricity resources.

Wind
The first wind park in Cyprus was constructed
in 2010, today there are 5 of them [F3.38] with
a total capacity of 146,700 kilowatt (Appendix
3s-I).

[F3.36] Types of energy consumed.

Electricity input

Cyprus generates its own electricity. In 2003 this


was only done with oil, but now also renewable
energy sources [F3.37] (solar, wind, biomass,
etc.) are used. Cyprus depends on other
countries for their oil, with more renewable
energy sources they would become more
independent (Kythreotou, Tassou & Florides,
2012).
Fossil fuels
Cyprus currently has three regular energy
plants [F3.38] which run on crude oil, and are
in charge of the Electricity Authority of Cyprus.
These power stations are located at Dhekelia

[F3.38] Location of electricity sources.

47

Solar
In Cyprus they divide the photovoltaic
systems into two types: photovoltaic parks
and photovoltaic units on public buildings/on
schools/for the military. The first now has 1,694
systems with a total capacity of 30,026 kilowatt,
and the latter now has 57 systems with a total
capacity of 758 kilowatt (Appendix 3s-I).
Biomass
At this moment biomass is mostly processed by
farmers in Cyprus. The first biomass unit was
built in 2007 and currently there are 13 biomass
plants on the island [F3.38] with a total capacity
of 9,714 kilowatt (Appendix 3s-I).

Electricity use

The produced electricity in Cyprus is used


by several categories of which households

and commercial/public use are the biggest


consumers [F3.39] (Appendix 3s-I).

[F3.39] Electricity use per category.

Households
Electrical appliances and lighting consumes
the most electricity in households [F3.40]
(Appendix 3s-I).

[F3.40] Average households electricity consumption.

After comparing the water use and price in


Cyprus and the Netherlands, the same is done
for the electricity.

Organic waste potential

As mentioned before Cyprus is dealing with


waste problems, but is currently busy with
recycling plans. Although organic waste is not
generally separated in Cyprus (Appendix 3i-V)
the amounts produced do have potentials.
With the 221,310 tons of organic waste that
was available in 2007 (43% of total municipal
waste) (Appendix 3s-I), 44.3 GWh electricity
could have been generated. Looking at the
carbon footprint, this could have saved 37,446
tons of CO2 (Appendix 3c-I).
Eleftheriou (2007) states that 39% of the
municipal solid waste in Cyprus contains food
residues, besides this 14% is yard trimmings.
Together this makes 53% (instead of 43%
calculated before), which means more than
half of the municipal solid waste in Cyprus is
organic. With this percentage, the amount of
organic waste in Cyprus would not have been
221,310 tons of organic waste, but 271,461
tons of organic waste (Appendix 3c-I). Obviously
with this bigger amount, more electricity can be
produced and a larger amount of CO2 emissions
can be reduced.
Until now Cyprus is not separating the organic
waste stream, although other streams are
separated (see infobox 3.2).

In the Netherlands the inhabitants use less


electricity than the inhabitants of Cyprus, also
the use is increasing in Cyprus whereas it is
steady in the Netherlands [F3.41] (Appendix 3cI). The electricity prices (including taxes) in the
Netherlands are quite steady whereas they are
increasing in Cyprus [F3.42] (Appendix 3c-I).

[F3.41] Electricity use in kWh per inhabitant per year.

[F3.42] Electricity price per kWh.

48

INFOBOX 3.2: Cyprus and waste separation


As mentioned in the first chapter of this part, there are some recycling programs on the island, of which GreenDot is
the biggest player with a coverage of 85% of the population (Appendix 3i-V). GreenDot originally started with recycling
industrial waste, but since 2007 they also focus on household waste (Appendix 3i-V). For households there are three
waste streams to separate (GreenDot, n.d. a):
PMD stream: plastic bottles, flasks and PET, PE and HDPE jars, metal packaging (aluminium and steel) and paper
based drink packages (tetra).
Paper stream: dry cardboard boxes and packaging paper containers, newspapers, magazines, office paper and
advertising leaflets.
Glass stream: glass bottles, jars and other glass packaging of all colours.
These three streams are seen as the most effective way to separate waste, therefore GreenDot (n.d. a) states that their
system is both effective and efficient.
On the 1st of february 2010 GreenDot started to collect the three streams of recyclables in Nicosia and Limassol, sharing
this with the inhabitant through a information leaflet telling what goes in which stream [F3.43] (GreenDot, n.d. b).

[F3.43]* Three streams of recyclables in Nicosia and Limassol.

Organic waste

As you can see, organics are not a waste stream at GreenDot. There are some pilots ongoing dealing with separating
organic waste, for example by the company Kypros & Zena Kyprianou Ltd. Their pilots results are as following (Appendix
3i-IX):
For the pilot 700 households declared willingness of participation, around 50% does really participate.
The average weight of organic waste collected per household is 20 kg per week.
The incentive for collaboration is the promise of cheaper electricity in the future.
There is some signs of Cypriots becoming more sustainable, so that also helps to get people participating.
This pilot and assumptions from GreenDot (Appendix 3i-V) show that Cyprus is ready for another step in waste separation,
organic waste has too much potentials to not be separated. Some details, like storage and collection, should be thought
through though.

49

INTERMEZZO: interviews
The appendices with the code 3i refer to interviews. During the on-site research in Cyprus 13 unstructured, open-ended
interviews (Kumar, 2005) were conducted, face-to-face or via email (Appendix 3i-I). The interviewees were approached
through tips of other people or through interviewees of already conducted interviews, so-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005).

Coding

The qualitative data gained from the 13 interviews is coded to sort and analyse their contents (Appendix 3i-XVI) (Creswell,
2009). Coding is the assigning of codes (that have been previously defined or operationalized in a codebook) to raw data.
This allows researchers to engage in data reduction and simplification. (Decuir-Gunby, Marshall & McCulloch, 2011, p.138).
First, like Creswell (2009) suggests, categories and themes are made to connect the codes to. Also, these categories, as well
as the themes, are linked to each other [T3.1]. Together the categories and themes make the codes (Appendix 3i-XV), for
example, Energy (category)- Problem (theme). There are also five codes that are not connected to a theme, but are important
subjects for this thesis within the categories, for example, Riversystem within the category Water.
[T3.1] Codes used for the analysis of the content of the interviews.

Environment

Water

Energy

Economy

Social/General

Habit/Approach

Problem

Awareness

Change/Future
plan

Politics/Policy

Biodiversity

Riversystem

Organic waste

Foreigners

Setting

Categories
Themes

Loose codes

50

3.4 Life on the island


Besides the elaborated natural and cultural landscape, this chapter focusses on the Cypriot
landscape of economy, politics, and social life.

Money matters

Cyprus always was an attractive base for


different quests and a good place for trade.
Starting with their independence in 1960 Cyprus
had to deal with their economy themselves, but
the economy kept on depending on foreigners
(Appendix 3i-IV). Most of these foreigners work
in the service sector, in which most of the gross
domestic product (GDP) (2012: 82.3%) is earned
[F3.44] (CIA, 2013).

in 2009, it did reach Cyprus, and once more in


2012 when Greece was hit. Due to the crisis
in Greece, Cyprus debt became even bigger,
because they had invested money in Greece.
Cyprus is the fifth Eurozone government that
has requested an economic bailout program
(Index Mundi, 2013). This New Cyprus Problem
has affected the locals a lot. Although Cyprus
is still listed as a high-income economy (The
World Bank, n.d.), they are struggling after
the crisis that hit them in 2012. Petroff (2013)
states that there are average pay cuts of 25%
and unemployment has increased with 40%.
Also, the economy is expected to keep shrinking
until 2015, with Cyprus being the only Eurozone
country with a declining GDP [F3.45] in 2014.

[F3.44] Sectors and the GDP earned in them.

Economic development

Since the United Kingdom was once ruling


Cyprus (1878-1960) and two army bases are still
located there, there were quite some people
from the United Kingdom who retired here.
Although living in Cyprus was cheap, it did give
the island some economic support. In the 1970s
the tourist sector took off in the Mediterranean,
and therefore also in Cyprus. This had more
impact on the island, because more hotels
and holiday homes were being built. But, it
was positive for the economy. Due to the
disbandment of the Soviet Union, the Russians
came to the island. They came to Cyprus as
it was seen as a tax heaven, because then
Cyprus as a nation island had its own currency,
taxes, and policies. The Russians brought a
lot of money to the island and this changed
Cyprus. Businesses were erupting everywhere,
especially in the financial sector and in real
estate. The economy was in bloom. Joining the
EU in 2003 did not change this, but joining the
euro five years later did. The prices went up,
and this had a big impact on the local people.
The Russian were rich enough to overcome this,
but the locals noticed the costs rising 20 to 30%
(Appendix 3i-IV). First off, Cyprus did not show
signs that the global crisis was affecting them
like it affected other EU countries. But then,
51

[F3.45] Declining GDP.

Divided island

The current economic crisis is called the New


Cyprus Problem, but what is the actual Cyprus
Problem? After becoming independent in
1960, the Turkish inhabitants took over a part
of Cyprus again in 1974. A neutral United
Nations Green Line is dividing the island in
two now: the northern Muslim Turkish part,
and the southern Greek part [F3.46] (Alpar
Atun & Doratli, 2009). Two of the mentioned
administrative districts are divided by the
border: Nicosia and Famagusta. The capital city
Nicosia is also divided, and is therefore the last
divided city of Europe [F3.47] (Iacovides, n.d.).
Besides the Green Line taking up an area of
the island, there are also two Sovereign Base
Areas of the United Kingdom (as mentioned in
the previous paragraph): Akrotiri and Dhekelia
[F3.46] (Army, n.d.).

[F3.47] The Green Line through Nicosia.

Environmental policies

The Greek southern part of Cyprus, the location


of this thesis, is under control of the Parliament
of Cyprus with the leading president Nicos
Anastasiades (since 24th of February 2013)
(Department of IT Services, 2013). The House of
Representatives of Cyprus (edition 2011) has 56
occupied seats, and interesting for this thesis:
only one seat is occupied by the Green Party
[F3.48] (NSD, 2011).

Why mention this Green Party or Ecological


and Environmental Movement? Clearly, this
thesis tries to turn the environmental problems
of water and waste into opportunities.
Therefore, it is good to know in what direction
the environmental policies are going, and
will go in the future. Theopemptou, former
Commissioner of the Environment, states in an
interview (Appendix 3i-XIV) that the Parliament
knows there are environmental issues, because
they have to keep to EU limits and regulation
now. The Cypriot government is getting better
in making policies, but there tends to be a lot of
loopholes in them. The EU Directives, regarding
the environment, are well-known, but the
translation to national legislation is difficult. But,
there are certain people, like the Commissioner
of Environment, that keep on pushing on correct
environmental legislation. Also, Cyprus has a
strong non-integrated local authority level. The
Cypriot government is steering to a process with
more transparency and participation (Costa,
n.d.). However, Hadjipanagi (Appendix 3i-VI)
thinks that the government is this too busy with
the Cyprus Problem and the economic status, to
deal with environment properly.
Finding actual environmental policies is hard
though. Some policies on landscape, water, and
energy are found, and shared here.

[F3.48] Division of the seat in the House of


Representatives.

Landscape
Seven points or ideas on landscape policy are
shared by the Department of Town Planning
and Housing (2008, p.5):
1. Introduction of landscape management
concepts for sustainable development and
quality of life.
2. Consolidation of development tendencies

Kyrenia

Nicosia
Famagusta
Dhekelia
Larnaca
Pafos

Akrotiri
Limassol

[F3.46] The Greenline dividing the island in two, and two sovereign bases: Akrotiri and Dhekelia.

52

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

and containment of urban sprawl.


Formulation of an integrated national
policy on alternative forms of tourism.
Provision of measures and incentives for
sensible rural development.
Establishment of mechanisms for the
coordination of infrastructure and public
works impacts on landscapes.
Creation of a detailed inter-sectoral
landscape database.
Promotion of the idea of the
Mediterranean basin as a unifying
landscape.

It seems that Cyprus is quite on top of its


landscape policy, but less is true. In 2008 the
Department of Town Planning and Housing
stated what their first steps would be. First
of all, Cyprus should identify and assess its
landscapes, and think about tools for: protection,
management and planning (Department
of Town Planning and Housing, 2008). Can
therefore be concluded that a landscape policy
is something new for the island?
Water
In the 1960s Cyprus motto on stormwater was
Not a drop in the ocean!, due to this many
dams were built and Cyprus became one of
the countries in the world with the most dam
development (Iacovides, n.d.). Currently, their
motto seems to have turned 180 degrees,
as their new motto says: Not dependent on
rainfall anymore!, which means the creation of
desalination units (Kotsila, 2010; WDD, 2010).
Furthermore, the Water Frame Directive
2000/60/EC (WFD) demands Cyprus to focus on
the prevention of further deterioration of all
water and the achievement of a good status by
the end of 2015 (WDD, n.d. b).
Energy
In 2008, the percentage energy from renewable
sources (RES) was 3.1% and with a target of
13% in 2020, Cyprus still has a long way to go
(Tsilingiridis, Sidiropoulos & Pentaliotis, 2011).
The government Cyprus therefore came up
with the following national targets (Tsilingiridis,
Sidiropoulos & Pentaliotis, 2011, p.3292):
6% indicative target for the electricity
production from RES by 2010.
2.5% indicative target for biofuels in
overall transport petrol and diesel
production by 2010.
10% (above requirements) indicative
target for energy saving by 2016.
13% compulsory target for RES
contribution to the final energy
consumption by 2020.
10% compulsory target of biofuels share
in the overall transport petrol and diesel
53

consumption by 2020.

The Cypriot

In 2011 southern Cyprus counted 840,407


inhabitants, with most people aged between
20 and 40 years (Appendix 3s-I). Most of these
people are Cypriot (79.4%) [F3.49] (Appendix
3s-I). More than half of the population aged
15 and older have at least an upper secondary
education level, which results in a low share of
illiterate people (1.3%) (Appendix 3s-I).

[F3.49] Nationalities living in southern Cyprus.

Their characteristics

A foreigner living in Cyprus states that the Greek


Cypriot is a nice person, but they do tend to be
hot-blooded (Appendix 3i-IV). They are a very
masculine folk, who like nice cars (and driving
them to anywhere), houses, shooting, etcetera.
They are protective and sort of self-centred.
A Cypriot said that because Cyprus is a small
island they are prejudiced and think they
are the centre of the world (Appendix 3i-VI).
Many people conquered and exploited Cyprus,
therefore, they also tend to be suspicious
nowadays. They do not feel a lot for new ideas,
and examples and experiences need to be set
before it will be copied. In other words, they
like to mimic the actions of their neighbours,
friends, family, etcetera. Cypriots are also
hospitable. Their family is very important for
them, and they like eating and drinking together.
Cypriots do like spending their money on nice
things (for their children), like cars. Because of
the situation created in 1974, a lot of people
lost many belongings, and now they want their
children to have a better and richer life.

View on environment and landscape


design

In three interviews the environmental lens


of the Cypriot was discussed (Appendix 3i-IV;
Appendix 3i-VI; Appendix 3i-XIV) and the stories
told are quite similar. Due to the history of others
conquering Cyprus, the Cypriot now thinks that
they are finally entitled to what the island has
to offer, and therefore very much lives in the
present. Consequently, environmental problems
(in the future) are not a hot item. Family,
income and business, and health care, are more
important aspects in life than the environment.

Environment does not seem a priority on the


island, although they are noticing the effects of
climate change. The only way to get the Cypriot
interested in environmental issues is if they gain
something from it personally, if they can earn
or save money with it. The only environmental
aspect the Cypriot acknowledges is the fact that
water is scarce on the island, but this does not
necessarily mean that everyone handles it in a
sparingly way. Theopemptou (Appendix 3i-XIV)
and Hadjipanagi (Appendix 3i-VI) state that
the younger generation is getting a little better
though. The environment gets more attention in

education, for example recycling at elementary


schools. Also environmental centres are opened
for the education of, for example teachers.
Landscape design was only discussed in one
interview (Appendix 3i-X), but not a lot was said
about it (see infobox 3.3). The reason for this
is that design is something new in Cyprus, and
new things in Cyprus needs time and patience
for it to become a habit. But, the current
Commissioner of the Environment did state
that this might be the right time to show what
a design can do.

INFOBOX 3.3: Cyprus and landscape design


Clearly landscape design can be found on the island, it might just not be that obvious. Besides the two urban parks present
in Limassol and Nicosia, cultural elements in the landscape can tell something about what colour, lines, textures, forms,
and scales (design elements) are commonly used in Cyprus and thus probably what the Cypriots like. To be able to make
the illustrative design in this thesis fitting in the (urban) landscape and the inhabitants appreciative towards it, a design
language for Cyprus is generated. In this design language the findings for colour, textures, and scales are described in word
and showed with photographs. The findings for lines and forms are taken together and are also translated into symbols.

Design language

Observations have taught that the colour used in design are quite neutral. A lot of earthy grey and brown shades are
used, alongside the pale greens and yellows of the vegetation [F3.50]. The pops of colour can primary be found in the
flowers and fruits of vegetation. The textures and materials the Cypriots use are wood, stones/rocks from the mountains,
stucco, concrete, and glass [F3.51]. The scale of designed landscape in Cyprus in quite uniform and small scale [F3.52]. In
urban forms like Limassol or Nicosia some higher buildings can be found, but no shocking skyscrapers.

[F3.50] Use of colours.

[F3.51] Use of textures and materials.

[F3.52] Use of scale.

The first lines and shapes are found in Cyprus cultural landscape design, which are the terraces [F3.53], and plantations
[F3.54]. The terraces consist of evenly spread steps following the organic lines of a mountain slope. The plantations are
more straight-forward with trees planted in lines or grids. In urban (park) design in Cyprus other lines and shapes are
found, namely the crossing units [F3.55], and the altering of the natural [F3.56]. In parks in Nicosia and Limassol, rational
and organic units are used crossing each other. In the urban form natural parts, for example riverbeds, are altered in a way
making them more rational and less place consuming.

[F3.53] Lines and shapes in Cypriot terraces.

[F3.54] Lines and shapes in Cypriot


plantations.

[F3.55] Lines and shapes in Cypriot parks.

[F3.56] Lines and shapes of altering the


natural in Cypriot urban areas.

54

3.5 City of attraction and distraction


The title of this chapter is derived from an interview conducted in Cyprus (Appendix 3i-IV), and
describes the agglomeration Limassol. At the end of 2011 Greater Limassol had around 180,000
inhabitants (Appendix 3s-I), and consists of 8 municipalities or communities: Limassol, Kato
Polemidia, Pano Polemidia, Meso Geitonia, Ayios Athanasios, Germasogeia, Mouttagiaka, and Ayios
Tychonas [F3.57].

Mouttagiaka
2,939
Ayios
Athanasios
14,347

Pano
Polemidia
3,470

Kato Polemidia
22,369

Ayios
Tychonas
3,455
Germasogeia
13,421

Meso
Geitonia
14,477

Limassol
101,000

[F3.57] Current Greater Limassol and the amount of inhabitants.

Development

Logically, when the acreage of a city increases


[F3.58] so does the number of inhabitants
[F3.59], and vice versa. Limassol as well as
the nearby villages expanded, and they grew
together into Greater Limassol.

1883

1927

1937

1947

1957

1965

Current urban development

The development of Greater Limassol brings


us to the present day. The fabric of the
city nowadays is discussed in four themes:
infrastructure, buildings, water, and vegetation
[F3.60]. Also the pearls in and around Limassol
are discussed.
Infrastructure
Besides the highway running through Limassol,
there are also B-roads (regional roads) [F3.61]
in the city. These B-roads are always two-way
traffic roads and often have double lanes.
Furthermore, there are bigger city roads,
mostly two-way traffic roads, and smaller ones
which are often one-way traffic roads.
55

1981

[F3.58] The increasing acreage of the city Limassol.

[F3.59] The increasing number of inhabitants of Limassol.


Infrastructure

areas where a lot of hotels, restaurants and


tourist shops can be found. In the old town,
(touristic) shops, restaurants, and some other
businesses can be found. Furthermore, there
is a lot of industry where the new harbour is
located, and also some industry in other areas in
in the city. In the areas in between the B-roads
and bigger city roads, people tend to live in
houses often not more than three stories high.

Buildings

Water

[F3.61] B-road with higher building with commercial


function in Limassol.

Vegetation

Water
There is almost no surface water in the urban
area of Limassol. There are three ephemeral
rivers running through the city: Garyllis
(Polemidia dam), Vathias (no dam) [F3.62],
and Germasogeia (Germasogeia dam). Along
these rivers there is a high risk of floods when
stormwater is available (Appendix 3i-XI).

[F3.60] The urban fabric.

Buildings
Along the B-roads and bigger city roads, higher
buildings with commercial functions can be
found [F3.61]. Sometimes these buildings are
only used by businesses, and sometimes there
are apartments above shops, restaurants or
other businesses. Along the coast there are

[F3.62] Vathias river.

56

Vegetation
Although there are often single trees in the
urban streets of Limassol, there is not a lot
of surface vegetation. Larger amounts of
vegetation can mostly be found along the
coast boulevard, some parks, and along
one of the three rivers (Germasogeia). The
following species are observed as street trees
often occurring in the urban area of Limassol:
Cupressus sempervirens, Citrus sinensis,
Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Ficus benjamina
[F3.63].

scenical and cultural pearls [F3.64], locations


of significance to the islands appearance and
culture, for example: Akrotiri salt lake, the
citrus plantations (westwards), and the Troodos
mountain range (northwards). These pearls can
also be found within the city, for example: the
old harbour, the botanic garden, and several
churches.

[F3.63] Citrus sinensis as street trees.

Quantity

Stormwater characteristics

Greater Limassol has one organisation which


is responsible for the stormwater drainage
system (separate system from wastewater),
namely the Sewerage Board of Limassol Amathus (Appendix 3i-III). This organisation
is very active and tries to look for solutions to
create better circumstances for stormwater
in Greater Limassol, for example by creating
stormwater lagoons (until now only an idea)
(Christou, 2012). Currently, the stormwater
is led to the sea via the dry rivers and drains
[F3.65], but more detailed data on the system
is not available.

Pearls in and around Limassol


As a coast town, Limassol is obviously bordered
by the sea. Located northwards of the Akrotiri
bay, Limassol has more to offer than the
Mediterranean sea. Limassol is surrounded by

Christou (2012) states that rainfall intensities


are increasing in Limassol, and the risk of floods
occurring will grow. Furthermore, the drains in
the city will not be sufficient in the future. He
states that around 21,000,000 m3 of stormwater
is lost to the sea in Limassol every year. This

16
1
2
7

15
11-15
8

16

10

14
4

5
13

12

11

[F3.64]* Pearls in and around Limassol.

57

10

[F3.65] A drain ending on the beach.

[F3.67] Soapy water being discharged

amount of stormwater is produced by the on


average 407.5 mm (1991-2005) precipitation
[F3.66] that falls in Limassol (Meteological
Service, n.d. a).

First off all, the current characteristics of waste


collection. In Limassol, large street containers
are used where inhabitants can throw their
non-plastic, non-paper, and non-glass waste
in. Observation showed that these containers
often do not have an intended location, they just
linger on the sidewalks. Furthermore, there are
two problems with the containers. People tend
to leave them open [F3.68], so the abundance
of stray cats make a mess looking for food.
Besides these open container causing horrible
odours, the containers sometimes cannot be
closed at all due to too much waste.

Quality

What the exact quality of the urban stormwater


of Limassolis, is not clear. At some heavy rain
occasions, stormwater gets into the wastewater
cycle ending in the wastewater treatment plant,
instead of going to the sea. When this happens
different pollutants than with solely wastewater
can be measured at the plant. The stormwater
quality is said not to be that high (Appendix
3i-III). Besides this, observations made clear
that soapy water from (dish)washing machines
on balconies is discharged on the streets via the
drainpipes [F3.67].

Urban (organic) waste characteristics

As organic waste is not separated in Limassol,


not much can be said directly on the urban
organic waste. To give some information on
waste in Limassol, two aspects will be discussed
though.

[F3.68] An open container, lingering on the sidewalk.

[F3.66] Average precipitation per month in Limassol.

58

The second aspect that is discussed is the


organic waste potential of the households in
Limassol. Limassol could have produced 10
of electricity per year from its approximately
50,000 tons of urban organic waste (Appendix
3c-II).

Human comfort

The comfort people experience whilst being


outside is of importance when designing an
urban landscape where people can recreate
etcetera (see chapter 4.3). Three things are
looked at: temperature, wind and humindity.
Only in May and October the temperature is
comfortable in Limassol [T3.2]. In November
until April it feels cool, and in the summer
months June, July, August and October it
feels warm. Especially July and August are
uncomfortable due to high dew points.

26
warm

block

block

block

block

free

free

free

free

6077%
4-9
comfort

5873%
4-10
comfort

5569%
5-11
comfort

5868%
7-14
comfort

December

22
comfort

November

18
cool

23
comfort

19
cool

15
cool

free

free

block

block

5673%
7-14
comfort

6080%
5-11
comfort

28
28
26
warm warm warm

October

15
cool

September

June

13
cool

August

May

13
cool

July

April

Humidity +
dew point C
(3)(4)(5)

March

Wind speed +
direction
(1)(2)

February

Air temperature C +
feel
(1)

January

[T3.2] Human comfort in Limassol.

55575757555268%
70%
72%
74%
69%
69%
11-17 14-21 17-24 17-24 13-21 10-18
com- comununcom- comfort
fort comf. comf. fort
fort

(1) = (Haby, n.d. a) | (2) = (Windfinder, n.d.) | (3) = (Haby, n.d. b) | (4) = (Meteorological Service, n.d. b) | (5) = Weatherspark, n.d.)

59

INTERMEZZO: questionnaire
A questionnaire was made with general questions (Q1-6), and questions about water (Q7-10) and energy (Q11-14) use in
households. This English questionnaire was translated into Greek for better understanding under the Greek Cypriots.

Goal, distribution and response

The goal of this questionnaire is to find out what the opinions (and habits) are of Cypriots and foreigners who live in Limassol
(for at least 6 months a year). The initial idea was to distribute the questionnaire on the street, at different locations and at
several time slots. Whilst trying this, it became clear that this is quite difficult in Cyprus. People tend to be in their cars or in
restaurants/bars/shops, not loose on the street. Therefore, the questionnaire was digitalised and put online using Qualtrics.
com, to distribute the questionnaire via email and Facebook. People were reached using contact persons on the island.
So-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005) made sure the questionnaire reached 122 people, of which 33 living in Limassol [T3.3]
(Appendix 3q-I).
[T3.3] Respondents from Limassol and Nicosia.

Limassol

Nicosia

TOTAL

Cypriots

27

53

80

Foreigners

10

16

TOTAL

33

63

96

60

The inhabitants thoughts

This paragraph discusses the results of the


33 questionnaires filled in by inhabitants of
Limassol. It should be noted that these results
are probably biased (Appendix 3q-I), but
the single (Appendix 3q-II) and cross results
(Appendix 3q-III) are interesting to compare and
share anyway.

Green in- and outside limassol

In Limassol most Cypriots have a garden and


a balcony, where foreigners often only have a
balcony. Both state that plants are the main
component of their outside space. Observation
has learned though that a lot of gardens have
some plants, but are mostly paved.
Furthermore, both Cypriots as the foreigners
say there is public green in the proximity of
their homes. The researchers of this thesis are
surprised by this opinion, and believe that the
Cypriots and foreigners might have a different
definition of public green, because not a lot of
usable surface green was observed. Cypriots
and the foreigners like meeting people in public
green and find public green important, but when
free for most of the day Limassol is left to visit
nature outside the city to do so. Interesting is
that both Cypriots and the foreigners would like
to visit nature more often. Observation shows
that both the public green in Limassol, as well
as nearby nature is not used very much during
weekdays and nights. Also, only approximately
half of both Cypriots and foreigners go outside
when the weather is hot.

Awareness in Limassol

Cypriots believe that economy is more important


subject than nature or culture at the moment,
they would like to see that nature becomes the
most important subject in the future though.
There was not enough response from foreigners
to draw a conclusion from them.
How aware are Cypriots of their water and
energy use habits? Hadjipanagi states that
Cypriots are very aware of the water they use
(Appendix 3i-VI). The questionnaires state
differently when findings on water and energy
are compared to actual statistics from Cyprus.
To make a long story short, almost no Cypriots
or foreigners opinion on what units in their
households uses the most and the least water
and energy, corresponds to the statistics of
Cyprus on these subjects. Interesting to share is
that both Cypriots and foreigners had different
opinions on the consumption, and also it
sometimes differed between housing types.

Alterations on their homes

A conclusion that can be made from the previous


findings is that the environmental awareness is
not very high after all. But, the future may bring
61

change, only if people are willing to adapt their


habits.
Most Cypriots accept alterations on their houses
for stormwater harvesting, and most Cypriots
would like to have direct benefits from this (less
want indirect benefits). All foreigners accept
alterations on their houses for stormwater
harvesting, not everyone wants direct benefits
(e.g. receiving water for gardening) but all
would like to have indirect benefits (e.g. greener
neighbourhood). Most Cypriots are prepared to
separate organic waste, but they do like to have
(in)direct benefits from it (more indirect, than
direct). All foreigners are prepared to separate
organic waste, a minority would like to have
direct benefits (e.g. gas for cooking) but most
would like indirect benefits (e.g. cleaner air).

3.6 Room for intervention


In this thesis the design location is not chosen solely based on the researchers opinion. The
location with the most potentials for the steps of the stormwater harvesting and re-use, and energy
production from urban organic waste processes (thus where there is room for intervention) is
selected by conducting a suitability study.

A suitability study

of Limassol is tested upon its suitability for the


stormwater harvesting and re-use, and energy
production from urban organic waste processes.

Land suitability is defined as the fitness of a


given type of land for a specified kind of land
use (FAO, 1976 cited in Bouma, Storrvogel &
Sonneveld, 2011, p.34-2). This definition of land
suitability is mainly based upon the suitability
of a specific soil type for a specific agricultural
land use. However, in this thesis, the urban land
Objective
Water

Structure

First, the objective part of the suitability study is


conducted, then the subjective part, and finally
objective and subjective are combined [F3.69].
Subjective

Water & Energy combined

Floods
Quantity

Energy

Subjective
combined

Awareness
Biodiversity

Objective combined with subjective


Objective

Objective and
subjective combined

Subjective

[F3.69] Structure of the suitability study.

[F3.70] Urban landscape units of Limassol.

62

Objective

For the objective part urban landscape units in


three categories (urban, peri-urban, and water)
[F3.70] are used to evaluate if that location
is suitable for a certain step in the processes
(Appendix 3e-I).
The steps important within the process
of stormwater harvesting and re-use are:
harvesting, detention, treatment, and retention.
The suitability of these process steps in a
certain urban landscape unit is shown by the
colour. Where green stands for most suitable,
red stands for least suitable [F3.71].

[F3.73] Combined objective suitability of Limassol.

Subjective

Besides the objective suitability, the researchers


of this thesis also found some information they
found important to incorporate: data on flood
risk, stormwater quantity, the urban density,
and biodiversity (Appendix 3e-II). These four
aspects are combined into the subjective
suitability of Limassol [F3.74].

[F3.71] Objective stormwater suitability of Limassol.

For energy production from organic waste the


steps are: urban organic waste availability (not
a real step, but used instead of harvesting,
because harvesting waste can be done
everywhere in the city, but the availability can
differ), storage, pre-treatment, and digestion
[F3.72].

[F3.74] Subjective suitability of Limassol.

Clearly, the ephemeral riverbeds of Limassol


are subjectively seen as an suitable location.
But not only subjectively, as Levick et al. (2008)
state that ephemeral rivers can play a significant
role in stormwater harvesting (in (semi-)arid
regions), especially when their watersheds are
taken into account.

Choosing a location

[F3.72] Objective urban organic waste suitability of


Limassol.

Combining water and energy


A location is wanted where both the suitability
of stormwater and urban organic waste is as
high as possible. When combining the suitability
map for stormwater with the suitability map for
urban organic waste, it is chosen to let the one
for stormwater weight heavier than the one
for urban organic waste. The reason for this is
that waste is pretty much available everywhere,
whereas stormwater is dealing with gravity,
therefore it is draw to certain points [F3.73].

The last step of the suitability study is to


combine the objective and the subjective
suitability [F3.75]. The area of the most west
laying ephemeral river in Limassol, the Garyllis
river, is seen as most suitable location for
intervention.

[F3.75] The location with the most potentials.

63

3.7 Watershed in distress


The suitability study helped with finding the watershed in need of help. This chapter discusses this
watershed of the Garyllis river.

Development

The original Garyllis river of approximately


50 km long with a watershed area of 103 km2
(WDD, n.d. c), starts in the Troodos mountain
range and ends in Akrotiri Bay [F3.76].

Three branches and a dam

This river underwent quite some changes


[F3.76], starting with additional branches in
approximately 1900 (Appendix 3i-XI).

In 1965 the Polemidia dam (earthfill) was


created [F3.77]. This dams purpose is retaining
irrigation water, and has a reservoir surface of
110,000 m2 (WDD, 2009b). The Garyllis river
downstream of this dam is approximately 9.6
km long, and lies completely in the borders of
Greater Limassol. The dam is in hands of the
Water Development Department, but is not
actively managed. When the dam overflows,
which it does approximately once every ten
years (Appendix 3i-XIII), this water reaches the
city through the western branch [F3.76], due to
a wall created in the original branch [F3.78].

Before 1900

[F3.77] The Polemidia dam.


1900

1965

[F3.78] The wall between the west branch and the


original branch.

Today

[F3.76] Development of the Garyllis river.

[F3.79] The dumpsite near the Polemidia dam.

64

Current state and use

WWD (2010) states that the (ecological) status,


as well as the potentials of the Garyllis river
are poor. Furthermore, as already mentioned
in the previous chapter, the area of the Garyllis
river is dealing with high flood risks (WHO,
2010). Additionally, the water coming from the
Polemidia dam is polluted, because the area
around the dam is used as dumpsite [F3.79]
(Appendix 3i-V; Appendix 3i-XIII).

Garyllis Linear Park

Besides all the negative statements given on the


current state and use of the Garyllis river, there
are also some more positive developments
ongoing. Currently, the Garyllis Linear Park is
created downstream of the dam [F3.80]. The
development of this park (together with the

transformation of the old city centre, and the


plans for the multifunctional seaside park) costs
22 to 24 million Euro of which 85% is paid with
EU funds (Hassapi, 2008). So, what are the
characteristics of this, not so cheap, linear park?
Positive and negative aspects of the park
design
Although there is a design for this watershed
already, an illustrative design is still made for this
location, to show how it could have been done
differently. To not wipe away the current ideas
totally, the objectives (Limassol Municipality,
n.d. a; Limassol Municipality, n.d. b) and the
drawings [F3.80] of the plan are analysed to
find the positive aspects [T3.4] and the negative
aspects [T3.5] of this project.

[F3.80]* Location of Garyllis Linear Park, with images how it should look like in the future.
[T3.4] Positive aspects of the project.

Positive aspects

Reason

Construction of a cycling and pedestrian path

There are almost no cycling paths in Limassol, a positive development for


slow traffic.
Quite some bridges make sure that everyone can get where they want
to go.

Renovation of the existing bridges and


construction of new wooden ones in various
points around the park. These bridges will
enable all pedestrians or cyclists to move across
the banks of the river
Installation of lighting giving a welcoming air to
the park so that it can also be used during the
evenings

65

Safety and management is important.

[T3.5] Negative aspects of the project.

Negative aspects

Reason and what is learned from it

The works currently taking place, aim at the


reformation of the present unattended riverbed
of the Garyllis river
Arrangement of small squares and playgrounds
in various places, which will be suitable for
public gatherings and social events, based on
the existing width of the bank of the river. These
areas shall also be used as areas for rest by the
pedestrians and visitors
Planting of trees

Plans show no riverbed, as there is always water in the renders. Water is


scarce in Cyprus, therefore the riverbed should be designed just as nicely
as the sides.
At first sight this objective seems positive, but all activities are intended
and there is no room for unintended activities. Also, most activity sites
consist of concrete without vegetation therefore lacking human comfort.
The park needs places for unintended activities, without using concrete
all the time.

Construction of walls where necessary


Pedestrian crossings for the safe access of the
public to and from the various traffic points
Preservation of the morphology of the natural
surroundings and the physiognomy of the bank
of the river without constraining the natural
flow of the river

Nothing is wrong about planting trees of course, but the fact that mostly
exotic species are planted is not so positive for the ecology of Cyprus.
Therefore, besides exotic also native species should be planted.
The use of concrete walls in a park that is already quite enclosed, seem to
only make it feel more enclosed. Openness is also attractive, this should
be kept in mind.
Crossings are of course important for safety, but in this design they tend
to be the points where the path of the park is lost. These crossings should
also function as clear entrees to the park.
Natural surroundings and a natural flow are not created by concrete.
Furthermore, a less smooth surface can help to slow down the stormwater
in the river.

Visual and functional linking of the river to the


domestic areas it runs through

Many parts of the river within the linear park are tunnelled. Therefore,
the river is not only not visible but cannot function optimally. Of course
tunnelling is needed at some locations, but more visible river is more
linking the river to its surroundings.

The Garyllis River is known as an important


geophysical natural point. Its reformation not
only as a pedestrians path and a cyclists path
but also as a linear park will benefit both the
surrounding housing areas and the broader
river area
It will be widely used by school and university
students and generally by many young people

The plans of the linear park will bring benefits, but more benefits can be
taken. The park can have more functions than in this project. The scarce
space should be used as best as it can be used. A performing landscape
would bring much more benefits.

It will create and develop the cyclist and


pedestrian paths of the city, aiming at attracting
visitors and tourists to enjoy a new, different
route
Finally, it will greatly contribute to the
reformation of an abandoned, unappreciated
and misunderstood area and it will bring a new
wind of change to the neighbourhoods which
have only a few parks

The school and university students using the park for transportation is
one thing. It would be even better if the park would play an actual role in
their education.
Yes, the paths in the park create a different route. But when the path is
taken, the only safe and pleasant way back is the same route. Therefore,
the paths of the path should be part of a bigger network of paths.
Yes, the new park could bring a new wind of change, but this could be
exploited better. A performing landscape seems more positive.

66

3.8 Little Garyllis


In the previous chapter it became clear that the downstream Garyllis river consists of two parts
nowadays. The water bearing western branch and the Y-shaped remnant of the original branch
and the dug one from around 1900. This Y-shaped part, by the researchers of this thesis named
Little Garyllis, was according to the suitability study the most suitable for and in need of intervention.
Therefore, further focus in laid on this sub-watershed.

Mise en scne

The borders and elevation of the Little Garyllis


watershed are calculated by Eliades of The
Cyprus Institute [F3.81] (Appendix 3c-III). He
states that this urban watershed is heavily
modified, and that the borders are defined by
manmade diversions and pipe networks.
The watershed of Little Garyllis is located within
the boundaries of the municipality of Limassol,
near the old city centre. The southern part
actually lays within the old town, therefore
many pearls are located in or in the proximity of
the watershed [F3.82].

Roads, paths and bridges

Within the borders of Little Garyllis roads for


fast traffic are forming a sort of grid in the
newer northern part of the watershed, and
more organic shapes in the older southern part
[F3.83]. Slow traffic can find its place on the
narrow sidewalks along roads, or on the already
constructed paths in the linear park. Bridges for
mixed traffic, fast traffic, and slow traffic cross
the riverbed.

36.8 m
32.3 m

27.8 m
23.4 m
18.8 m
14.4 m
9.9 m

5.4 m

[F3.81] The borders and elevation of Little Garyllis.

67

Buildings and empty plots

The spaces between the roads are mostly filled


by plots, whether with or without buildings. In
the north more higher buildings can be found
in the grids, and in the south a bigger amount
of lower buildings can be found placed more
organically [F3.84]. Quite some empty plots
define the appearance of the watershed.
There are no planning laws on how long these
plots can be left empty, therefore there is no
guaranty that they will ever be filled (Appendix
3i-XI). Currently, a lot of empty plots are used
in a negative way, for example as dump site,
for storage, or for parking. The organic waste
derived from the Little Garyllis households has
potentials to produce biogas (see infobox 3.5).

Facilities

In the watershed of Little Garyllis some facilities


can be found: schools (e.g. the Limassol
Technical School), sport and play, restaurants,
and sanitary facilities [F3.85].

Stormwater

As already stated, detailed data on the


stormwater drainage system of Limassol is
lacking. Therefore, some assumptions have to
be made for Little Garyllis, to be able to design
at this location. These assumptions are that
the stormwater is collected on the streets, and

brought to the river via underground pipes.


Some of these inlets of the stormwater drainage
system into the river could be located [F3.86],
but there are probably more (especially in the
eastern branch of the Little Garyllis, where none
were found by the researchers). Furthermore,
some stormwater will reach the river by surface
runoff (see infobox 3.4 for quantitive data).
Christou (2012) and own assumptions point out
there are three critical zones in Little Garyllis
when it comes to stormwater. At these locations
high amounts of water are let into the riverbed
or a bottleneck is created by the tunnelling.

Public and private green

Some shrubs and trees can be found on private


grounds, but most vegetation is public. Some
streets have a few trees in them, but most green
can be found in and near the riverbed where
most water is available. When maintaining this
public green organic waste is produced, and
this, just like the organic waste from the Little
Garyllis households, has potential to produce
biogas (see infobox 3.5).
More specific information on the vegetation in
and near the Garyllis river can be found in the
next paragraph.

15

13

13

OLD CITY CENTRE

9
15

8
8
[F3.82] The surroundings of Little Garyllis.

68

[F3.83] Roads, paths and bridges of Little Garyllis.

[F3.84] Building size and the location of the empty plots.

69

[F3.85] Available facilities.

[F3.86] Inlets of stormwater into the river and critical zones.

70

INFOBOX 3.4: stormwater of Little Garyllis


The calculations of Eliades (Appendix 3c-III) are used to recalculate (Appendix 3c-III) the
stormwater characteristics of the watershed. Two aspects are looked at: the watersheds mean
runoff (m3/month) [T3.6], and how many days per year the watershed has to deal with a certain
amount of rainfall (so-called peak flows) [T3.7] (Appendix 3c-III).
[T3.6] The watersheds mean runoff (m3/month).

Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
TOTAL

Precipitation in mm
83.76
72.43
41.09
15.99
5.64
0.59
0.67
0.00
2.27
21.23
56.33
88.08
388.08

Runoff in mm
51.82
44.05
23.59
7.58
2.56
0.23
0.42
0.00
1.32
12.61
36.91
57.41
238.50

Runoff in m3
55,592.41
47,256.77
25,307.31
8,131.81
2,747.44
246.74
450.58
0.00
1,416.09
13,527.99
39,596.99
61,589.35
255,862.39

[T3.7] Mean amount of days per year with a certain amount of rainfall.

Amount of precipitation in mm / day


2 - 9.9
10 - 17.9
18 - 25.9
26 - 33.9
34 - 41.9
42 - 49.9
50 - 57.9
58 - 65.9
66 - 73.9
74 - 81.9

Amount of days
(1980-2010)
718
226
84
38
22
14
5
1
1
1

Mean amount of
days per year
23.16
7.29
2.71
1.23
0.71
0.45
0.16
0.03
0.03
0.03

INFOBOX 3.5: urban organic waste of Little Garyllis


Two existing sources and one optional source of urban organic waste can be found in the
watershed. The households as well as the public green produce organic waste, and the empty
plots could potentially do the same when planted with vegetation, and maintained [T3.8]
(Appendix 3c-III).
[T3.8] Urban organic waste availability.

Source
Households
Park
Empty plots

71

Potential amount of
organic waste
987,413
195,757
95,922

Biogas yield in m3
89,741
13,708
6,717

Ambiance of the river

Multiple locations along the Little Garyllis have


a different atmosphere, the ambiance changes
along the river. Therefore, these ambiances are
analysed. It should be taken into account though
that the riverbed and riverbanks are currently
under construction due to the creation of the
linear park. The analysis of the rivers ambiance
is a snapshot, thus although the future can be
promising the current situation is evaluated.

Eight aspects

For the analysis of the ambiance of the river, eight


aspects are taken into account, namely: type of
riverbed, use of riverbanks, multi-functionality
of the riverbed, accessibility of the riverbed and
riverbanks, vegetation, spaciousness, legibility,
and safety (Appendix 3e-II).

[F3.87] Natural riverbed.

[F3.88] Semi-solid riverbed.

[F3.89] Solid riverbed.

[F3.90] Tunnelled riverbed.

72

Type of riverbed
The natural riverbed of the Little Garyllis
consists of natural (sediment) stones [F3.87].
Sometimes the riverbed is adjusted by people
making it semi-solid (often with natural
materials) [F3.88] or solid (concrete) [F3.89]. It
also occurs that there is no riverbed at all, here
the river is tunnelled [F3.90].

[F3.91] Riverbanks: boulevard/park.

[F3.92] Riverbanks: boulevard/private.

[F3.93] Riverbanks: private/road

[F3.94] Riverbanks: private.

73

Use of riverbanks
The riverbanks are used in four different ways.
The parts of the linear park where there is only a
path for cycling and walking is called boulevard
in this thesis. This boulevard is combined with
a more spacious park [F3.91] or with private
grounds [F3.92]. At the end of the river, near
the old harbour, there is no boulevard. Here the
use of the riverbanks is private and road [F3.93].

At the beginning of the most eastern branch the


only use of the riverbanks is private grounds
[F3.94].
Multi-functionality of the riverbed
Besides being a riverbed the Little Garyllis
sometimes functions as dumpsite [F3.94],
schoolyard for the Logos School [F3.95], or
garden [F3.96].

[F3.95] Riverbed as dumpsite.

[F3.96] Riverbed as schoolyard.

[F3.97] Riverbed as garden.

74

Accessibility of the riverbed and riverbanks


The boulevard of the linear park can be accessed
at many places. Because one can actually get on
the boulevard without any effort, it is not very
clear that one has actually entered the linear
park.
For the riverbed accessibility five options are
chosen: low [F3.98] medium/low medium
[F3.99] medium/high high [F3.100]. The
riverbed is accessible when there is not too
much vegetation blocking the way and the
banks are not too steep.

[F3.98] Low accessibility of the riverbed.

[F3.99] Medium accessibility of the riverbed.

[F3.100] High accessibility of the riverbed.

75

Vegetation
In case of vegetation there are six options for
vegetation in the riverbed and on the riverbanks
at Little Garyllis: none [F3.101], in: no / banks:
some trees/shrubs [F3.102], in: no / banks: lots
of trees/shrubs [F3.103], in: grass / banks: some
trees/shrubs [F3.104], in + banks: some trees/
shrubs [F3.105], and in + banks: lots of trees/
shrubs [F3.106].

[F3.101] No vegetation.

[F3.102] In: no / banks: some trees/shrubs.

[F3.103] In: no / banks: lots of trees/shrubs.

[F3.104] In: grass / banks: some trees/shrubs.

76

Spaciousness
Often the space around the river is enclosed
due to buildings [F3.107], but sometimes it is
more spacious [F3.108].

[F3.105] In + banks: some trees/shrubs.

[F3.106] In + banks: lots of trees /shrubs.

[F3.107] Enclosed.

[F3.108] Spacious.

77

Legibility
For legibility there are the same five options: low
[F3.109] medium/low medium [F3.110]
medium/high high. For the legibility to be high
there should not be too much (unorganised)
vegetation, the path should not go too far from
the river, the river should not be too shallow,
and the river should not be fenced at places
where there is no danger.

Safety
For the safety along the river again five
options are chosen: low [F3.111] medium/
low medium [F3.112] medium/high
high [F3.113]. The safety was estimated by
looking at the availability of street lighting, the
organisation of the vegetation (density), the
feeling of being locked-in (availability of exits),
and the type of use along the riverbanks (e.g.
parking, high walls).

[F3.109] Low legibility.

[F3.110] Medium legibility.

[F3.111] Low safety.

[F3.112] Medium safety.

78

[F3.113] High safety.

SWOT

Every time one of these eight aspect changes


a sub-area within Little Garyllis is created
(Appendix 3e-II). According a SWOT analysis
the sub-areas are assigned as currently having
strengths and weaknesses, and for the future
opportunities and threats [F3.114] (Appendix
3e-II). This is done to find the sub-areas within
the Little Garyllis watershed that need extra
attention.

[F3.114] Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.

79

3.9 Points of attention


This chapter summarises the information that is important for the next part of this thesis. This is
done per chapter, discussing the issue shortly, and providing the page number where the information
was given first.

3.1 Mediterranean Cyprus


Cyprus has many more environmental


problems than only water and waste.

3.2 Green mountains and dry plains




ambiance of the river.


Some sub-areas have more opportunities
for change and others are more in need to
be changed.

Soils is Cyprus are often shallow and not


so fertile.
River system of mostly ephemeral rivers.
A lot of calcareous soils, make it not wise
to let stormwater infiltrate in urban areas
after treatment.

3.3 Altered land


Urbanisation is high in Cyprus, cities (thus


Limassol as well) might expand in the
future.

3.4 Life on the island



A lot of cars on the island.


There was no Cypriot design language, but
used colours, lines, textures, forms, and
scales could be used to create one.

3.5 City of attraction and distraction


The pearls in and around Limassol should


be exploited more. For example, in a
survey the Akrotiri salt lake is said to be
known by 71.2% of the respondents, but
only 29.2% has every visited the salt lake
(Birol, Koundouri & Koundouris, n.d.).
Something should be done about the
state and locations of the street (waste)
containers.

3.6 Room for intervention


The area of the Garyllis river is dealing


with both flash as well as urban floods.

3.7 Watershed in distress


Besides the dam cutting the Garyllis river


in two, the downstream part again consist
of two parts of which the west branch is
water bearing.
River is dry most of the year, thus riverbed
is visible.

3.8 Little Garyllis




Three water critical zones can be found in


Little Garyllis.
The empty plots have a potential to be
used differently.
Especially the spaciousness changes the
80

81

82

NB.
It should be clear that during the design process the cooperation potential, which is going to be
discussed in chapter 4.1, was researched before visiting Cyprus and therefore before the conduct
of all the analyses found in Part 3 as well. Also the toolboxes in chapter 4.2 were developed before
going to Cyprus. As should become clear, the analyses shared in Part 3 were done to make sieving
the toolboxes possible. These results can also be found in chapter 4.2. What happened hereafter can
be found in chapter 4.3 and 4.4.
83

4.1 The cooperation of the two processes


The researchers thought that the two processes of urban stormwater harvesting and re-use, and
energy production from urban organic waste have a cooperation potential.

The processes

In this paragraph the processes are specified,


and the steps within the processes are shared
to find links between the two processes.

Stormwater harvesting and re-use

According to Chanan et al. (2010, p.2855)


stormwater harvesting is defined as the
practice of collecting water from surfaces on
which rain falls, and storage of this water for
later use. Mitchell et al. (2007) and Abdulla
& Al-Shareef (2009) describe the steps to be
taken in the process:
1. Harvesting
2. Detention (see infobox 4.1)
3. Treatment
4. Retention (see infobox 4.1)
5. Re-use
Between these steps a conveyance system of
gutters, pipes and/or channels is needed for
transportation.

INFOBOX 4.1: Detention versus


retention
In this thesis the terms detention and
retention are used. To prevent confusion the
difference is explained in here. For storing
dirty water, which still needs to go through
the natural treatment, the term detention is
used. For the storage of treated water, the
end product, the term retention is used.

filtration trenches or basins, and they are


designed to remove fine suspended solids and
dissolved pollutants. A biofilter system exists
of a soil-based filter media [F4.1]. An effective
filter media is fine sand or sandy loam, because
according to Bratieres et al (2008, p.3931) they
provide adequate support for plant growth, and
display minimal leaching. This soil-based filter
media needs to be planted with species which
maximise nutrient removal. Wetland-type
biofiltration systems have proved to remove
pollutants such as nitrate (N) and phosphorus
(P) from stormwater runoff. The outcome of the
study of Bratieres et al. (2008) shows that the
presence of vegetation has large effect on the
removal of nitrate (NOx) and total nitrogen (TN).
However, plant species for a biofilter should not
only be chosen on their treatment performance,
but also, according to Read et al. (2008, p.894)
on their capacity to survive in potentially
stressful growth conditions. Plants must be able
to survive the intermittent wetting and drying
regime. In the case of this thesis, whilst using
natural processes, efforts will be made to find
suitable native species for this purpose. Besides
removing nutrients from stormwater runoff, a
biofilter can also improve the urban landscape
(Read et al., 2008). Underneath the vegetated
filter media a perforated pipe should be
installed for collecting the treated water, when it
is retained culturally (not naturally in an aquifer)
(Bratieres et al., 2008; Read et al., 2008). When
retaining water, electricity is needed for it to be
pumped up again when needed.

Biofiltration as treatment
As explained in chapter 1.2, the lens of the
researchers includes finding solutions in
natural processes. Therefore, because urban
stormwater is polluted (Niemczynowicz, 1999),
a natural system is used for the third step in the
process: the treatment. The system used in this
thesis is the biofilter system.
Due to rapid urbanisation, the biofiltration
treatment technology is increasingly used
(Bratieres et al., 2008; Read et al., 2008). The
reason for this is the flexibility of the technology
in terms of size, location, configuration, and
appearance (Bratieres et al., 2008). These
biofilter systems are, according to Hatt, Deletic
& Fletcher (2007, p.201) defined as vegetated

[F4.1]* Section of a biofiltration system.

The study of Bratieres et al. (2008) shows


that the depth of the filter media [F4.1] does
not significantly influence the removal of
nutrients. Bratieres et al. (2008) studied three
different filter areas, namely 1%, 2% and 4%
84

of the catchment area. The results of the tests


showed that the filter area should be at least
2% of the catchment area [F4.2], because the
performance increases with increasing filter
area (Bratieres et al., 2008).

[F4.2] Filter area should at least be 2% of the


catchment area.

Reference project: Waterplein, Rotterdam


In the northern part of Rotterdam Het
Waterplein (The Water Square) [F4.3] is
designed and built by DE URBANISTEN. This
water square is an example of the detention
step in the process.
There are three different basins to collect rain
water on the Benthemplein, namely two shallow
basins and one deeper basin (De urbanisten,
n.d.). In case of heavy rain, the water will be
transported from the immediate surroundings
and then it will be collected in the two shallow
basins of the Benthemplein. The transportation
will take place through large stainless steel
gutters which are running across the squares.
Whenever it is raining longer, the water will
also be collected from the larger area around
the square and transported into the deepest
basin (De urbanisten, n.d.; Rotterdam climate
initiative, n.d.). When it is dry again, the water
will be drained off and the square can be used
for all kind of activities. Furthermore, the square
has many differences in height, so it is possible
to sit almost everywhere. The three basins
offer many opportunities for sports and play
(Rotterdam climate initiative, n.d.). The deepest
basin is designed as a sports field as well as a
theatre (De urbanisten, n.d.). The areas that
are designed to flood are painted in different
shades of blue and all the transport gutters
are made of shiny stainless steel. Furthermore,
the square is planted with high grasses and
colourful flowers and existing large trees are
included in the design.
When visiting this square, the building was still
ongoing [F4.4]. Therefore, it was quite hard to
imagine what the final result would look like.
However, some parts of the design stood out,
for example, the multi-functionality of deepest
basin as it can be used as sports field, as well
as detention basin. This ensures that the square
85

[F4.3]* Visualisation of the design of The Water


Square.

[F4.4] Picture of the current state of The Water


Square.

can be used all year long. On the other hand,


the square is quite open, mostly made out of
concrete and there is little green. This ensures
stormwater runoff instead of infiltration. This
is a pity, because urban greening is also a
form of stormwater harvesting and detention.
Furthermore, green features, as will discussed
in Part 4, can ensure higher human comfort in
cities. This will definitely get more attention in
this thesis than is the case at The Water Square.

Energry production from urban organic


waste

To produce energy from urban organic waste


two processes can be chosen: biochemical
(natural) or thermochemical (chemical).
Besides the wish to involve natural processes in
the solutions, literature agrees that in the case
of this thesis a biochemical process would be
the better choice. Foust et al. (2009) state that
economically and environmentally it does not
matter greatly which process is chosen. But, Das
& Vezirolu (2001) state that natural production
processes (biochemical) are thought to be more
environmental friendly and use less energy (Das
& Vezirolu, 2001). Therefore, as the researchers
want to shorten the distance between waste
production and waste processing, the social
constraints of the location of the digester might

be less of a problem when choosing the natural


process over the chemical option.
Biochemical anaerobic digestion
There are four steps in the process of urban
organic waste to energy in the case of
biochemical anaerobic digestion:
1. Collection: Virgin feedstock often is just
available certain times of the year (for
example the availability of potato in the
autumn), therefore a lot needs to be
transported in once and over a greater
distance. Nevertheless, urban organic
waste is everywhere and always available,
therefore transportation is more frequent,
over a shorter distance, and on a smaller
scale (Veal, n.d.).
2. Pre-treatment and storage: The size and
shape of this storage space depends on
the type of feedstock and the way it is
collected (and pre-treated) (Veal, n.d.).
Again there is probably a difference
between virgin and waste feedstock. Virgin
feedstock is available on large scale but
less frequently, therefore it needs more
storage space than the always available
waste feedstock. Feedstock can be stored
before or after pre-treatment (making the
feedstock smaller) and wet storage has
more successful results than dry storage
with certain feedstocks (Hettenhaus, n.d.).
3. Conversion: The organic waste is mixed
with water and bacteria, which use the
oxygen in the waste to break it down
(Basu, 2010; Swillgasser, n.d.).
4. Product: During the breaking down of the

molecules of the organic waste biogas and


compost is produced. Also, dirty water
is a by-product of this process (Basu,
2010; Swillgasser, n.d.). The biogas can be
transformed into electricity and heat, or
green gas (Agentschap NL, n.d).
Reference project: Swillgasser, Cuijk
An example of an anaerobic digester is the
Swillgasser. Hotel Van Der Valk in Cuijk is testing
this waste to energy production unit since 2010.
The Swillgasser turns the food waste (swill)
from the hotel kitchen into biogas, water and
compost [F4.5]. All three products can be reused for 100%. A Cradle to Cradle solution to
eliminate waste on the spot (Swillgasser, n.d.).
The Swillgasser is an anaerobic digester, which
is absolutely air sealed. Therefore, there should
be no smell nuisance. Also, the bacteria used in
the process are bred especially for this purpose,
to make sure the different types of organic
waste are processed. This process only takes a
few days (Swillgasser, n.d.). The Swillgasser, in
this arrangement, can be useful when at least
100 m3 organic waste is available per year, with a
maximum of 150 m3 organic waste per year. The
digester is small in size, it fits in a 20 ft container
[F4.6] (Swillgasser, n.d.; Appendix 4i-I).

[F4.5]* The process of the Swillgasser.

86

[F4.6] The 20 ft container in which the Swillgasser is


located.

Because the Swillgasser is an on-the-spot


solution, it is an interesting unit for this thesis.
Also because the researchers want to situate
the unit within the urban area, the idea that
it is used in a hotel is positive. During the visit
to and tour through the Swillgasser, by Wouter
Achterkamp (Appendix 4i-I), the most important
aspect learned was that it is only obligatory to
keep the top and one meter buffer around the
unit free for eventual explosion hazard. But,
no actual nuisance is experienced from the
biogas unit and it is totally safe. Also alternative
feedstock than the now used swill can be
processed. In the case of urban organic waste
it would be slightly more woody material, and
this could slow down the process considerably
and reduce the amount of biogas produced
[F4.7] (Appendix 4i-I). The water used by the
Swillgasser is slightly contaminated at the end
of the process, but clean enough to be cleaned
in an aerobic treatment plant or wastewater
wetland (Appendix 4i-I).

[F4.7]* Biogas yield of different feedstock.

87

The potential

The conducted research confirmed the


proposition of the researchers. The two
processes do have links [F4.8], therefore they
could cooperate.

[F4.8] The cooperation between the stormwater harvesting and re-use process, and the energy production from
organic waste process.

88

4.2 First sieve: toolbox


The first idea was to create a toolbox enabling to design with the two processes. This was not very
beneficial for the design, but it did give some interesting results for the research

The toolbox(es)

The toolbox for the two processes actually


consists of two toolboxes, for each of the
processes one.

The making

The literature reviewed to understand the two


processes, and to find links where they could
cooperate, was also used to identify the several
options within a process step. These options
form the toolbox for stormwater harvesting and
re-use [F4.9], and for energy production from
urban organic waste [F4.10]. Three scale levels
are taken into account: household (small),
street (medium) and watershed (large), to make
it widely implementable.
HARVESTING

SMALL SCALE

household

MEDIUM SCALE

street

DETENTION AND DELAY

TREATMENT

watershed

RETENTION

CONSUMER

TRANSPORTATION

Green roof

Pond

Green roof

Tank
underground

Family

Gully

Balcony

Tank above
ground

Vertical biofilter

Tank above
ground

Public building

Pipe above
ground

By foot

Garden

Tank
underground

Street

Pond

Public green

Shaded pond

Aquifer

Small obstacles

Riverbed and
sides

Bypass

Reservoir

Dam

Public green

Weir

Pipe underground

Tank
underground

Public green

Gutter

Infiltration

Horizontal
biofilter

Tank above
ground

Several
households

Pipe above
ground

Small scale
service

Aquifer

Small obstacles

Infiltration

Vertical biofilter

Vertical biofilter

Tank
underground

Horizontal biofilter Tank above


ground

Aquifer

[F4.9] Toolbox for stormwater harvesting and re-use.

89

To find fitting design options for a certain


location (in this case Limassol, Cyprus), the
options were sieved following ten phases:
1. Choose a city with the water and waste
problems described in part 1.
2. Define the region this city is dealing with.
3. Analyse the natural landscape of this
region.
4. Analyse the cultural landscape of this
region.
5. Analyse the economic, political and social
landscape of this region.
6. Zoom in to the city, and analyse the urban
structures.
7. Conduct a suitability study to find suitable

Roof

Swale

LARGE SCALE

The sieving

Pipe underground

Neighbourhood

Gutter

Infiltration

Public green

Pipe above
ground

Big scale service

Pipe underground

locations.
Choose a location.
Analyse this location in further detail,
including SWOT analysis.
10. Filter the design options.
Besides the analyses, also interviews and
questionnaires were used to help filter the
design options.
8.
9.

Designing with the results

The sieving of the toolboxes (for input see Part


3) for the chosen location in Limassol, and
trying to design with them afterwards, gave
some interesting (negative and positive) results.
Issues
The issues that came up are the following:
SCALE LEVELS: As a landscape architect
the small and medium scale levels
used, are less interesting than the most
extensive scale level (watershed), because
only recommendations can be made.
Furthermore, there could have been even
more extensive scale levels: city level and
regional level.
SIEVING: The sieve was to fine, nearly all
FEEDSTOCK

SMALL SCALE

Kitchen waste

household

Garden waste

STORAGE

House container

PRE-TREATMENT

DIGESTER

options remained after sieving.


DESIGN OPTIONS: A lot of them are not
(directly) designable (often technical and
not scenical).

Positive aspects
The sieving did also result in two positive
aspects:
LOCATION: The advantage of finding a
suitable location during the sieving.
ANALYSES: The intensive analyses
conducted ensured that the researchers
gained a tremendous amount of
knowledge about Cyprus and especially
Limassol. This knowledge is (partly) shared
in the previous part, and chapter 3.9 sums
up the most important and/or striking
points learned.

PRODUCT

CONSUMER

TRANSPORTATION

By hand

Inside house

Electricity

Compost

Family

Processor

Near house

Gas

Heat

Public building

Electricity

Compost

Public green

Small scale
service

Gas

Heat

Several
households

Network/grid

Electricity

Compost

Public green

Big scale service

Gas

Heat

Neighbourhood

Network/grid

By foot

Fuel

MEDIUM SCALE

Public green

street

Street container

Processor

Underground
container

Chopper

End of the street

Fuel

LARGE SCALE

Riverbed and
sides

watershed

Public green

Storage unit

Processor

Chopper

On its own

Fuel

[F4.10] Toolbox for energy production from urban organic waste.

90

A bigger role for the consumer

the first step (harvesting/feedstock), the last


step (consumer), and in the transportation
between steps [F4.11]. The most interesting
match found, is the one of the consumer. The
consumer could play a bigger role, when chosen
public green as consumer it can also play a role
in harvesting and as feedstock.

When drawing lines from different steps in the


processes that can feed each other [F4.8],
links can be made between the processes.
These links are less obvious when looking at
the toolboxes (only large scale, as the small
and medium scale are found to be hard to
design as a landscape architect) for the two
processes. But some matches can be found in
FEEDSTOCK

STORAGE

PRE-TREATMENT

Riverbed and Public green Storage unit Processor


sides

Chopper

DIGESTER

On its own

PRODUCT

Electricity

Gas

Fuel

CONSUMER

Compost

Heat

Public green Neighbourhood

TRANSPORTATION

Big scale
service

HARVESTING Riverbed and Riverbed and


sides
sides

Reservoir

Public green

Public green

DETENTION Bypass
AND DELAY

Dam

Weir

Small
obstacles

TREATMENT Vertical
biofilter

Horizontal
biofilter

RETENTION Tank
underground

Tank above
ground

Aquifer

CONSUMER Neighbourhood

Neighbourhood

Public green

Public green

TRANSGutter
PORTATION

Pipe above
ground

Pipe
underground

Infiltration

Big scale
service

Big scale
service

[F4.11] Matches between the toolboxes.

91

Network/
grid

4.3 Strengthening role of the urban park


The consumer could play a bigger role in the cooperation between the stormwater harvesting and
re-use process, and the energy production from urban organic waste process.

Green infrastructure

As described in in chapter 1.2, green


infrastructure involves a network of vegetation
with multiple purposes. An urban park can be
the performing urban landscape needed for the
placement of the processes of stormwater
harvesting and re-use, and energy production
from urban organic waste will give the park
several purposes, and it will help in closing
city cycles [F4.12]. Besides this an urban park
attracts visitors, this means it can function as
medium to create environmental awareness.
The urban park will function as main consumer:
the treated water can be used as irrigation
water, the compost from the energy production
as fertiliser, and the electricity and/or green
gas for street lightning, pumping the water,
maintenance, and/or road transport of urban

organic waste and irrigation water.


Furthermore, a park can function educational
and for the creation of environmental awareness
through experience (see chapter 1.2).
The new proposition, therefore, is that the
design of an urban park can play an important
role in strengthening the cooperation of the
processes of the stormwater harvesting and
energy production from urban organic waste,
and in creating environmental awareness.

Urban parks

Before going on with the research, the concept


of urban parks will be explained a little more.
The two main questions here to be answered

[F4.12] How an urban park can help and in closing city cycles.

92

are:
What is an urban park and what is it used
for?
How is an urban park designed?

Park meaning and use

The Oxford dictionary states that a park is a


large public garden or area of land used for
recreation. Hayward and Weitzet (1984 cited in
McCormack et al., 2010, p.712) state that urban
parks offer a unique setting within the urban
landscape, providing opportunities for physical
activity, enjoyment of nature, social interaction,
and escape. Due to a frequency analysis by
Chiesura (2004) the role of the urban park
becomes a little more clear. Most people go
to an urban park to relax or to feel freedom.
This to compensate the stress of daily life and
to regenerate. Furthermore, urban parks are
used for escaping the city, for example, the
sounds. Finally, the urban park is also used to
re-strengthen spiritually.

Designing a park

The guidelines for designing urban parks shared


here are derived from Rutledges Anatomy of a
Park (1971). Rutledges eight elaborated design
principles do have some overlap with what is
discussed in chapter 1.2 on the performing
urban landscape.
Umbrella considerations
Everything must have a purpose: all

choices need to be supported by thorough


and logical reasoning (do not forget the
influence of natural forces such as wind
and sunlight)
Design must be for people: create for
human benefit and comfort (see infobox
4.2)
Both function and aesthetics must be
satisfied: balance between costs and
human values

Aesthetic considerations
Establish a substantial experience:
acknowledge the effects and dominance
of lines, forms, textures, and colours (also
of enclosure)
Establish an appropriate experience: the
why should be clear, it should suit to the
personality of space, personality of user,
personality of function, and to scale
Functional considerations
Satisfy technical requirements: test
location for size, quantities, orientation to
the natural forces, and operating needs
(e.g. management)
Meet needs for lowest possible cost:
keep costs as low as possible, also taking
maintenance and lifespan into account
Provide for supervision ease: create
dos instead of donts, create flowing
circulation, design for safety, and
discourage unwanted behaviour

INFOBOX 4.2: human comfort


Outdoor human comfort is of importance (Cohen, Potchter & Matzarakis, 2013). In designing an urban park choosing the
vegetation is important, because it can help in creating a higher human comfort regarding sun and wind (Rutledge, 1971;
Forsyth, Musacchio & Fitzgerald, 2005; Mahmoud, 2011; Cohen, Potchter & Matzarakis, 2012). When talking about sun
and human comfort it is mostly about thermal comfort, and vegetation can create shade for cooling or a backdrop for
warming [F4.13]. Wind also has an thermal role: vegetation can guide winds, where more wind feels cooler and less wind
feels warmer. Besides the thermal component, wind also has an carrying role: wind brings odours, noise, and pollution
[F4.13] (Rutledge, 2971; CROW, 2012).
GENERAL

THERMAL COMFORT

WIND

Movement of the wind

AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION WITH VEGETATION

Summer (when hot)

Winter (when cold)

Free wind

Blocked wind

Broad leaves + waxy/


leathery leaves + needles

Trees best in line with undergrowth (crowns meet 60%)

SUN

Blocked sun

Reflected sun

[F4.13]* Create human comfort: the use of vegetation for sun and wind regulation.

93

60% density of the crown

4.4 Second sieve: design explorations


After dealing with a malfunctioning first sieve, the issues and other findings are used to come up
with a better working second sieve.

Using the issues

The three issues that came up after sieving


with the toolboxes: scale levels, sieving and
toolbox elements, are used to the researchers
advantage in designing an urban park for
Limassol, Cyprus.

Scale levels

The most extensive scale level (watershed) of the


toolboxes is used to make the performing urban
park design. Attention will be given to detailling,
but also the even more extensive scale levels
(city/regional scale) are of importance.

Sieving

Sieving by doing analyses, and using interviews


and questionnaires did not work out too well.
A second sieve of design explorations (research

through designing) will be used (see Part 5)


to create a fitting design of an urban park in
Limassol.

Design options

The third issue was that a lot of design options


were not (directly) designable. Therefore,
the steps of the two processes, are looked at
in a different way: what can and needs to be
designed? These designable features of the
processes and of urban parks, can be used to
design with in the design explorations.
Stormwater harvesting and re-use
In chapter 4.1 the stormwater harvesting and
re-use process was discussed shortly. In this
paragraph the designable features of this
process are elaborated in eight steps [T4.1]

[T4.1] Designable features for the stormwater harvesting and re-use process.

Steps

Explanation

Harvesting

Stormwater can be harvested from four types of surfaces: impervious private (e.g. roofs), pervious
private (e.g. vegetated gardens), impervious public (e.g. roads), and pervious public (e.g. grass
field). The only thing that can be done for all these surfaces, is to give it a certain slope. In this way
the water can be collected for further transportation.
The first transportation makes sure that the stormwater is brought to the detention facilities. This
transportation can be done through: pipes, gutters, swales, and streams. During heavy precipitation
the stormwater might needs to be delayed, so it does not enter the detention facilities all at once.
First of all, the journey of the water can be lengthened, and secondly, the water can have to deal
with resistance during its journey.

Transport 1 + delay

Detention

Transport 2 + delay

To prevent floods and create a buffer for treatment, the water is detained. This can be done near
the collection site or at a collection point more at the end of the catchment area. The facilities used
for this can be a (open, potentially shaded) pond or a closed tank. When a pond is used the design
principles for mosquito control (infobox 4.3) should be taken into account, because of the open
water.
The second transportation has the same characteristics as the first transportation.

Treatment

When using the biofiltration system to treat the stormwater, there are two options: vertical and
horizontal. When using a vertical biofilter the treated water is infiltrated and is kept in an aquifer
potentially for re-use. In this case the treated water needs to be directly used in the urban park,
therefore the horizontal biofilter is used. In this case the treatment facilities have an impermeable
layer underneath to prevent the treated water to infiltrate.

Transport 3

The third transportation consists of drainpipes that collect the treated water at the bottom of the
horizontal biofilter, and bring this water to the retention facility.

Retention

Airtight and (sun)lightless underground cisterns or tanks above ground are used to store the treated
water in (see infobox 4.4).

Transport 4

The last transportation is needed for the treated water to reach its destination. In this case the
urban park and the digester are the consumers of the treated water. Therefore, pipes for irrigation
are needed, and/or paths when irrigation is done by hand.
94

(Webster & Day, 1993; CSIRO, 2006; Gbel et


al., 2007; Hatt et al. 2007; Bratieres et al., 2008;
Abdulla & Al-Shareef, 2009).

INFOBOX 4.3: mosquito control


When dealing with open water, there is a chance mosquitos lay their eggs in it, and form a
nuisance. Therefore some design principles for mosquito control [F4.14] are shared in this
infobox (Hermens, Van der Salm & Van der Zwet, 2010).
Minimize shallow depths

Flowing water

Min. 1
Design slopes

Min. 4

Maximum width
Max. 50

Min. 2.5:1

Max. 4:1

Include mechanical aerators

Submerged drain pipes

wrong

Prevent isolated small pools

wrong

right

Max. 3 of slope vegetation

right

Provide rock layer

Max. 3

Infiltrate within 48 hours

[F4.14] Design principles for mosquito control.

INFOBOX 4.4: water preservation


When preserving water for re-use there is no nuisance of mosquitos, because the water is kept in
a closed tank to keep it clean. There is another problem to deal with though: algae. When water
is stored, stands still, and there is a high concentration of nitrates and phosphates, algae may
form which is bad for human health (LG Sound, n.d.). Ways to reduce or get rid of algae include:
airtight seal (Zagermann, Huchzermeyer & Rath, n.d.), no (sun)light (Practical Fishkeeping, 2011),
no nutrients in the water to feed on, or even ultrasonic vibrations (LG Sound, n.d.).

95

Energy production from urban organic waste


Besides the previous stormwater harvesting
and re-use process, the energy production
from urban organic waste process also has
some designable features. Although less than
the previous process, these features are also
elaborated in six steps [T4.2] (Swillgasser, n.d.;
Veal, n.d.; El Bassam, 1998).

Urban parks
Urban parks consist of more clearly designable
features than the two processes. In this thesis
the design features for urban parks are divided
in eight themes and discussed shortly [T4.3]
(Rutledge, 1971; Gehl, 1996 cited in Carmona
et al., 2010); McCormarck, 2010).

[T4.2] Designable features for the energy production from urban organic waste process.

Steps

Explanation

Harvesting

After collection of the urban organic waste by the households and the maintainer of urban green,
the waste is brought to a container. This container is positioned in the streetscape, for all people
accessible. Besides the design of the container itself, the location of the container can also be
designed.
The waste needs to be transported from the container to the pre-treatment and storage facilities.
This can be done by sustainable vehicles, using the existing roads. At the location of the pretreatment and storage an inlet port is needed.

Transport 1

Pre-treatment +
storage

The pre-treatment and storage takes place in a built unit, for example a container or an actual
building.

Transport 2

When the pre-treatment and storage are located within the same built unit as the digester this
transportation does not really exist. When dealing with two separate built units though, within the
urban park, the paths need to be used for transportation. Again an inlet port is needed.

Digester

The digester is also located in a built unit, just like the pre-treatment and storage.

Transport 3

Finally, the products of the process need to be distributed. The electricity and gas can go into the
network, or gas can be picked-up at site. When this is the case, a pick-up point needs to be designed.
The compost available from the process, is used in the park. For this distribution the paths are used.

[T4.3] Designable features for urban parks.

Theme

Explanation

Parking

A park needs one or more areas where cars can be parked. If there is a bicycle path running through
the park, bicycle parking is needed at locations where people might want to have a stop.

Entrees

The park should have clear boundaries and entrees.

Paths

Paths bring people from one site to another in the park, preferably through walking or cycling.

Activities

In this thesis two types of activities are distinguished: intentional and unintentional activities. With
intentional activities is meant, that the location is designed for a certain activity, for example a
playground for children. Sites for unintentional activities can also be designed, but not for a specific
type of activity, for example a grass field where one can play football, sunbath, etcetera.

Seating

It is pleasant for people to be able to sit on arranged seating in a park. In this thesis two types
of seating are discussed. Seating is sometimes needed for the activity itself, for example to eat.
Otherwise seating can be used to look at something (e.g. during resting), for example a grandstand
at a football game.

Open water

An optional feature in an urban park is open water. Open water can come in many forms, and three
categories are formulated in this design research. First of all, streams (channels, rivers, etcetera) can
flow through the park. Secondly, a pond (or lake) can be situated within the park. Finally, the park
can contain water elements (waterfalls, fountains, etcetera).

Management + safety

The management and safety of a park is important for people to feel pleasant there. In this thesis
lighting, railings, bins, and sanitary facilities are of importance.

Vegetation

Vegetation is divided into three categories in this thesis: trees, shrubs, and grasses. Trees are
aesthetically important, but also play a big role in creating human comfort in the park. Alterations
with shrubs and grasses can give the parks vegetation more variety.

96

Exploring the possibilities

In this paragraph an explanation is given on


how the design explorations in this thesis were
conducted. Also, an example is given on two
different scale levels. Finally, the conclusion
for this thesis is drawn, based on the design
explorations executed by the researchers.

Design explorations

In Part 2 the structure of this thesis was shared.


The three ways of combining research with
design were discussed, and it was made clear
that this design research would use toolboxes
to conduct research for design. After the
toolbox sieving, it became clear that research
for design would not be sufficient to come to a
design. Therefore, research through designing
is applied to be able to create a performing
urban park.
Research through designing is stated to be
the most important form of research for
design-related professions like architecture
and city planning. It is a form of prospective,
exploratory,
and
crosslinking
research
(Rotterdamse Academie van Bouwkunst, n.d.).
Design explorations are used for testing spaces
and/or composition elements (designable
features). Within these explorations themes
can be followed. During every step, options
are created and the effects are evaluated
(Steenbergen, Meeks & Nijhuis, 2008). Both
creating only a few options, as well as creating
a large amount of options are weak strategies
leading to poor design solutions. When creating
too little options, the designer becomes too
fixated too quickly on the solutions. When
creating too many options, the designer loses
too much time on organising the options which
could have been used for evaluating (Cross,
2006). Therefore, in this thesis an amount of
three to five options are used to reveal spatial
potency. Drawing plays a crucial role in in this
process (Steenbergen, Meeks & Nijhuis, 2008).

Approach

The first phase in the design explorations


was to place and globally scale and shape
the designable features on the Little Garyllis
watershed scale level. Once this was done the
second phase, the elaboration of the design on
a larger scale, was started: Four Fanaria. On this
scale level a more in-depth design was made.
The designable features were already placed
and globally scaled and shaped on the Little
Garyllis scale level. However, on the Four Fanaria
scale level this was further optimised technically
and aesthetically. Thereafter, in the third phase,
the Little Garyllis design was adjusted with the
help of the explorations on the Four Fanaria
scale level. Zooming in even further, detailed
elaborations of the Four Fanaria design were
made in the fourth phase. These details showed
97

that some adjustments were needed on the


Four Fanaria scale level, which were conducted
in the fifth phase. In the final phase the Little
Garyllis design was adjusted again with this
input.
All in all, this iterative design process with
design explorations resulted in the most optimal
design, technically as well as aesthetically, on
three scale levels.

Examples

In this report one example of a design


experiment on the Little Garyllis scale level and
one example on the Four Fanaria scale level will
be given. In Appendix 4e-I and Appendix 4e-II
two more examples for both scale levels are
shared.
Little Garyllis
On this scale level the researchers of this thesis
tried to, inter alia, place the designable features
of the stormwater harvesting and re-use
process. When using a biofilter as treatment,
its size should be 2% of the watershed surface
(see chapter 4.1). Therefore, the biofilter
surface needed in this watershed has a size of
21,455.97 m2 (Appendix 4c-I). It turned out to be
impossible to treat the stormwater in one place
in the watershed, because of the lack of large
surface areas (downstream) [F4.15]. Therefore,
several locations for water detention, treatment
and retention were appointed. This resulted in
four sub-watersheds within the Little Garyllis
watershed [F4.16].

[F4.15] A location large enough to conduct all the treatment is not available.

[F4.16] The four created sub-watersheds within the Little Garyllis watershed.

98

Four Fanaria
This location near the old city centre, is the
location chosen for the digester on the Little
Garyllis scale level. Reasons for this are the
proximity of a water retention facility and
the proximity of the old city centre, which
means that it is close enough for people to get
attracted to come visit and therefore create
environmental awareness (Lehmann, Lane
Keller & Farley, 2008).
Several options for locating and designing a
place for this digester have been tested and
reviewed. Locating the digester in the east
created more opportunities for the design
around the building [F4.17], but turned out not
being the most logical place for experiencing
the cooperation between the processes as it
goes against the natural elevation and flow of
the water (which is needed in the digester). The
location in the lower part of the area turned out
the be the most logical and best location for the
digester [F4.18], with a design based on existing
(sight)lines from the surrounding buildings.

Findings

The following findings play a role in justifying


the design as it can be found in Part 5.
Order
The first finding has to do with the order of
placing and globally scaling and shaping of
the designable features. This was done in the
following sequence:
1. Treatment: One treatment location was
not possible because of the size, therefore
four locations of adequate size (which
simultaneously were the water problem
zones) were chosen, creating four subwatersheds.
2. Retention: One retention site was not
possible because of the size, therefore
every treatment location also functions as
retention site.
3. Digester: Several digesters in the Little
Garyllis watershed are not viable,
therefore one digester is located in subwatershed 3 where it is near to the old city
centre.
4. Detention: One detention site within every
sub-watershed was not possible due to
size, therefore several sites (empty plots
and areas for multifunctional use (car
parks, sports fields, etcetera) near the
river and spacious parts in the park) are
used to detain water.
5. Delay: Elements to delay the water are
located before most of the entrees of the
detention and treatment sites for safety,
also to slow it down for the experience.
6. Pre-treatment and storage: The Little
Garyllis watershed is not that big, thus one
pre-treatment and storage location (near
99

the digester for the experience) is enough.


7. Urban organic waste harvesting: To
make the effort for people as little as
possible (maximum of 50 m distance),
urban organic waste can be left behind
at several harvesting locations on empty
plots, spacious streetscape or areas for
multifunctional use (car parks, sports
fields, etcetera).
8. Urban park: Some urban park features are
present throughout the whole park, other
are often clustered at locations where a lot
is happening (stormwater detention and
treatment).
There are several reasons why, in the case of this
location, this order was followed. Apparently,
the placing and globally scaling and shaping
of the designable features of the stormwater
harvesting and re-use process has a priority
over doing this for the designable features
of the energy production from urban organic
waste process and of an urban park. There
are two reasons for this. Firstly, the designable
features of the stormwater harvesting and reuse process are the most space consuming, and
therefore not a lot of options where available.
Secondly, the Little Garyllis watershed is dealing
with a 1% slope, and therefore the stormwater
will always flow naturally towards the sea. When
natural processes need to be experienced, it is
not wise to go against this flow. The designable
features which can be found in urban parks
are placed and globally scaled and shaped last,
because they often react on the designable
features of the two processes.
Joint effort of function and appearance
In chapter 1.3 the concept of an performing
landscape is shared, a landscape in which both
function and appearance is of importance. In
this chapter it became clear that function and
appearance should form a joint effort, none of
them was superior, and together they should
strive for the most optimal solution. During
the design explorations is became clear that,
although it was not form follows function,
function slightly had the upper hand at the
beginning. After this aesthetics became more
significant, getting everything important to
be experienced as nicely as possible. In the
last phase function and appearance where
optimised together.

[F4.17] Options for locating the digester in the east.

[F4.18] The most logical and best location for the


digester.

100

101

102

103

5.1 Design inspiration


The first chapter of the envisioning part of this thesis will discuss the starting point, with four inspiring
principles which lead to the concept and the design style.

Four inspiring principles

Based upon analyses of the formation of Cyprus


and Limassol, the history and characteristics
of the Little Garyllis watershed and the
current design for the Garyllis Linear Park, the
researchers of this thesis distinguished four
principles which they find important to include
in the design.

Connection

The aim of the current design for Little Garyllis


is to attract visitors and tourists to enjoy a
new and different route along the Garyllis
river (Limassol Municipality, n.d. a; Limassol
Municipality n.d. b). As mentioned before, this
route is only linear, so the only safe and pleasant
way back is the same route. Therefore, creating
connections between the linear routes in the
design is important for this thesis. Furthermore,
it is ensured that the Little Garyllis Performing
Park is part of a larger network of walking and
cycling paths [F5.1].

[F5.1] The connection principle.

104

Naturalness

During the analysis of the existing vegetation


in the Little Garyllis watershed, it became clear
that most trees could be found close to the
river. Quite logical, because this is the place
where most of the scarce water is collected.
In the design for Little Garyllis, this natural link
between water and vegetation is more clearly
expressed, to emphasis the existing naturalness
in an urban context [F5.2].

Experience

The main goal of this thesis is to show how a


performing urban park can be designed, in
which the processes of stormwater harvesting
and re-use, and energy production from urban
organic waste can cooperate. It is important
for people to understand this by experiencing
the cooperating processes, to also create
environmental awareness. This should not be
only a visual experience, but also by hearing,
feeling and smelling it. Paths through the urban
park play a big role in guiding people through
this experience [F5.3].

[F5.2] The naturalness principle.

105

Identity

During the analysis of the history of the Garyllis


river, it became clear that the western river
branch is the original (predominantly natural)
and the other two are dug around 1900
(therefore manmade). For the experience
and understanding the identity of the Garyllis,
it is important to tell the historical story of
this watershed by giving the original branch a
natural appearance and the manmade branch
a more cultural appearance. In the end both
branches should form an uniform urban park,
but the appearance of the two branches will
slightly differ due to vegetation and material
choice [F5.4].

[F5.3] The experience principle.

[F5.4] The identity principle.

106

Concept and design style

This paragraph shares the concept and design


style. The concept is the rough design of Little
Garyllis Performing Park, and the design style
includes the guidelines the researchers followed
during designing.

The concept

By using the four principles described in


the previous paragraph, the design concept
can be created [F5.5]. The concept shows a
park with lots of vegetation close to the river
branches. The western river branch has a
natural appearance and the eastern branch
has a more cultural appearance. Within the
park the processes of stormwater harvesting
and re-use, and energy production from urban
organic waste are perceptible. The combination
of these elements form a park that is accessible
at many spots and it is possible to walk or cycle
several routes through the park. This concept
will be further elaborated into a design for Little
Garyllis.

The design style

As mentioned the design style consists of the


guidelines used to elaborate the concept into a
more detailed design. The design style can be
distinguished into a general design style for the
whole park, and a more specific design style per
river branch (natural/manmade).

[F5.5] The concept.

107

General
For the general design style the design language
(see infobox 3.3) is used. Also observations from
the Pedieos Park in Nicosia are used to come
up with a general design style for this design.
Important is to use materials and vegetation
common for the island.
The general rules followed are:
The main path (3.5 m wide) is shared by
pedestrians and cyclists, and is made of
loam or wood.
The riverbed always has a natural
appearance: semi-solid with natural
stones.
All benches are made in the same style
with metal and wood, but different designs
are possible.
A set of bins, railings and lighting is used
throughout the park, where possible
clustered together.
Natural rocks from the mountains are used
as water delaying elements.
Wood is used for all weirs.
All water treatment basins have a concrete
base.
Place specific vegetation on locations
where it can increase human comfort.
When using very wild natural vegetation,
make sure it is framed.
Where water stands still for a while

(detention, delay, treatment, retention),


more and specific vegetation is located.
At the area(s) of energy production where
compost is generated, lush flowering
grasses, plants and/or bushes are placed.

Specific
The slight difference between the appearances
of the two river branches, natural and
manmade, is expressed by the choice of
vegetation, materials and constructions. Also,
the riverbed plays a role in articulating the
differences between the branches [T5.1].
[T5.1] The guidelines for the different river branches.

Natural

Manmade

Vegetation

Mainly indigenous or
endemic species

Mainly exotic,
adventive or
cultivated species

Materials

Mainly natural rocks,


stones, coarse-filled
gabions

Mainly wood,
concrete, sleek-filled
gabions

Constructions

Concrete is covered
with natural rocks organic shapes

Riverbed

Slopes of 45 or less:
natural, with stones
or coarse-filled
gabions

Concrete is visible,
use of wood
constructions like
pergolas - rational
shapes
Slopes of more than
45: with stones,
sleek-filled gabions or
concrete

108

5.2 Little Garyllis Performing Park


The design exploration, together with the concept and the design style resulted in the final design
of Little Garyllis Performing Park. First the design will be discussed, and then the atmosphere of the
different sub-watersheds will be shared.

A green oasis

Little Garyllis Performing Park turns the


surroundings of the Garyllis river into a green
oasis [F5.6]. Three connections between the
two river branches with a slightly different
identity, ensure that several routes can be
walked or cycled. Connections to the larger
network (see chapter 5.4), make sure that even
bigger routes can be followed and that the park
is not isolated.
Furthermore, the tunnelled river has been
restored where enough space was available,
so that the backbone of the Little Garyllis
Performing Park may be experienced as much
as possible. Also, where possible connecting
empty plots and multifunctional areas (car
parks, sports fields, etcetera) are incorporated
in the park playing their roles in the processes.

109

[F5.6] Little Garyllis Performing Park.

110

Stormwater harvesting and re-use process


The designable features of seven of the eight
steps of the stormwater harvesting and reuse process can be found in the design of
Little Garyllis Performing Park [F5.7]. The rst
step harvesting is not included, because only
suggestions can be made for this step.
Treatments
Through the design explorations it became
clear that four sub-watersheds, with four
treatment sites needed to be created. These
treatment facilities with several concrete basins
use biolters to clear the polluted stormwater.
Three of these treatments are located on sites
which are currently dealing with water quantity
problems, therefore problems are turned into
opportunities. Water is let into these treatments
with (solar powered) weirs. Before and after
every weir the riverbed should be reinforced, to
prevent erosion.
Detentions
In total 12 detention sites are located, which
can hold up to 51,000 m3 of stormwater (peak
precipitation of 57.9 mm per day) (Appendix
5c-I). This means that when looking at the
stormwater peaks of the last 30 years, these
detention sites would only be insucient once
every ten years. Three of these detention sites
can be used as car park, seven are located within
the riverbed, and two are used dierently. Weirs
(possibly solar powered) are also used to let
water in and out of these detentions.
Retentions
Airtight and (sun)lightless underground cisterns
are located underneath the four treatment
facilities, to retain the treated water. These
cisterns can hold all the excess water treated
in the wet winter period, to be used for park
irrigation in the dry summer period, and the
energy production process throughout the year.
Transports + delays
The rst transportation to the detention sites is
done by the existing stormwater drainage system
discharging its water into the Garyllis river. The
riverbed is also used for the second transport
to the treatment sites. Several locations in the
riverbed have water delaying natural rocks, to
make sure that the stormwater does not enter
detentions or treatment sites with high speed.
Furthermore, the third transport is not directly
visible to the eye, as the drainpipes bringing
the water to the cisterns for retention are
incorporated in the treatment facility. Finally,
during the last transportation pipes bring the
treated water to a collection point. When used
for irrigation, small electric vehicles are lled to
irrigate the park.

111

[F5.7] The stormwater harvesting and re-use process in the park.

112

Energy production from urban organic waste


process
The designable features of ve of the six steps
of the energy production from urban organic
waste process can be found in the design of
Little Garyllis Performing Park [F5.8]. The fourth
step transport 2 is not included, because pretreatment and storage are located within the
built unit of the digester.
Pre-treatment, storage and digester
For an easier experience of the process of urban
organic waste to energy, the pre-treatment,
storage and digester are located in one built
unit located in sub-watershed 3. This unit is big
enough to turn 27% (300,000 kg) of the urban
organic waste of Little Garyllis watershed into
56.76 MWh electricity a year (no gas on this
location due to the absence of a gas network)
(Appendix 5c-I). This electricity can be used for
lighting, maintaining and irrigating the park.
The park can also use the compost produced
in the energy production from urban organic
waste process. The reason for not processing
all the waste at this location is the size of the
built unit and the legislation connected to large
renewable energy source units within the built
environment (Appendix 3i-VIII). For creating
environmental awareness the digester should
be close to people (see chapter 3.4), but for
social acceptance there should be no nuisance.
Therefore, this digester is a kind of show
digester, and the remaining 73% of the waste
is processed elsewhere in the recreational
network (see chapter 5.4).
Harvesting
Containers in 46 locations make sure no one
has to walk more than 100 m to deposit their
organic waste. These containers are located
on empty plots, spacious streetscapes, and
multifunctional areas (car parks, sports elds,
etcetera). Trees or other vegetation is added on
these locations to create a more appealing site,
than just a waste container. This will also help in
creating human comfort on location.
Transports
For the rst transport an inlet port needs to
available at the site of the built unit with the
pre-treatment, storage and digester. The second
and nal transport is feeding the electricity to
the existing network, and using small electric
vehicles for distribution the compost through
the park using the park paths.

113

[F5.8] The energy production from urban organic waste process in the park.

114

Urban park
All designable features of urban parks can be
found in the design of Little Garyllis Performing
Park [F5.9].
Parking
There are ve car parks available near the park.
Furthermore, it is custom in Cyprus to park
along streets were possible. Besides this there
is a possibility to park bikes near the digester,
where also a new location will be created
for Nextbike bicycle rental which is already
available on several other locations in Limassol.
Entries and paths
An ongoing 3.5 m wide path for pedestrians
and cyclists can be found in the park, with clear
entrances at signicant location.
Activities
Both intentional and unintentional activities are
distinguished in the park.
Seating
At interesting locations, such as treatment sites,
there is the opportunity to sit down. As Cypriots
like to eat together, also picknick tables will be
placed throughout the park.
Open water
In the case of this urban park, the Garyllis river
is the back-bone of the park. The riverbed is
designed with great care (see Appendix 5e-I for
slope types), because the river is not often lled
with water. The outer bends are often made
of cascading gabions, for: strength, character
(inspired by the terraced landscape), the idea of
a full river (because often only a little water is
running through there), and/or for seating.
Management + safety
Throughout the park lighting, railings and bins
can be found, where possible clustered (see
chapter 5.3). Also, three sanitary facilities are
located, including one at the site of the digester.
Vegetation
The trees and shrubs used in the Little Garyllis
Performing Park thrive on elevations beneath
100 m and can already be found on the island
(besides some of the species in the biolters).
The species in this park are chosen for one or
more specic roles they can play (see Appendix
5i-II). They can be positive for human comfort,
have a role in ltering stormwater (with the
capacity to be able to survive very wet and very
dry seasons (Read et al., 2008), have aesthetic
values, or help in telling a certain story. It is
noted that certain roles are only played in
certain seasons.
Furthermore, the trees and shrubs are chosen
for the ower and seed/fruit colour scheme of:
115

white, yellow, green, orange, red, brown and


black.

[F5.9] The urban park features.

116

The atmosphere

Four atmospheric visualisations will show how


the ambiance diers in the four sub-watersheds,
and therefore between the two river branches
[F5.10].
Sub-watershed 1
Through this sub-watershed the original Garyllis
river branch ows, therefore the atmosphere
is as natural as possible. Stones drape the
unnatural concrete base of the treatment
facility, and trees and bushes (mostly indigenous
or endemic) are mixed and scattered [F5.11].
Sub-watershed 2
This sub-watershed is located where the branch
was dug around 1900. For the atmosphere this
means that the design is slightly more rational.
Concrete is used for the riverbed and pergolas
are used to neatly guide vegetation (mostly
exotic, adventive or cultivated) in narrow places
[F5.12].
Sub-watershed 3
The third sub-watershed is interesting, because
here the original and the manmade river
branches meet. Therefore, the atmosphere is
a mixed with, for example, rational and freely
scattered vegetation of all sorts (see chapter
5.3) [F5.13].
Sub-watershed 4
Finally, through the fourth sub-watershed
the original branch ows again, thus the
atmosphere becomes more natural again. Not
as natural as the rst sub-watershed though,
because of the location near the cultural old
city centre. Therefore, vegetation (mostly
indigenous or endemic) is spread more freely,
but the concrete base of the treatment facility
is not covered up, for example [F5.14].

117

details

Four Fanaria

[F5.10] Little Garyllis Performing Park with the locations of the four atmospheric visualisations.

118

[F5.11] The stormwater treatment facility in sub-watershed 1, and the current state of this location.

[F5.12] The use of pergolas to create a greener atmosphere where there is little space in sub watershed 2, and
the current state of this location.

119

[F5.13] One of the detention sites of sub-watershed 3 which is a multifunctional football field with seating
arrangement, and the current state of this location.

[F5.14] Delaying the water, for which throughout the park natural rocks are used, in sub-watershed 4, and the
current state of this location.

120

5.3 Four Fanaria


This chapter zooms in on the area of the Four Fanaria bridge [F5.15]. Looking at the Little Garyllis
Performing park on a larger scale, this shows how the cooperation of the stormwater harvesting and
re-use, and the energy production from urban organic waste processes can be experienced in the
design of the park.

The experience

Hopefully it is clear by now, the experience


is important in a performing urban park.
Therefore, this paragraph tells the stories of the
two processes, but first some other elements
important for the experience are discussed.

The role of the paths

As mentioned in chapter 1.2, paths are


important for the experience as they navigate
people to certain parts of the park, for example
the Little Garyllis Performing Park Infopoint and
sanitary facilities located in the energy building.
Throughout the park two types of paths can
be distinguished: one for both pedestrians and
cyclists, the other only for pedestrians.
The pedestrian and cycling paths
Throughout the park a 3.5 m wide loam path
is designed for pedestrians and cyclists to share
[F5.44]. This loam path becomes a wooden
bridge crossing the treatment facility on an
even (ground) level [F5.45], with railings almost
everywhere because of the dangerous height
differences [F5.46]. This wooden path allows
the pedestrians and cyclists on there to have
views from above into the treatment basins.
The pedestrian paths
There is also a loam pedestrian path with a
width of 2.5 m in the Four Fanaria area [F5.47].
This path runs parallel to the river on the
opposite site of the treatment facility, giving
the pedestrians the opportunity to experience
the river and to enjoy the view from along the
treatment facility.
To go into the second and third treatment basin,
wooden steps can be taken to go onto the
wooden 1.5 m wide pedestrian paths [F5.48],
these have railings when crossing the river and
at the steps [F5.49]. These wooden pedestrian
paths in the treatment basins makes the
experience of the biofilter more intense, and
also the height differences between the basins
can be experienced through the steps that have
to be taken [F5.24].

121

The role of the vegetation

The vegetation is of great importance in Little


Garyllis Performing Park. As already mentioned
in the previous chapter, species are chosen for a
certain role they play.
In the area of Four Fanaria these roles are as
following:
Deciduous trees that provide shade in the
summer, but let sun through in the winter:
e.g. Gleditsia Triacanthos.
Evergreen trees and shrubs that block
wind from the east, to create a more
pleasant time in the winter (the west is left
more open for free wind in the summer):
e.g. Juniperus phoenicea.
Deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs
that help to reduce air pollution, especially
along roadsides: e.g. Sambucus nigra.
Trees and shrubs with aesthetic values:
e.g. Albizia julibrissin for the flowers, or
Vitex agnus-castus for the smell.
Trees and shrubs that tell a story, e.g.
Ficus carica telling there is water present,
the Citrus sinensis sharing something on
culture.
And finally, a mix of species for the
filtering of the stormwater, e.g. Phragmites
Australis.

[F5.15] Four Fanaria bridge, the location of the third treatment facility.

122

The narratives of processes


First of all, this sub-paragraph shares the stories
of the two processes separately, and then how
they are consolidated in the design.
Stormwater harvesting and re-use
First the story of the stormwater harvesting and
re-use process is presented, starting with the
detention site nearest to treatment facility 3.
Several schools are located in the Little Garyllis
watershed, including the Technical School. Their
football eld is used as detention site in subwatershed 3 [F5.16].

[F5.16] The football eld of the Technical School


functioning as a detention site.

The experience of the detention site is quite


simple when there is water in it, because it is
not possible to play football. When the water is
released from this detention site, natural rocks
in the riverbed ensure that the water is slowed
down towards the weir [F5.17].

[F5.19] Water entering the treatment basin through a


gutter with battlements.

[F5.20] Plants cleaning the water.

The collection of the treated stormwater cannot


be seen directly, but for the experience a strip of
gravel indicates where the drainpipes collecting
the water are located [F5.21].

[F5.21] Gravel showing invisible drainage.


[F5.17] Natural rocks delaying the water before
reaching the weir.

This can be experienced by hearing and seeing


the water. At the weir it is decided if water is
let into the treatment facility or if it should stay
in the riverbed and run towards the sea when
the capacity of the facility is reached [F5.18].
This is visible of course. When water enters the
treatment facility it runs through a gutter with
battlements [F5.19], because of the pressure
little waterfall can be seen and heard. This water
ows through the plants where it disappears in
the lter [F5.20], but the plants can be seen
and smelled. For a better experience, dierent
species are used within one treatment basin,
creating several more comprehensible sizes
fake basins of gabions within one treatment
basin (see Appendix 4e-II)

[F5.18] Weir guiding the water.

123

This consecution from gutter to drainpipes is


repeated for the second and third treatment
basin. The drainpipes of the rst basin deposit
the water into the gutter of the second
treatment basin, and the drainpipes of the
second into the gutter of the third [F5.22].

[F5.22] Water entering the next treatment basins


gutter.

This little waterfall created can of course be


seen and heard. These three treatment basins
are necessary to have a large enough surface
for the water to be treated enough. Although
the Little Garyllis watershed has a slope of 1%

towards the sea, this means that quite some


height differences are present [F5.24]. When
the treated water enters the retention site
underneath the basins [F5.23] the story of
stormwater harvesting and re-use ends for now
[F5.25].

[F5.23] Retaining the treated water.

124

[F5.24] Section of the three treatment basins and their height differences.

125

[F5.25] Overview of the stormwater harvesting


and re-use process.

126

Energy production from urban organic waste


The story of the process of energy production
from urban organic waste is next. The urban
organic waste is harvested at multiple locations
in the watershed [F5.26], which can be seen and
hopefully not smelled.

[F5.29] Also the digester within the building can be


seen.

[F5.26] Urban organic waste harvesting at an empty


plot.

With electric vehicles this waste is brought


to the inlet port at the back of the energy
building to be ooaded [F5.27], because of the
orientation of the building its backside can still
be seen. After this, the urban organic waste is
pre-treated and stored for further use, which
can be seen behind the beginning of the glass
faade of the energy building [F5.28].

The biogas created during anaerobic digestion


is transformed into electricity by a turbine
behind the glass faade [F5.30], and the other
product compost is stored at the end of
the glass faade [F5.31]. With this also the story
of the energy production from urban organic
waste process ends for now [F5.32]. Maybe the
Technical School (see stormwater story) can
play a role in the management of the digester
and generator.

[F5.30] The turbine creating energy can again be


seen working in the building.
[F5.27] Sustainable vehicle bringing the urban organic
waste to the energy building, parked in the inlet port.

[F5.31] At the end of the building the other product


of this process, compost, is stored.

[F5.28] Pre-treatment and storage, which can be


seen through the beginning of the glass front of the
building.

Further along this glass faade the digester can


be seen [F5.29].

127

[F5.32] Overview of the energy production from urban organic waste process.

128

The cooperation between the two processes


During the anaerobic digestion of the waste to
energy process 105 m3 water is needed per year,
and also the used water is discharged (Appendix
5c-II). The treated water from the water process
is suitable to use, therefore a visual water pipe
comes up from the retention and enters the
digester [F5.33]. Also a pipe with used water
goes back to the rst treatment basin to be
treated again.

[F5.35] The use of the compost in the park, distributed


by electric vehicles.

These vehicles can of course be seen, but the


presence of water, electricity and compost can
also be experienced dierently. The electricity
leaving the building can be seen at night, when
a large amount of LEDs in front of the energy
building show for what the electricity can be
used for: the parks lighting [F5.36]. On the
remaining 39.36 MWh electricity of the show
digester, 27% of the lighting of the park could
work for a year (Appendix 5c-II).
[F5.33] The use of the treated water in the energy
building, and the discharge of used water into the
treatment facility.

Besides this direct link between the two


processes, there are other points of cooperation.
In chapter 4.2 and chapter 4.3 it became
clear that the two processes could especially
cooperate in design when having a mutual
consumer: an urban park. The Little Garyllis
Performing Park gives input for the waste to
energy process of course, but it also gets back
from both water and energy processes. The
treated water can be retrieved at the energy
building by electric vehicles for irrigation [F5.34],
because there is enough treated stormwater to
irrigate the entire park and to use otherwise
(Appendix 5c-II).

[F5.36] Showing of electricity leaving the energy


building, by using a chain of LEDs to the park lighting
in front of the energy building.

[F5.37] Emphasise on the presence of water and


compost at the Four Fanaria location, by more lush
owering plants in this part of the park.

[F5.34] The use of the treated water through electric


vehicles irrigating the park.

Of the electricity produced at the show digester


an amount of 17.4 MWh per year is used by
the digester itself (Appendix 5c-II). The rest of
the electricity could, for example, be used by
the mentioned electric vehicles which will also
distribute the compost throughout the park
[F5.35].

129

The occurrence of water and compost can be


experienced by the choice of lush owering
vegetation at Four Fanaria [F5.37]. With this
the experience of the cooperation between the
two processes, with the strengthening role of
an urban park, should be clear [F5.38].

[F5.38] Overview of the cooperation of the processes, with the urban park playing the strengthening role.

130

Experience the experience

This paragraph gives a sneak preview on what


this experience looks like. Four visualisations,
give an idea on how Little Garyllis Performing
Park can be experienced every season. The
rst visualisation shows an overview of how it
looks when crossing the treatment site, at the
rst treatment basin, on the pedestrian and
cycling path [F5.39]. The second visualisation
visualises how pedestrians can see the river

and the energy building before going down into


the second treatment basin [F5.40]. The third
visualisation demonstrates what pedestrians
can see when they have entered the third
treatment basin, walking between the plants of
the biolter [F5.41]. The last visualisation shares
the view when standing at the river and looking
at this third treatment basin, experiencing the
height dierences [F5.42].

SPRING

SUMMER

[F5.39] Crossing the rst basin of the treatment facility, the loam pedestrian and cycling path becomes a wooden bridge enabling an
overview over all treatment basins.

131

AUTUMN

WINTER

132

SPRING

SUMMER

[F5.40] The northern pedestrian bridge allows people walking along the treatment site to enter the second treatment basin, giving them a
view of the river and the energy building.

133

AUTUMN

WINTER

134

SPRING

SUMMER

[F5.41] For full experience pedestrians can enter the two of three treatment basins, giving them the chance to walk between the plants of
the biofilter.

135

AUTUMN

WINTER

136

SPRING

SUMMER

[F5.42] Sitting (on gabion steps) or walking along the river (on the pedestrian path) gives the opportunity to take in the view from along the
treatment site, experiencing the height differences.

137

AUTUMN

WINTER

138

Technical design

This paragraph gives some technical information,


like measurements and used materials [F5.43].

Paths

The technical details of the paths described in


the first paragraph can be found here [F5.44][F5.49].

45 cm

30 cm

15 cm

ground level

path loam: 350 cm


concrete: 15 cm

loam: 320 cm

concrete: 15 cm

4 cm

20 cm 8 cm

ground level

30 cm

62 cm

[F5.44] Section of the pedestrian and cycling path, of loam.

path wood: 350 cm


wearer: 40 cm

3 cm

22 cm

wood: 250 cm

10 cm

[F5.45] Section of the pedestrian and cycling path, of wood without railings.

139

wearer: 40 cm
10 cm

E
E

F
H

F
C
C

G
H

G
B

A
D

[F5.43] Detailed map of the area around the energy building.

140

100 cm
4 cm

8 cm
292 cm
30 cm

20 cm

40 cm

494 cm

ground level

path wood: 350 cm


pole: 7 cm

10 cm

rail: 3 cm

[F5.46] Section of the pedestrian and cycling path, of wood with railings.

141

pole: 7 cm
rail: 3 cm

10 cm

30 cm

20 cm

ground level

path loam: 250 cm


concrete: 15 cm

loam: 220 cm

concrete wall: 20 cm

concrete: 15 cm

[F5.47] Section of the pedestrian path, of loam.

142

3 cm
143 cm

30 cm

20 cm

40 cm

44 cm

6 cm

ground level

path wood: 150 cm


wearer: 20 cm

wood: 100 cm

wearer: 20 cm
5 cm

2 cm

18 cm

5 cm

[F5.48] Section of the pedestrian path, of wood without railings.

143

100 cm
213 cm

313 cm

ground level

path wood: 150 cm


pole: 7 cm

rail: 3 cm

10 cm

pole: 7 cm

rail: 3 cm

[F5.49] Section of the pedestrian path, of wood with railings.

144

Around the third basin

Some technical details regarding the river, the


energy building, and some features located
around the third basin can be found here.

30 cm

20 cm

40 cm

150 cm

390 cm

150 cm

River
The river has cascading gabions on one side,
inspired by the Cypriot terraced landscape. The
other side is more natural [F5.50].

gabions: 150 cm
concrete: 15 cm

gabion: 50 cm

gabion: 50 cm

gabion: 50 cm

[F5.50] Section showing the relationship between the river and the third treatment basin.

145

ground level

river: 450 cm

riverbed: 296 cm

slope: 154 cm

basin border concrete: 50 cm

146

250 cm
50 cm
690 cm
300 cm
60 cm
30 cm

path loam: 220 cm

concrete: 15 cm

concrete: 15 cm

[F5.51] Section showing the relationship between the energy building and the third treatment basin.

147

Building
At the end of the third treatment basin
the energy building is positioned, with the
opportunity for seating in front of it [F5.51].

ground level

square: 700 cm
basin border concrete: 50 cm
trimmed grass: 450 cm

gravel with drainpipes: 100 cm


concrete: 10 cm

148

500 cm
250 cm

5 cm

33 cm

seating wood: 300 cm


tree crown: 500 cm

[F5.52] Detail of the round benches in front of the energy building.

149

3 cm

80 cm

229 cm

48 cm

Some features
The seating in front of the energy building
[F5.52], and a cluster of fence, lighting and bin
is shared here [F5.53].

bin metal: 40 cm
lighting pole metal: 10 cm
6 cm

6 cm

[F5.53] Detail of the clustering of fence, lighting and bin.

150

5.4 Limassol Network


In chapter 5.1 it became clear that Little Garyllis Performing Park should be part of a larger network
of walking and cycling paths. In this chapter the western part of this larger Limassol Network is
discussed.

Connecting pearls

The sometimes neglected pearls in and around


Limassol, mentioned in chapter 3.5, will get
more attention with the Limassol Network
connecting them with pedestrian and cycling
routes [F5.54]. The inhabitants and visitors of
Limassol can experience Limassol and its close
surroundings whilst walking and cycling. A great
opportunity for sightseeing, especially for the
tourists of the cruise ships entering the port of
Limassol or of other boats in the Old Harbour
(which are two of the pearls connected).

Type of route

The network will consist of four different types


of routes. A pedestrian route in the Old City
Centre and of course in Little Garyllis Performing
Park [F5.55], and three types of cycling routes
connecting the more scenical pearls [F5.56][F5.58].

[F5.54] Four types of routes connecting the pearls.

151

[F5.55] Pedestrian route in the old city centre, for example guided by coloured paving stone.

[F5.56] Cycling route with fast trac, for example guided by coloured poles.

[F5.57] Cycling route alongside fast trac, for example guided by coloured border.

[F5.58] Solo cycling route, for example guided by coloured signs on trees.

152

Slopes and distances

In Cyprus they are not very used to cycling yet.


To ensure that people know what they may
expect, routes can be planned with information
on the elevations and distances [F5.59].

[F5.59] Variety of slopes and distances to choose.

153

New pearls

Besides connecting existing pearls, there are


also opportunities for new pearls to develop
along the Limassol Network [F5.60]. In chapter
5.2 it becomes clear that the digester located
in the Little Garyllis watershed will only process
27% of the watersheds urban organic waste.
The remaining 73% of the waste can be digested
on a different location on the edge of the city:
an urban organic waste farm.
When using an anaerobic digester, this new
pearl could produce biogas for 150.14 MWh
of electricity or 45,040.75 kg green gas from
the remaining 73% of the watersheds urban
organic waste. When also the organic waste of
the rest of the households of Greater Limassol
would be processed 10.16 GWh electricity or
934,855.30 kg green gas could be produced in
total (Appendix 5c-III).
The park could of course use extra electricity
from this urban organic waste farm, as the
show digester cannot produce enough for all
the lighting and electric vehicles. But another
great consumer for the produced electricity of
green gas would be cars. The car-loving Cypriots
could easily drive electric or on green gas on
this (small) island, saving them 50% or more
of the costs (driving electric) than when using
petrol (Appendix 5c-III).

[F5.60] Locations with opportunities for new pearls, for example an energy farm.

154

155

156

157

6.1 Discussion and conclusion


By discussing the results and giving the final conclusion this thesis will come to an end.

Results

The findings of this design research are the


answer to the main research question, as stated
in chapter 2.3:
What are the characteristics of designing a
performing urban landscape that:
1. plays a strengthening role in the
cooperation of the stormwater re-use
and urban organic waste to energy
processes to close city cycles,
and
2. is simultaneously a medium for
creating environmental awareness?

To find an answer toolboxes (as a result of


research for design) were primarily developed
to design with (after sieving). This rather linear
way of designing turned out to be insufficient.
This first sieve was unfruitful and designing with
it impossible, although some interesting results
were found. The most pronounced findings
where that: 1) not all design options where
designable, and 2) there should be a common
consumer.
Although the first sieving was not that fruitful
for design purposes, it was the way that needed
to be walked to come to the second round of
sieving. Learning once again that the design
process just is not linear, but iterative. For this
second sieving the urban park was chosen as
the main consumer for the product of both
processes, and design explorations helped to
place and globally scale all designable features,
and make everything aesthetically appealing for
the experience in the park. Two major findings
were done: 1) there was an order in placing and
globally scaling and shaping of the designable
features, and 2) function did slightly have a
upper hand over appearance. In the case of
Limassol (Cyprus), the placing and globally
scaling and shaping had the hierarchy of: first
water, then waste to energy, and finally the
designable features of urban parks. The slope
on which Limassol is positioned had a role in
this, and making use of the natural flow of the
stormwater towards the sea. This also explains
the second point a little of function having a

slight upper hand over appearance. In chapter


1.2 it is stated that there should be a joint effort
between function and appearance, and none
should prevail when designing a performing
urban landscape. But, the processes should
function for them to be experienced. When
dealing with gravity and limitated space, in the
case of Limassol, not a lot of functional options
were possible. Therefore, the functionality in
general should be correct before looking at the
aesthetics.
The aim of the toolboxes was that it would
be more replicable for other cities with
similar problems, but were not successful for
design purposes. The more fortunate design
explorations are not as re-usable copy-paste,
but do give interesting results that can be used
when designing a performing urban park for
other urban areas. The final design of Little
Garyllis Performing Park, shared in Part 5, is an
example of how a not yet existing performing
urban park would function and look like.

Relevance

The knowledge gap described in chapter 2.1,


discusses the only three attempts to design
with the concept of urban metabolism. They are
all very technical though, including buildings,
transportation and energy systems. None of
these attempts used green infrastructure as
a means to change the metabolism. It seems
urban metabolism is seen as a technical topic, as
mainly students of technical disciplines engage
in it. But, it seems that landscape architects are
able to play a significant role in changing the
urban metabolism, especially when landscape is
also used for creating environmental awareness.

Limitations

Every research has its limitations, and this


design research certainly has some as well.
The first limitation discussed here is, is the use
of the toolboxes. Although the results of the first
sieve could be used during the second sieve,
the toolboxes used up a lot of precious time.
Especially, in coming up with an alternative to
be able to design anyway. Furthermore what
was seen as the most extensive scale level in the
toolboxes, watershed level, is actually not that
extensive. When designing a sustainable city,
one watershed will not do the trick. However,
a beginning was made with the Little Garyllis
158

watershed, creating a setting people can get


used to.
The third limitation involves the way the
analyses were conducted. The analyses were
initially executed to sieve the toolboxes. During
the use of the analyses in the design exploration
some were found insufficient. The stay in Cyprus
would have been organised differently knowing
design explorations would be necessary to
come up with a design, and maybe a second
visit would have been wise. Also, the original
idea was to sieve the toolboxes for both the
cities Limassol as Nicosia, to be able to compare
the results. In the end, this was labour intensive
and a lot of analyses conducted for Nicosia
were left unused. The time and effort spend on
Nicosia could have been spent on the analyses
of Limassol, or on the design. Further identified
limitations in the analyses were, for example,
the chance the questionnaires and interviews
were biased through the use of snowballing
and probably because of social desirability.
Also, the interviews were not really structured,
and therefore hard to compare. Furthermore,
residents should have played a larger role in
the analyses, for example during the SWOT.
Now the SWOT is based on the opinion of the
researchers, but to ensure acceptance it would
have been better to consult the residents for
their opinions. They are the ones that should
use the park, and therefore be content with the
design.
The last limitation shared here is the one of
success. The Little Garyllis Performing Park
should both close city cycles and therefore
make a start in changing the metabolism,
as well as create environmental awareness.
The changed metabolisms, in this case the
cooperation of two processes, success rate
can be calculated according to the design
on paper. With a unexecuted design its
success can still be determined. This is not
the case for documenting the effects on
peoples environmental awareness. It does
not seem possible to estimate the impact on
environmental awareness with only a design on
paper.

Recommendations for further


research

Surely a lot more research needs to be done in


creating a circular metabolism, and especially in
how the landscape can be a medium for creating
environmental awareness. It would be very
interesting if a city would develop and create a
performing urban landscape, and a longitudinal
research on design could be conducted. This
seems the only way the landscape as medium
part can be assessed.

159

Final words

The amount of people living in cities will almost


double between now and 2050. It is of utmost
importance to make urban areas and the people
living in them more sustainable. In this thesis
the increasing role of the landscape architect
in urban design has been outlined. Is the tide
turning, will landscape architects be the most
important players in designing cities? One thing
should be clear by now: when a performing
urban landscape needs to be designed,
the interdisciplinary landscape architect is
indispensable.

160

List of figures
[F1.2]*

Adapted from Meijer et al., 2011

[F1.5]*

Adapted from Van Ruijven, 2010

[F3.2]*

Adapted from Peel, Finlayson & McMahou, 2007

[F3.4]*

Adapted from WDD, n.d. a

[F3.6]*

Adapted from http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/gsd/gsd.nsf/


All/43CA34467BC412EAC2256FB3003528 7E/$file/GeologicalMapOfCyprus_250k_
en.jpg?OpenElement
Adapted from Hadjioaraskevas, 2005


[F3.7]*

Derived from http://clyde1998.deviantart.com/art/Cyprus-2012-The-Coast-and-KyreniaMountains -310652831

[F3.10]*

Derived from http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/52874808.jpg

[F3.12]*

Adapted from http://www.cyprusgeology.org/english/images/2_F12.htm

[F3.18]*

Derived from http://www.picstopin.com/2093/pinus-nigra-j-f-arnold-subsp-pallasianalamb-holmboe-dipartimento-di-/http:%7C%7 Cdbiodbs*univ*trieste*it%7Cquint%7Ccarso


%7Cfoto%7C TSB62422*jpg/
Derived from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juniperus_foetidissima,_
Alada%C4%9Flar_Mountains_1.jpg
Derived from http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%
D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5
Derived from http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/fd/fd.nsf/
All/88FD99B0E2B20D9FC22577A700351C18 ?OpenDocument
Derived from http://floramostara.se/GOLOSJEMENJACE/EPHEDRACEAE/Ephedra%20
fragilis%20Desf.%20ssp.%20campylopoda%20(C.%20A.%20Mayer)%20Asch.%20et%20Graeb.
html
Derived from http://naturalezanaturalmente.blogspot.nl/2010/08/osyris-alba-l-santalaceae.
html
Derived from http://www.natureofcyprus.org/detailinfo.aspx?cid=5&recid=205&rowid=51&
rowcount=1&pageindex=10&pagesize=5
Derived from http://www.panoramio.com/photo/2645774
Derived from http://sagebud.com/syrian-mesquite-prosopis-farcta/
Derived from http://www.teline.fr/eng/Photographs/All-Families/Rhamnaceae/Ziziphus-lotus
Derived from http://www.panoramio.com/photo/55013220\
Derived from http://www.west-crete.com/dailypics/crete-2010/4-25-10.php
Derived from http://geordstoree.com/photos/trees-hedgerows-foliage/
Derived from http://www.visoflora.com/photos-nature/photo-mon-figuier-ficus-carica.html
Derived from http://www.wellgrowhorti.com/Page/LandscapePlants/ShrubImageList/
Shrub%20Images%20N.htm
Derived from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phragmites_australis-2009_09_09_01.
JPG
Derived from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichorium_spinosum
Derived from http://www.biolib.cz/en/image/id179640/
Derived from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarisken
Derived from http://flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?lang=en&action=thread&t=1329
Derived from http://www.visoflora.com/photos-nature/photo-obione-faux-pourpier-1halimione-po.html
Derived from http://www.teline.fr/eng/Photographs/All-Families/Amaranthaceae/
Arthrocnemum-macrostachyum
Derived from http://www.riomoros.com/2012/11/la-bufalaga-thymelaea-hirsuta.html
Derived from http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halocnemum_strobilaceum

























161

[F3.19]*

Adapted from http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/wdd/wdd.nsf/all/


BC9D5276341051AFC2257987002F1BDE/$file/Ekthesi_prosdiorismou.pdf?openelement

[F3.20]*

Adapted from http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/wdd/wdd.nsf/all/


BC9D5276341051AFC2257987002F1BDE/$file/Ekthesi_prosdiorismou.pdf?openelement

[F3.21]*

Derived from http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/newcaledonia/image/1643_34.jpg

[F3.29]*

Derived from http://www.cybarco.com/uploads/images/3t3n6.jpg

[F3.31]*

Adapted from WDD, 2002

[F3.34]*

Derived from http://arid.chemeng.ntua.gr/Project/Uploads/CyprusConf/Closing_Session/PDF/


Iacovides_I.-The_Cyprus_experience_in_planning_water_resources_management-Past_and_
future.pdf

[F3.43]*

Derived from http://www.greendot.com.cy/cmslikethis/uploadedContent/downloadsFiles/


InformativeBooklet(Limassol)1304600004.pdf

[F3.64]*

Derived from http://www.panoramio.com/photo/52928420


Derived from http://kibrisdogusinsaat.com/tr/dogus-insaat-neden-guzelyurtDerived from http://cyprusbirdingtours.com/birdwatching-in-cyprus/passage-migrants/
Derived from http://andydyke.wordpress.com/2010/01/09/a-few-days-away/
Derived from http://www.aloizou.com.cy/newsletter/Issue57July2014.htm
Derived from http://www.panoramio.com/user/2115910?with_photo_id=23760330
Derived from http://www.panoramio.com/photo/67502702

[F3.80]*

Derived from Limassol Municipality, n.d. b

[F4.1]*

Adapted from Bratieres et al., 2008

[F4.3]*

Derived from De urbanisten, n.d.

[F4.5]*

Adapted from Swillgasser, n.d.

[F4.7]*

Adapted from http://www.fibronot.nl/images/opbrengstschema-biogas.jpg

[F4.13]*

Adapted from Van de Wetering, 2007

162

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172

173

APPENDICES

174

Content
In the text references to a certain appendix are given as: Appendix 2e-I. The first number tells to which part
the appendix belongs, the following letter shares the category, and the roman number on the end tells
which appendix it is within the category.

Part 1
c

Part 2
e

Part 3
c


Part 4
c

175

Calculations

Calculations chapter 1.3

Extra information

Methods, techniques and tactics

Calculations

I
II
III

Calculations chapter 3.3


Calculations chapter 3.5
Calculations chapter 3.8

Extra information

I
II

Suitability study
SWOT analysis

Interviews

I
II
II
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI

Characteristics
Transcript Andreou
Transcript Constandinides
Transcript Francis
Transcript GreenDot
Transcript Hadjipanagi
Transcript Hellicar
Transcript Kordatos
Transcript Nicolaidou
Transcript Panayiotou
Transcript Sergides
Transcript TerraCypria
Transcript The Cyprus Institute
Transcript Theopemptou
Codebook
Results per category

Questionnaire

I
II
III

Characteristics
Single results
Cross results

Statistics

I
II

Cyprus
The Netherlands

Calculations

Calculations chapter 4.4

Extra information

Design explorations Little Garyllis scale level

177


179

183
185

191

193
196
197
206
211
221
222
223
226
229
233
236
238
240
241
242
244
246
247
254
258
272
277
283
293
305

307
309
310

Part 5
c


II

Design explorations Four Fanaria scale level

313

Interviews

Transcript Achterkamp

Calculations

I
II
III

Calculations chapter 5.2


Calculations chapter 5.3
Calculations chapter 5.4

316

319
321
322
324

Extra information

I
II

Slope types
Vegetation list

326
327

176

177

PART 1

178

c Calculations
I

Calculations chapter 1.3

1. Percentage organic waste in the Netherlands


2. The different amounts of maintenance output of vegetation

organic waste organic


of municipal
waste
theNetherlands
Netherlands
Percentage
1. Percentage
waste
ininthe
Amount of organic waste in kg

2,706,000,000 (1)

30%

9,043,000,000 (2)

Amount of waste in kg
(1) = (Platform Groene Grondstoffen, 2007; CBS, 2013a)
(2) = (CBS, 2013a)

2. The different amounts of maintenance output of vegetation


The different amounts of maintenance output of vegetation
Type of
vegetation
Wood

% dry matter

Citations / Calculations

(1) (2) between (2, p.23) "Tolkamp et al. (2006) geven een

35% and 58% variatie aan voor de bossen van


Staatsbosbeheer van de bijgroei van
spilhout van gemiddeld 3,2 tot 9,6
m3/ha/jaar, met een gemiddelde van 7,5
m3/ha/jaar. De gemiddelde bijgroei van
spilhout voro het totale Nederlandse bos
bedraagt volgens de houtoogststatistiek
(Dirkse, 2006) ca. 8 m3/ha/jaar, maar
daarin zijn een aantal minder productieve
bosvormen niet opgenomen. Als we
uitgaan van deze gemiddelde bijgroei van
spilhout van 7,5 m3/ha/jaar (waarbij
Staatsboshebeer als representatief voor
het Nederlandse bos (incl. areaaltoename
tot 2020) bijna 2,7 miljoen m3 spilhout
per jaar. Een m3 hout bevat gemiddeld
0,52 ton ds (droge stof) biomassa, zodat
de biomassabijgroei ca. 1,4 miljoen ton
ds spilhout per jaar bedraagt."
(Calculation: 1,400,000 * 7.5 / 2,700,000
= 3,889)

kg dry
kg / ha /
matter / ha /
year
year
3,889
between
6,705 and
16,506

(2, p.23) "De productie van hout uit


4,183
landschapselementen (spilhout en tak- en
tophout) wordt geschat op 8 m2/ha/jaar
(bijgroeigegevens Staatsbosbeheer naar
Tolkamp et al, 2004). De totale productie
bedraagt daarmee ca. 76.500 m3/jaar,
ofwel ca. 40.000 ton ds biomassa per
jaar." (Calculation: 40.000 * 8 / 76.500 =
4.183)

179

(3) (Calculation: 121433000 (98.075 ton

ds spilhout + 23.358 ton ds takhout) /


23131 (ha bos met een oppervlakte van
kleiner dan 0,5 ha) = 5250)

5,250

kg / m2 /
year
between 0.67
and 1.65

landschapselementen (spilhout en tak- en


tophout) wordt geschat op 8 m2/ha/jaar
(bijgroeigegevens Staatsbosbeheer naar
Tolkamp et al, 2004). De totale productie
bedraagt daarmee ca. 76.500 m3/jaar,
ofwel ca. 40.000 ton ds biomassa per
jaar." (Calculation: 40.000 * 8 / 76.500 =
4.183)
(3) (Calculation: 121433000 (98.075 ton

5,250

ds spilhout + 23.358 ton ds takhout) /


23131 (ha bos met een oppervlakte van
kleiner dan 0,5 ha) = 5250)
(3) (Calculation: 17996000 (9.906 ton ds

5,777

spilhout + 8.090 ton ds hakhout en


struiken) / 3115 (ha houtwal) = 5777)
Grass

(5) (6)

(1, p.14) "De spreiding van biomassa van

between 20% graslanden met een natuurdoelstelling


varieert hier van 1-5 ton droge stof per
and 40%
hectare. Dit wordt ondermeer bevestigd
door Vermeer (1985) en het
begrazingsmodel van Lotz en Poortier
(1983) gepubliceerd in Beije et al. (1994).
De jaarlijkse opbrengst van maaisel van
natuurlijk beheerde graslanden en
bermen wordt geschat op resp. 2 en 5
ton droge stof per ha per jaar in Kuiper
en Caron (2003). Uit uitgebreid Vlaams
onderzoek (Anonimus, 1998) blijkt dat de
biomassaproductie van grassen in
bermen varieert tussen de 3 en 8 ton
droge stof per ha (zie tabel 3)."
(2, p.29) "Waneer wordt gestopt met

bemesting en er een beheer van maaien


en afvoeren wordt toegepast, daalt die
productie en kan afnemen tot 1 tot 5 ton
ds per ha per jaar (verschillende bronnen
in Tolkamp et al, 2006), afhankelijk van
het bodemtype. De totale en gemiddelde
productie van de graslanden is door
Tolkamp et al. berekend op 5,2 ton ds
biomassa per ha per jaar."
Reed

(4) can be

between
1,000 and
8,000

between 0.25
and 4

between
14,286 and
71,429

between 1.43
and 7.14

between
1,000 and
5,200

(1, p.14) "Afhankelijk van het toegepaste

between
35%, but not beheer (plantdichtheid, nat of droof
5,500 and
stated as
branden), aantastingen door insecten en 17,500
truth
de uitputting van nutrinten bedraagt de
bovengrondse biomassaproductie 5.5 17.5 ton/ha/jr (Van der Toorn, 1982;
Mook, 1982). Echter volgens de meeste
onderzoekers op het gebied van riet is
het onwaarschijnlijk dat de oogstbare
hoeveelheid aan biomassa beduidend
hoger zal liggen dan 10 ton ds/ha/jaar
(NRLO, 1982)."
(2, p.28) "Het productieniveau van riet van

between
2,500 and
40,000

6,600

productierietland wordt geschat op 6,6


ton ds biomassa per ha per jaar
(gegevens Tolkamp et al, 2006)."

180

Heather

No data
found,
estimation of
40% is used
(heather is
dry plant)

(4, p.18) "Grandiek et al (2007) en De Blaeij


en Reinhard (2008) gaan uit van een
opbrengst van 25 ton droge stof per ha
per jaar, wat nogal hoog is vergeleken
met buitenlandse bronnen: Hansson en
Fredriksson (2004) gaan uit van 10 ton
droge stof per ha, en ook andere
buitenlandse bronnen noemen
opbrengsten in een range van 10 tot 15
ton. Ook Van Herk en Koning (2009)
noemen opbrengsten van 5 tot 15 ton
droge stof per hectare."

between
5,000 and
25,000

(1, p.24) "De gemiddelde jaarlijkse


drogestof opbrengst van heide binnen de
doeltypen varieert van 2.6 ton
(ds/ha/jaar) voor heide in duinvalleien tot
9 ton voor het doeltype Open water
multifunctioneel."

between
2,600 and
9,000

(2, p.31) "De jaarlijkse productie van een

between 500
hectare heide is sterk afhankelijk van het and 5,000
stadium waarin de heide zich bevindt. De
bovengrondse bijgroei van biomassa
bedraagt, afhankelijk van de bodem en
het ontwikkelingsstadium van de heide
0,5 - 5 ton ds biomassa per jaar. Tolkamp
et al (2006) schatten de
biomassaproductie op gemiddeld 2,15
ton ds biomassa per ha per jaar op basis
van Diemont (1997)."
(3, p.72) "Op basis van de aanname dat
3,2
50% heide is vergraste en 50% niet is
vergraste velden gaat met een
gemiddelde droge-stof-opbrengst van 3,2
ton ds/ha/jaar."
(1) = (Tolkamp et al., 2006)
(2) = (Spijker et al., 2007)
(3) = (De Vries et al., 2008)
(4) = (Daatselaar, Hoogendam & Poppe, 2009)
(5) = (Klein Teeselink, n.d.)
(6) = (Anonymous, n.d.)

181

between
1,250 and
22,500

between 0.13
and 2.25

182

183

PART 2

184

Extra information

Methods, techniques and tactics


Sub research question

What are the cooperation potentials


for the stormwater re-use and urban
organic waste to energy processes?

What design options can be


distinguished for every step in the
stormwater re-use process?

185

Strategy

Method, techniques and tactic

Qualitative

LITERATURE STUDY
Collection techniques:
articles, scientific books, researches, websites
Collection tactics:
scientific databases, Google
Analysis techniques:
skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable
parts, making literature tree
Analysis tactics:
hardcopy versions and marker

Qualitative

Reference study: LITERATURE STUDY


Collection techniques:
websites
Collection tactics:
Google
Analysis techniques:
skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable
parts, making literature tree
Analysis tactics:
hardcopy versions and marker

Qualitative

Reference study: FIELDWORK


Collection techniques:
satellite images, observations and taking pictures on site
Collection tactics:
Google Earth, senses and camera
Analysis techniques:
matrix comparing design features in Dutch cities with the
cities of interest
Analysis tactics:
paper and pens

Qualitative

Reference study: INTERVIEW


Collection techniques:
open-ended, unstructured
Collection tactics:
in person: notes, email: text (tables)
Analysis techniques:
skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable
parts
Analysis tactics:
hardcopy versions and marker

Qualitative

LITERATURE STUDY
Collection techniques:
articles, scientific books, researches, websites
Collection tactics:
scientific databases, Google
Analysis techniques:
skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable
parts, making literature tree
Analysis tactics:
hardcopy versions and marker

What design options can be


distinguished for every step in the
urban organic waste to energy
process?

Qualitative

Reference study: LITERATURE STUDY


Collection techniques:
websites
Collection tactics:
Google
Analysis techniques:
skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable
parts, making literature tree
Analysis tactics:
hardcopy versions and marker

Qualitative

Reference study: FIELDWORK


Collection techniques:
satellite images, observations and taking pictures on site
Collection tactics:
Google Earth, senses and camera
Analysis techniques:
matrix comparing design features in Dutch cities with the
cities of interest
Analysis tactics:
paper and pens

Qualitative

LITERATURE STUDY
Collection techniques:
articles, scientific books, researches, websites
Collection tactics:
scientific databases, Google
Analysis techniques:
skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable
parts, making literature tree
Analysis tactics:
hardcopy versions and marker

Qualitative

Reference study: LITERATURE STUDY


Collection techniques:
websites
Collection tactics:
Google
Analysis techniques:
skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable
parts, making literature tree
Analysis tactics:
hardcopy versions and marker

Qualitative

Reference study: FIELDWORK


Collection techniques:
satellite images, observations and taking pictures on site
Collection tactics:
Google Earth, senses and camera
Analysis techniques:
matrix comparing design features in Dutch cities with the
cities of interest
Analysis tactics:
paper and pens

Qualitative

Reference study: INTERVIEW


Collection techniques:
open-ended, unstructured
Collection tactics:
in person: notes, email: text (tables)
Analysis techniques:
skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable
parts
Analysis tactics:
hardcopy versions and marker
186

How can these design options per


process step be applied in the design
of a performing urban landscape`in
Limassol?

187

Qualitative

Landscape and urban analysis: LITERATURE STUDY


Collection techniques:
articles, books, researches, websites
Collection tactics:
scientific databases, Google, contact persons
Analysis techniques:
skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable
parts, making literature tree
Analysis tactics:
hardcopy versions and marker

Qualitative

Landscape and urban analysis: MAP STUDY


Collection techniques:
websites, hardcopy
Collection tactics:
Google (Earth), contact persons
Analysis techniques:
listing and visualising relations (using integrated model of
Duchhart)
Analysis tactics:
paper and pens, computer program: Illustrator

Qualitative

Landscape and urban analysis: FIELDWORK


Collection techniques:
satellite images, observations and taking pictures on site
Collection tactics:
Google Earth, senses and camera
Analysis techniques:
matrix comparing found data from literature and maps with
reality (getting feeling for the island)
Analysis tactics:
paper and pens

Quantitative

Landscape and urban analysis: STATISTICAL STUDY


Collection techniques:
articles, websites, hardcopy
Collection tactics:
scientific databases, statistical databases, contact persons
Analysis techniques:
calculating needed information
Analysis tactics:
paper and pens, computer program: Excel

Qualitative

Landscape and urban analysis: INTERVIEWS


Collection techniques:
open-ended, unstructured
Collection tactics:
in person: notes or recorded, email: text (maps, tables)
Analysis techniques:
coding transcripts
Analysis tactics:
computer program: Word (digital marking)

Quantitative

Landscape and urban analysis: QUESTIONNAIRES (only


urban)
Collection techniques:
Closed, structured (in English and Greek)
Collection tactics:
Online (Qualtrics) via snowballing
Analysis techniques:
single results and cross tables
Analysis tactics:
Computer program: SPSS

Qualitative

Suitability study: LITERATURE STUDY


Collection techniques:
articles
Collection tactics:
scientific databases, contact persons
Analysis techniques:
skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable
parts, making literature tree
Analysis tactics:
hardcopy versions and marker

Qualitative

Suitability study: MAP STUDY


Collection techniques:
already collected
Collection tactics:
already collected
Analysis techniques:
listing and visualising relations
Analysis tactics:
paper and pens, computer program: Illustrator

Qualitative

Watershed analysis: LITERATURE STUDY


Collection techniques:
articles, websites
Collection tactics:
Google
Analysis techniques:
skimming/scanning, reading thoroughly and marking usable
parts, making literature tree
Analysis tactics:
hardcopy versions and marker

Qualitative

Watershed analysis: MAP STUDY


Collection techniques:
already collected
Collection tactics:
already collected
Analysis techniques:
listing and visualising relations
Analysis tactics:
paper and pens, computer program: Illustrator

Qualitative

Watershed analysis: FIELDWORK


Collection techniques:
satellite images, observations and taking pictures on site
Collection tactics:
Google Earth, senses and camera
Analysis techniques:
matrix comparing found data from literature and maps with
reality (getting feeling for the watershed)
Analysis tactics:
paper and pens

Qualitative

Watershed analysis: REFERENCE STUDY


Collection techniques:
website
Collection tactics:
Google
Analysis techniques:
reality check, matrix with (un)usable design features
Analysis tactics:
paper and pens
188

189

Quantitative

Watershed analysis: STATISTICAL STUDY


Collection techniques:
articles, websites, hardcopy
Collection tactics:
statistical databases, contact persons
Analysis techniques:
calculating needed information
Analysis tactics:
paper and pens, computer program: Excel

Qualitative

Watershed analysis: INTERVIEWS


Collection techniques:
open-ended, unstructured
Collection tactics:
in person: notes or recorded, email: text (maps, tables)
Analysis techniques:
coding transcripts
Analysis tactics:
computer program: Word (digital marking)

Qualitative

SWOT analysis: FIELDWORK


Collection techniques:
satellite images, notes observations and taking pictures on
site
Collection tactics:
Google Earth, paper and pens, senses and camera
Analysis techniques:
listing and visualising relations
Analysis tactics:
computer program: Illustrator

Qualitative

Form analysis: FIELDWORK


Collection techniques:
satellite images, observations and taking pictures on site
Collection tactics:
Google Earth, paper and pens, senses and camera
Analysis techniques:
listing and visualising shapes
Analysis tactics:
paper and pens

190

191

PART 3

192

c Calculations
I

Calculations chapter 3.3

1. Water use per inhabitant


2. Water price per m3
3. The stormwater potential Cyprus
4. Electricity use per inhabitant
5. Electricity price per kWh
6. The organic waste potential Cyprus

inhabitant
Water use
1. per
Water
use per inhabitant
The Netherlands
Total water use households in m3 (1)
Number of inhabitants (2)
Water use in m3 / person / year
Water use in L / person / day

2003
815,400,000
16,192,572

2007
789,400,000
16,357,992

2011
783,000,000
16,655,799

50.36
138

48.26
132

47.01
129

2003
65,800,000
722,900

2007
73,900,000
776,400

2011
80,600,000
862,000

91.02
249

95.18
261

93.50
256

Cyprus
Total water use households in m3 (3)
Number of inhabitants (3)
Water use in m3 / person / year
Water use in L / person / day
(1) = (CBS, 2013b)
(2) = (CBS, 2013c)
(3) = (Appendix 3s-I)

Water priceWater
per m3price per m3
2.
The Netherlands
2003
Amount of water in m3 (1)
Total costs in (1)
Price in / m3

2007

2011

138
173.35

81
100.11

54
66.60

1.26

1.24

1.23

2003
0.17-0.31

2007
0.19-0.34

2011
0.48-0.77

0.24

0.27

0.62

Cyprus
Variable costs in / m3 (2)
Price in / m3
(1) = (Appendix 3s-II)
(2) = (Appendix 3s-I)

193

The stormwater
potential Cyprus
3.
The stormwater
potential Cyprus

Amount of stormwater lost to the sea in m3

m3
48,000,000

Amount of water used by households for irrigating garden (= 14%) (1) (2)
Amount of water used by households for cleaning outdoor (= 9%) (1) (2)
Amount of water used by households for flushing the toilet (=28%) (1) (2)

9,212,000
5,922,000
18,424,000

Stormwater excess

14,442,000

(1) = (WDD, 2002)


(2) = (Appendix 3s-I)

per inhabitant
Electricity
4.use
Electricity
use per inhabitant
The Netherlands
Total electricity use households in kWh (1)
Number of inhabitants (2)

2003
23,300,000,000
16,192,572

2007
24,261,000,000
16,357,992

2011
23,628,000,000
16,655,799

1,438.9

1,483.1

1,418.6

3.9

4.1

3.9

2003
1,295,000,000
722,900

2007
1,608,000,000
776,400

2011
1,723,000,000
862,000

1,791.4

2,071.1

1,998.8

4.9

5.7

5.5

Electricity use in kWh / person / year


Electricity use in kWh / person / day
Cyprus
Total electricity use households in kWh (3)
Number of inhabitants (4)
Electricity use in kWh / person / year
Electricity use in kWh / person / day
(1) = (CBS, 2013d)
(2) = (CBS, 2013c)
(3) = (IEA, n.d. a; IEA, n.d. b; IEA, n.d. c)
(4) = (Appendix 3s-I)


Electricity price
per kWhprice per kWh
5.
Electricity
The Netherlands
Costs in / kWh first period (1)
Costs in / kWh second period (1)
Price in / kWh

2003
0.1758
0.1781

2007
0.2180
:

2011
0.1740
0.1838

0.18

0.22

0.17

2003
0.1052
0.1098

2007
0.1376
0.1339

2011
0.2050
0.2413

0.11

0.14

0.22

Cyprus
Costs in / kWh first period (2)
Costs in / kWh second period (2)
Price in / kWh
(1) = (Appendix 3s-II)
(2) = (Appendix 3s-I)

194

The organic
6. The
organic
waste
waste
potential
Cypruspotential Cyprus
Total amount of municipal waste (2007)
Amount of organic waste (2007) in kg (1)
Electricity yield in kWh (2)
CO2 emissions in grams / fossil fuel kWh (3)
CO2 emissions in grams / biomass kWh (4)

CO2 emissions 44,620,000 kWh in kg


CO2 emissions saved in kg

512,190,000
221,310,000
44,262,000
893
47
Fossil fuel
39,525,966

in kg
512,190,000

Amount of organic municipal waste from food residues (39%)


Amount of organic municipal waste from yard trimmings (14%)

199,754,100
71,706,600

Total amount of organic municipal waste

271,460,700

(2) = infobox 1.2


(3) = (Fridleifsson et al., 2008)
(4) = It is often said that biomass energy production is carbon-neutral, but this does not
seem correct (Perry, Klmes & Bulatov, 2008). In The UK carbon footprints of biomass
energy production are found. These depends on the type of biomass used: 5
gCO2/kWh for high-density wood gasification to 93 gCO2/kWh for combustion of lowdensity miscantus (Perry, Klemes & Bulatov, 2008, p.1491). Because organic waste is
composed from different types of biomass, the average is taken (of the found 5 and
93) of 47 grams of CO2 carbon footprint for biomass energy production.

195

Biomass
2,080,314

37,445,652

Total amount of municipal waste (2007)

(1) = (Appendix 3s-I)

= 43%

= 53%

II

Calculations chapter 3.5

Organic 1.
Organicwaste
household
household
potentialwaste
Limassolpotential Limassol
2007
Amount of inhabitants Cyprus (1)

776,400

Amount of inhabitants Limassol (1)

180,000

Total amount of municipal organic waste in kg (1)

221,310,000

Amount of municipal organic waste Limassol in kg

48,688,200

= 22%

2011
Amount of inhabitants Limassol (1)
Number of people in one household (1)
Number of households
Amount of organic waste / household / year (2)

180,000
2.76
65,217.4
780

Amount of organic waste Limassol in kg

50,869,565

Total amoung of organic waste Limassol in kg


Electricity yield in kWh (3)

50,000,000
10.000.000

(1) = (Appendix 3s-I)


(2) = infobox 3.2 (15 kg per week is used for cities, instead of the 20 kg per
week for rural areas)
(3) = infobox 1.2

196

III

Calculations chapter 3.8


1. Garyllis and Pedieos micro-watershed report Marinos Eliades, The Cyprus Institute
2. Little Garyllis watershed: recalculated runoff
3. Little Garyllis watershed: recalculated peak ow
4. Little Garyllis watershed: urban organic waste

1. Garyllis and Pedieos micro-watershed report Marinos Eliades, The Cyprus Institute

197

198

199

200

201

202

watershed:
recalculated
runoff
Little Garyllis
2. Little
Garyllis
watershed:
recalculated runoff
Minimum runoff per month
Month

Precipitation in mm

Runoff in mm

Runoff in m3

January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

9.4
12.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4

4.64
3.52
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2

4,977.78
3,776.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,145.60

TOTAL

29.9

10.16

10,899.63

Mean runoff per month


Month

Precipitation in mm

January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
TOTAL

Runoff in mm

Runoff in m3

83.76
72.43
41.09
15.99
5.64
0.59
0.67
0
2.27
21.23
56.33
88.08

51.82
44.05
23.59
7.58
2.561
0.23
0.42
0
1.32
12.61
36.91
57.41

55,592.41
47,256.77
25,307.31
8,131.81
2,747.44
246.74
450.58
0
1,416.09
13,527.99
39,596.99
61,589.35

388.08

238.50

255,862.39

Maximum runoff per month


Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
TOTAL
Runoff in m3

203

Precipitation in mm

Runoff in mm

Runoff in m3

277.9
161
172.8
60.4
33.7
7.1
18.3
0
30.3
97.1
237.4
278.1

184.96
103.2
116.96
37.76
18.24
3.92
13.04
0
18.64
70.32
170.72
192.08

198,424.77
110,712.78
125,474.49
40,508.86
19,567.84
4,205.37
13,989.29
0
19,996.96
75,439.18
183,148.13
206,063.10

1374.10

929.84

997,530.77

Runoff in mm * surface of 1,072,798.3 / 1000

3. Little Garyllis watershed: recalculated peak flow

Little Garyllis watershed: recalculated peak flow


Amount of
precipitation
in mm / day

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

2 - 9.9
10 - 17.9
18 - 25.9
26 - 33.9
34 - 41.9
42 - 49.9
50 - 57.9
58 - 65.9
66 - 73.9
74 - 81.9

34
5
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

27
13
7
2
1
0
0
0
0
0

30
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

33
9
3
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

24
9
4
3
0
0
0
0
0
0

21
10
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

26
8
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

24
8
3
5
3
0
0
0
0
0

38
8
7
2
0
0
0
0
0
0

18
5
3
0
0
2
0
0
0
0

12
5
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0

23
13
3
6
0
0
0
0
0
0

14
9
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0

# of days

44

50

37

47

40

34

36

43

55

28

21

45

27

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

2 - 9.9
10 - 17.9
18 - 25.9
26 - 33.9
34 - 41.9
42 - 49.9
50 - 57.9
58 - 65.9
66 - 73.9
74 - 81.9

15
8
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0

27
5
1
4
3
3
0
0
0
0

18
7
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0

27
6
1
1
0
3
2
0
0
0

25
7
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

32
8
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

21
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

23
7
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
1

28
8
2
3
0
1
0
0
0
0

26
7
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

26
7
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0

18
11
5
0
3
0
0
0
0
0

20
6
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

# of days

25

43

27

40

36

43

26

36

42

35

39

37

31

06

07

08

09

2010

2 - 9.9
10 - 17.9
18 - 25.9
26 - 33.9
34 - 41.9
42 - 49.9
50 - 57.9
58 - 65.9
66 - 73.9
74 - 81.9

23
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

16
10
4
2
1
0
0
0
0
0

15
3
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

18
11
5
1
2
2
0
0
0
0

16
3
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0

# of days

29

33

20

39

22

# of days
718
226
84
38
22
14
5
1
1
1

Mean # of
days
23.16
7.29
2.71
1.23
0.71
0.45
0.16
0.03
0.03
0.03

204

Little Garyllis
4. Little
Garyllis watershed:
urban
organic waste
watershed:
urban organic
waste
Households
Estimate of acreage municipality Limassol in km
Amount of inhabitants municipality Limassol (1)

34
101,000

Estimate of acreage Little Garyllis in km


Amount of inhabitants Little Garyllis

1.07
3,179

Amount of inhabitants Little Garyllis


Number of people in one household (1)
Number of households
Amount of organic waste / household / year (2)

3,179
2.76
1152

Amount of household organic waste Little Garyllis in kg


Biogas yield in m3 (3)
Electricity yield in kWh (3)

780
897,413
89,741
179,482

Vegetation maintenance
Estimate of acreage park in m2

89,285

Wood 25% (1.16 kg / m2) (4)


Grass 25% (2.13 kg /m2) (4)
Reed 25% (4.29 kg / m2) (4)
Heather 25% (1.19 kg / m2) (4)

25,893
47,544
95,758
26,562

Amount of vegetation output Little Garyllis Park

195,757

Biogas yield in m3 (3)

13,708

Electricity yield in kWh (3)

27,417

Empty plots
Estimate of acreage empty plots in m2

43,750

Wood 25% (1.16 kg / m2) (4)


Grass 25% (2.13 kg /m2) (4)
Reed 25% (4.29 kg / m2) (4)
Heather 25% (1.19 kg / m2) (4)

12,688
23,297
46,922
13,016

Amount of vegetation output

95,922

Biogas yield in m3 (3)


Electricity yield in kWh (3)
(1) = (Appendix 3s-I)
(2) = infobox 3.2 (15 kg per week is used for cities, instead of the 20 kg per
week for rural areas)
(3) = infobox 1.2
(4) = (Appendix 1c-I)

205

6,717
13,434

Extra information

Suitability study

SUITABILITY STUDY

Table: suitability of steps in a certain urban landscape unit


WATER

Urban
Building density

Vegetation

Harvesting

Detention

Treatment

Retention

*
**
***
**
***
***

***
**
*
**
***
**

***
**
*
*
***
**

***
**
*
*
***
**

*
***

*
***

*
***

*
***

***
***

***
***

*
***

*
***

Urban organic waste


availability

Storage

Pre-treatment

Digester

*
**
***
***
***
-

***
**
*
***
-

***
**
*
***
-

***
**
*
***
-

*
*

*
***

*
***

*
***

**
***

***

***

***

Low
Medium
High
Line
Square

Street
Peri
Agriculture
Other
Water
Waterbed
Waterbank
ENERGY

Urban
Building density

Vegetation

Low
Medium
High
Line
Square

Street
Peri
Agriculture
Other
Water
Waterbed
Waterbank

OBJECTIVE

Table: objective suitability

WATER

Vegetation - square
Peri-urban - other
Waterbank
Street
Building density - medium
Waterbed
Building density - low
Vegetation - line
Building density - high
Peri-urban - agriculture

Harvesting

Detention

Treatment

Retention

***
***
***
***
**
***
*
**
***
*

***
***
***
**
**
***
***
**
*
*

***
***
***
**
**
*
***
*
*
*

***
***
***
**
**
*
***
*
*
*
206

ENERGY
Urban

Vegetation - line
Building density - high
Peri-urban - agriculture

**
***
*

**
*
*

*
*
*

*
*
*

Urban
organic waste
availability

Storage

Pre-treatment

Digester

***
***
**
*
*
***
*
***
**

***
***
**
***
***
*
*
-

***
***
**
***
***
*
*
-

***
***
**
***
***
*
*
-

ENERGY

Vegetation - square
Waterbank
Building density - medium
Building density - low
Peri-urban - other
Building density - high
Peri-urban - agriculture
Vegetation - line
Waterbed
WATER AND ENERGY

*******
*******
*******
******
*****
****
***
**
*
* = highest amount is green, lowest is red
Vegetation - square
Peri-urban - other
Waterbank
Building density - medium
Waterbed
Building density - low
Vegetation - line
Building density - high
Peri-urban - agriculture

SUBJECTIVE

Table: subjective suitability


Limassol
Criteria
Flood

Flash and urban floods


Flash floods
No floods

***
**
*

Quantity

Dam overflows
Dam
No dam

***
**
*

Awareness

Building density - high


Building density - medium
Building density - low

***
**
*

Biodiversity

Little and potential


Little and no potential
Lots

***
**
*

Suitability riverparts
Garyllis

Vathias
207
Germasogeia

#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Flood
*
*
***
***
***
***
*

Quantity
**
**
**
**
*
*
***

Awareness
*
**
**
***
***
**
**

Biodiversity
***
***
***
***
***
***
**

Biodiversity

Little and potential


Little and no potential
Lots

***
**
*

Suitability riverparts
Garyllis

Vathias
Germasogeia

#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Flood
*
*
***
***
***
***
*
*

#
4
3
5
6
7
8
2
1

********
*******
******
*****
****
***
**
*

Quantity
**
**
**
**
*
*
***
***

Awareness
*
**
**
***
***
**
**
*

Biodiversity
***
***
***
***
***
***
**
**

Ranking
Garyllis
Vathias
Germasogeia
Garyllis

Map: (subjective) ood (green = most suitable/ red = least suitable)

208

Map: (subjective) quantity (green = most suitable/ red = least suitable)

Map: (subjective) awareness (green = most suitable/ red = least suitable)

209

SUBJECTIVE
Limassol

Map: (subjective) biodiversity (green = most suitable/ red = least suitable)


Criteria
Flood

Flash and urban floods


Flash floods
No floods

***
**
*

Quantity

Dam overflows
Dam
No dam

***
**
*

Awareness

Building density - high


Building density - medium
Building density - low

***
**
*

Biodiversity

Little and potential


Little and no potential
Lots

***
**
*

Suitability riverparts
Garyllis

Vathias
Germasogeia

#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Flood
*
*
***
***
***
***
*
*

Quantity
**
**
**
**
*
*
***
***

Awareness
*
**
**
***
***
**
**
*

Biodiversity
***
***
***
***
***
***
**
**

Table: objective and subjective suitability combined


Ranking

Garyllis
Vathias
Germasogeia
Garyllis

#
4
3
5
6
7
8
2
1

********
*******
******
*****
****
***
**
*

Note: the more * the more suitable it is.

210

II

SWOT analysis

Map: type of riverbed

211

Map: use of the riverbanks

212

Map: multi-functionality of the riverbed

213

Map: accessibility of the riverbed and the riverbanks

214

Map: vegetation

215

Map: spaciousness

216

Map: legibility

217

Map: safety

218

Table: reasoning strengthopportunity - weakness/opportunity - strength/threat - weakness/threat

Strength & opportunity

Weakness & opportunity

Strength & threat

Weakness & threat

2. + 3. This is a clear part of


the river, because of the
clear
riverbed
and
vegetation on the sides.
The relation with its
surroundings
can
be
improved and it can be
made more aesthetic.

1. The vegetation and


dump material make this
part unclear and messy.
With some maintenance it
would already become
more clear and nice.

6a. This part of the riverbed


is used by a school as a
playground, which is a nice
variation. However, this is
also a threat because it can
be dangerous to play in a
riverbed and it can also
disrupt the natural flow.

4. Here the riverbed is very


shallow and it is very
enclosed by houses and
gardens at both sides.
Therefore, there are no or
little opportunities for
change.

18. The last visit-able part


of the eastern river branch
is quite clear. The river is
visible, but the relation
with its surroundings can
be improved and it can be
made more aesthetic.

5. The gardens of the


houses next to the river are
located at the same level as
the river itself, which
makes it unclear that there
is a river. By creating a
stronger relation between
the gardens and the river,
this part can be made more
clear.

8. There is a park created in


this part, which is a
welcome
variation
of
scenery. However, the river
is underground
which
causes a lack of relation.

7. In this part the river


disappears
(is
going
underground). Therefore, it
is unclear where the
boulevard continues. There
are also no or little
opportunities to improve
this.

27. The river has some


more space here and is
visible, this is an area
where interventions are
possible.
Preferable
increase the aesthetics.

6. This is a messy part,


because of stuff which is
dumped in the riverbed
and because the adjacent
houses use the riverbed
partly ad their garden. An
opportunity would be to
create a more park like
setting, because there is
room for it and it would
make it more clear (they
are already busy with a sort
of park).

9. This is a strange situation


with an alternation of solid
riverbeds and tunnels.
Furthermore, this is a very
unsafe part too. It is very
narrow, which results in no
or little opportunities for
change.

10. + 11. Lots of concrete


constructions
in
the
beginning and erosion
further downstream. There
is room for a nice park like
setting, which would be an
opportunity.

13. + 14. This part of the


river is very solid and
enclosed by roads and
houses. There is no
vegetation and no room for
change.

12. This is a very bare and


basic part of the river, with
lots of concrete used and
there is no vegetation. With
some improvements like a
adding vegetation to the
boulevard, this part could
be more aesthetic.

15. This is a strange part


(corner) of the river. It is
enclosed by a big road and
a big building, which makes
it nearly invisible. There is
no room for alternations.

219

16. There is a shallow


riverbed which is not very
legible. However, there is
room to make this part
more clear and nice.

17. The last area of the


eastern river branch where
there is no park, because
people's back gardens are
located in the riverbed.

19. This area does have a


riverbed, but it cannot be
seen because of the large
amount of trees. These
trees are an opportunity
through, as they are
already mature.

24. + 25. Very narrow part


of the river (is also
tunnelled), and due to the
housing there are not a lot
of possibilities for change.

20. + 21. + 22. + 23. The


river is tunnelled here, and
no relation to the river can
be found. There is enough
space to revive the river
though.
26. Narrow part of the
river, but there might be
enough space to create
more connection to the
river.
28. Quite nice area, but not
accessible at the moment.

220

i Interviews
I

Characteristics

During our stay in Cyprus 13 unstructured, open-ended interviews (Kumar, 2005) were conducted, face-to-face or via email.

Interviewees

All interviewees have given permission to use their names in this thesis.
Medium

Expertise / NGO / Institute

Name
Evangelos Andreou

Thesis on woody flora in Nicosia

Email

Victoras Constandinides

Senior Technician Sewerage Board of Limassol Amathus

Face-to-face

Raymond Francis

Raymond Francis

Face-to-face

Kyriakos Parpounas &


Constantinos Savva

General manager and Technical manager at GreenDot

Face-to-face

Stella Hadjipanagi

Cypriot

Face-to-face

Martin Hellicar

Birdlife Cyprus

Email

Harris Kordatos

Cyprus Energy Agency

Face-to-face, Email

Maria Nicolaidou

Kypros & Zena Kyprianou Ltd.

Email

Ioanna Panayiotou

Commissioner of Environment

Face-to-face

Christakis Sergides

City planning, history of Limassol

Face-to-face, Email

Lefkios Sergides & Anthina


Papatheodoulou

TerraCypria

Face-to-face, Email

Adriana Bruggeman &


Katerina Charalambous

Hydrology, The Cyprus Institute

Face-to-face

Charalambos Theopemptou

Former Commissioner of Environment

Face-to-face

Contact

These interviewees were approached by us through tips of other people or through interviewees of already conducted
interviews, so-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005). This approach was necessary because contacting people in Cyprus is hard
without initial contact via someone else. Potential contacts (especially from municipalities) were often hesitant, because of
the fact that foreign students want to look into things.

221

II

Transcript Andreou

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Evangelos Andreou
Thesis on woody flora in Nicosia

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Email
9 December 2013
-

Hello,
Unfortunately my Thesis is in Greek and I do not have much time to translate it now.
In few words, We recorded different kinds of woody flora one can meet in Nicosia, the ecology status of them and problems
in several rows of trees on the sides of the roads.
The trees of the roadsides have been recorded and counted and the 10 most common are:
Ficus microcarpa, Brachychiton diversifolius, Olea europaea, Washingtonia filifera, Schinus terebinthifolius, Tipuana tipu,
Cupressus sempervirens, Cercis siliquastrum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Casuarina cunninghamiana.
For other species we recognised them but not counted the total population of one each off different species. I hope I could
help you more but I do not have know enough time. If you need more help send me an email.
Tell my regards to Athina and Lefkios
Evangelos

222

III

Transcript Constandinides

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Victoras Constandinides
Senior Technician Sewerage Board of Limassol Amathus

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Face-to-face, recorded
Starbucks, Germasogeia, Limassol
22 November 2013
approximately 15 minutes

Information before interview started:


Google: Sustainable, Urban, Drainage, System, or SUDS, with Cyprus and you find a lot of information.
V = Victoras
S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)
S: We were curious if the sewerage board is only responsible for Limassol or for the Greater Limassol.
V: It is responsible for the Greater Limassol and for the municipalities around Limassol, like Germasogeia, Agios Athanasios,
Agios Tychonas, [...], Meso Geitonia, Polemidia. Around Limassol, all this area.
S: The stormwater collection system in Limassol, how old is that?
V: From the time that the town was constructed, especially from the old city there is a drainage system along the streets. You
can find it, I mean it is very old.
S: And is it distributed everywhere or are there part that do not have stormwater drainage?
V: We do not collect the drainage water, it goes all into the sea. But, there are some new, that is to have some retentions
ponds. One is going to be, there are some studies, one is going to be north of Limassol in [...] area. They are thinking to make
it in a schoolyard, and below to have some special pipes and collect everywhere, the drainage water there. And then it will
stay for some period and when the rain stops, it will allow it to go to the sea. But these are studies, they did not implement
anything yet.
S: Okay, so you said the water all goes to the sea?
V: All of it yes, by gravity.
S: And can you tell something about the quality of the water, do you know if it is very much polluted because of the streets?
V: You know is Cyprus we do not have rain, too much rain. The first rain is very polluted, because it collects all the [...] toxics
from the street, all these things. So, we see it is very polluted. We know it is very polluted, because some of it comes through
the sewerage system and goes to the plant and we have seen increased levels so far. Especially [...], because of the car
emissions. Because we have a period of, let say six months, we have rain. When the first rain is, all the pollutants on the street
goes through the drainage to the sea.
S: Yes we saw it last week, with the sort of medium heavy rainfall. We saw like that the water was white brown with rubbish.
V: Yes, white, brown, dark, yes.
S: We saw some rivers here in Limassol, some dry rivers, and what is the role of them in the drainage system?
V: Ah, okay, So, in the mountains we have, Troodos mountain, it will snow in the winter period of 3 months and the snow melts
it goes through these rivers downwards. There are a lot of dams, so we collect the water, but after the dams when we do not
have overflow, it is dry. Or upwards, when there is no snow and no rain, again it is dry. So, these rivers are used to, when there
is rain or snow, collection of the water in the dams.
S: Okay, and is the urban area connected to those rivers? Does the system end in the river and let the river take it to the sea
or does the system itself take it to the sea?
223

V: Usually, most of the time we do not have an overflow because we have a shortage of water. Although there is the
Germasogeia dam, that if there is a good season, like let say I am not sure last year or the year before, we have overflow. It
means that it does not go to the sea, because when it overflows it has, lets say, ten kilometers until it, so it goes down but
almost never reaches the sea.
S: But, when it rains and the drainage system here collects the water, does the system itself take it to the sea or do you also
sometimes have the system dump into the river? Like the drainage goes into the river and the river takes it.
V: The rivers are in the mountains, but there are some small rivers. And you can see, lets say 100 meters from here there is
a kind of river. But this is connected to dam, Germasogeia dam, on the hill. So, these rivers when it rains, well not river it is
called something else. A river is always with water. These are called something else. So, when it rains all the rainwater is going
into this thing and to the sea.
S: So, also from the city, it goes in the river and then it goes to the sea?
V: Yes, we saw many times these rivers full of water. When, because, okay, some of it is collected in the streets, but a lot of it
goes to these kind of rivers.
S: Okay! so, we were wondering if the Sewerage Board also has like maps of where this drainage is?
V: If you go to this thing, this, this, and this. And you, there are ... Because I was searching last night trying to find it local. There
are two studies, one is the master plan of Limassol, with the drainage, the masterplan it is called, for the Sewerage Board of
Limassol. And there are a lot of maps in it, it is Greek and English. There are texts in English and some of them are in Greek.
If you can find someone to help you
[Interuption]
V: But here you can find a lot a lot of information, with a lot of maps and in the masterplan there is information about the
drainage system, policies, a lot of things.
S: I do not know, maybe you have something to tell about You said you know a lot about biomass energy?
V: Biomass, I know everything. Because we have, in the plant, we have biogas production, because of the anaerobic sludge. It
produces 2003 liters per day. From that we produce power. 4500 kWh a day. Which is 40% of the need of power of the plant.
So we gain back 40% of the power. This in general. If you want to go more in detail I can.
S: What I think is interesting for us, we are actually looking into two kinds of things for biomass energy like as input. And that
is maintenance, so maintenance of green in the streets. If they capture that and use it. And if organic waste has any potential.
Because we heard, everyone is putting everything in one bin and if they would separate, then we could create a lot of biomass
energy with the organic part of the waste.
V: We are trying to do.. they plan to collect the garbage. Produce biogas and then produce power. There are biomass units,
especially farmers, but they have cows. So, they have their own. There are now about 20 units, they use electricity from manure
from the cows or pigs. The plants, originally was Limassol the adapted methods and we got.. I worked for the environmental
department of the government because of this new product, new idea. But now there is in Pafos also, they have a small unit
and they are going to start also in Larnaca. A plant. And most of them, all of them, they are using the electricity for their own
needs, because if you want to buy electricity it is very expensive, you like holland. It is for us like 22, 23, 24, 25 cents, so it is
better to use it for yourself instead of buying electricity. Because if you want to sell the electricity it is only 11,5 cents. So, it is
better to use it instead of selling it. That is the idea.
S: So these are more situated in the rural area, because of the farms? And they use it themselves?
V: Yes
S: Do you think there are opportunities within the city? For example, in the Netherlands people now start to have small
digesters for an apartment block for example.
V: It is very difficult to have an intown digester. Some small companies we have. They have a small reactor, not a reactor but
what you said. Electricity, but you do not have many. And then you need there own plant, which is not allowed in the city
and it is very difficult. Better to, all the sewage go to the plants and we treat it there and produce there biogas. Now the new
thing is photovoltaics. I do not know in the Netherlands, but in Germany I know they have a lot. In Greece they have a lot. In
the Netherlands, I do not know.
224

S: We do not have sun.


V: Ha ha ha, in Germany the do not have either and they have a lot of solar panels.
S: They have a lot of subsidies for doing it and they do have more sun than we do I think. And more space, we are only a small
country.

225

IV

Transcript Francis

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Raymond Francis
Foreigner living in Cyprus for 4 years

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Face-to-face, recorded
Apartment, Mouttagiaka, Limassol
18 November 2013
approximately 21 minutes

R = Raymond
S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)
S: We would like to know what kind of people Cypriots are.
R: Cypriots are nice people, accept they have a history of home-grown Cypriot versus UK Cypriot. So, this all comes from
history, from 1974, on the split. A lot of people ran away, trying to find a better living. Most of them, there are Cypriot all over
the world, in South Africa, in America, in England, but the biggest concentration is probably in the UK. Because, they had an
entitlement to go to the UK as Cyprus was a protective of the UK. It was made independent at this time the split happened
between the Greek speaking and the Turkish speaking. Because, Cyprus, like many islands in the Mediterranean, they have
been occupied over centuries by other nationalities: Turkish, French, English, Italian. And like most of these islands they have
become very protective of their own culture and their way of life. But, it also makes them very much aware of how they have
been exploited or how they are not been able to fulfill their own culture, because of you know being occupied by al these
other people, or peoples. With regards to business, Cyprus unlike most of the islands in the Med, they are quite exceptional.
Inasmuch that for many many years, up until them joining the EU, they were being looked at as being an offshore opportunity
for business.Where most of the other islands in the Med, they belong to a nation. In other words, Crete belongs to Greece,
Mallorca belongs to Spain, etcetera etcetera etcetera. But, Cyprus is an independent nation. So, that makes a big difference
in what they can and cannot do. Up until joining the euro, they had their own currency, being the Cyprus Pound. That gave
them flexibility, in other words, they could value their currency as they wanted on the open market. So, Cyprus has, shall we
say, enjoyed to a certain extend an evolution from their independence. First of all, there was a very large expat, UK expat,
present here. Because of the army bases, which still are UK terrain. In other words, it is owned by the UK. Both army and
airforce, both here in Limassol and in Famagusta still belong to the UK. But you have a lot of people retiring from the army
etcetera etcetera, and it was cheap to live here. It was cheap to have an apartment or a small house to retire to. The weather
was good, they knew the island. So, there was a certain amount of economical support for the island. But it did not, it did
not bubble. In other words, the economical levels remained steady. Because there was not enough English or others, actually
residing here, or becoming pensioned here, or taking a second house here. It did not have a great impact on the island. Then
of course, from 1974 the tourist industry started building up in the whole Med, more people traveling etcetera etcetera,
throughout Europe, on holidays and this and the other, holiday homes. So, they had a little bit of an upside. Why, because
they had their own currency, property was cheap, land was cheap. But, again no bubble. But then what happened is, you had
the disbandment of Russia. And Cyprus being a tax-heaven as such, its own currency, its own taxes, its own laws. There was
a lot of money of different shades, of money, if you know what I mean by shades. I mean, good money, grey money, black
money. Call it different shades of money, flowed into Cyprus and also through Cyprus. So, Nicosia was built on a basis of a
financial centre, not a tourist centre, not a residence centre, but a financial centre. Many many banks here, all the banks, all
the European banks were here processing these funds.
S: So if Nicosia is a financial centre, what is Limassol then?
R: It is commercial because of the port.
S: Port and tourists?
R: And tourists. Limassol is commercial. Many many banks here, because the expats from whatever country they are do
not reside in Nicosia. Nicosia is not an attractive place to live, it is too hot, it is this and the other. There is no attraction and
distraction. Whereas the coastal places, and Limassol being the major coastal resort, place to live, became also a type of
secondary commercial entity. Banks etcetera etcetera, especially with the shipping. Shipping has always found a big place
here, because it is a transit between the eastern part of the Mediterranean. Because it has also a free-port, it has dwang vrij.
You understand dwang vrij, with other words, they have a zone in which goods can come in, be remixed, and go out without
actually entering Cyprus. It is a toll-free area. It was very attractive. Now, when the line of Russian money started coming in,
then you had two things which happened. You had the commercial banking which took off in a big way, but also you had
property and prices of ground going up. And it all became very sexy for people to have a bank account here, to have
226

a second residence here, etcetera etcetera. And that all came to an end, in one way, by Cyprus joining the euro, not by joining
the EU, but by joining the euro. The cost of living for the locals went up by 20 or 30%. It did not mean that much for the
Russians who had the big money, because it makes no difference they just had enough money. You can see all the buildings,
all the property around, extravaganza. But, for the local people it was an opportunity. They started sending their children tom
they could afford to send their children to better schooling. A lot of their children went to universities outside of Cyprus.
But the problem is either they stayed abroad, or if they came back they all wanted to be managers. So, one of the problems
with the level of education here, is that you have a mix of education and mentally. And this is a big problem in Cyprus. They
have this external education, but this Mediterranean sort of avrio, avrio, you will get it done tomorrow. At the same time of
course, when you have this explosion in economy, you have get a lot of misfits, a lot of people trying to make money on the
back of other people. You get an inbalance. For example, if you take Holland, France, Germany, England. They have grown up
over hundreds of years in their legislation and their controls on this and that. There is corruption everywhere. But, when a
country grows up so fast there are, there is not enough controls in place. So, it is manipulated. That manipulation is from top
to bottom, through the banking, through economics, through who you know, who can sign, who can do this and who can do
that. So, this has been a big problem for Cyprus, to get their legislation in place. It is coming, but it is still not there.
S: And what does this mean for the environment here?
R: What it means for the environment is that ... First of all, do they recognise an issue called environment? They know their
island. They are very self-centred in one way. They are very nice people, but they are very protective. So they do not, they
do not see a problem themselves in the environment. Are you with me? They do not necessarily identify with environmental
issues. But if you take environment and you make that broader, just take nature itself. From the 750 000 inhabitants of
Cyprus, Greek Cyprus, there are 100 000 gun licences. And the male population is cars, and shooting, it is very masculine,
very macho tendency. You know, you do as I say and not as I do. You know. So, it is, the problem is it is a Mediterranean hot
blooded existence. They are hot blooded, even the women. When they have an argument, they have an argument. But then
it is forgotten tomorrow and they will have another argument about something else. You know, you have seen the Greek,
the Greek Fat Wedding. A lot of people say it is just a film, but it is like that. It really is like that. And a lot of people do not
understand it. They are very lovable, but very hot blooded. But when it comes to business and the environment. First of all
come the family and the business. So, environment will always come second, or third, or fourth, or fifth. It is not on their list
of priorities. Yes you will see it in the newspaper, yes you will have all this bla bla political spin, but at the end of the day what
do they do about it? But, that is not necessarily only here. What is Greece dong about it, what is Spain doing about it? All
of these Mediterranean countries, what is Turkey doing about it? You know, if you see the newspaper today, where they are
saying that the acid factor in the seawater is increased to such an extend that twenty thirty species are dying per day in the
sea. Just think about the pollution that is been dumped into the sea from countries like Turkey, who is not developed at all.
Well, they are developed, but you will see what the developments are, but what is still going into the Med? It is the same as
here. What is actually being processed from the sanitary and what is still going into the Med? Nobody knows. So, environment
is, I do not think it is there on the top of their list. Economy is on the top of their list, employment is on the top of their list. But
even when you come to look at medicare, there is no medicare here. Well, you have a general hospital and you have doctors.
When you go to the doctor you have to pay. There is no central insurance system here. So, then you have to start listing your
priorities in life. Priority is an income, medicare. So, environment comes right down the list. When in fact all the other things
are not in place.
S: How do you think we can make environment go up in the list?
R: I think, the only way you can get environment going up in their list is by EU subsidies. In other words, if they do not have to
pay for it they will definately get it done. But, if you expect them to pay for it, you are never going to get it done.
S: And if they can gain something from it?
R: What gain, what gain do you, what gain would you say they would get from it? What your values are, are not necessarily
their values.
S: No, but if they can get something. Like they pay for water, if they use less water because of something we do, and therefore
pay less money.
R: That is an equation. They are very much aware of the water problem in Cyprus. And I will point out, what you see in the
bay there is not a boat, it is waterport. Three four year ago they had such a drought, that they had to tank in from Greece.
These tankers offloaded in this waterport, which was then pumped up to go into the drinking water plant, not into the lake.
But, then they found out that they build this thing and the actual pipeline was so 40 meters to short. So, five tankers went
sour, the water went sour. You know, when water standing still in a container is only good for So, they had to pump the
water then into the lake. So that the lake would self process the water again. So, they could not pump it directly into the
You understand? So, it is not a priority with them. They are aware of the water problem, but it is not their, it is not a major
issue for them. They do not think so. Until they do not have it and then they start complaining. But in fact, they could have
done something about it years ago. But, there are a lot of countries that have similar problems. Not necessarily water, for
227

example waste disposal, which is an environmental issue. There are three major environmental issues: how you create
energy, you water process, and your waste disposal process be it your toilet waste or your, lets say physical household waste.
Here, they are still using landfill, which is again the EU rules. So, they are having to pay a fine every month, because they are
using landfills. Now, several companies have proposed several types of alternatives. But it all comes to who is going to pay
for it? Because, at the present moment they have a tax on the household for waste collection, which are the green bins on
the street. People then put their plastic in and stuff and it goes to the landfill. They will not tolerate, because they do not
have the income base, to for them now to start paying an extra 5 or 10 euros a month for the waste to be processed through
a processing plant. You understand? So, it just goes into a landfill, and it is not like the landfill is now constructed in such a
way you can tap it for gas and have a biogas. No, it is just landfill. So, what is more important, is the landfill issue a problem,
greater than the waste of water problem, or the process of toilet waste, or the medicare system, or the education system?
So, you have to try and find at what level they place. Water, as an example, or waste. You have to find out what is important to
them first. And then, when it is important to everybody else, the only way it is going to be solved is by external funds coming
in and financing this.

228

Transcript GreenDot

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Kyriakos Parpounas & Constantinos Savva
General manager and Technical manager at GreenDot

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Face-to-face, recorded
Office of GreenDot, Strovolos, Nicosia
11 December 2013
approximately 35 minutes

G = GreenDot
S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)
G: The main aspect of our work is packaging, packaging waste. We were formed by the industry in 2004. But actual operations,
planning and operations, began mid 2005 and of course it was an outcome of the acceptance of Cyprus in the EU. So, since
2002 we have the legislation on responsibility of packaging. It was the, it was basically the transposition of European legislation
to a local legal framework. And of course the industry had to decide what to do with packaging. Companies need to recover
in Cyprus certain percentages of their packaging waste and they can either do it individually or join organisations, non-profit
organisations, who then run the recycling systems for them. But, they are funded through them, through the packaging fees.
The local commerce created GreenDot Cyprus. We were accredited in 2006. So, a few months ago we have ended our first
term of accreditation. And now we are running on our second term of accreditation and we represent around 900 companies.
And of course within these 900 companies, one can recognise all the big names acting in the local market. So, a big part of
the market, they are registered with us, we represent them and we are collecting the packaging waste. Now to be able to
recover and recycle packaging, based on the fact that recycling was not an issue or was a very small issue for some very few
companies doing the collection of industrial packaging and recycling on why pay the recycling. A few year back we had to start
everything, almost from scratch. So, we designed the collection shifts, we were consulted by the Belgian system Force Plus,
at the time. So, we designed the systems and began corporations with local authorities to run recycling programs for the
households. Of course, at the same time we ran recycling for the commercial and industrial sector. So, we recycle brown
paper and things from the industry and from the trade sector. But, we also since 2007 we started our first house programs
with five municipalities back then. Eventually we grew up to a system with geographical coverage and now we have 85% of
the population, we cover almost all the municipalities and a number of communities. But what is left now is more rural,
distant lets say from the city centre areas. Of course this system is the only on the market, so eventually we have to cover the
whole of the island with a recycling system. And of course we have also the great part of the responsibility of the communication
and sensi rationalisation of the population. We believe that we did a good job given the circumstances in about seven years
time. We calculated that about half of the people in the area where we have the program, participate in our packaging
recycling. And these are encouraging numbers, not only because it is something new for Cyprus, but also because the citizens
do not have an obligation to participate. They do not have fines or anybody to put pressure to participate, and they also have
an incentive, an financial incentive to do so because we do not have pay-and-throw systems for example. People are paying
taxes, so in fact if you recycle you more or less are subsidising your neighbour who is not recycling. Of course, we have been
shouting to the authorities all these years to do things about these issues, but as you notice governments are slow or have
other things in mind. So, we still do not have all these supportive mechanisms that would help the programs grow. But, we
are very satisfied with responses this far, we have problems with the authorities, but we are doing quite well with the people
that accept us. In the mean time we will also add by the industry to develop other collection systems. So, we will built up the
system for electronic waste. And that is done by two organisations, two separate organisation, but we manage them. We have
designed them and we manage them. So it is Weee for the waste electric electronic equipment and another one for household
batteries. So, we run three recycling programs now under a single roof. Of course, through these years of existence in the
market and the experience with local authorities and following up all these developments in the greater waste management
sector and the strategies of the governments to deal with waste problems, because we also have problems with existing
dumps. Actually the two large cities are served by dumps, not even secure landfills. This is something we are in the European
courts for now. But, looking after all these issues and talking to the local authorities and also looking at the planning of the
government, we saw in the process that one of the big issues that needs to be dealt with, and in fact something that is now
more and more regulated by the EU, is the green waste, organic waste, from households and from the industry. Although we
are not directly involved, we scanned the market and tried to find out what are the options available. There are already two
composting facilities, small composting facilities in the Nicosia area. But, the most important thing that we realised in the
process, is that Cyprus is already equipped with, I think it must be 12 by now it was 11, biomass plants at farms to deal with
farm waste. And of course, after talking to these people we found out that even as we speak today they have an incapacity of
around 150.000 tons a year. That is about the amount of organic waste that is produced in Cyprus. So if you collect organic
waste separately from the households and the industries, you already have facilities to deal with it. Okay, two of them are
already fully equipped to doing so, the others need some pasteurisation equipment but this is equipment of, lets say, less than
half a million euros per unit. So it is not something significant. And additionally, these are facilities that are very well
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geographically located everywhere on the island. In mean, all the areas that have significant production have such a facility
close to them, with an exception of Paphos. But still there are farms in Paphos that need to solve their waste problem as well.
So, here we will have a full-blown network of the farms, full-blown system for organic waste. In that sense we tried to
convince the government and the local authorities that they also need to start up separate collection programs for organic
waste, because definitely we would have much lower cost of treatment because those are existing facilities. So, it is not that
they have to deal with more waste, they want more waste. So, they are really ready to have a deal with a very small gate fee,
about ten euros per ton, which would give a very good solution to the local authorities and the government. But, apparently,
as I said earlier, the governments are not always thinking very rationally. Well, we saw the planning of the government, we
saw that they basically are ignoring all the statistics and going for the construction of new SRF facilities that would actually dry
the organic waste and prepare this as fuel. We are not saying that being on an island definitely we will have to take energy
recovery criteria and see what we can do with energy recovery. But if you have existing facilities that can take the material at
a very low cost, then you have to think twice before you get into huge investments based on the scale of the market for energy
recovery. Of course we also have a cement plant on the island, so energy recovery can be co-combustion in cement production,
that does not have to be an incinerator or a new waste-to-energy facility. But still, we believe these existing biogas facilities
are a very good way to deal with the organic issue and have electricity on one hand, heat you can use in the farms especially
during the winter and of course you also have the compost at the end of the day which when you have properly sorted organic
waste you have very good quality compost that can compete with compost that comes Holland, peat moss. It is not very clear
how this will proceed. The government was very adamant to go ahead with the planning to have new facilities for SRF. They
have made a couple of steps back, because those that were supposed to be projects funded by the EU, or great extent by the
EU, but it seems that they are not getting all the money from the EU now. So, they are now talking about having a SRF facility
in thr Limassol area, to deal with Limassol, the Greater Limassol waste area. But, for the case of Nicosia they are now talking
about a secure landfill, to start with, and of course this means that Cyprus will have, if we go in that direction, we will have
two plans, with the Larnaca-Famagusta plan and the Limassol plan, two plans for SRF less say with a capacity of about 350.000
tons to 400.000 tons. The production is close to 600.000 tons, so there is room to do other things with the waste. So, without
being able to predict exactly what will happen, because it is still at the back of the mind of the government to find ways to find
ways to proceed with yet another plant for Nicosia, a SRF plant for the Nicosia area. But we hope that they will not manage
that there will be area for other things to happen. We spoke to a number of local authorities and we showed our interest to
begin separate collection of organic waste, if they decide to go into another direction and come up with an agreement with
some of those biomass facilities so that we can take organic waste there. Now there is a small pilot with a number of
communities that Kypros spoke with. It was also an initiative from our minister of environment, because we kind of found this
strange situation that two ministries involved in the management of waste, the ministry of environment and the ministry of
interior. And there is of course conflict between them, they have different agendas and although the ministry of environment
is more or less in line with what we are saying and trying to promote separate collection of organic waste as well. The ministry
of interior is pushing things towards the direction of SRF rather than any other type of treatment of organic waste. So, cannot
say what will exactly happen in the future, but we hope it will be more towards separate collection than anything else.
S: I wonder, how long did it take for people to start recycling since you put up the whole campaign?
G: Okay, some people begin recycling day one, it is not a big percentage of people but they are more or less waiting for an
organised system. And of course this changes through time. I mean, we began programs seven years ago and we began
programs three years ago. Especially the participation three years ago, the initial participation was better than the initial
participation seven years ago. We believe having 50% of the people participating in a period of five to six years, more or less,
is quite an successful for Cyprus. In fact, many people never thought this would actually happen in Cyprus. And given the fact
that the supportive mechanisms that should be in place, are still not there. I mean, if you take into account, for example, that
two dumps which served about for 70% of the population actually. The two dumps, at Nicosia and Limassol where most of
the people are, are basically almost free, because it is two or three euros per ton. And if you would have a competitor, that
is sucking all the material because it is free. Anything that costs even a euro is an issue to convince people to do it, even the
industry. When they can just send their trucks to the landfill and pay, lets say, 7 euro or 10 euro, it is an issue to spend 20 euros
for the truck to be recycled. So that is something that is unbelievable that is happening, but it shows quite well the different
agendas at the government level. To say, okay but you know the dumps are there and still the material is going there, we have
to do something else because it is not working. Well, what have you done for it to work? So, it depends I mean, looking at
the area demographics are important. You can see different numbers in different even adjacent municipalities, because here
older people are living and not willing to participate, as in the next municipality has better demographics and much better
participation.
S: But you think if now an extra separation possibility comes with organic waste, people would then easily also separate this?
G: Definately! I think you first have to break the barrier of the too many years of habit of throwing it together. And of course
you keep listening to people and they will say it is difficult to do it. But when they do it, they will say is was so simple. In the
beginning they do not know where to put the bins, but once they do it they say it is very simple. If they already think that it
is simple, it is much easier to convince them to do something else. So I think that the work that has been done for packaging
for all these years. It is instrumental for electric and electronic waste, for batteries, for organic. Whatever you try to do, it is
easier to do it. Organic is a challenge of course. But still, breaking the habit of putting everything together and getting into the
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mindset of sorting things makes a lot of difference.


S: How do you see that possibility? Because we have seen a lot of open bins, even staying open. Cats inside, eating, making
rubbish. And it is not even warm now, already it smells.
G: Well, the existing situation, as you described very well, is not hygienic anyways. It smells, it is dirty, it is whatever. So, try to
deal with the organic directly is not necessary a big change. The same material, but keep them separately. So definitely, when
we have a separate collection system and you also manage things in a better order, you will more or less abandon the existing
system with all the dirty bins etcetera. And you will have to find ways to deal with the issues in a better way, so I think things
can only improve when they are not good. We believe, and of course the culture is the part that not everything is aligned
to push people to do it properly. You have to do things that are very convenient to people, so that they will participate. So
we believe that the collection of organic is also something that should be done to the extent that you can do it. With at site
collection rather than bins and stuff like that, because the cities are not build for bin places.They do not have the area. So at
site collection, possibly once a week. Maybe in the summer you have to increase the collection because of the temperature.
Now garbage is collected twice a week. And of course always the problem is with the organic. If you have to do with the
organics and if you have to collect twice a week, you will have to do it with the organics as well. And of course it will mean also
definitely bins for organised facilities like restaurants and hotels and things like that. So I believe that it will be a combination
of at site collection for the households and some collection points for our facilities. With bins, closed bins. Already many
hotels have air conditioned areas that are well climate controlled to keep the waste in the summer. So we have to use that as
well. And even convince some of them to go in that direction. Because if you have organised collection, for example you have
a hotel with 600 or 700 people in the summer. We know now that many hotels have all-inclusive programs, so that means
that people eat three meals a day in the hotel. That means a lot of organic waste, so for those you have to deal with either
definitely climate controlled storage facilities or even some kind of a press to keep the materials.
S: What we also wondered, we looked at a lot of dry rivers. And we have seen a lot of garbage that has been dumped in these
areas and we do not understand it. Because, you do not have to pay to put your garbage in the bins.
G: Yes, we are very good in that. You have to drive with it. We do not understand it either, but it happens.
S: But it is also strange stuff, like household waste of which you think you can just throw it in the normal bin. And they just
think, no lets leave it here.
G: If they take their car for example to take the garden waste to throw it or even some small furniture.
S: Yes, we already saw twenty televisions
G: Yes, this is a cultural thing. It is something that we have. We are very sensitive with the area within the walls of our house
and our garden. But it is, like, someone can have a perfect garden and throw the materials outside. It does not make sense of
course because waste is still there, but that is something we have. The other thing we have to admit, is that we do not have
areas where people can take their waste and organise it. We do not have points where people can take their constructions. So
even some construction waste of a small restructuring of your house, you do not know what to do with it, so you just throw
it somewhere. It is an issue not only of the society, but it is an organising issue. Waste has not not been an important issue
until we joined the EU. As a touristic economy, we do not really care about the environment. But it is something we have been
doing for years. I have some friends from the Czech Republic who were involved in a project about seven/eight years ago.
They needed to find out all the areas where be the waste areas are.
S: Polemidia, that is one! Near Limassol.
G: Sometimes we have to take the waste away and what is amazing, that even twenty/thirty years ago people were throwing
their construction waste here, there other waste here. The other thing we were amazed about was, why do people throw
their waste from the hill down? Because when you throw it from the hill, you do not see it anymore. Out of sight, out of mind.
So, it is both a cultural issue, but is also an issue of a non-organized state to take care of it. We even have problems because
of the way we built it in the city. For example, you are in the Netherlands, Amsterdam. You see the city is solid built, when you
build in areas, you build all the plots and then you move on. Now we have houses, with empty spots in between. So people
find it easy to go to these places and dump their waste. Especially when it is not close to their house. Even the way we build
creates some of these problems. If you have a solid built area you cannot throw it away, there are no places to throw it away.
Especially the last couple of years we go through financial problems. The municipalities do not have the money to do their
cleaning properly. If you drive around you see the city is full of garbage. Maybe not a lot of household garbage, but you see
other kinds of garbage. Like electronic, furniture. But you know, people do not have an idea of where to put their garbage.
S: Where does the plastic and stuff actually go? Is it shipped off to be recycled somewhere else?
G: A very small amount stays here, because we have a plastic fabric one locally, but not a big one. Most of it is pressed and
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exported. Same happens with paper, all the paper goes out. All the metals go out. With glass, we keep it here and we use it
as a raw material in the cement factory. Because we do not have a glass recycling facility. Today, most of the treatment, it is
not feasible to do it here. I mean for example for paper, you need a lot of water and energy for paper. Water we have scarce
of and the energy here is the most expensive energy. So it is not feasible to do it here, unless there is some new technology
we do not know.
[...]
S: The only thing that we are missing, is that we would actually liked to speak to the municipalities where we want to make a
design, just an example design. They are really careful and suspicious on what you want to do with the information.
G: Well, it is a strange time for the municipalities to say the truth. The last two years have been very difficult, most of them
are, for the first time, facing very serious financial problems. In fact, there is this whole discussion going on with consults from
the UK, about the future of the local authorities. So, most of these people are not sure if they will be there as a municipality as
they are today six months from today. So, for them it is like okay this is beyond, at this time. Of course, if you had some more
time on the island, we could to more people and arrange things for you.
[...]
G: I can tell you for sure, in the last two years, in terms of cleanliness and tidiness etcetera, things have been going backwards.
Mostly, because of these financial problems.
[...]
G: If one compares things in the last ten years, a lot has happened. It has been a long way since then, but there is a longer
way ahead.

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VI

Transcript Hadjipanagi

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Stella Hadjipanagi
Cypriot

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Face-to-face, recorded
Starbucks, Germasogeia, Limassol
17 November 2013
approximately 18 minutes

H = Stella
S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)
S: We were curious what kind of people Cypriots are.
H: It depends how you means this. What do you want to know.
S: For example, in The Netherlands, they say that the people are easy going, like these characteristics people can have. So, if
you are open or closed, I do not know.
H: Well, one things I can tell you for sure, is because we are a small island people might be, how to say, prejudiced. Like they
are not so easy to new ideas. Now the new generation is slightly better in this. But, we have also another thing, here we think
we are the center of the world. It sounds funny, but really, because we are on this island and you have to travel with a plane or
a boat to go outside. How to say, you think everything is here, but when you go out you see what is going on. So, the people
that go out usually, I do not know, they change their point of view on things. Well, we are known for our hospitality here,
especially up in the villages, like amazing. This thing does not exist in many countries. Another thing we have is with the family,
we consider it very important here Like, having say lunch or dinner with the family, is something standard. Which I think is not
so common in other countries outside the Mediterranean.
Well, the other thing is that not a lot of people are into the environment here. They just see what money they can take
come it mostly, instead of what they would do for the environment. But, there are some people that are very interested
in the environment, like mr. Theopemptou for example, my family also, we want to do something. But the regulation, the
government does not help. The problem is, in order to make the laws, policies and stuff that will help, help us to do something
better with the environment, you have to see the financial point of view. And because we are also in the EU, it kind of makes
them, you have to do this. So, they have to do things, this and that. They think of energy, and Cyprus energy regulation
authorities are on this. Like, they have to put up in the road of this, to do it. That is the majority, of course we have exceptions.
Well, what else about Cypriots. They like good food, they have good taste for sure. What else? We like to mainly like to show
they have like a nice car, a nice house. This is probably the reason we had this crisis here. Everyone was borrowing money
from the bank, the bank was like: yes, you can get the money no problem. In the end they did not have such big salary to pay
it back.
S: You already told that they are not very caring about the environment, but are they aware of the climate change?
H: Some of them yes. Many of them are, but I do not really think there is that much interest in that. What they care about is
what car they will have. You tell them there is a hybrid car, but I like the BMW it is nicer. They do not care about the petrol.
Some of them do, but mostly because they save money on petrol not that much for the environment. Now, with the PVs that
I see the client that wants to install PVs. From all the clients I have only seen one, me, that wants to install because it is good
for the environment. The rest just wants to save money.
S: For their own benefits?
H: Yes!
S: And what about the awareness on water scarcity?
H: Well, this we are very aware of it. Except some ladies that like to get the water hose and splash the pavement or wash the
car during summertime. We are very aware of it, because we have water cuts. If it does not rain a lot, they cut water during
summertime. You have to arrange when you have a shower, when you do the washing machine, everything. It is something
that we do not waste that much, we are really trying to save it. But, there are always people that just do not care. We are
usually having a fight with them, my father and I. We are trying to do something about that. Well, the good thing that we know
this about the water, we try to , I do not know, at least not wash the car at home, take it somewhere where they use recycled
water. Or, use a full washing machine to put everything in, so that you save some water. But, anyway in the summertime when
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you know that there will be water cut outs, you will definitely try to save some. Otherwise you will not have a shower.
H: What is next?
S: We are also interested in organic waste, in separating waste, do you know something about that?
H: Yes, well they started doing this in the schools to educate the students. I know some people are doing this, I also do it at my
house. We separate the fresh vegetables from the meat, the cooked stuff, also the fresh eggs and, how do you call it, around
the egg, the peel of the egg. Also things from the garden, when you cut the trees, the grass, everything. All this is put in a
special bin to make our own fertiliser. And you can notice that we reduce our garbage. Like if we put everything in their would
be. I do not know, one cubic meter. It is half of this these days. It is really saving from rubbish for the municipality. I think
people in a family are now do probably also recycling. We change our rubbish, garbage, once or twice a week, as where we
would every day in the past. Recycling is going even better now. Like in most cities and villages on the island there is recycling,
but still there are people that are like no I do not do recycling.
S: But, what does the majority of the people do?
H: Most people now are recycling.
S: But not the greens, the organic waste, because for Limassol that is not a standard option?
H: If you want to do it, you have to do it yourself, in the backyard. I heard many people trying to organise this in larger scale.
But, the municipalities are really giving us a hard time. I am not sure what is the problem, but they just do not care that much.
The thing is, they do not realise the benefit they could have. They could have free fertiliser ...
S: And biogas?
H: Biogas is a different case. You can only do it, I think, with processed and cooked food. You need to have a place to put it,
like an anaerobic digester. It has to be closed. With the fresh vegetables, you do it in your garden, it does not smell and also it
is not really a problem to do it. With the other thing you need to have special equipment and educate people. Because, you
have gas production and you have to be careful with that. The thing is they do not even do it with the fresh vegetables and
stuff. That would be very good to organise it. I heard people were trying, but ...
S: But, not all people have a garden, so ...
H: Yes yes, but one thing they did, was with the sewage system in Limassol. If you go towards ...
[Interruption]
H: But, let us do the biomass stuff. Well, I think, if people had better information or more easiness on how to do this. They
would be more willing to do it. Like with the recycling a company said, GreenDot, we have to separate. People slowly slowly,
from mouth to mouth, you see your neighbour doing it. That is one thing we do in Cyprus, you see the neighbour doing
something and you want to do the same. That is one way to make things happen. So, this is how things are spreading now.
You see your neighbour and you think I also want to do that. Something like that.
H: The sewage system, I forgot to say, are already doing everything. Making fertiliser, biogas and the energy they make, they
use it to process the rest of the water, sewage stuff. I think, it is not enough, they even need some more from our electricity
authorities. But, the thing is they are going to do it in all towns now. You have some regulations, it is a plan the government,
I am not sure.
H: There is something I forgot to tell you about Cypriots. Cypriot people have been through a lot, a lot of stuff, since the
ancient times. We have been a country that everyone wanted to conquer. They wanted our trees, they were cutting our trees
to make boats, ships and everything. The were digging the land to take copper, now we do not have much left. They did, you
know, major changes, even villages were modified because of copper findings they had. And its an island with huge resources.
We have some of the biggest varieties of plants from all over the world. We also have our unique animal, the mouflon. It is
like a goat with big horns. And the thing is be have been through war many many times and this made us as a nation very
suspicious. Although we are very hospital, we are not that open to new ideas and stuff. We need to meet someone that tried it
and then we do it. You can see, unless you are open minded, it is not so easy to cooperate. And due to the last war we had, in
1974, and the Turkish invasion, people lost their homes and whatever they had. They lost it when they came to the southern
part of Cyprus. So, was this tendency to buy expensive stuff, giving your kids everything they did not have, That is why you see
so many expensive cars around and people do not care that much about the environment. I think, we did not the time and
chance to go into that. And another reason that not many things happened for the environment is that the government and
politicians spending their time and money trying to solve the Cyprus problem. Not that they are doing much there, but it is
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like considered it more important. Now, we see all this climate change and they start to somehow think about how it works.
They have done very serious research on why we are like this. But, many people love Cyprus now, we have many foreigners.
Okay, and now there is this mix of cultures and we are not so used to having many cultures. Now they have to adapt.
H: What I also forgot to tell you about Cyprus, is that we have it all here, different climates. You drive 30 minutes you are at
the beach and you can swim. Another day you drive into the mountains, where there is a more pleasant temperature. And we
have cities. Yes, you have what you need on the island, I guess.

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VII

Transcript Hellicar

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Martin Hellicar
Birdlife Cyprus

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Email
4 December 2013
-

Dear Dianne,
Thank you for your email. I am forwarding you the words of my colleague Martin Hellicar regarding the river systems of
Cyprus:
The river systems of Cyprus are important habitats for birds in their full- length from the source to the mouth. This is especially
true for dry islands like Cyprus. In higher - usually more wooded parts of Cyprus rivers clusters of dense vegetation are
created, which are attractive shelters, feeding and nesting places for forest bird species. Such species include the Eurasian
Wren Troglodytes troglodytes which is a permanent resident of the island and the Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos which
is a summer visitor from Africa. The Cettis Warbler Cettia cetti - a cryptic and noisy bird - also has a special liking to the
dense riparian vegetation regardless of altitude. Large numbers of invertebrates identified close to river systems are vital
for these insectivorous species. The increased concentration of invertebrates attracts members of the swallow family, like
the Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica, the Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica, the House Martin Delichon urbicum, and the
Sand Martin Riparia riparia. For the Red-rumped Swallow bridges and pipes directing water make the rivers are ideal nesting
site. Even hawks like the Hobby Falco subbutteo, the Eleonoras Falcon Falco eleonorae and the Red-Footed Falcon Falco
vespertinus are attracted by the numbers of insects along the rivers. The Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus, likes riparian
thickets in the lowlands and estuaries for reproduction.
The reeds that grow in flat areas with slow flow , are important breeding places for the Eurasia reed warbler Acrocephalus
scirpaceus, a relatively rare summer visitor from Africa. The winter posts in reed beds are occupied by the Reed Bunting
Emberiza schoeniclus. Reed systems are also points of attraction for the Spotted Crake Porzana porzana, the Little Crake
Porzana parva and the Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus, the latter breeding even in wells near rivers. Although most
commonly found along the coast or in wetlands and dams, the Kingfisher Alcedo athis, uses rivers during winter and migration,
although it doesnt breed in Cyprus. Along the lower reaches, where the river creates steep slopes in soft sediment, the beeeater Merops apiaster and more frequently the Roller Coracias garrulus dig holes for nesting. Cyprus offers a summer refuge
to a significant portion of the European population of the Roller, a species whose protection is of global concern.
The only bird that specializes in hunting through the rivers is the Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea, located in rapidly flowing
rivers with shallow areas where the bird collects aquatic invertebrates. It is a frequent winter visitor to the island and for the
first time breeding evidence was confirmed in Troodos in 2013.
Wading birds such as the Little Bittern Ixobrichus minutus, the Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides, the Night heron Nycticorax
nycticorax, the common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos, the Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola and the Green SandpiperTringa
ochropus use rivers especially during migration periods as resting and foraging areas and as migratory routes. Even ducks like
the Teal Anas creccakai and the Garganey Anas querquedula have been observed to migrate along rivers.
In addition to the above , the streams and rivers of Cyprus are important habitats for almost all bird species on the island ,
because they provide water.
Specifically to Garyllis and Pedieos:
We dont hold much specific information about Garyllis. Pedieos however is a river that is linked to 3 Important Bird Areas
(IBAs) (for more info on IBAs read here http://birdlifecyprus.org/en/html-8-Habitats_and_Sites.html ) in Cyprus. These are
Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant, Mesaoria Plain and Famagusta Lakes. Famagusta Lake has been identified as an IBA for
its importance for breeding Plegadis falcinellus, Himantopus himatopus, Vanellus spinosus and Francolinus francolinus. Also
recorded regularly breeding at the site are Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Bubulcus ibis, Burhinus
oedicnemus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Coracias garrulus, Galerida cristata, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and nonbreeding Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ixobrychus minutes, Ardeola ralloides, Botaurus stellaris, Phoenicopterus
roseus, Platalea leucorodia, Falco vespertinus, Circus aeruginosus, Grus grus, Porzana porzana, Porzana parva, Tringa
erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa tetanus, Numenius arquata, Glareola pratincola, Charadrius leschenaultii, Larus audouinii,
Chlidonias niger, Chlidonias hybrida, Alcedo athis, Melanocorypha calandra, Calandrella brachydactyla, Lanius nubicus, Lanius
236

minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia. Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant has been identified as an IBA for its importance
for the regular occurrence on migration of the Oxyura leucocephala, and for breeding Vanellus spinosus, Homantopus
himantopus and Meanocorypha calandra. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Francolinus francolinus, Alectoris
chukar, Burhinus oedicnemus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata, Galerida cristata. Non breeding Egretta garzetta,
Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Ixobrychus minutus, Bubulcus ibis, Ardea alba, Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea,
Plegadis falcinellus, Aythya nyroca, Aquila fasciata, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespertinus, Pernis apivorus, Falco
subbuteo, Accipiter nisus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Tringa erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa totanus, Luscinis
svecica, Calandrella brachydactyla, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus, Acrocephalus melanopogon are regularly recorded.
Mesaoria Plain has been identified as an IBA for its importance for breeding Burhinus oedicnemus, Melanocorypha calandra,
Francolinus francolinus and Galerida cristata. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Alectoris chukar, Athene noctua,
Pterocles orientals (possible breeding area), Coracias garrulus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and non breeding
Buteo rufinus, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespertinus, Pernis apivorus, Falco naumanni, Falco subbuteo, Milvus
migrans, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Lullula arborea, Calandrella brachydactyla,
Antus campestris, Lanius nubicus, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia, Emberiza hortulana.
I hope this information is useful for you.
I wish you all the luck with you project.
Regards, Vasiliki

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VIII

Transcript Kordatos

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Harris Kordatos
Cyprus Energy Agency

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Face-to-face, notes
Cyprus Energy Agency, Nicosia
5 December 2013
approximately 30 minutes

Look at:
Law on renewable energy, Directive 2/2006
cera.org.cy
cie.org.cy
Enerscapes.eu (guidelines to reduce the impacts in the landscape)
energy4farms.eu (Geronimo II project)
Greendot
Some info:
Cyprus has the following renewable energy sources: solar, wind, biomass. (mostly solar)
Green residues (organic waste) has great potential in Cyprus.
There are now 14 biogass plants in Cyprus (mean capacity 500 kWh) (for manure)
We have to check how big a anaerobic digester needs to be to be economically feasible, but still allowed in urban area.
CEA info package send to us by email:
ENERSCAPES - Territory Landscape and Renewable Energies
Powerstation map
Biogas map
Wind mill map
VP map
Geranimo2 biogas: Farmers Guide to Implementing a Biogas Project
REAK table

238

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Harris Kordatos
Cyprus Energy Agency

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Email
13 December 2013
approximately 30 minutes

Law on renewable energy (what is the legislation on having (small scale) digesters in urban areas)?

If the capacity of the digester is over 30 kW please read the attached pdf (CEA regulatory framework), page 59.
Also keep in mind the general provisions of Directive 2/2006, page 16.
The provisions of the Directive 2/2006 are described in the attached document

Location of different energy sources on the island (where are the windmill parks, solar parks, biomass plants (farms), and
the normal energy plants)?

We have the maps with RES -wind and solar potential in cyprus. Also please find attached a map with the biogas plants
installations that was created under the Geronimo project. Please note that this map was created before one year therefore
a few more biogas plants have been installed since then. We dont have any maps showing the exact locations of the different
wind parks, solar parks.
Wind map potential: http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/ms/ms.nsf/0/da0b0c1b609e174fc22578e2002bcf6b/$FILE/Final_
CYPRUS%20MEAN%20ANNUAL%20WIND%20SPEED.JPG
Cyprus solar potenial: http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/cmaps/eu_cmsaf_opt/G_opt_CY.png

How much energy is producted by what source (and maybe who consumes it and how much of it)?

Attached (see raek pdf). At the moment all RES plants are connected with the electricity grid (Electricity Authority of CyprusThe main provider of electricity in the island at the moment) and the res electricy is consumed by the public . But in some
cases like farms which they installed biogas plant, they can use a part of the energy that they produced for their own needs.
The rest is supplied into the electricity grid (EAC).

The potential of biomass energy production from organic waste in Cyprus?

Biogas potential and permits see the attached pdf-Geronimo guide book.

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IX

Transcript Nicolaidou

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Maria Nicolaidou
Kypros & Zena Kyprianou Ltd.

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Email
5 December 2013
-

Here are the answers on your questions:


How many households are joining the collection of organic waste?

700 households declare willingness of participation but some of them never took out their house the organic waste for
collection. The average amount of the households who participate in practice is 350.

What is the mean weight of organic waste per household per week?

The mean weight of organic waste per household per week is 20 kg.

Did the households join the program themselves or did your company try to persuade them?

All the households had information about the program structure and significance and they decided whether on not to
participate.

Do the households receive something from your company for joining the program? (Like compost, biogas, electricity etc.)

The Department of Environment (it is a Government department which runs the organic waste program) provided the
households with the organic waste bin. The future motivation for them to participate will be the electricity provision in
proportion with the collected waste, but for now the program is pilot and the amount of organic waste we collect is very low.

Do you know what the most common reason for the households was to join the program?

We believe the most common reason for the households to join the program was their environmental consciousness and
awareness.
In general, Cypriot citizens start to participate in environmentally based programs, but we have a lot more to do in order to
persuade more people to be sensitized.
For any more information, please do not hesitate to email us.
Kind regards
Maria Nicolaidou

240

Transcript Panayiotou

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Ioanna Panayiotou (with translator)
Commissioner of the Environment

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Face-to-face, notes
Office of the Commissioner of the Environment, Nicosia
12 December 2013
approximately 30 minutes

I = Ioanna
S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)
S: What are the task of the Commissioner of Environment, as there is also a Minister of Agriculture, Natural Resources and
Environment?
I: The Constitution says that no extra Ministers can be appointed and there was a desire from the Green Party 8 - 10 years
ago to have have someone extra in Parliament considering the environment. The Commissioner now has a checking and
coordinating position on all ministries. The Commissioner is on an independent state to advise the president, the ministers
and the parties.
S: What is the environmental mindset of the Cypriots?
I: A survey we have conducted has shown that only 1% of the Cypriots care about the environment. This 1% is mostly made
out of people connected to the Green Party.
S: Is that why there is a Commissioner of the Environment?
I: As said, this was a desire from the Green Party. Also, as Cyprus entered the EU, a lot needs to be discussed.
S: What are the goals of your period as Commissioner?
I: The main goal is to reduce consumption. But, water and energy are not the main problem of Cyprus. Waste is. We need
to change a lot around waste, especially the management. 40% of the waste in Cyprus is organic and there are a lot of
possibilities to create energy from this. In 2014 the EU is going to give funds for separating organic waste in Cyprus. Also, there
needs to be a new law, it is now on the agenda of the President, to make sure the money saved due to, for example, reduced
energy consumption, can be used on the environment.
S: How can more awareness be created for the environment?
I: People do separate into some categories already, but do not know how to do the organics yet. A campaign is going to inform
the people how to do this. Also, municipal green spots are in planning, to prevent the uncontrolled dump sites. The waste
from the green spots will be separated later. We are thinking about building a new automatic separation plant in Limassol.
S: We see that a lot of public green is not really maintained well, can you tell something about this?
I: There is just no money, it is not a priority. As said, if this law is accepted we can use the money saved for the environment.
For example saving energy with energy saving buildings, this saves money and this money can be used for maintenance of
public green.
S: Do you think Cyprus is ready for design?
I: Every new idea needs time and patience, but it will become a habit. We need examples to get used to the idea. So, I think
this is the right time to show what you can do in design.
S: Has public participation become more important in Cyprus, or is it still a very top-down style of government?
I: The Government is more open for listening and people also tend to talk a little more. There is an improvement, but people
are still not trusting the government very much. Therefore, they tend to go to independent body, like the Commissioner of
Environment or NGOs.
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XI

Transcript Sergides

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Christakis Sergides
Expert on history of Limassol

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Face-to-face, notes
His house, Limassol
4 December 2013
approximately 75 minutes

Info on Limassol:
Town started where the old hospital and the post office are situated, after this the centre moved to the current old
centre: at the old harbour and old castle.
In 1940 the town got its roundway, for the movements of military vehicles during WOII.
the British on Cyprus made the port in Limassol more important, therefore flood prevention in the town became more
important.
In 1974 (the Turkish invasion) the big expansion started, with refugee estates (governmental) and people building
privately (building boom).
Limassol expanded to the north and east and municipalities which were far away were now stuck onto limassol.
Limassols population doubled.
Around 1990 Limassol got a new Planning Law, which from then looked at the Greater Limassol and not only at the
municipality.
Info on Garyllis:
The left and right branch of the Garyllis river are artificial, the middle one is the authentic one.
The middle branch did follow a different route before, through the old town.
The left branch was dug after the big flood of 1894.
Also walls where built along the authentic middle branch to prevent floods.
Between the left branch and the middle branch there is a place with the Greek name lake, this is where the water would
go in the old days.
Other:
During the Byzantine era cisterns and wells could be found in Limassol.

242

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Christakis Sergides
Expert on history of Limassol

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Email
3 April 2014
-

Dear mister Serghides,


Last December we have spoken to each other. We are the two landscape architecture student from the Netherlands.
We have some questions for you about town planning in Limassol. Are there rules in Cyprus on how long a sold building plot
can remain empty?
So for example, if people buy an empty building plot and eventually they do not build a house on it, is that permitted or not?
Many thanks in advance,
Kind regards,
Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis
ANSWER:
Dear Ladies,
The answer to your question is no. There is not, practically, any such restriction.
Yours sincerely,
Christakis.

243

XII

Transcript TerraCypria

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Lefkios Sergides & Anthina Papatheodoulou
TerraCypria

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Face-to-face, notes
TerraCypria, Limassol
27 November 2013
approximately 60 minutes

Amphibians:
Hyla savignyi
Rana ridibunda
Bufo virdis
Reptiles:
At http://hscyprus.org/index.php/en/cyprus-reptiles/lizards you can find all the lizards we have in Cyprus but the ones living
in towns are:
Ophisops elegans
Laudakia stellio
Mabuya vittata
Chalcides ocellatus
Hemidactylus turcicus (sta spitia to bradi)
Chamaeleon (ektos) - at Athalassa close to Nicosia
Cyrtopodio kotchie - at Athalassa close to Nicosia
Ablepharus kitaibelli - at Athalassa park close to Nicosia and also in the Pediaios river
Mammals:
Mus musculus
Rattus rattus
Hemiechinus auritus dorotheae
Pipistrellus kuhli
Pipistrellus savii
Eptesicus serotinus
Rousettus aegyptiacus
Further notes:
Interesting book about common tree species: trees and shrubs in Cyprus
Master Dissertation about trees in town centres (Evaggelos Antreou)
There are some turtles in the Pedieos river
Eucalyptus is a common species in the riverbed
Ask the architect of Limassol for maps
Reed is a native species and is good for biofiltration

244

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Anthina Papatheodoulou
TerraCypria

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Email
11 April 2014
-

We have some questions for you about plant growth and maintenance in Cyprus. Do you know in which months the plants in
Cyprus grow most? And in which months does plant maintenance occur? Do you think the plants in Cyprus grow less/more
hard compared to the Netherlands (because of the climate) and what percentage?
Many thanks in advance,
Kind regards,
Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis
ANSWER:
Hello girls,
I cannot give a definitive answer to your questions as all depends on the plants. Which plants are you refering to. I would
say that most of the plants grow better in spring but yet again this depends on the type of plant. Comparing Cyprus to
Netherlands plants is not feasible as we are talking about deferent plants and completetly defferent climates. Keep in mind
that the ecological rule is that a plants growth depends on the factor that is in limitation (for Cyprus is water for Netherlands
I would say is sunshine). In addition to the confusing answers, if we are refering to landscaping plants that have been planted
in the cities, these are being watered regularly.
I am sorry I cannot help more
Best wishes
Athina

245

XIII

Transcript The Cyprus Institute

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Adriana Bruggeman, Katerina Charalambous & Marisa Lau
The Cyprus Institute

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Face-to-face, notes
The Cyprus Institute, Aglandsia, Nicosia
11 November 2013 + 26 November 2013
approximately 90 minutes (total)

Info:
Waste is separated by GreenDot
Separated waste is probably shipt to somewhere else to process
Sewerage board Limassol is responsible for stormwater management in Limassol
In Nicosia the municipalities are responsible
There is no dam management (both the Tamassos and Polemidia dam are not managed)
Landfill at Polemidia dam, water is polluted
The only water in the Pedieos river in Nicosia is surface runoff from the city
In Limassol the water in the Garyllis river might also come from the Polemidia dam (but it almost never overflows, once
every 10 year)
The difference in quality of urban surface runoff and rural surface runoff might not be that big
The municipalities probably have maps of the design of the pedieos park

246

XIV

Transcript Theopemptou

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Charalambos Theopemptou
Former Commissioner of Environment

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Face-to-face, recorded
Presse Caf, Strovolos, Nicosia
11 November 2013
approximately 44 minutes

C = Charalambos
S = Students (Dianne or Vivien)
C: Why did you come to Cyprus?
S: Well, we wanted to do something in the Mediterranean region with drought and yes actually some water issues. Also, my
father lives in Limassol and he said it is quite easy to come here and they have big problems here. So we looked into Cyprus
and actually found that this might be the place that has the most problems with water and stuff like that.
C: I always say if you want to see about climate change, come to Cyprus.
S: That is why we are here. I have been here, this is my fourth time I think. Twice when I was 14 and I already can see in ten
years it changed a lot. I can remember it was much greener, much more plants.
C: The big difference is up in Troodos. If you came in the winter you still had snow which was regularly above a meter, a meter
and a half. Now it is only rare that you get a meter, usually a few centimeter.
S: Yes that is a big difference. We would like to know something about your blog, because we could not really understand the
Greek. We cannot speak Greek. But, you were the commissioner of environment, now you are a teacher and what else do
you do besides write a blog?
C: Well, I was involved in, I am an activist of the environmental group from the 1990s. And I was one of the people that
signed and we made the Cyprus Green Party. That was in 1996 and we wait the first election and after the second time
we participated in the elections, we elected one in P. We still have one in P who is very vocal in Parliament. In 2006 I was
appointed by the then President, as a Commissioner to the environment, but this lasted only 18 months. You realise I was
the first Commissioner, so I needed to set up the office, find a place to rent, find a secretary, buy the furniture, whatever.
And then, the whole appointment ended up in the elections, in the presidential elections because the previous President lost
the elections. So, we had a new President in 2008 in March, who appointed me again as the Commissioner. That lasted until
this year in March. Because we have a new President again and he appointed somebody else. And now I am teaching at the
university in Limassol.
S: Okay. What are you teaching?
C: I teach environmental sciences to first year students, so the introduction to environment. I do restoration, mainly landfill
restoration and gas collection systems in landfills and the restoration work you need to do when you do fieldwork, when you
pick the wrong methods about it. I also do coastal management, the principles for coastal management.
S: That is a lot.
C: And when i was appointed Commissioner, July the first, 2006. If you go to my blog, you find the first entry there. I wanted
to record what I was doing. I was not, i did not have any contacts with the media and I did not know anybody. So, what I knew
was, I know the internet works very well. So, I started a blog, which is easy. So, first day I started a blog and I kept writing it
there and became very very popular. It was, I do not know now I do not think so, it was one of the most popular blogs on the
island. And it was made so because I like writing, but it was referenced quite often from newspapers. And I also have a web
page which I maintain where the heavy stuff are, I mean all the documents on policy, what happens, the news. And on top
of that, I have a mailing list which is around 5000 prosperity. The mailing list is in sections, so if I have news that will be of
interest to paper people, journalists, I have 240 I think of them. So I hand them out. Something to do with energy, I have the
energy people. The biking people. And the general public. The companies. I write them individually, so everybody gets their
follow up for instance, personalised. And I applied what I teach other people to do, use your strength. My strength were the
internet and I used that a lot.
247

S: So you now teach every day in Limassol?


C: Yes, ha ha.
S: We do not know a lot of teacher in Holland that teach everyday.
C: Yes, my classes are usually late in the afternoon, or at night. That is why you see me here now. But I have a class at 1 oclock
and then I have to be 6.30 back in Nicosia.
S: Can you tell us something about the environment here? Maybe what changed negatively and positively, maybe some things
changed positively already?
C: The positive changes, the beginning of the actual application of the European Directive regarding the environment. So, I am
not happy, I criticise the legislation quite a lot. Because there are always loopholes if you look in our legislation. We transpose
the European Directive to national legislation and you find loopholes. I know everybody does that. That is why a lot of the
members of Parliament are very angry. Especially with the Waste Directive are not transposed into national legislation very
well. As an European community we need to do something about that. Second problem here is. That is good, it is good that we
have legislation, we have problems, but it is good. The big problem is that we are not usually strict in applying the legislation.
From the moment that it passes parliament until whoever needs to implement the legislation understands it. In the day to
day work, whether they will implement it. We lose people. But I think the major change here, the major positive change is the
way people are thinking. The young generation they are different, they are very sensitive about the environment, they care,
they participate. So I am very hopeful, very hopeful.
S: So, I think we should tell a little bit what we are researching here.
C: So you are students, what do you do?
S: Yes, we are students in landscape architecture, but I have also like a minor in, actually two, in urban design and in
environmental quality. So, yes more quality to life.
C: Urban design, let me tell you a story. When I was a commissioner I met the Ambassador of The Netherlands here,. You are
from The Netherlands yes? And I said to her I want to go to a typical Dutch city, not a big city but a typical mid-size city, the
size of cities we have here in Cyprus, to see how the cities organise the places where people live, the housing area. I explained
to her about wounef about this stuff, wounef the way you design the street.
S: Oh, woonerf, yes!
C: Yes, that is it! And I went to, they arranged it, and I went to Leusden.
S: Really? I come from Leusden.
C: Really?
S: I was born there.
C: Ha ha ha, anyway.
S: That is funny!
C: It was interesting and I met the mayor there and they took me around to a few places there. And I went to the, they have
these very peculiar shaped
S: Yes, they are very popular. Actually, we are from Wageningen, 30 kilometers from Leusden. They always called it, in the
old days, the agricultural university, but now it is also much more about the environment, ecology. They call it the city of life
sciences now. Everything to do with bringing more quality to life, about food, about environment, about policy. Everything
always with sustainability in the background. It is not actually, it is a very small city, only 40 thousand inhabitants, but it is
really green and near a river. Really nice. But what we are doing here now, is to see how we can harvest rainwater, because we
found out when it comes it comes hard and a lot and you have floods. So we are looking at that, how we can maybe capture
it and store it for later use in the summer, and
C: That is something that they used to do a lot in Cyprus. In a city near Limassol, you can go and see, there is a small village
which has the biggest number of cisterns. You know what a cistern is? You collect rainwater from the roof and you store it in a
underground compartment. They used to do this in the old days. They had a well on top and you bring up the water that you
248

collect. For this reason. In that village, it is very nice, you can go and see and you will love it.
S: What village is this?
C: It is called Lofou, L-O-F-O-U.
S: Okay!
C: This is the reason why, in this village, you are not allowed to have pigeons. Because, they will foul up the roof and then
whatever.
S: We are looking at ways to naturally treat it, with certain plants which grow here, which can. In Holland we do this a lot
with reed. Water goes through it and it cleans. And we want to find out if we can find plants here that have sort of the same
characteristics. And because we use plants we want to see if we can also use these plants to create biomass energy. So that
it has a double function.
C: I do the type, I do not know the name in English, it looks like bamboo or the one you make corn, you know the plant called
corn? Imagine that without the corn. It comes up like this. e have lots of them in places where there is water. So, if you go to
places where we treat sewage like this, you see a lot of them and they grow very very quickly. But they need water.
S: Well, we cycled through Limassol yesterday, 25 kilometers, and found all the dry rivers. And we, for ourselves we just also
found that there is like erosion, rocks falling in clogging it. Sometimes they also use it as parking place now, because it is not
wet. And it is really interesting.
C: This is because they built dams. Well, they blocked all the rivers, because their water motto here is Not a drop of water
in the ocean. That is what they used to say. They blocked up the rivers, that is why we have a lot of coastal erosion as well.
Because do do not get any sediment now arriving.
S: Yes, because you need the sediments from the mountains at the coast. Because we have seen one or two, with the one
near the Crowe Hotel or something, it is really, also they are not really nice places where they end. Only the one, they are
doing something in the old harbour, they are making everything new there, sort of looks nice but also really artificial.
C: You know what they make? They say, they decided to do a marina Dubai style. So you will have a road going into the sea and
you have large villas on the side of the road in the water. You have a place to stay, a house, there will be a parking place for the
car, and a parking space on the other side of the house for the yacht. I think they sell them for 3 million or something like that.
You have to understand that that area is, most of the industry in Cyprus was there along the coast and in the 1960s they would
dump all their industrial waste in the water in that area. So, they needed to do something to restore the place, the conditions.
S: Let us see what else we prepared. Yes, so can you maybe tell something about the dams, because the dams in Cyprus are
really important for the drinking and water supply.
C: Okay, the major lifeline in Cyprus in the Troodos range of the mountains. Troodos, I think it is 1900 meter high, I do not
know I did not study. But it is enough to give you, to get you snow. In the old days we used to have a lot of snow high up in the
mountains. That snow would melt very slowly and that will give you small rivers and freshwater while running out the top of
the mountains for some time, there were times it even lasted up to May the melting of the snow.
S: And it starts in March?
C: No, you get the big snowfall around December, January, February, around then and then it starts to melt. Now of course
it melts very quickly. Through the range you get the major basin of water collection and then you get all these rivers forming
along the island. Some of the rivers will end up, we get rivers on all sides of the island. You get rivers on the west coast near
Paphos, you get in Limassol three rivers, and you get halfway rivers, and then you get very interesting rivers that come from
the mountains and cross the plain and go to Famagusta. That rivers we have here in Nicosia as well, there is a river going right
in the middle. When we say rivers in Cyprus, you do not see any water. We call them rivers, because they have water when
it rains.
S: Yes, so they have water when the dams are full?
C: We let a little bit of water running out of the dam just to maintain the biodiversity along the river and to replenish the
groundwater as well in the various areas.
S: Because we have also read that the groundwater is used a lot as well.
249

C: Yes, in the small villages, most of the small villages in Cyprus, and we have the biggest number of villages per square
kilometer in Europe. There are a lot of small villages around in Cyprus, a lot. Our villages are really small, you get five or ten
people living just there. So, the way they get their drinking water is through groundwater, because otherwise it is very difficult
to have a network of drinking water pipelines to go all over the island. It is impossible. You have to have a local source, the
local source is either groundwater or a small dam. We have a lot of them, the small dams. There are a lot of arguments of
people that what we did is wrong and you should not have done that. The point is, at this moment, the way we act now, we
are facing a huge problem with the groundwater level. Because we pipe up a lot of water, out of that. We are a small island,
so it is very easy for sea water to seep through the piping. One of the worst cases we have is, if you see the map of Cyprus
and you go to Ayia Napa, were all the young people go to have fun. That area, which is a cultural area, they have a cultural
influence. They overuse the groundwater and it is now 40 meters below sea level. So it is actually useless now, saltwater is
rushing in now. We should have stopped them earlier, but we did not do anything. Damn politics! Because you cannot fix it.
S: No, it takes a long time.
C: And you need water!
S: Yes, to fix it.
C: If you have a lot of energy you can do that, you can desalinate and pump it in.
S: And energy wise, we also found that Cyprus is quite still, a really polluted island with carbon dioxide from cars and actually
one of the things that gives a lot of carbon dioxide, is actually the energy making.
C: We have three power stations which are the major source of CO2 and a lot of air pollution as well. We have a lot of cars in
the streets as you can see, everyone drives a car. Our cities are not designed for pedestrians or cyclists, so it is just cars. And
they killed of the public transport we used to have before. Because when I was young I used to go with the bicycle, busses,
everyone was using the public transport. And then they suddenly these policies and all these things that it is cool to have your
own car and you have deductions to buy a car. If your car was for instance a petrol car, you get even bigger deductions. And
you see the result.
S: Yes, a lot of parking everywhere. We cycled yesterday, it was sometimes a little bit dangerous.
C: Oh yes, because drivers do not pay that much attention. You are a nuisance.
S: Well, we are fortunate that in Holland we drive, everyone drives the bike. So, we know now to drive a bike. But, if you do
not know, then it is not really safe to do it. But they are making also, like along the sea in Limassol, they are making bicycle
paths. But they stop and you have to go back on the road again.
C: Yes, we have arguments about that.
S: And then you cannot get back on the bicycle path.
C: You are on the cycle path and you do not have priority. There was a big fight two weeks ago. Somebody was telling me, two
guys punched each other Because this guy was going by the bicycle and the other, the other the driver was coming with the
car and he turned over the cycle path to go into his house. When you go to the cycle path, you see that every house entry,
the entrance, there is a stop for the cyclists. Well, how do I know that a car is going to turn in. It is stupid. The driver should
stop, wait for him to pass and then turn. When I saw this it was too late, they did it. i got in touch with the guys, the cycling
organisation in Limassol. I said to them, they are very good guys, what do you think you agreed to. They said to us it is okay, it
will be for a short period of time. But good, nothing is more permanent than temporary stuff. Two weeks ago there was this
fight.
S: In The Netherlands it is actually so that ,although the cyclist is doing it wrong the car is always on who is in fault. It is actually
quite a good thing, that cars go always really big around you. Like if you do anything, that is good, that is why a lot of people
cycle. And we do not have hills of course.
C: Actually, there is this study. I receive a lot of emails from European commission and they tell me this and that. And one
of these, it was a very interesting study, it was done on, it was a university research project, why what are the policies that
Germany, Denmark, and Holland The Netherlands have done to promote cycling, these three countries. And they identified
seven policy reasons. That was very interesting, very very!
S: Well, what I would like to know is, we read that you are also into ecology or sustainability and what we would like to do
C: Yes, anything environment I handle this.
250

S: And in Holland it is now really, sort of hype or something, are these ecosystem services. I wonder if people here, even policy
makers even know these?
C: No!
S: Oh, that is very interesting, because like it showed that you can gain from it actually. A lot of benefits, but thats a good one,
than we introduce something new. What is now the situation on Cyprus with renewable energy? We saw some windmills, we
see sometimes these solar panels and what else? Do they also do, like they have a lot of dams, do they also do hydropower
with these dams or not?
C: No, they do not let that much there out. They were looking at it, but I think it is not worth it. One of the things they are
looking also, which when you this you smile. It is a good idea. One of the problems we have with a hot climate like this is that
you get a lot of water evaporating in summer, so you have a big dam with a lot of water and a lot of surface. You lose a lot of
water through evaporation, so the question is can I do something. And there are various solutions. One solution would be
trow a million balls on the dam and they prevent evaporation. They reduce it. Also you have something floating. This company
came up with the idea that we float solar panels ha ha. It is really heavy and you need a solid boat and it will cost you a lot of
money to get the boat. And what do you do when it is windy? And why should I put it on the water and why not somewhere
else?
S: Have they ever looked into sand dams in Cyprus? What they used in certain African countries? Where they also have of rain
and then droughts, they store water in sand and then the sand already takes out some of the pollutants and then they, or it
goes to the groundwater or they pump it up again. That is also a way of not letting the sun to the water.
C: This is I know a roman technique. The small green spaces in Paris they were for that reason. So when Paris became bigger
and bigger they have to find a way for drinking water. The romans used to do these dams. No but we do not have them.
S: Okay, and biomass energy, do you do.
C: Biomass yes, biomass we have something like 12 unique digesters that produce electricity. And they also use the compost
in the end. So biomass is nice and I also promoted that a lot, because if you look at the 1999 directive 31, EU directive 31 of
1999, it talks about biomass. And the directive, the 98 of 2008 talks about separate collection as well, so especially the last
one, the 98 of 2008 talks about organic, separate collection of organic material. And there is a different directive as well on
the green waste policies that you can do. So I used all this and I kept pushing the government.
S: Yes, that is actually a part of our research. We actually saw that in the Netherlands from the households green waste a lot
of biomass can be or energy can be produced. A thing we want to see here as well is actually if, we want to do a questionnaire
to see if people are for example willing to separate if they get something back for it.
C: Two days ago I sat over there with people who wanted to start a business and they were asking me this and these days I
think, they were going around to interview people, to do a survey. But we have put a lot of effort to the government and they
have an area here in Nicosia. An area of four villages that actually do a separate collection of organic waste.
S: Okay, and which villages are those?
C: It is Marki, Sha, Lythrodontas and Agia Varvara. And there is the municipality of Dali that does it as well. So, according
to what, only a group of people that are in the government agrees on waste. So, in Nicosia we are going to have separate
collection. Very complex.
S: Yes, that is a good thing. Because in the Netherlands, I said, oh we do not separate that much and then we started thinking,
we do plastics, glass, paper, green and normal. So you do plastic here?
C: We do plastic in one bag. We have glass, you see there the glass collection thing. We have paper, also newspaper and
packaging etcetera. So what is left, is garden waste and the food remain. So the garden waste and the food remain, I go
around pep talking and I do talk about composting. Promote, you need to promote household composting. But household
composting will not solve the problem, it will reduce it. But you need to do it. So you do that, and then you try to get the
quality to collect the green waste and to have some use for it. Like compost or biomass etcetera. And the next thing is collect
all the things, the food remain, to produce electricity. That was what I was promoting.
S: Yes, that is a good one. That is what we want to try to promote as well, so that is nice. Is it correct that you said that the
environmental awareness is better now in the new generation?
C: Very much better!
251

S: And is this because of higher education or just the internet, that they read more maybe?
C: It is a combination of factors, definitely we are doing very good work in high school. Especially in elementary school, so that
need a little bit of time to show. But, we did a, we have a very good policy on sustainable education at schools. Environmental
education training. And we have environmental education training centre located on the island, and people can go there and
you stay there for a weekend to teach there and learn people how to teach. They are very good, especially at the place, how
is called this place, where you take kids to see. But, especially for teacher to go there and staying a weekend, and train them
how to teach the subject.
S: So it does work if you put in, well we finally have to make a design, and we also thought about awareness, that you can
play with things or stuff. In Holland that really works with children, who can see how much water there is and stuff like that.
C: There is material like this. I do not think it is a lot in quantity, but there are, there are books and stuff. I probably know one
or two games, I do not know anything to play with. I am not so familiar with that. I only saw one one energy, like a snake which
you put on the floor, and throw a dice and do this.
S: It is very interesting, because I wonder how many people know where the rivers are actually. For example, Limassol.
Because we had quite a difficult time finding them. And when we did find them we thought: oh.
C: People know that there is a river, but we do not know the name. People know, yes yes yes yes. But, we do not know the
name. It is a peculiarity. For instance, if you are a Cypriot and you are lost or so, they will not give you the name of the street.
They will say: do you know where so and so shop is? This traffic lights of, we give for example the name of the shop that was
near the traffic lights twenty years ago. The shop is not there anymore, but we say the traffic lights of We do not know the
street.
S: And here in Nicosia, at the river in the west, there is a park. We still have to see it, we are going there this afternoon. But,
there is a park now also with a cycling lane or something. Is it nice, is it working?
C: Yes, I do this every weekend.
S: Okay, so it is working.
C: It is nice, yes it is nice.
S: Okay, we have to see it. Because, I wonder how, because in Limassol the rivers are like polluted, what is left of the river.
C: No, here it is different. No, it is very nice. It is not what you see in Holland.
S: We have a lot of water! Interesting ...
C: The only thing is, the Pedieos is very long, you can cycle quite a few kilometers, it is cycling along the river. For most of the
path there is a cycle lane and there is a pedestrian lane. So, when you go there you see the pedestrians are always on the side
of the river, sometimes you are on the left side of the river and sometimes on one bank and than on the other. So, always they
keep the pedestrian lane on the side of the river. But, it is nice. You get on the bike and you go, you get out of the city easily.
This is, this is one of the places where they were thinking about building a small tram. So that it will take people from outside
the city to the centre. Because it will bring you right in the middle of the city. And I fought against that, because if you read
different policies, if you do not restrict the use of the private care, you have not done anything. If it is easy for me to get into
the car to go to the city centre, I will get into the car. I do not want to go to some place to drop off my car and get on a tram
to go to the city.
S: Because, in The Netherlands, like in Amsterdam you take the train or something and the tram, because if you park there it
costs you five euros per hour. And that is why people do not do it. Because then, the train is cheaper or you can even leave
your car there for free and take the train for 2 euros or something and then you go into the city. It is quite nice, because in the
city it is like only bikes going everywhere.
C: Yes, I know! I have been there quite a few times.
S: And here it is just cars everywhere, parking everywhere. It is incredible. But, do a lot of people use the river then here, or
the park?
C: Oh yes, now it is working day and you will not see many people. But if you go, for instance in the weekend, yes. I actually
wrote that before in a, and I am going to do it again. Because there are a lot of bikes on the bicycle lane and there is a risk of
accidents, because of design flaws. There are certain places where you go straight and then they built this thing, which the
252

architect thought it would be a nice thing to have, but this small bend that you see on the map, if you are moving a bit faster
with the bike you have crashes. You have crashes with the person coming from the other side, because you cannot see them.
S: Yes, yesterday in Limassol as well. We really had to cycle ...
C: Yes, the guys that do this, they never sat on a bike. It looks good on paper, but it does not work.
S: But they also want to do, we actually saw on Google Maps or something, that one of the rivers in Limassol also has a linear
park. But we went there and there was nothing.
C: They are planning it.
S: So they already put it on Google Maps. Like, okay this will be there in the next ten years.
C: What you will see in the city is they are working on the outskirts of the river. It will come to a point that it will end in the
old harbour there.

253

XV Codebook
The qualitative data gained from the 13 interviews is coded to analyse their contents (Creswell, 2009). Coding is the assigning
of codes (that have been previously defined or operationalized in a codebook) to raw data. This allows researchers to engage
in data reduction and simplification. (Decuir-Gunby, Marshall & McCulloch, 2011, p.138).

The codes

First, like Creswell (2009) suggests, categories and themes are made to connect the codes to. Also, these categories, as well
as the themes, are linked to each other. Together the categories and themes make the codes, for example, Energy (category)
- Problem (theme). There are also five codes that are not connected to a theme, but are important subjects within the
categories, for example, Riversystem within the category Water.
Environment

Water

Energy

Economy

Social/General

Habit/Approach

Problem

Awareness

Change/Future
plan

Politics/Policy

Biodiversity

Riversystem

Organic waste

Foreigners

Setting

Categories
Themes

Loose codes

X = if the code present in the interview data

The book

Codebooks should exist of six components: code name/label, brief definition, full definition, inclusion criteria, exclusion
criteria, and and examples (Macqueen et al., 1998; cited in Decuir-Gunby, Marshall & McCulloch, 2011) To make it easier,
because coding is not a main method used in this thesis. This codebook is consists of only, like Decuir-Gunby, Marshall &
McCulloch (2011) use, three components: code name/label, full definition, and an example.
Full definition

Example

Environment
Biodiversity

If data contains information


on biodiversity: animal/
plant species, the state of
ecology etc.

And its an island with huge resources. We have some of the


biggest varieties of plants from all over the world. We also
have our unique animal, the mouflon. It is like a goat with big
horns. (Appendix 3i-VI)

Environment
Habit/Approach

If data contains information


on environmental habits/
approaches: nature use,
importance, etc.

We calculated that about half of the people in the area where


we have the program, participate in our packaging recycling.
(Appendix 3i-V)

Environment
Problem

If data contains information


on problems concerning
environment/landscape:
waste, pollution, etc.

They blocked up the rivers, that is why we have a lot of


coastal erosion as well. Because we do not get any sediment
now arriving. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Code name/label

254

Environment
Awareness

If data contains information


on
environmental
awareness: attitude towards
the environment.

In general, Cypriot citizens start to participate in


environmentally based programs, but we have a lot more
to do in order to persuade more people to be sensitized.
(Appendix 3i-IX)

Environment
Change/Future plan

If data contains information


on changes made or plans
for change concerning the
environment/landscape:
creation
of
controlled
dumpsites, etc.

I always say if you want to see about climate change, come to


Cyprus. IAppendix 3i-XIV)

Environment
Politics/Policy

If data contains information


on policies concerning
environment/landscape:
new rules, fines, etc.

But, the municipalities are really giving us a hard time. I am


not sure what is the problem, but they just do not care that
much. (Appendix 3i-VI)

Water
Riversystem

If data contains information


on riversystems: waterflow,
dry rivers, etc.

So, these rivers when it rains, well not river it is called


something else. A river is always with water. These are called
something else. So, when it rains all the rainwater is going
into this thing and to the sea. (Appendix 3i-III))

Water
Habit/Approach

If data contains information


on water habits on/
approaches: water sources,
use, etc.

During the Byzantine era cisterns and wells could be found in


Limassol. (Appendix 3i-XI)

Water
Problem

If data contains information


on problems concerning
water: sources, use, etc.

One of the problems we have with a hot climate like this is


that you get a lot of water evaporating in summer, so you
have a big dam with a lot of water and a lot of surface. You
lose a lot of water through evaporation, so the question is
can I do something. IAppendix 3i-XIV)

Water
Awareness

If data contains information


on
water
awareness:
attitude towards scarcity,
shortage, etc.

We are very aware of it, because we have water cuts. If


it does not rain a lot, they cut water during summertime.
(Appendix 3i-VI)

Water
Change/Future plan

If data contains information


on changes made or plans
for change concerned water:
cuts, new sources, etc.

But, there are some new, that is to have some retentions


ponds. One is going to be, there are some studies, one is
going to be north of Limassol in [...] area. They are thinking
to make it in a schoolyard, and below to have some special
pipes and collect everywhere, the drainage water there. And
then it will stay for some period and when the rain stops, it
will allow it to go to the sea. But these are studies, they did
not implement anything yet. (Appendix 3i-III)

Water
Politics/Policy

If data contains information


on policies concerning
water: who is in charge, etc.

Info:
Sewerage board Limassol is responsible for stormwater
management in Limassol.
In Nicosia the municipalities are responsible. (Appendix
3i-XIII)

Energy
Organic waste

If data contains information


on organic waste (possibly as
renewable energy source):
amount, potentials, etc.

Green residues (organic waste) has great potential in Cyprus.


(Appendix 3i-VIII)

255

Energy
Habit/Approach

If data contains information


on energy habits on/
approaches: sources, use,
etc.

Cyprus has the following renewable energy sources: solar,


wind, biomass (mostly solar). (Appendix 3i-VIII)

Energy
Problem

If data contains information


on problems concerning
energy: sources, use, etc.

We have three power stations which are the major source of


CO2 and a lot of air pollution as well. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Energy
Change/Future plan

If data contains information


on changes made or plans
for
change
concerned
energy: new sources, use,
etc.

It is not very clear how this will proceed. The government


was very adamant to go ahead with the planning to have
new facilities for SRF. They have made a couple of steps back,
because those that were supposed to be projects funded
by the EU, or great extent by the EU, but it seems that they
are not getting all the money from the EU now. So, they are
now talking about having a SRF facility in the Limassol area,
to deal with Limassol, the Greater Limassol waste area. But,
for the case of Nicosia they are now talking about a secure
landfill, to start with, and of course this means that Cyprus
will have, if we go in that direction, we will have two plans,
with the Larnaca-Famagusta plan and the Limassol plan, two
plans for SRF less say with a capacity of about 350.000 tons
to 400.000 tons. The production is close to 600.000 tons, so
there is room to do other things with the waste. So, without
being able to predict exactly what will happen, because it is
still at the back of the mind of the government to find ways
to find ways to proceed with yet another plant for Nicosia, a
SRF plant for the Nicosia area. (Appendix 3i-V)

Energy
Politics/Policy

If data contains information


on policies concerning
energy: new legislation,
subsidies, etc.

So biomass is nice and I also promoted that a lot, because if


you look at the 1999 directive 31, EU directive 31 of 1999, it
talks about biomass. IAppendix 3i-XIV)

Economy
Foreigners

If data contains information


on economy driven by
foreigners: expats, etc.

Then of course, from 1974 the tourist industry started


building up in the whole Med, more people traveling
etcetera etcetera, throughout Europe, on holidays and this
and the other, holiday homes. So, they had a little bit of an
upside. Why, because they had their own currency, property
was cheap, land was cheap. But, again no bubble. (Appendix
3i-IV)

Economy
Habit/Approach

If data contains information


on economy habits on/
approaches: how money is
earned, spend, etc.

And it all became very sexy for people to have a bank account
here, to have a second residence here, etcetera etcetera.
(Appendix 3i-IV)

Economy
Problem

If data contains information


on problems concerning
economy: debts, etc.

Especially the last couple of years we go through financial


problems. The municipalities do not have the money to do
their cleaning properly. (Appendix 3i-V)

Economy
Change/Future plan

If data contains information


on changes made or plans
for change concerning
economy: loans, cuts, etc.

Now, when the line of Russian money started coming in,


then you had two things which happened. You had the
commercial banking which took off in a big way, but also you
had property and prices of ground going up. (Appendix 3i-IV)
256

Economy
Politics/Policy

If data contains information


on policies concerning
economy: taxes, etc.

There is corruption everywhere. But, when a country grows


up so fast there are, there is not enough controls in place. So,
it is manipulated. That manipulation is from top to bottom,
through the banking, through economics, through who you
know, who can sign, who can do this and who can do that. So,
this has been a big problem for Cyprus, to get their legislation
in place. It is coming, but it is still not there. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Social/General
Setting

If data contains information


on social settings, villages,
cities, etc.

So for example, if people buy an empty building plot and


eventually they do not build a house on it, is that permitted
or not? The answer to your question is no. There is not,
practically, any such restriction. (Appendix 3i-XI)

Social/General
Habit/Approach

If data contains information


on social/general habits on/
approaches: activities after
work, mindset, etc.

Well, what else about Cypriots. They like good food, they
have good taste for sure. What else? We like to mainly like to
show they have like a nice car, a nice house. (Appendix 3i-VI)

Social/General
Problem

If data contains information


on social/general problems:
low education, leaving
knowledge, etc.

Well, it is a strange time for the municipalities to say the


truth. The last two years have been very difficult, most of
them are, for the first time, facing very serious financial
problems. In fact, there is this whole discussion going on
with consults from the UK, about the future of the local
authorities. So, most of these people are not sure if they will
be there as a municipality as they are today six months from
today. So, for them it is like okay this is beyond, at this time.
(Appendix 3i-V)

Social/General
Awareness

If data contains information


on
social
awareness:
self-knowledge,
cultural
awareness, etc.

Every new idea needs time and patience, but it will become
a habit. We need examples to get used to the idea. So, I think
this is the right time to show what you can do in design.
(Appendix 3i-X)

Social/General
Change/Future plan

If data contains information


on social changes made
or plans for social change:
changing social structures,
etc.

If one compares things in the last ten years, a lot has


happened. It has been a long way since then, but there is a
longer way ahead. (Appendix 3i-V)

Social/General
Politics/Policy

If data contains information


on general policies: taxes,
etc.

So, I am not happy, I criticise the legislation quite a lot.


Because there are always loopholes if you look in our
legislation. We transpose the European Directive to national
legislation and you find loopholes. I know everybody does
that. That is why a lot of the members of Parliament are very
angry. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

257

XVI

Information per category

In this Appendix the results of the coding process can be found. All data that received the same code is gathered together.
This to be able to find the needed information derived from the interviews.

Environment
Biodiversity
In few words, We recorded different kinds of woody flora one can meet in Nicosia, the ecology status of them and problems
in several rows of trees on the sides of the roads. The trees of the roadsides have been recorded and counted and the 10
most common are:
Ficus microcarpa, Brachychiton diversifolius, Olea europaea, Washingtonia filifera, Schinus terebinthifolius, Tipuana tipu,
Cupressus sempervirens, Cercis siliquastrum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Casuarina cunninghamiana. (Appendix 3i-II)
And its an island with huge resources. We have some of the biggest varieties of plants from all over the world. We also have
our unique animal, the mouflon. It is like a goat with big horns. (Appendix 3i-VI)
The river systems of Cyprus are important habitats for birds in their full- length from the source to the mouth. This is especially
true for dry islands like Cyprus. In higher - usually more wooded parts of Cyprus rivers clusters of dense vegetation are
created, which are attractive shelters, feeding and nesting places for forest bird species. Such species include the Eurasian
Wren Troglodytes troglodytes which is a permanent resident of the island and the Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos which
is a summer visitor from Africa. The Cettis Warbler Cettia cetti - a cryptic and noisy bird - also has a special liking to the
dense riparian vegetation regardless of altitude. Large numbers of invertebrates identified close to river systems are vital
for these insectivorous species. The increased concentration of invertebrates attracts members of the swallow family, like
the Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica, the Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica, the House Martin Delichon urbicum, and the
Sand Martin Riparia riparia. For the Red-rumped Swallow bridges and pipes directing water make the rivers are ideal nesting
site. Even hawks like the Hobby Falco subbutteo, the Eleonoras Falcon Falco eleonorae and the Red-Footed Falcon Falco
vespertinus are attracted by the numbers of insects along the rivers. The Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus, likes riparian
thickets in the lowlands and estuaries for reproduction. (Appendix 3i-VII)
The reeds that grow in flat areas with slow flow , are important breeding places for the Eurasia reed warbler Acrocephalus
scirpaceus, a relatively rare summer visitor from Africa. The winter posts in reed beds are occupied by the Reed Bunting
Emberiza schoeniclus. Reed systems are also points of attraction for the Spotted Crake Porzana porzana, the Little Crake
Porzana parva and the Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus, the latter breeding even in wells near rivers. Although most
commonly found along the coast or in wetlands and dams, the Kingfisher Alcedo athis, uses rivers during winter and migration,
although it doesnt breed in Cyprus. Along the lower reaches, where the river creates steep slopes in soft sediment, the beeeater Merops apiaster and more frequently the Roller Coracias garrulus dig holes for nesting. Cyprus offers a summer refuge
to a significant portion of the European population of the Roller, a species whose protection is of global concern. (Appendix
3i-VII)
The only bird that specializes in hunting through the rivers is the Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea, located in rapidly flowing
rivers with shallow areas where the bird collects aquatic invertebrates. It is a frequent winter visitor to the island and for the
first time breeding evidence was confirmed in Troodos in 2013. (Appendix 3i-VII)
Wading birds such as the Little Bittern Ixobrichus minutus, the Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides, the Night heron Nycticorax
nycticorax, the common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos, the Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola and the Green Sandpiper Tringa
ochropus use rivers especially during migration periods as resting and foraging areas and as migratory routes. Even ducks like
the Teal Anas creccakai and the Garganey Anas querquedula have been observed to migrate along rivers. (Appendix 3i-VII)
In addition to the above , the streams and rivers of Cyprus are important habitats for almost all bird species on the island ,
because they provide water. (Appendix 3i-VII)
Specifically to Garyllis and Pedieos:
We dont hold much specific information about Garyllis. Pedieos however is a river that is linked to 3 Important Bird Areas
(IBAs) (for more info on IBAs read here http://birdlifecyprus.org/en/html-8-Habitats_and_Sites.html ) in Cyprus. These are
Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant, Mesaoria Plain and Famagusta Lakes. Famagusta Lake has been identified as an IBA for
its importance for breeding Plegadis falcinellus, Himantopus himatopus, Vanellus spinosus and Francolinus francolinus. Also
recorded regularly breeding at the site are Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Bubulcus ibis, Burhinus
oedicnemus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Coracias garrulus, Galerida cristata, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and nonbreeding Egretta garzetta, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ixobrychus minutes, Ardeola ralloides, Botaurus stellaris, Phoenicopterus
roseus, Platalea leucorodia, Falco vespertinus, Circus aeruginosus, Grus grus, Porzana porzana, Porzana parva, Tringa
erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa tetanus, Numenius arquata, Glareola pratincola, Charadrius leschenaultii, Larus audouinii,
Chlidonias niger, Chlidonias hybrida, Alcedo athis, Melanocorypha calandra, Calandrella brachydactyla, Lanius nubicus, Lanius
258

minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia. Mia Milia Sewage Treatment Plant has been identified as an IBA for its importance
for the regular occurrence on migration of the Oxyura leucocephala, and for breeding Vanellus spinosus, Homantopus
himantopus and Meanocorypha calandra. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Francolinus francolinus, Alectoris
chukar, Burhinus oedicnemus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata, Galerida cristata. Non breeding Egretta garzetta,
Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Ixobrychus minutus, Bubulcus ibis, Ardea alba, Ardea cinerea, Ardea purpurea,
Plegadis falcinellus, Aythya nyroca, Aquila fasciata, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespertinus, Pernis apivorus, Falco
subbuteo, Accipiter nisus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Tringa erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa totanus, Luscinis
svecica, Calandrella brachydactyla, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus, Acrocephalus melanopogon are regularly recorded.
Mesaoria Plain has been identified as an IBA for its importance for breeding Burhinus oedicnemus, Melanocorypha calandra,
Francolinus francolinus and Galerida cristata. Also recorded regularly breeding at the site are Alectoris chukar, Athene noctua,
Pterocles orientals (possible breeding area), Coracias garrulus, Oenanthe cypriaca, Sylvia conspicillata and non breeding Buteo
rufinus, Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Falco vespertinus, Pernis apivorus, Falco naumanni, Falco subbuteo, Milvus migrans,
Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneaus, Lullula arborea, Calandrella brachydactyla, Antus
campestris, Lanius nubicus, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Emberiza caesia, Emberiza hortulana. (Appendix 3i-VII)
Amphibians
Hyla savignyi
Rana ridibunda
Bufo virdis
Reptiles
At http://hscyprus.org/index.php/en/cyprus-reptiles/lizards you can find all the lizards we have in Cyprus but the ones living
in towns are:
Ophisops elegans
Laudakia stellio
Mabuya vittata
Chalcides ocellatus
Hemidactylus turcicus (sta spitia to bradi)
Chamaeleon (ektos) - at Athalassa close to Nicosia
Cyrtopodio kotchie - at Athalassa close to Nicosia
Ablepharus kitaibelli - at Athalassa park close to Nicosia and also in the Pediaios river
Mammals
Mus musculus
Rattus rattus
Hemiechinus auritus dorotheae
Pipistrellus kuhli
Pipistrellus savii
Eptesicus serotinus
Rousettus aegyptiacus (Appendix 3i-XII)
There are some turtles in the Pedieos river. (Appendix 3i-XII)
Eucalyptus is a common species in the riverbed. (Appendix 3i-XII)
Reed is a native species and is good for biofiltration. (Appendix 3i-XII)
I would say that most of the plants grow better in spring but yet again this depends on the type of plant. Comparing Cyprus
to Netherlands plants is not feasible as we are talking about different plants and completely different climates. Keep in mind
that the ecological rule is that a plants growth depends on the factor that is in limitation (for Cyprus is water for Netherlands
I would say is sunshine). In addition to the confusing answers, if we are referring to landscaping plants that have been planted
in the cities, these are being watered regularly. (Appendix 3i-XII)
We let a little bit of water running out of the dam just to maintain the biodiversity along the river. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Habit/approach
They do not necessarily identify with environmental issues. (Appendix 3i-IV)
First of all come the family and the business. So, environment will always come second, or third, or fourth, or fifth. It is not on
their list of priorities. (Appendix 3i-IV)
So, environment is, I do not think it is there on the top of their list. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Now, several companies have proposed several types of alternatives. But it all comes to who is going to pay for it? (Appendix
3i-IV)
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They will not tolerate, because they do not have the income base, to for them now to start paying an extra 5 or 10 euros a
month for the waste to be processed through a processing plant. (Appendix 3i-IV)
So, it just goes into a landfill, and it is not like the landfill is now constructed in such a way you can tap it for gas and have a
biogas. No, it is just landfill. (Appendix 3i-IV)
The main aspect of our work is packaging, packaging waste. We were formed by the industry in 2004. But actual operations,
planning and operations, began mid 2005 and of course it was an outcome of the acceptance of Cyprus in the EU. So,
since 2002 we have the legislation on responsibility of packaging. It was the, it was basically the transposition of European
legislation to a local legal framework. (Appendix 3i-V)
So, a big part of the market, they are registered with us, we represent them and we are collecting the packaging waste. Now
to be able to recover and recycle packaging, based on the fact that recycling was not an issue or was a very small issue for
some very few companies doing the collection of industrial packaging and recycling on why pay the recycling. (Appendix 3i-V)
We calculated that about half of the people in the area where we have the program, participate in our packaging recycling.
(Appendix 3i-V)
But still, breaking the habit of putting everything together and getting into the mindset of sorting things makes a lot of
difference. (Appendix 3i-V)
What we also wondered, we looked at a lot of dry rivers. And we have seen a lot of garbage that has been dumped in these
areas and we do not understand it. Because, you do not have to pay to put your garbage in the bins. Yes, we are very good
in that. You have to drive with it. We do not understand it either, but it happens. (Appendix 3i-V)
Yes, this is a cultural thing. It is something that we have. We are very sensitive with the area within the walls of our house
and our garden. But it is, like, someone can have a perfect garden and throw the materials outside. It does not make sense of
course because waste is still there, but that is something we have. (Appendix 3i-V)
It is unrealistic for a country with a touristic economy, to not care about the environment. But it is something we have been
doing for years. (Appendix 3i-V)
The other thing we were amazed about was, why do people throw their waste from the hill down? Because when you throw
it from the hill, you do not see it anymore. Out of sight, out of mind. So, it is both a cultural issue, but is also an issue of a nonorganized state to take care of it. (Appendix 3i-V)
A very small amount stays here, because we have a plastic fabric one locally, but not a big one. Most of it is pressed and
exported. Same happens with paper, all the paper goes out. All the metals go out. With glass, we keep it here and we use it as
a raw material in the cement factory. Because we do not have a glass recycling facility. Today, most of the treatment, it is not
feasible to do it here. (Appendix 3i-V)
Well, the other thing is that not a lot of people are into the environment here. They just see what money they can take come
it mostly, instead of what they would do for the environment. (Appendix 3i-VI)
They do not care about the petrol. Some of them do, but mostly because they save money on petrol not that much for the
environment. Now, with the PVs that I see the client that wants to install PVs. From all the clients I have only seen one, me,
that wants to install because it is good for the environment. The rest just wants to save money. (Appendix 3i-VI)
I think people in a family are now do probably also recycling. We change our rubbish, garbage, once or twice a week, as
where we would every day in the past. Recycling is going even better now. Like in most cities and villages on the island there
is recycling, but still there are people that are like no I do not do recycling. (Appendix 3i-VI)
But, what does the majority of the people do? Most people now are recycling.(Appendix 3i-VI)
There is something I forgot to tell you about Cypriots. Cypriot people have been through a lot, a lot of stuff, since the ancient
times. We have been a country that everyone wanted to conquer. They wanted our trees, they were cutting our trees to make
boats, ships and everything. The were digging the land to take copper, now we do not have much left. They did, you know,
major changes, even villages were modified because of copper findings they had. (Appendix 3i-VI)
That is why you see so many expensive cars around and people do not care that much about the environment. I think, we did
not have the time and chance to go into that. And another reason that not many things happened for the environment is that
the government and politicians spending their time and money trying to solve the Cyprus problem. Not that they are doing
much there, but it is like considered it more important. (Appendix 3i-VI)
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What I also forgot to tell you about Cyprus, is that we have it all here, different climates. You drive 30 minutes you are at the
beach and you can swim. Another day you drive into the mountains, where there is a more pleasant temperature. And we
have cities. Yes, you have what you need on the island, I guess. (Appendix 3i-VI)
People do separate into some categories already, but do not know how to do the organics yet. A campaign is going to inform
the people how to do this. (Appendix 3i-X)
Info:
Waste is separated by Greendot.
Separated waste is probably shipped to somewhere else to process. (Appendix 3i-XIII)
Problem
Here, they are still using landfill, which is again the EU rules. So, they are having to pay a fine every month, because they are
using landfills. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Of course, through these years of existence in the market and the experience with local authorities and following up all these
developments in the greater waste management sector and the strategies of the governments to deal with waste problems,
because we also have problems with existing dumps. Actually the two large cities are served by dumps, not even secure
landfills. This is something we are in the European courts for now. (Appendix 3i-V)
And given the fact that the supportive mechanisms that should be in place, are still not there. I mean, if you take into account,
for example, that two dumps which served about for 70% of the population actually. The two dumps, at Nicosia and Limassol
where most of the people are, are basically almost free, because it is two or three euros per ton. And if you would have a
competitor, that is sucking all the material because it is free. Anything that costs even a euro is an issue to convince people to
do it, even the industry.(Appendix 3i-V)
The other thing we have to admit, is that we do not have areas where people can take their waste and organise it. We do not
have any green points where people can take their constructions. So even some construction waste of a small restructuring
of your house, you do not know what to do with it, so you just throw it somewhere and it will be okay. It is an issue not only
of the society, but it is an organising issue. (Appendix 3i-V)
The main goal is to reduce consumption. But, water and energy are not the main problem of Cyprus. Waste is. We need to
change a lot around waste, especially the management. (Appendix 3i-X)
They blocked up the rivers, that is why we have a lot of coastal erosion as well. Because we do not get any sediment now
arriving. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
You have to understand that that area is, most of the industry in Cyprus was there along the coast and in the 1960s they would
dump all their industrial waste in the water in that area. So, they needed to do something to restore the place, the conditions.
(Appendix 3i-XIV)
Awareness
So they do not, they do not see a problem themselves in the environment. (Appendix 3i-IV)
And of course we have also the great part of the responsibility of the communication and sensi rationalisation of the
population. (Appendix 3i-V)
We believe that we did a good job given the circumstances in about seven years time. (Appendix 3i-V)
And these are encouraging numbers, not only because it is something new for Cyprus, but also because the citizens do not
have an obligation to participate. (Appendix 3i-V)
Especially the participation three years ago, the initial participation was better than the initial participation seven years ago.
(Appendix 3i-V)
So, it depends I mean, looking at the area demographics are important. You can see different numbers in different even
adjacent municipalities, because here older people are living and not willing to participate, as in the next municipality has
better demographics and much better participation. (Appendix 3i-V)
You already told that they are not very caring about the environment, but are they aware of the climate change? Some of
them yes. Many of them are, but I do not really think there is that much interest in that. (Appendix 3i-VI)
In general, Cypriot citizens start to participate in environmentally based programs, but we have a lot more to do in order to
261

persuade more people to be sensitized. (Appendix 3i-IX)


A survey we have conducted has shown that only 1% of the Cypriots care about the environment. This 1% is mostly made out
of people connected to the Green Party. (Appendix 3i-X)
But I think the major change here, the major positive change is the way people are thinking. The young generation they are
different, they are very sensitive about the environment, they care, they participate. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
It is a combination of factors, definitely we are doing very good work in high school. Especially in elementary school, so that
need a little bit of time to show. But, we did a, we have a very good policy on sustainable education at schools. (Appendix
3i-XIV)
Change/future plan
I think, the only way you can get environment going up in their list is by EU subsidies. In other words, if they do not have to pay
for it they will definately get it done. But, if you expect them to pay for it, you are never going to get it done. (Appendix 3i-IV)
A few years back we had to start everything, almost from scratch. So, we designed the collection shifts, we were consulted by
the Belgian system Force Plus, at the time. So, we designed the systems and began corporations with local authorities to run
recycling programs for the households. (Appendix 3i-V)
But, we also since 2007 we started our first house programs with five municipalities back then. Eventually we grew up to a
system with geographical coverage and now we have 85% of the population, we cover almost all the municipalities and a
number of communities. (Appendix 3i-V)
We believe having 50% of the people participating in a period of five to six years, more or less, is quite an successful for
Cyprus. In fact, many people never thought this would actually happen in Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-V)
And of course you keep listening to people and they will say it is difficult to do it. But when they do it, they will say is was so
simple. In the beginning they do not know where to put the bins, but once they do it they say it is very simple. If they already
think that it is simple, it is much easier to convince them to do something else. (Appendix 3i-V)
Waste has not not been an important issue until we joined the EU. (Appendix 3i-V)
Now, we see all this climate change and they start to somehow think about how it works. (Appendix 3i-VI)
Also, municipal green spots are in planning, to prevent the uncontrolled dump sites. The waste from the green spots will be
separated later. We are thinking about building a new automatic separation plant in Limassol. (Appendix 3i-X)
There is just no money, it is not a priority. As said, if this law is accepted we can use the money saved for the environment.
For example saving energy with energy saving buildings, this saves money and this money can be used for maintenance of
public green. (Appendix 3i-X)
I always say if you want to see about climate change, come to Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
The big difference is up in Troodos. If you came in the winter you still had snow which was regularly above a meter, a meter
and a half. Now it is only rare that you get a meter, usually a few centimeter. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Politics/policy
Companies need to recover in Cyprus certain percentages of their packaging waste and they can either do it individually or
join organisations, non-profit organisations, who then run the recycling systems for them. (Appendix 3i-V)
They do not have fines or anybody to put pressure to participate, and they also have an incentive, an financial incentive to do
so because we do not have pay-and-throw systems for example. People are paying taxes, so in fact if you recycle you more or
less are subsidising your neighbour who is not recycling. (Appendix 3i-V)
It was also an initiative from our minister of environment, because we kind of found this strange situation that two ministries
involved in the management of waste, the ministry of environment and the ministry of interior. And there is of course conflict
between them, they have different agendas and although the ministry of environment is more or less in line with what we are
saying and trying to promote separate collection of organic waste as well. The ministry of interior is pushing things towards
the direction of SRF rather than any other type of treatment of organic waste. (Appendix 3i-V)
When they can just send their trucks to the landfill and pay, lets say, 7 euro or 10 euro, it is an issue to spend 20 euros for the
truck to be recycled. So that is something that is unbelievable that is happening, but it shows quite well the different agendas
262

at the government level. (Appendix 3i-V)


But, there are some people that are very interested in the environment, like mr. Theopemptou for example, my family also,
we want to do something. But the regulation, the government does not help. The problem is, in order to make the laws,
policies and stuff that will help, help us to do something better with the environment, you have to see the financial point of
view. And because we are also in the EU, it kind of makes them, you have to do this. So, they have to do things, this and that.
(Appendix 3i-VI)
But, the municipalities are really giving us a hard time. I am not sure what is the problem, but they just do not care that much.
(Appendix 3i-VI)
The Constitution says that no extra Ministers can be appointed and there was a desire from the Green Party 8 - 10 years
ago to have have someone extra in Parliament considering the environment. The Commissioner now has a checking and
coordinating position on all ministries. The Commissioner is on an independent state to advise the president, the ministers
and the parties. (Appendix 3i-X)
Also, there needs to be a new law, it is now on the agenda of the President, to make sure the money saved due to, for
example, reduced energy consumption, can be used on the environment. (Appendix 3i-X)
The positive changes, the beginning of the actual application of the European Directive regarding the environment. (Appendix
3i-XIV)
Especially with the Waste Directive are not transposed into national legislation very well. As an European community we need
to do something about that. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
And then they suddenly these policies and all these things that it is cool to have your own car and you have deductions to buy
a car. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Water
Riversystem
Ah, okay, So, in the mountains we have, Troodos mountain, it will snow in the winter period of 3 months and the snow melts
it goes through these rivers downwards. There are a lot of dams, so we collect the water, but after the dams when we do not
have overflow, it is dry. Or upwards, when there is no snow and no rain, again it is dry. So, these rivers are used to, when there
is rain or snow, collection of the water in the dams. (Appendix 3i-III)
So, these rivers when it rains, well not river it is called something else. A river is always with water. These are called something
else. So, when it rains all the rainwater is going into this thing and to the sea. (Appendix 3i-III)
So, also from the city, it goes in the river and then it goes to the sea? Yes, we saw many times these rivers full of water. When,
because, okay, some of it is collected in the streets, but a lot of it goes to these kind of rivers. (Appendix 3i-III)
Info on Garyllis:
The left and right branch of the Garyllis river are artificial, the middle one is the authentic one.
The middle branch did follow a different route before, through the old town.
The left branch was dug after the big flood of 1894.
Also walls where built along the authentic middle branch to prevent floods.
Between the left branch and the middle branch there is a place with the Greek name lake, this is where the water would
go in the old days. (Appendix 3i-XI)
Info:
The only water in the Pedieos river in Nicosia is surface runoff from the city.
In Limassol the water in the Garyllis river might also come from the Polemidia dam (but it almost never overflows, once
every 10 year). (Appendix 3i-XIII)
Through the range you get the major basin of water collection and then you get all these rivers forming along the island.
Some of the rivers will end up, we get rivers on all sides of the island. You get rivers on the west coast near Paphos, you get
in Limassol three rivers, and you get halfway rivers, and then you get very interesting rivers that come from the mountains
and cross the plain and go to Famagusta. That rivers we have here in Nicosia as well, there is a river going right in the
middle. When we say rivers in Cyprus, you do not see any water. We call them rivers, because they have water when it rains.
(Appendix 3i-XIV)

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Habit/approach
We were curious if the sewerage board is only responsible for Limassol or for the Greater Limassol? It is responsible for the
Greater Limassol and for the municipalities around Limassol, like Germasogeia, Agios Athanasios, Agios Tychonas, [...], Meso
Geitonia, Polemidia. Around Limassol, all this area. (Appendix 3i-III)
We do not collect the drainage water, it goes all into the sea. (Appendix 3i-III)
Okay, so you said the water all goes to the sea? All of it yes, by gravity. (Appendix 3i-III)
And what about the awareness on water scarcity? Well, this we are very aware of it. Except some ladies that like to get the
water hose and splash the pavement or wash the car during summertime. (Appendix 3i-VI)
You have to arrange when you have a shower, when you do the washing machine, everything. It is something that we do not
waste that much, we are really trying to save it. But, there are always people that just do not care. (Appendix 3i-VI)
During the Byzantine era cisterns and wells could be found in Limassol. (Appendix 3i-XI)
Info:
There is no dam management yet (both the Tamassos and Polemidia dam are not managed). (Appendix 3i-XIII)
That is something that they used to do a lot in Cyprus. In a city near Limassol, you can go and see, there is a small village
which has the biggest number of cisterns. You know what a cistern is? You collect rainwater from the roof and you store it in
a underground compartment. They used to do this in the old days. They had a well on top and you bring up the water that
you collect. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
This is because they built dams. Well, they blocked all the rivers, because their water motto here is Not a drop of water in the
ocean. That is what they used to say. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Okay, the major lifeline in Cyprus in the Troodos range of the mountains. Troodos, I think it is 1900 meter high, I do not know
I did not study. But it is enough to give you, to get you snow. In the old days we used to have a lot of snow high up in the
mountains. That snow would melt very slowly and that will give you small rivers and freshwater while running out the top of
the mountains for some time, there were times it even lasted up to May the melting of the snow. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
We let a little bit of water running out of the dam just to maintain the biodiversity along the river and to replenish the
groundwater as well in the various areas. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
So, the way they get their drinking water is through groundwater, because otherwise it is very difficult to have a network of
drinking water pipelines to go all over the island. It is impossible. You have to have a local source, the local source is either
groundwater or a small dam. We have a lot of them, the small dams. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Problem
You know is Cyprus we do not have rain, too much rain. The first rain is very polluted, because it collects all the [...] toxics from
the street, all these things. So, we see it is very polluted. We know it is very polluted, because some of it comes through the
sewerage system and goes to the plant and we have seen increased levels so far. Especially [...], because of the car emissions.
Because we have a period of, let say six months, we have rain. When the first rain is, all the pollutants on the street goes
through the drainage to the sea. (Appendix 3i-III)
They are aware of the water problem, but it is not their, it is not a major issue for them. They do not think so. Until they do
not have it and then they start complaining. But in fact, they could have done something about it years ago. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Info:
Landfill at Polemidia dam, water is polluted
The difference in quality of urban surface runoff and rural surface runoff might not be that big. (Appendix 3i-XIII)
There are a lot of arguments of people that what we did is wrong and you should not have done that. The point is, at this
moment, the way we act now, we are facing a huge problem with the groundwater level. Because we pipe up a lot of water,
out of that. We are a small island, so it is very easy for sea water to seep through the piping. One of the worst cases we have is,
if you see the map of Cyprus and you go to Ayia Napa, were all the young people go to have fun. That area, which is a cultural
area, they have a cultural influence. They overuse the groundwater and it is now 40 meters below sea level. So it is actually
useless now, saltwater is rushing in now. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
One of the problems we have with a hot climate like this is that you get a lot of water evaporating in summer, so you have a
big dam with a lot of water and a lot of surface. You lose a lot of water through evaporation, so the question is can I do
264

something. (Appendix 3i-XIV)


Awareness
They are very much aware of the water problem in Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-IV)
We are very aware of it, because we have water cuts. If it does not rain a lot, they cut water during summertime. (Appendix
3i-VI)
But, anyway in the summertime when you know that there will be water cut outs, you will definitely try to save some.
Otherwise you will not have a shower. (Appendix 3i-VI)
Change/future plan
But, there are some new, that is to have some retentions ponds. One is going to be, there are some studies, one is going to be
north of Limassol in [...] area. They are thinking to make it in a schoolyard, and below to have some special pipes and collect
everywhere, the drainage water there. And then it will stay for some period and when the rain stops, it will allow it to go to
the sea. But these are studies, they did not implement anything yet. (Appendix 3i-III)
Politics/policy
Info:
Sewerage board Limassol is responsible for stormwater management in Limassol.
In Nicosia the municipalities are responsible. (Appendix 3i-XIII)

Energy
Organics
We are trying to do.. they plan to collect the garbage. Produce biogas and then produce power. There are biomass units,
especially farmers, but they have cows. So, they have their own. There are now about 20 units, they use electricity from
manure from the cows or pigs. (Appendix 3i-III)
Green residues (organic waste) has great potential in Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-VIII)
But, looking after all these issues and talking to the local authorities and also looking at the planning of the government, we
saw in the process that one of the big issues that needs to be dealt with, and in fact something that is now more and more
regulated by the EU, is the green waste, organic waste, from households and from the industry. Although we are not directly
involved, we scanned the market and tried to find out what are the options available. There are already two composting
facilities, small composting facilities in the Nicosia area. But, the most important thing that we realised in the process, is that
Cyprus is already equipped with, I think it must be 12 by now it was 11, biomass plants at farms to deal with farm waste.
And of course, after talking to these people we found out that even as we speak today they have an incapacity of around
150.000 tons a year. That is about the amount of organic waste that is produced in Cyprus. So if you collect organic waste
separately from the households and the industries, you already have facilities to deal with it. Okay, two of them are already
fully equipped to doing so, the others need some pasteurisation equipment but this is equipment of, lets say, less than half a
million euros per unit. So it is not something significant. And additionally, these are facilities that are very well geographically
located everywhere on the island. In mean, all the areas that have significant production have such a facility close to them,
with an exception of Paphos. But still there are farms in Paphos that need to solve their waste problem as well. So, here we
will have a full-blown network of the farms, full-blown system for organic waste. (Appendix 3i-V)
So, it is not that they have to deal with more waste, they want more waste. (Appendix 3i-V)
But still, we believe these existing biogas facilities are a very good way to deal with the organic issue and have electricity on
one hand, heat you can use in the farms especially during the winter and of course you also have the compost at the end
of the day which when you have properly sorted organic waste you have very good quality compost that can compete with
compost that comes Holland, peat moss. (Appendix 3i-V)
Now there is a small pilot with a number of communities that Kypros spoke with. (Appendix 3i-V)
But you think if now an extra separation possibility comes with organic waste, people would then easily also separate this?
Definately! I think you first have to break the barrier of the too many years of habit of throwing it together. (Appendix 3i-V)
So I think that the work that has been done for packaging for all these years. It is instrumental for electric and electronic
waste, for batteries, for organic. Whatever you try to do, it is easier to do it. Organic is a challenge of course. (Appendix 3i-V)
Well, the existing situation, as you described very well, is not hygienic anyways. It smells, it is dirty, it is whatever. So, try to
deal with the organic directly is not necessary a big change. The same material, but keep them separately. So definitely, when
265

we have a separate collection system and you also manage things in a better order, you will more or less abandon the existing
system with all the dirty bins etcetera. (Appendix 3i-V)
So we believe that the collection of organic is also something that should be done to the extent that you can do it. With at site
collection rather than bins and stuff like that, because the cities are not build for bin places.They do not have the area. So at
site collection, possibly once a week. Maybe in the summer you have to increase the collection because of the temperature.
(Appendix 3i-V)
So I believe that it will be a combination of at site collection for the households and some collection points for our facilities.
With bins, closed bins. Already many hotels have air-conditioned areas that are well climate controlled to keep the waste in
the summer. (Appendix 3i-V)
Yes, well they started doing this in the schools to educate the students. I know some people are doing this, I also do it at my
house. We separate the fresh vegetables from the meat, the cooked stuff, also the fresh eggs and, how do you call it, around
the egg, the peel of the egg. Also things from the garden, when you cut the trees, the grass, everything. All this is put in a
special bin to make our own fertiliser. And you can notice that we reduce our garbage. Like if we put everything in their would
be. I do not know, one cubic meter. It is half of this these days. (Appendix 3i-VI)
If you want to do it, you have to do it yourself, in the backyard. I heard many people trying to organise this in larger scale.
(Appendix 3i-VI)
Biogas is a different case. You can only do it, I think, with processed and cooked food. You need to have a place to put it, like an
anaerobic digester. It has to be closed. With the fresh vegetables, you do it in your garden, it does not smell and also it is not
really a problem to do it. With the other thing you need to have special equipment and educate people. Because, you have
gas production and you have to be careful with that. The thing is they do not even do it with the fresh vegetables and stuff.
That would be very good to organise it. I heard people were trying, but (Appendix 3i-VI)
700 households declare willingness of participation but some of them never took out their house the organic waste for
collection. The average amount of the households who participate in practice is 350. (Appendix 3i-IX)
The mean weight of organic waste per household per week is 20 kg. (Appendix 3i-IX)
All the households had information about the program structure and significance and they decided whether on not to
participate. (Appendix 3i-IX)
The Department of Environment (it is a Government department which runs the organic waste program) provided the
households with the organic waste bin. The future motivation for them to participate will be the electricity provision in
proportion with the collected waste, but for now the program is pilot and the amount of organic waste we collect is very low.
(Appendix 3i-IX)
We believe the most common reason for the households to join the program was their environmental consciousness and
awareness. (Appendix 3i-IX)
40% of the waste in Cyprus is organic and there are a lot of possibilities to create energy from this. In 2014 the EU is going to
give funds for separating organic waste in Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-X)
And the directive, the 98 of 2008 talks about separate collection as well, so especially the last one, the 98 of 2008 talks about
organic, separate collection of organic material. And there is a different directive as well on the green waste policies that you
can do. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
It is Marki, Sha, Lythrodontas and Agia Varvara. And there is the municipality of Dali that does it as well. So, according to what,
only a group of people that are in the government agrees on waste. So, in Nicosia we are going to have separate collection.
Very complex. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
So what is left, is garden waste and the food remain. So the garden waste and the food remain, I go around pep talking and I
do talk about composting. Promote, you need to promote household composting. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
But you need to do it. So you do that, and then you try to get the quality to collect the green waste and to have some use
for it. Like compost or biomass etcetera. And the next thing is collect all the things, the food remain, to produce electricity.
(Appendix 3i-XIV)
Habit/approach
And most of them, all of them, they are using the electricity for their own needs, because if you want to buy electricity it
266

is very expensive, you like holland. It is for us like 22, 23, 24, 25 cents, so it is better to use it for yourself instead of buying
electricity. Because if you want to sell the electricity it is only 11,5 cents. So, it is better to use it instead of selling it. (Appendix
3i-III)
Cyprus has the following renewable energy sources: solar, wind, biomass (mostly solar). (Appendix 3i-VIII)
There are now 14 biogass plants in Cyprus (mean capacity 500 kWh) (for manure). (Appendix 3i-VIII)
At the moment all RES plants are connected with the electricity grid (Electricity Authority of Cyprus- The main provider of
electricity in the island at the moment) and the res electricity is consumed by the public . But in some cases like farms which
they installed biogas plant, they can use a part of the energy that they produced for their own needs. The rest is supplied into
the electricity grid (EAC). (Appendix 3i-VIII)
Biomass yes, biomass we have something like 12 unique digesters that produce electricity. And they also use the compost in
the end.(Appendix 3i-XIV)
Problem
We have three power stations which are the major source of CO2 and a lot of air pollution as well. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Change/future plan
It is not very clear how this will proceed. The government was very adamant to go ahead with the planning to have new
facilities for SRF. They have made a couple of steps back, because those that were supposed to be projects funded by the
EU, or great extent by the EU, but it seems that they are not getting all the money from the EU now. So, they are now talking
about having a SRF facility in the Limassol area, to deal with Limassol, the Greater Limassol waste area. But, for the case of
Nicosia they are now talking about a secure landfill, to start with, and of course this means that Cyprus will have, if we go
in that direction, we will have two plans, with the Larnaca-Famagusta plan and the Limassol plan, two plans for SRF less say
with a capacity of about 350.000 tons to 400.000 tons. The production is close to 600.000 tons, so there is room to do other
things with the waste. So, without being able to predict exactly what will happen, because it is still at the back of the mind
of the government to find ways to find ways to proceed with yet another plant for Nicosia, a SRF plant for the Nicosia area.
(Appendix 3i-V)
Politics/policy
Law on renewable energy, Directive 2/2006. (Appendix 3i-VIII)
If the capacity of the digester is over 30 kW please read the attached pdf (CEA regulatory framework). (Appendix 3i-VIII)
But, apparently, as I said earlier, the governments are not always thinking very rationally. Well, we saw the planning of the
government, we saw that they basically are ignoring all the statistics and going for the construction of new SRF facilities that
would actually dry the organic waste and prepare this as fuel. We are not saying that being on an island definitely we will have
to take energy recovery criteria and see what we can do with energy recovery. But if you have existing facilities that can take
the material at a very low cost, then you have to think twice before you get into huge investments based on the scale of the
market for energy recovery. (Appendix 3i-V)
So biomass is nice and I also promoted that a lot, because if you look at the 1999 directive 31, EU directive 31 of 1999, it talks
about biomass. (Appendix 3i-XIV)

Economy
Foreigners
First of all, there was a very large expat, UK expat, present here. Because of the army bases, which still are UK terrain. In other
words, it is owned by the UK. Both army and airforce, both here in Limassol and in Famagusta still belong to the UK. But you
have a lot of people retiring from the army etcetera etcetera, and it was cheap to live here. It was cheap to have an apartment
or a small house to retire to. The weather was good, they knew the island. So, there was a certain amount of economical
support for the island. But it did not, it did not bubble. In other words, the economical levels remained steady. Because there
was not enough English or others, actually residing here, or becoming pensioned here, or taking a second house here. It did
not have a great impact on the island. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Then of course, from 1974 the tourist industry started building up in the whole Med, more people traveling etcetera etcetera,
throughout Europe, on holidays and this and the other, holiday homes. So, they had a little bit of an upside. Why, because they
had their own currency, property was cheap, land was cheap. But, again no bubble. (Appendix 3i-IV)
But then what happened is, you had the disbandment of Russia. And Cyprus being a tax-heaven as such, its own currency,
its own taxes, its own laws. There was a lot of money of different shades, of money, if you know what I mean by shades. I
267

mean, good money, grey money, black money. Call it different shades of money, flowed into Cyprus and also through Cyprus.
(Appendix 3i-IV)
Habit/approach
With regards to business, Cyprus unlike most of the islands in the Med, they are quite exceptional. Inasmuch that for many
many years, up until them joining the EU, they were being looked at as being an offshore opportunity for business. (Appendix
3i-IV)
But, Cyprus is an independent nation. So, that makes a big difference in what they can and cannot do. Up until joining the
euro, they had their own currency, being the Cyprus Pound. That gave them flexibility, in other words, they could value their
currency as they wanted on the open market. So, Cyprus has, shall we say, enjoyed to a certain extend an evolution from their
independence. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Banks etcetera etcetera, especially with the shipping. Shipping has always found a big place here, because it is a transit
between the eastern part of the Mediterranean. Because it has also a free-port, it has dwang vrij. You understand dwang
vrij, with other words, they have a zone in which goods can come in, be remixed, and go out without actually entering Cyprus.
It is a toll-free area. It was very attractive. (Appendix 3i-IV)
And it all became very sexy for people to have a bank account here, to have a second residence here, etcetera etcetera.
(IAppendix 3i-IV)
Economy is on the top of their list, employment is on the top of their list. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Water, as an example, or waste. You have to find out what is important to them first. And then, when it is important to
everybody else, the only way it is going to be solved is by external funds coming in and financing this. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Problem
At the same time of course, when you have this explosion in economy, you have get a lot of misfits, a lot of people trying to
make money on the back of other people. You get an inbalance. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Especially the last couple of years we go through financial problems. The municipalities do not have the money to do their
cleaning properly. (Appendix 3i-V)
I can tell you for sure, in the last two years, in terms of cleanliness and tidiness etcetera, things have been going backwards.
Mostly, because of these financial problems. (Appendix 3i-V)
Change/future plan
Now, when the line of Russian money started coming in, then you had two things which happened. You had the commercial
banking which took off in a big way, but also you had property and prices of ground going up. (Appendix 3i-IV)
And that all came to an end, in one way, by Cyprus joining the euro, not by joining the EU, but by joining the euro. The cost
of living for the locals went up by 20 or 30%. It did not mean that much for the Russians who had the big money, because it
makes no difference they just had enough money. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Politics/policy
There is corruption everywhere. But, when a country grows up so fast there are, there is not enough controls in place. So, it
is manipulated. That manipulation is from top to bottom, through the banking, through economics, through who you know,
who can sign, who can do this and who can do that. So, this has been a big problem for Cyprus, to get their legislation in place.
It is coming, but it is still not there. (Appendix 3i-IV)

Social/General
Setting
So, Nicosia was built on a basis of a financial centre, not a tourist centre, not a residence centre, but a financial centre. Many
many banks here, all the banks, all the European banks were here processing these funds. (Appendix 3i-IV)
So if Nicosia is a financial centre, what is Limassol then? It is commercial because of the port. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Port and tourists? And tourists. Limassol is commercial. Many many banks here, because the expats from whatever country
they are do not reside in Nicosia. Nicosia is not an attractive place to live, it is too hot, it is this and the other. There is no
attraction and distraction. Whereas the coastal places, and Limassol being the major coastal resort, place to live, became also
a type of secondary commercial entity. (Appendix 3i-IV)
268

You can see all the buildings, all the property around, extravaganza. (Appendix 3i-IV)
We even have problems because of the way we built it in the city. For example, you are in the Netherlands, Amsterdam. You
see the city is solid built, when you build in areas, you build all the plots and then you move on. Now we have houses, with
empty spots in between. So people find it easy to go to these places and dump their waste. Especially when it is not close to
their dothouse. Even the way we build creates some of these problems. If you have a solid built area you cannot throw it away,
there are no places to throw it away. (Appendix 3i-V)
If you drive around you see the city is full of garbage. Maybe not a lot of household garbage, but you see other kinds of
garbage. Like electronic, furniture. But you know, people do not have an idea of where to put their garbage. (Appendix 3i-V)
Info on Limassol:
Town started where the old hospital and the post office are situated, after this the centre moved to the current old
centre: at the old harbour and old castle.
In 1940 the town got its roundway, for the movements of military vehicles during WOII.
the British on Cyprus made the port in Limassol more important, therefore flood prevention in the town became more
important.
In 1974 (the Turkish invasion) the big expansion started, with refugee estates (governmental) and people building
privately (building boom).
Limassol expanded to the north and east and municipalities which were far away were now stuck onto limassol.
Limassols population doubled.(Appendix 3i-XI)
So for example, if people buy an empty building plot and eventually they do not build a house on it, is that permitted or not?
The answer to your question is no. There is not, practically, any such restriction. (Appendix 3i-XI)
You know what they make? They say, they decided to do a marina Dubai style. So you will have a road going into the sea and
you have large villas on the side of the road in the water. You have a place to stay, a house, there will be a parking place for
the car, and a parking space on the other side of the house for the yacht. I think they sell them for 3 million or something like
that. (Appendix 3i-XIV))
Yes, in the small villages, most of the small villages in Cyprus, and we have the biggest number of villages per square kilometer
in Europe. There are a lot of small villages around in Cyprus, a lot. Our villages are really small, you get five or ten people living
just there. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Our cities are not designed for pedestrians or cyclists, so it is just cars. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
The only thing is, the Pedieos is very long, you can cycle quite a few kilometers, it is cycling along the river. For most of the
path there is a cycle lane and there is a pedestrian lane. So, when you go there you see the pedestrians are always on the side
of the river, sometimes you are on the left side of the river and sometimes on one bank and than on the other. So, always they
keep the pedestrian lane on the side of the river. But, it is nice. You get on the bike and you go, you get out of the city easily.
(Appendix 3i-XIV)
Because there are a lot of bikes on the bicycle lane and there is a risk of accidents, because of design flaws. There are certain
places where you go straight and then they built this thing, which the architect thought it would be a nice thing to have, but
this small bend that you see on the map, if you are moving a bit faster with the bike you have crashes. You have crashes with
the person coming from the other side, because you cannot see them. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Yes, the guys that do this, they never sat on a bike. It looks good on paper, but it does not work. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Habit/approach
Cypriots are nice people, accept they have a history of home-grown Cypriot versus UK Cypriot. (Appendix 3i-IV)
And like most of these islands they have become very protective of their own culture and their way of life. (Appendix 3i-IV)
They know their island. They are very self-centred in one way. They are very nice people, but they are very protective.
(Appendix 3i-IV)
From the 750 000 inhabitants of Cyprus, Greek Cyprus, there are 100 000 gun licences. And the male population is cars, and
shooting, it is very masculine, very macho tendency. You know, you do as I say and not as I do. (Appendix 3i-IV)
So, it is, the problem is it is a Mediterranean hot blooded existence. They are hot blooded, even the women. When they
have an argument, they have an argument. But then it is forgotten tomorrow and they will have another argument about
something else. (Appendix 3i-IV)
269

They are very lovable, but very hot blooded. (Appendix 3i-IV)
We believe, and of course the culture is the part that not everything is aligned to push people to do it properly. You have to
do things that are very convenient to people, so that they will participate. (Appendix 3i-V)
But, we have also another thing, here we think we are the center of the world. It sounds funny, but really, because we are on
this island and you have to travel with a plane or a boat to go outside. How to say, you think everything is here, but when you
go out you see what is going on. So, the people that go out usually, I do not know, they change their point of view on things.
Well, we are known for our hospitality here, especially up in the villages, like amazing. Which I think is not so common in other
countries outside the Mediterranean. (Appendix 3i-VI)
Well, what else about Cypriots. They like good food, they have good taste for sure. What else? We like to mainly like to show
they have like a nice car, a nice house. (Appendix 3i-VI)
What they care about is what car they will have. You tell them there is a hybrid car, but I like the BMW it is nicer. (Appendix
3i-VI)
People slowly slowly, from mouth to mouth, you see your neighbour doing it. That is one thing we do in Cyprus, you see the
neighbour doing something and you want to do the same. That is one way to make things happen. So, this is how things are
spreading now. You see your neighbour and you think I also want to do that. Something like that. (Appendix 3i-VI)
And the thing is be have been through war many many times and this made us as a nation very suspicious. Although we are
very hospital, we are not that open to new ideas and stuff. We need to meet someone that tried it and then we do it. You
can see, unless you are open minded, it is not so easy to cooperate. And due to the last war we had, in 1974, and the Turkish
invasion, people lost their homes and whatever they had. They lost it when they came to the southern part of Cyprus. So, was
this tendency to buy expensive stuff, giving your kids everything they did not have. (Appendix 3i-VI)
We have a lot of cars in the streets as you can see, everyone drives a car. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
We cycled yesterday, it was sometimes a little bit dangerous. Oh yes, because drivers do not pay that much attention. I14
(Appendix 3i-XIV)
For instance, if you are a Cypriot and you are lost or so, they will not give you the name of the street. They will say: do you
know where so and so shop is? This traffic lights of, we give for example the name of the shop that was near the traffic lights
twenty years ago. The shop is not there anymore, but we say the traffic lights of We do not know the street. (Appendix
3i-XIV)
But, do a lot of people use the river then here, or the park? Oh yes, now it is working day and you will not see many people.
But if you go, for instance in the weekend, yes. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Problem
But the problem is either they stayed abroad, or if they came back they all wanted to be managers. So, one of the problems
with the level of education here, is that you have a mix of education and mentally. And this is a big problem in Cyprus. They
have this external education, but this Mediterranean sort of avrio, avrio, you will get it done tomorrow. (Appendix 3i-IV)
Well, it is a strange time for the municipalities to say the truth. The last two years have been very difficult, most of them are,
for the first time, facing very serious financial problems. In fact, there is this whole discussion going on with consults from the
UK, about the future of the local authorities. So, most of these people are not sure if they will be there as a municipality as
they are today six months from today. So, for them it is like okay this is beyond, at this time. (Appendix 3i-V)
Awareness
But, it also makes them very much aware of how they have been exploited or how they are not been able to fulfill their own
culture, because of you know being occupied by all these other people, or peoples. (Appendix 3i-IV)
This thing does not exist in many countries. Another thing we have is with the family, we consider it very important here Like,
having say lunch or dinner with the family, is something standard. (Appendix 3i-VI)
Every new idea needs time and patience, but it will become a habit. We need examples to get used to the idea. So, I think this
is the right time to show what you can do in design. (Appendix 3i-X)
The Government is more open for listening and people also tend to talk a little more. There is an improvement, but people
are still not trusting the government very much. Therefore, they tend to go to independent body, like the Commissioner of
Environment or NGOs. (Appendix 3i-X)
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People know that there is a river, but we do not know the name. People know, yes yes yes yes. But, we do not know the name.
It is a peculiarity. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Change/future plan
But, for the local people it was also an opportunity. They started sending their children tom they could afford to send their
children to better schooling. A lot of their children went to universities outside of Cyprus. (Appendix 3i-IV)
If one compares things in the last ten years, a lot has happened. It has been a long way since then, but there is a longer way
ahead. (Appendix 3i-V)
Well, one things I can tell you for sure, is because we are a small island people might be, how to say, prejudiced. Like they are
not so easy to new ideas. Now the new generation is slightly better in this. (Appendix 3i-VI)
And they killed of the public transport we used to have before. Because when I was young I used to go with the bicycle,
busses, everyone was using the public transport. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Politics/policy
Info on Limassol:
Around 1990 Limassol got a new Planning Law, which from then looked at the Greater Limassol and not only at the
municipality. (Appendix 3i-XI)
So, I am not happy, I criticise the legislation quite a lot. Because there are always loopholes if you look in our legislation. We
transpose the European Directive to national legislation and you find loopholes. I know everybody does that. That is why a lot
of the members of Parliament are very angry. (Appendix 3i-XIV)
Second problem here is. That is good, it is good that we have legislation, we have problems, but it is good. The big problem is
that we are not usually strict in applying the legislation. From the moment that it passes parliament until whoever needs to
implement the legislation understands it. In the day to day work, whether they will implement it. We lose people. (Appendix
3i-XIV)

271

q Questionnaire
I

Characteristics

A questionnaire was made with general questions (Q1-6), and questions about water (Q7-10) and energy (Q11-14) use etcetera
of households. This English questionnaire was translated into Greek for better understanding under the Greek Cypriots.

Goal

The first goal of this questionnaire was to find out what the opinions (and habits) are of Cypriots and foreigners who live
in Limassol or Nicosia (for at least 6 months a year). This to compare the two cities, as well as Cypriots and foreigners.
Beforehand, the goal was set on 100 filled in questionnaires. After conducting and analysing the questionnaire, the choice
was made to only look at Limassol. Nevertheless is Nicosia still mentioned in distribution, response, and reliability.

Distribution

The initial idea was to distribute the questionnaire on the street, at different locations and at several time slots. Whilst trying
this it became clear that this is quite difficult in Cyprus. People tend to be in their cars or in restaurants/bars/shops, not loose
on the street. Therefore, the questionnaire was digitalised and put online using Qualtrics.com, to distribute the questionnaire
via email and Facebook. People were reached using contact persons on the island. So-called snowballing (Kumar, 2005) made
sure the questionnaire reached inhabitants of Limassol and Nicosia.
NB. In the online questionnaire four questions were added at the beginning to be able to get the informatie we would have
gotten whilst approaching people on the street:
Question

Answer options

a) Where does your household live?

(Greater) Nicosia, Cyprus


(Greater) Limassol, Cyprus
Other city/village

b) What is your gender?

Male
Female

c) What is the environmental view of your household?

We think the environment is important


We do not think the environment is important

d) I originally come from

Cyprus
Abroad

Response

Online 122 questionnaires were (partly) filled in, of which 96 were usable. The division was as following:
Limassol

Nicosia

TOTAL

Cypriots

27

53

80

Foreigners

10

16

TOTAL

33

63

96

Eventually the 33 questionnaires of the people living in Limassol were used in this thesis.

Reliability

The question is how reliable the results of this questionnaire are. The results might be biased.
Snowballing
Due to the fact that people were reached through snowballing, the results of this questionnaire can be biased. Most of
the contact persons on the island were somehow connected with creating a better environment. If they only shared the
questionnaire with people with a similar mindset, this influences the questionnaire.
272

Social desirability bias


When filling in questionnaires people sometimes tend to answer in a way they think is wanted, instead of their real opinion
(Van de Mortel, 2008). Therefore, this questionnaire - with a strong environmental vibe - could have gotten a more optimist
response towards environment than is true. Also, there is the possibility people answer differently to online questionnaires
than to paper questionnaires (Sax, Gilmartin & Bryant, 2003).
Response and results
The response and some of the results from the general questions can give ome insights on the level of bias.
The division between responses from Limassol and Nicosia:
Reality
Limassol: 42.9%
Nicosia: 57.1% (Appendix
3s-I)

Questionnaire
Limassol 34.4%
Nicosia: 65.6%

Conclusion
It would have been better to have more response from
Limassol, but it is not assumed that this will severely alter
the outcomes because of the minor difference.

The division between responses from Cypriots and foreigners:


Reality
Cypriots: 79.4%
Foreigners: 20.3%
Not stated: 0.3%
(Appendix 3s-I)

Questionnaire
Cypriots: 83.3%
Foreigners: 16.7%

Conclusion
The difference between reality and our questionnaire is not
extreme, it is not assumed that this will severly alter the
outcomes. Although it might be the case that less foreigners
are reached because of the snowballing.

The environmental view:


Reality
Important: 1%
Not important: 99%
(Appendix 3i-X)

Questionnaire
Important: 99%
Not important: 1%

Conclusion
The difference between reality and our questionnaire is
extreme, maybe the result of the snowballing or social
desirability. It is assumed that this will severely alter the
outcomes and this needs to be remembered when using the
results.

The number of people in a household:


Reality
1 person: 20.8%
2 or 3 persons: 49.1%
4 or 5 persons: 26.0%
6+ persons: 4.1%
(Appendix 3s-I)

Questionnaire
1 person: 18.8%
2 or 3 persons: 45.8%
4 or 5 persons: 28.1%
6+ persons: 7.3%

Conclusion
It would have been better to have more response from
people living with 1, or 2 or 3 persons in a household, but
it is not assumed that this will severely alter the outcomes
because of the minor difference.

The type of house:


Reality
Apartment: 28.7%
Terraced: 7.6%
Semi-detached: 13.7%
Freestanding: 40.1%
Other: 9.9%
(Appendix 3s-I)

273

Questionnaire
Apartment: 44.8%
Terraced: 5.2%
Semi-detached: 7.3%
Freestanding: 42.7%

Conclusion
It would have been better to have more response from
people living in terraced or semi-detached houses. It is
assumed that this could alter the outcomes and nthis needs
to be remembered when using the results.

274

In this research we find the inhabitants opinion, your opinion, very important. Therefore, we would
appreciate it very much if you could take the time to fill in this double-sided questionnaire about your
households water and energy use. The 14 questions take just a little more than 5 minutes to fill in.
This questionnaire is confident and no names are asked or used. The results will only be used in our
research (connected to the Wageningen University in The Netherlands).

We are students from Wageningen University, The Netherlands. To finish our Master study Landscape
Architecture we are doing research in Limassol and Nicosia. We are looking at ways to naturally clean
and retain storm water and ways how to use waste products to produce renewable biomass energy.

Dear mister, madam,

, ,
.
.
14 5 .
.
(
).

.

.

.

275

Terraced
(3 or more roofs
connected)

Semi-detached
(2 roofs connected)

6 or 7

Balcony (or more)

Rooftop garden

No outside space(s)

Freestanding
(1 roof)

Mostly water
(swimming pool)

Mostly plants

Mostly stone
(path, terrace, etc.)

8 or more

Mostly Totally
disagree disagree

()

(1
)

()

( , .)

Watering plants or
grass

Cooking

Cleaning (incl.
washing car)

Washing (clothes)
Other
Swimming pool
I do not know

Watering plants or
grass

Cooking

Cleaning (incl.
washing car)

Washing (clothes)
Other

Swimming pool
I do not know

Yes

No

Q8b: Would your household like to be able to use more water for the answer given on question 8a?
Choose one answer ...

Toilet

Shower

Q8a: For what does your household use the least water in and around your house? Choose one answer

Toilet

Shower

(.
)

()

(.
)

()

8:
8;

8: ;

7: ;

Households wish for the future

WATER

Q7: For what does your household use the most water in and around your house? Choose one answer

Economy

Current state

Culture

6: : , . 1 , 2
3 . ( )

Q6: Rank the importance of nature, culture and economy in this city: 1 for most important, 2 for semi-important, and 3 for
least important (use every number just one time)
Nature

E5: ;

My household likes meeting people in public green space.

My household only visits nature when free for most of the day.

There are enough places in this city for meeting people.

My household likes living in this city.

Public green space is important for my household.

My household would like to be able to visit nature more.

My household only lives in this city because of work.

This city is a healthy place to be.

(2
)

8 =

4: ();

()

1. (0.6 )
.

Neutral

(3 )

67

3: () ();

(

)

30oC, .

Mostly
agree

45

Within 1 km (0.6 miles) from my house there is public green space.

Totally
agree

23

2: ;

With temperatures above 30C, the household goes outside.

STATEMENT

Q5: Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Choose one answer per statement

No outside space(s)

Q4: Which characteristic fits the best with your outside space(s)? Choose one answer

Garden
(ground floor)

Q3: Does your house have outside space(s)? More answers possible

Apartment
(more houses under
1 roof)

Q2: In what type of house does your household live? Choose one answer

4 or 5

1: ;

2 or 3

Q1: How many people does your household consists of? Choose one answer

GENERAL

276

(.
)

()

9:
; .

Mostly
agree

Neutral

Mostly Totally
disagree disagree

Transportation

Other

I do not know

Transportation

Other

I do not know

Yes

No

Q12b: Would your household like to be able to use more energy for the answer given on question
12a? Choose one answer

()

(.. )

13: ;

Mostly
agree

Neutral

Thank you very much for cooperating!

If my household supports biomass energy production, having indirect


benefits would be enough (example: cleaner air).

If my household supports biomass energy production, having direct benefits


would be necessary (example: gas for cooking).

My household would not mind separating the organic waste (leftovers from
cooking, garden residues, etc.).

Totally
agree

Mostly Totally
disagree disagree

,
(:
).

,
(:
).


(ta , .).

Nothing

(,

.)

12:
12; ..

(.
, ,

.)

(, ,
.)

(.

.)

14: ?

Charcoal

Heat (e.g. warm water)

()

STATEMENT

Compost

(,

.)

12: ;

(.
, ,

.)

(, ,
.)

(.

.)

11:
;

,
(: ).

,
(: ).

()
.

Q14: Does your household agree or disagree with the following statements? Choose one answer per statement

Fuel

Electricity

Gas

Q13: Which product from biomass energy production would your household use? More answers possible

Lightening, etc.

Q12a: For what does your household use the least energy in and around your house? Choose one answer
Heating
Maintenance
Cooking
Electronics
Air conditioning
(also water for
(cleaning, garden,
(incl. oven, mixer,
(television,
shower etc.)
etc.)
dishwasher, etc.)
computer,
Washing (clothes)
telephone, etc.)

Lightening, etc.

Q11: For what does your household use the most energy in and around your house? Choose one answer
Heating
Maintenance
Cooking
Electronics
Air conditioning
(also water for
(cleaning, garden,
(incl. oven, mixer,
(television,
shower etc.)
etc.)
dishwasher, etc.)
computer,
Washing (clothes)
telephone, etc.)

NERGY

If my household supports storm water harvesting, having indirect benefits


would be enough (example: greener neighbourhood).

If my household supports storm water harvesting, having direct benefits


would be necessary (example: water for gardening).

My household would not mind alterations on the house (roof) to harvest


storm water.

Totally
agree

Swimming pool
Nothing
10: ?

Washing (clothes)
Other

STATEMENT

Watering plants or
grass

Cooking

Cleaning (incl.
washing car)

Q10: Does your household agree or disagree with the following statements? Choose one answer per statement

Toilet

Shower

Q9: For what would your household use treated storm water in and around your house? More answers possible

II

Single results

The single results of Q2 to Q14 for Limassol are shared here (Nicosia has been left out of the single results).

Most C
ypr
freesta iots live in a
wherea nding house,
s most
for
live in
an apa eigners
r tmen
t

both
have ony,
s
t
o
i
lc
Cypr
a ba
s
Most en and oreigner
d
f
r
a ga as most alcony
b
e
wher have a
y
l
n
o

Both Cypr
iots as we
ll as
the foreig
ners have
m
ostly
plants outs
ide

277

think
ts do not
io
r
p
y
C
st
Mo
place
a healthy
is
l
o
ss
a
Lim
to be
So
me me Cy
etin
p
g p riots
e
gre ople dislike
en
i
spa n pub
lic
ce.

n the
ey agree o
It seems th ere is public
th
fact that
rby
green nea

Cypriots seem
to dislike
living in the
city more
than foreign
ers

278

y
econom
oment
m
e
t
h
s
t
o
At
as the m the
is seen
in
t
u
nt, b
impor ta
uld like
riots wo ost
p
y
C
e
r
em
futu
to be th
nature
t
n
a
impor t

Both
the Cyprio
t
fore
igne s as we
ll as
r
s th
sho
i
the wer use nk the
mos
t wa s
ter

279

The opinions of the


foreigners are quite
divided on what uses the
least water

they
s think
Cypriot t water for
leas
ing
use the
nd cook
a
g
in
n
clea

fore Most C
ig
y
use ners d priots
mo
and
on
cat
ego re wat ot wa
nt
ries
er f
to
o
t
leas hey us r the
e th
t in
e

nd
priots a e
Most Cy
us
rs would
foreigne ormwater
st
et,
treated
the toil
g
in
h
s
u
and
for
plants,
e
h
t
g
in
water
cleaning

280

The majority of Cypriots


and foreigners would
not mind alteration on
their houses, but some
kind of (direct) benefit is
appreciated

k
thin the
s
t
o
i
g
ypr
olin
t
st C nd co e mos
o
M
a
th
ting ses
hea use u ergy
en
ho

Lighten
mainten ing and
ance use
least en
s the
ergy in
t
h
e
house,
Cypriots
believe

281

fore Most C
ig
y
use ners priots
do
mo
and
n
r
cat
ego e ene ot wa
rg
nt
ries
to
the y for
the
y
leas
u
t in se th
e

use
uld
o
w
he
ts
prio
nd t
t Cy ricity a
s
o
M
elect mpost
the
co

Most foreigners
would use
the electricity

The majority of Cypriots


and foreigners would
not mind alteration on
their houses, but some
kind of (direct) benefit is
appreciated

282

III

Cross results

With the help of the statistic analysis program SPSS, cross tables are created to see how certain answers are related to other
answers. Again only the results for Limassol are shared.
NUMBER 1
Type of house <> Type of outside space

Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding

40%
100%
100%
94%

80%
0%
100%
78%

0%
0%
0%
0%

No outside

Rooftop

Balcony

Garden

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (0 of 27 responses missing)

0%
0%
0%
0%

CYPRIOTS
100% = 5
100% = 1
100% = 3
100% = 18

Semi-detached
and freestanding
houses often have
both a garden and
balcony

Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding

No outside

Rooftop

Balcony

Garden

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (0 of 6 responses missing)

FOREIGNERS

25% 75% 0% 0%
0% 100% 0% 0%
0% 0% 100% 0%
0% 0% 0% 0%

100% = 4
100% = 1
100% = 1
0

Always only one


type of outside
space per type of
house

NUMBER 2
Type of house <> Characteristics of outside space

Stone

Plants

Water

No

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (0 of 27 responses missing)

CYPRIOTS
Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding

40%
0%
0%
0%

0% 40% 20%
0% 100% 0%
0% 67% 33%
0% 83% 17%

100% = 5
100% = 1
100% = 3
100% = 18

Appartments
sometimes do
not have outside
space, the rest is
mostly with plants

0% 50% 50%
0% 100% 0%
0% 100% 0%
0% 0% 0%

Stone

Water

0%
0%
0%
0%

Plants

No

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (0 of 6 responses missing)

FOREIGNERS
Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding

283

100% = 4
100% = 1
100% = 1
0

Outside spaces
of terraced and
semi-detached
houses are with
plants

NUMBER 3
S1: Going outside with temperature above 30C
S2: Visiting nature for whole day

0%
4%
0%
0%
0%

T disagree

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M disagree

Neutral

0% 11%
11% 7%
4% 11%
0% 7%
0% 11%

T agree

M agree

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing)


Right: S2

0%
7%
0%
0%
7%

0%
0%
4%
0%
0%

T disagree

Neutral

17% 0% 0%
0% 17% 0%
0% 0% 17%
17% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0%

M disagree

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M agree

T agree

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (1 of 6 respones missing)


Right: S2

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

17%
0%
0%
0%
0%

CYPRIOTS
Opinions are
spread

FOREIGNERS
Opinions are
spread

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

0%
4%
0%
0%
0%

M disagree

Neutral

37% 19%
4% 7%
0% 0%
7% 0%
11% 0%

T agree

M agree

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing)


Right: S2

T disagree

S1: Enough public green


S2: Public green is important

0%
4%
0%
0%
0%

4%
0%
0%
0%
0%

CYPRIOTS
Most opinions
totally/mostly
agree on both
statements

50% 17%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 17%
0% 0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

T disagree

Neutral

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

M disagree

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M agree

T agree

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (1 of 6 respones missing)


Right: S2

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

FOREIGNERS
Most opinions
totally agree on
both statements

284

S1: Enough public green


S2: Visiting mature for whole day

4%
4%
0%
7%
0%

T disagree

33%
11%
0%
7%
0%

M disagree

7%
0%
0%
0%
7%

Neutral

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M agree

T agree

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing)


Right: S2

11%
4%
0%
0%
0%

4%
0%
0%
0%
0%

CYPRIOTS
Most opinions
totally agree with
S1 and mostly
agree with S2

T disagree

Neutral

33% 17% 0%
0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 17%
0% 0% 0%

M disagree

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M agree

T agree

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (1 of 6 respones missing)


Right: S2

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

17%
0%
0%
0%
0%

FOREIGNERS
Most opinions
totally/mostly
agree with both
statements

S1: Enough public green


S2: Meeting people in public green

7%
4%
0%
4%
0%

T disagree

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M disagree

Neutral

22% 30%
0% 4%
0% 0%
0% 4%
4% 4%

T agree

M agree

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing)


Right: S2

0%
11%
0%
0%
4%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

CYPRIOTS
Most opinions
totally/mostly
agree with both
statements

Neutral

M disagree

T disagree

33% 17%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

17%
0%
0%
17%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

T agree

M agree

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (1 of 6 respones missing)


Right: S2

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

285

FOREIGNERS
Most opinions
totally/mostly
agree with both
statements

S1: City is healthy


S2: Public green is important

Neutral

0%
0%
4%
0%
0%

T disagree

4% 0%
7% 11%
11% 4%
22% 11%
15% 0%

M disagree

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M agree

T agree

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing)


Right: S2

0%
0%
0%
4%
0%

0%
0%
4%
0%
0%

CYPRIOTS
Most opinions
disagree with S1
and agree with S2

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

T disagree

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M disagree

Neutral

17% 0%
0% 17%
33% 17%
0% 0%
0% 0%

T agree

M agree

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (1 of 6 respones missing)


Right: S2

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

FOREIGNERS
Most opinions are
neutral concerning
S1 and agree with
S2

S1: Living in city only for work


S2: Like living in city

M agree

Neutral

M disagree

T disagree

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

T agree

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing)


Right: S2

0%
0%
0%
7%
4%

4% 7%
11% 4%
4% 4%
15% 11%
7% 0%

7%
7%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
4%
0%
0%

CYPRIOTS
Opinions are
spread

T disagree

Neutral

17% 0% 17%
0% 17% 0%
0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0%
0% 33% 0%

M disagree

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M agree

T agree

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (1 of 6 respones missing)


Right: S2

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

FOREIGNERS
Most opinions
disagree with S1
and agree with S2

286

7%
4%
4%
7%
0%
19%

4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
4%

4%
0%
7%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
7%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

E-N-C

C-E-N

C-N-E

N-E-C

N-C-E

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (5 of 6 responses missing)


Right: future

Under: now
N-C-E
N-E-C
C-N-E
C-E-N
E-N-C
E-C-N

E-C-N

C-E-N

C-N-E

CYPRIOTS
Most think it is
E-C-N now and
want N-C-E in
the future

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

E-C-N

Under: now
N-C-E
N-E-C
C-N-E
C-E-N
E-N-C
E-C-N

N-E-C

N-C-E

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (9 of 27 responses missing)


Right: future

E-N-C

NUMBER 4
Ranking now <> Ranking future (Nature - Culture - Economy)

FOREIGNERS
0%
0%
17%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

No conclusion, too
many reponses
missing

NUMBER 5
Type of house <> Most water used

0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
11%

Other

Pool
0%
0%
0%
0%

Pool

Other

Washing
20%
0%
0%
22%

Washing

Plants

0%
0%
0%
0%

0% 0% 0% 0%
0% 100% 0% 0%
0% 0% 100% 0%
0% 0% 0% 0%

0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%

Toilet

Cleaning

60%
100%
100%
33%

Cleaning

Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding

Cooking

Shower

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing)

0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%
17% 17%

CYPRIOTS
100% = 5
100% = 1
100% = 3
100% = 18

Apartments,
Terraced and
semi-detached
houses use the
most water for
the shower

Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding

287

50%
0%
0%
0%

Plants

Toilet

Cooking

Shower

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (1 of 6 responses missing)

FOREIGNERS
0%
0%
0%
0%

25%
0%
0%
0%

100% = 4
100% = 1
100% = 1
0

Opinions are
spread

NUMBER 6
Type of house <> Least water used

0%
0%
0%
6%

0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%
11% 11%

Pool

Other

Pool

0%
0%
0%
0%

Washing

Other

Washing

0% 20% 0% 40% 20%


0% 100% 0% 0% 0%
0% 33% 0% 0% 67%
0% 22% 11% 0% 39%

Cooking

Toilet

Cleaning

Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding

Plants

Shower

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing)

CYPRIOTS
100% = 5
100% = 1
100% = 3
100% = 18

Semi-detached
and freestanding
houses use the
least water for
cleaning

0% 0% 25% 25%
0% 100% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0% 0%

25%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%

Plants

Toilet

Cleaning

0%
0%
0%
0%

Other

0%
0%
0%
0%

FOREIGNERS

Cleaning

Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding

Cooking

Shower

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (2 of 6 responses missing)

40%
60%
100%
= 10

100% = 4
100% = 1
100% = 1
0

Opinions are
spread

NUMBER 7
Wish for more <> Least water used

50%
50%
100%
=2

x
x

0%
100%
100%
=1

50%
50%
100%
=2

50%
50%
100%
=2

Plants

Toilet
100%
0%
100%
=2

Other

29%
71%
100%
=7

Pool

x
x

Washing

Yes
No

Cooking

Shower

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (missing responses irrelevant)

CYPRIOTS
When least water
is used for the
toilet, more water
for this is wanted,
also sometimes for
watering plants

Pool

0% 0% 0%
100% 100% 100%

x
x

0%
100%

x
x

x
x

100% 100% 100%


=1 =1 =1

100%
=1

Cleaning

x
x

Toilet

x
x

Cooking

Washing

Yes
No

Plants

Shower

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (missing responses irrelevant)

FOREIGNERS
No conclusion, too
many reponses
missing

288

NUMBER 8
S1: Alterations on house
S2: Direct benefits

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

T disagree

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M disagree

Neutral

44% 11%
7% 22%
0% 7%
0% 4%
0% 0%

T agree

M agree

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing)


Right: S2

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

CYPRIOTS
Alterations are
accepted by most,
but all people
would like direct
benefits

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

T disagree

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M disagree

Neutral

33% 0%
0% 17%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%

T agree

M agree

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (2 of 6 responses missing)


Right: S2

17%
0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

FOREIGNERS
Alterations are
accepted by all,
not everyone
wants direct
benefits

S1: Alterations on house


S2: Indirect benefits

4%
0%
0%
0%
0%

T disagree

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M disagree

Neutral

37% 15%
7% 22%
0% 7%
4% 0%
0% 0%

T agree

M agree

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing)


Right: S2

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

CYPRIOTS
Alterations are
accepted by most,
but most people
would like indirect
benefits (less than
direct)

289

33% 17%
0% 17%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

T disagree

Neutral

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

M disagree

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M agree

T agree

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (2 of 6 responses missing)


Right: S2

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

FOREIGNERS
Alterations are
accepted by all, all
people would like
indirect benefits
(more than direct)

NUMBER 9
Type of house <> Most energy used

Other

Washing

0%
0%
0%
0%

CYPRIOTS
20%
0%
0%
11%

Air-co

20% 0% 0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
0% 33% 0% 33% 33%
6% 6% 11% 22% 17%

Electronics

0%
0%
0%
0%

20%
0%
0%
6%

Cooking

Transport

20%
100%
0%
22%

Maintain

Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding

Lighting

Heating

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (1 of 27 responses missing)

100% = 5
100% = 1
100% = 3
100% = 18

Opinions are
spread

0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%

25%
0%
0%
0%

Other

Air-co

25% 0% 0%
0% 100% 0%
0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0%

Washing

Electronics

0%
0%
0%
0%

25%
0%
0%
0%

Cooking

Transport

0%
0%
0%
0%

Maintain

Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding

Lighting

Heating

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (2 of 6 responses missing)

FOREIGNERS
100% = 4
100% = 1
100% = 1
0

Opinions are
spread

NUMBER 10
Type of house <> Least energy used

Electronics

Air-co

Washing

Other

0%
0%
0%
6%

0%
0%
0%
0%

20%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%

Electronics

Air-co

Washing

Other

20%
0%
0%
17%

Maintain

Cooking

Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding

Lighting

0% 20% 20% 0%
0% 0% 100% 0%
0% 67% 33% 0%
11% 28% 33% 0%

Heating

Transport

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (2 of 27 responses missing)

0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%

CYPRIOTS
100% = 5
100% = 1
100% = 3
100% = 18

Terraced and
freestanding
houses use the
least energy for
maintenance,
semi-detached
houses for lighting

Cooking

0%
0%
0%
0%

Transport

25%
100%
0%
0%

Maintain

Apartment
Terraced
Semi-detached
Freestanding

Lighting

Heating

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (2 of 6 responses missing)

50%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%

FOREIGNERS
0%
0%
0%
0%

100% = 4
100% = 1
100% = 1
0

Apartments use
the least energy
for maintenance,
terraced houses
for heating

290

NUMBER 11
Wish for more <> Least energy used

CYPRIOTS

Maintain

Transport

Cooking

Electronics

Air-co

Washing

Other

50%
50%
100%
=2

25%
75%
100%
=8

22%
78%
100%
=9

x
x

50%
50%
100%
=4

0%
100%
100%
=1

x
x

100%
0%
100%
=1

x
x

x
x

Lighting

Yes
No

Heating

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (missing responses irrelevant)

When least
energy is used
for the washing,
more energy for
this is wanted,
also sometimes
forheating and
cooking

Transport

Cooking

Electronics

Air-co

Washing

Other

Yes
No

x
x

0%
100%

x
x

x
x

x
x

x
x

x
x

x
x

x
x

100%
=2

100%
=2

Lighting

0%
100%

Heating

Maintain

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (missing responses irrelevant)

FOREIGNERS
No conclusion, too
many reponses
missing

NUMBER 12
S1: Separating organic waste
S2: Direct benefits

7%
4%
0%
0%
0%

T disagree

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M disagree

Neutral

37% 15%
4% 19%
0% 0%
0% 0%
4% 0%

T agree

M agree

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (3 of 27 responses missing)


Right: S2

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

CYPRIOTS
Waste separation
would be done by
most, but most
people would like
direct benefits

291

M disagree

T disagree

17%
0%
0%
0%
0%

Neutral

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M agree

T agree

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (2 of 6 responses missing)


Right: S2

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

17% 17%
17% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%
0% 0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

FOREIGNERS
Waste separation
would be done
by all, and a
minority would
like direct benefits

S1: Separating organic waste


S2: Indirect benefits

0%
4%
0%
0%
0%

T disagree

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M disagree

Neutral

41% 19%
7% 15%
0% 0%
0% 0%
4% 0%

T agree

M agree

LIMASSOL - CYPRIOTS (3 of 27 responses missing)


Right: S2

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

CYPRIOTS
Waste separation
would be done by
most, but most
people would like
indirect benefits
(more an direct)

0%
17%
0%
0%
0%

T disagree

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

M disagree

50%
0%
0%
0%
0%

Neutral

Under: S1
T agree
M agree
Neutral
M disagree
T disagree

M agree

T agree

LIMASSOL - FOREIGNERS (2 of 6 responses missing)


Right: S2

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

FOREIGNERS
Waste separation
would be done
by all, but most
people would like
indirect benefits
(more than direct)

292

Statistics

Statistics Cyprus
1. Population per district and urban/rural
2. Census of population
3. Water resources
4. Water use
5. Price of potable water - households
6. Energy/electricity use
7. Renewable energy capacity
8. Price of electricity - households
9. Generation and treatment of municipal waste
10. Population per municipality/community
11. Population growth

1. Population per district and urban/rural

293

(Source: Excel file from http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_21main_en/


populationcondition_21main_en?OpenForm&sub=1&sel=2)

2. Census of population

294

(Source: Excel file from http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/


cystat/statistics.nsf/index_en/index_en?OpenDocument)

3. Water resources

(Source: Table from


http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/
portal/page/portal/statistics/
search_database)

295

(Source: Table from


http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/
portal/page/portal/statistics/
search_database)

4. Water use

(Source: Table from


http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/
portal/page/portal/statistics/
search_database)
296

5. Price of potable water - households

(Source: Water Board Lemesos)

297

6. Energy/electricity use

(Source: Excel file from http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/energy_environment_81main_en/energy_


environment_81main_en?OpenForm&sub=1&sel=2)

298

7. Renewable energy capacity

(Source: Table from Cyprus Energy Agency)

299

8. Price of electricity - households

(Source: Table from


http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/
portal/page/portal/statistics/
search_database)

9. Generation and treatment of municipal waste

(Source: Excel file from http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/energy_environment_82main_en/energy_


environment_82main_en?OpenForm&sub=2&sel=2)

300

10. Population per municipality/community

301

302

(Source: Excel file from http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_21main_en/


populationcondition_21main_en?OpenForm&sub=1&sel=2)

303

11. Population growth

(Source: Excel file from http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_21main_en/


populationcondition_21main_en?OpenForm&sub=1&sel=2)

304

II

Statistics the Netherlands


1. Price of potable water - households
2. Price of electricity - households

1. Price of potable water - households

(Source: Private bills)


305

2. Price of electricity - households

(Source: Table from


http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/
portal/page/portal/statistics/
search_database)

306

307

PART 4

308

Calculations

Calculations chapter 4.4


1. Treatment surface

Surface Little Garyllis watershed in m2


Surface treatment in m2 (2% (1))

1,072,798.3
21,455.97

Surface sub-watersheds in m2
Surface treatment sub-watersheds in m2 (2% (1))

SUB-W 1
231,726.1
4,634.5

(1) = (Bratieres et al., 2008)

309

SUB-W 2
374,619.4
7,492.4

SUB-W3
359,982.6
7,199.7

SUB-W 4
106,470.2
2,129.4

Extra information

Design explorations Little Garyllis scale level


1. Urban organic waste harvesting locations
2. Path locations

1. Urban organic waste harvesting locations


The initial idea was to use empty plots for urban organic waste harvesting, but this resulted in some areas having a lot of
harvesting possibilities and others almost none.

310

Therefore, besides empty plots also spacious streetscapes and multifunctional areas (car parks, sports fields, etcetera) were
used to make sure everyone in the Little Garyllis had to only walk 100 m to the nearest harvesting location.

311

2. Path locations
For the placement of the 3.5 m wide pedestrian and cyclist path in Little Garyllis Performing Park, an exploration on the
options for the location was conducted. Including the locations: river, park, treatment and city, six options are possible. In the
design of Littke Garyllis Performing Park it is made sure that all path options are present, and ensure variety.
river - river

city - river

park - park

park - treatment

treatment - treatment

city - park

city - city

city - treatment

park - river

river - treatment

312

II

Design explorations Four Fanaria scale level


1. Basin shapes of Four Fanaria
2. Different paths for experience

1. Basin shapes of Four Fanaria


During the design exploration quite some shapes of the
basins of the third treatment facility were tested. Also, the
amount of basins was elaborated. Although more basins
would be better for the experience, in the end the third
treatment facility only consists of three basins. The reason
for this is the height differences needed to keep the water
flowing. To make sure the experience is high enough, gabions
are used to create smaller fake basins at Four Fanaria.

1
313

2. Different paths for experience


The role of the paths is important in the Performing Park,
as they bring people to certain parts of the park. Beside the
ongoing pedestrian and cyclist path with a width of 3.5 m,
Four Fanaria also has a ground level pedestrian path with
a width of 2.5 m, and narrow 1.5 m wide paths going into
the second and third basin. Although the locations of these
paths are related to the location of the energy building (see
chapter 4.4), also some explorations are done to find the
most optimal locations for the experience.

3
314

i Interviews
I

Transcript Achterkamp

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Wouter Achterkamp
Swillgasser, Huisman Elektrotechniek bv

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Face-to-face, notes
Van Der Valk Hotel Cuijk
30 January 2014
approximately 30

Info:
The Swillgasser is an anaerobic digester, which fits in a standard container.
On and around this container an one meter safety zone is needed, although there is almost no danger.
The digester should be odorless and quiet.
At Van Der Valk only swill (kitchen waste) is processed, but more woody materials should be possible too. Most likely
some other bacteria have to be added, and more compost will be produced.
Op en rondom deze container hoeft er maar n meter vrij te blijven als veiligheidszone, maar er is vrijwel geen gevaar.
In principle is de Swillgasser gereukloos en geluidloos.
At Van Der Valk nothing is really done with the biogas at the moment, but test are done to see what the possibilities are.
Electricity as well as green gas seem an option.
A Swillgasser, in a standard container, costs around 150,000.

315

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Wouter Achterkamp
Swillgasser, Huisman Elektrotechniek bv

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Email
27 Februari 2014
-

Beste Wouter,
De uitleg in Cuijk vonden we erg nuttig, nogmaals bedankt daarvoor.
Wij hebben wel nog een paar vragen over de Swillgasser.





Op de site staat dat de Swillgasser geschikt is voor minimaal 100 m3 organisch afval, zou je kunnen zeggen hoeveel kg
dat ongeveer is?
Wat is de maximale hoeveelheid organisch afval wat de Swillgasser (opstelling Cuijk) aan kan?
Hoeveel m3 biogas kan er met de Swillgasser worden geproduceerd met 1 kg organisch afval?
Zal de biogas productie sterk afnemen als er meer houtig organisch afval wordt verwerkt, zou je iets kunnen zeggen over
het effect?
Hoeveel water per kg organisch afval is er nodig tijdens het proces?
Hoeveel energie per kg organisch afval is er nodig tijdens het proces?

We zullen het voor nu bij deze vragen houden, hopelijk kunnen ze beantwoord worden.
Alvast bedankt!
Vriendelijke groeten,
Dianne & Vivien
ANSWER:
Hallo Dianne & Vivien,
Onderstaand in rood de antwoorden op jullie vragen.
Met vriendelijke groet, Kind regards,
Huisman Elektrotechniek
Wouter Achterkamp
(Projectengineer)





Het soortelijk gewicht is ca. 1kg/liter, dus ca. 100.000kg


Dit is afhankelijk van de samenstelling, maar komt neer op ca. 150 m3/jaar in een container uitvoering. Grotere installaties
buiten een container zijn uiteraard ook mogelijk. Daarbij zijn er in theorie geen beperkingen meer.
Uit 1kg swill komt ca. 200liter biogas.
Zie onderstaande tabel wat betreft de biogasproductie van verschillende materialen. Over het algemeen kun je zeggen
dat vezelachtig materiaal niet wordt afgebroken. Mark van der Ham kan je hier overigens veel meer over vertellen dan ik.
[http://www.fibronot.nl/images/opbrengstschema-biogas.jpg]
Uitgaande van voedselafval, dienen wij een 25% water toe aan de grondstof
Op jaarbasis verbruikt de installatie ca. 5.800 kWh (verwarming, pomp, besturing, etc.). Uitgaande van 100 m3/jaar komt
dit neer op 58W/kg.

316

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Wouter Achterkamp
Swillgasser, Huisman Elektrotechniek bv

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Email
6 June 2014
-

Beste Wouter,
We hadden nog een klein vraagje over een assumptie die wij hebben.
Wij denken dat het omzetten van biogas naar electriciteit minder gevaren (explosie etc.) met zich mee brengt, dan biogas
naar groengas? Kan je dit bevestigen?
Groeten,
Dianne & Vivien
ANSWER:
Hallo Dianne, Vivien,
Excuus voor mijn late reactie, maar door wijzigingen in mijn werkzaamheden heb ik nog maar beperkte toegang tot mijn
email.
Met onderstaande bewering omtrent de veiligheid ben ik het niet eens. Beide situaties zijn zonder problemen veilig
uitvoerbaar, het is hooguit een kwestie welke van de twee opties de meeste/minste kosten met zich mee zal brengen. Dit is
echter weer sterk afhankelijk van de situatie. Het aardgasnet in Nederland zou vergelijkbaar kunnen zijn met een biogasnet
en is daarmee dus niet onveilig te noemen.
Met vriendelijke groet, Kind regards,
Huisman Elektrotechniek
Wouter Achterkamp

317

Interviewer:
Interviewee:

Dianne van de Berkt & Vivien Francis


Wouter Achterkamp
Swillgasser, Huisman Elektrotechniek bv

Medium:
Location:
Date:
Duration:

Email
12 June 2014
-

Hallo Wouter,
Bedankt voor het antwoord, hier kunnen we wel iets mee. Je zegt dat het misschien een kwestie is van meeste/minste kosten.
Wat heeft gemiddeld gezien een hoger rendement groene elektriciteit of groen gas? Hiermee bedoelen we wat is de betere
optie als we het toch voor het kiezen hebben?
We stellen jouw hulp erg op prijs.
Groeten,
Dianne & Vivien
ANSWER:
Hallo Dianne, Vivien,
rendement zegt iets over verliezen. De verliezen hebben betrekking op de gekozen verbruiker, niet of deze elektrisch of op
gas werkt.
Met het rendement wat jullie noemen bedoelen jullie denk ik wat kostentechnisch het beste terugverdien model geeft. Dit
is weer afhankelijk van de ter plaatse geldende kWh (kiloWatt-uur) en aardgas prijzen. Kortom, lastig om hier een uitspraak
over te doen.
Over het algemeen is elektriciteit breder toepasbaar en gemakkelijk te transporteren (de buurman gebruikt het immers weer
van je). Het opwekken op kleine schaal is echter nog lastig. Toch zou ik aanhouden dat wanneer er in er omgeving van de
vergister GEEN warmte vraag is, dat er DAN beter elektriciteit van gemaakt kan worden. Dit met name in verband met het
transport.
Hoop dat dit jullie iets verder helpt.
Met vriendelijke groet,
Wouter Achterkamp

318

319

PART 5

320

c Calculations
I

Calculations chapter 5.2

1. Detention surface
2. Show digester

1. Detention surface
Needed
Precipitation in mm (1)
Runoff in mm
Surface
Runoff in m3

SUB-W 1
57,9
46,32
231726,1
10.733,55

SUB-W 2
57,9
46,32
374619,4
17.352,37

SUB-W3
57,9
46,32
359982,6
16.674,39

SUB-W 4
57,9
46,32
106470,2
4.931,70

Runoff in mm

Precipitation * 0.8 (run-off coefficient)

Runoff in m3

Runoff in mm * surface / 1000

Available in design
Detention 1
Detention 2
Detention 3
Detention 4
TOTAL

SUB-W 1
1.072
6.332
3.348

SUB-W 2
3.717
1.610
12.111

10.752

17.438

SUB-W3
3.053
4.129
2.953
7.043
17.178

SUB-W 4
4.287
1.340

5.627

(1) = (Appendix 3c-III)

2. Show digester
Households

Park

Potential urban organic waste Little Garyllis in kg (1)


Percentage

897.413
82%

195.757
18%

Capacity show digester in kg

300.000

= 27%

Housholds

Park

Contribution in kg
Biogas yield in m3 (2)
Electricity yield in kWh (2)

246.000
24.599,89
49.199,79

TOTAL electricity yield show digester in kWh


TOTAL electricity yield show digester in MWh

56.762,55
56,76

(1) = (Appendix 3c-I)


(2) = infobox 1.2

321

54.000
3,781,40
7.562,76

II

Calculations chapter 5.3

1. Water use
2. Electricity use

1. Water use
Water use by digester
Water use in L per kg feedstock (1)
Amount of feedstock per year in kg (2)
Water use in m3 by digester

0,35
300.000
105

Water use for irrigation


Water yield stormwater harvesting in m3 (3)
Water use in m3 by digester

255.862,39
105

Excess water

255.757,39

Eto in inch
per day (4)
January
Februari
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

Plant factor

Square feet

0,055880112
0,075928009
0,106680213
0,148293963
0,190500381
0,224409449
0,232410465
0,214630429
0,17191601
0,120650241
0,077427822
0,054610109

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70
961.055,70

Efficiency

Gallons of
water per day m3 per day
(5)

January
Februari
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75
0,75

45,111.28
61,295.68
86,121.53
119,715.76
153,788.44
181,162.78
187,621.90
173268.31
138,785.52
97,399.35
62,506.46
44,086.02

170.76
232.03
326.01
453.17
582.15
685.78
710.23
655.89
525.36
368.70
236.61
166.88

Constant
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
0,63
TOTAL water
in m3 per
month
5,293.71
6,496.82
10,106.17
13,595.20
18,046.73
20,573.27
22,017.01
20,332.65
15,760.81
11,429.60
7,098.38
5,173.40

TOTAL
155.923,70
100% can be covered by the stormwater harvesting
(1) = (Appendix 4i-I) (0.35 L / kg is used due to drier feedstock)
(2) = (Appendix 5c-I)
(3) = (Appendix 3c-I)
(4) = (Bruggeman et al., 2011)

322

December

0,75

44,086.02

166.88

5,173.40

TOTAL
155.923,70
100% can be covered by the stormwater harvesting

(1) = (Appendix 4i-I) (0.35 L / kg is used due to drier feedstock)


(2) = (Appendix 5c-I)
(3) = (Appendix 3c-I)
(4) = (Bruggeman et al., 2011)
(5) = (Irrigationtutorials, 2011) ( (Eto * plant factor * square feet * 0.63) / efficiency = gallons of water per day)

2. Electricity use
Electricity use by digester
Electricity use in kWh per kg feedstock (1)
Amount of feedstock per year in kg (2)
Electricity use in MWh by digester

0,058
300.000
17,4

Electricity use for lighting


Electricity yield show digester in MWh
Electricity use in MWh by digester

56,76
17,4

Excess electricity

39,36

Length of path in m
Amount of lights (one every 10 m)
Annual consumption per LED light in kWh (3)
Total electricity use lights in MWh

5.000
500
292
146
27% can be covered by the show digester

(1) = (Appendix 4i-I)


(2) = (Appendix 5c-I)
(3) = (LED, n.d.)

323

III

Calculations chapter 5.4

1. Urban organic waste farm potential


2. Cars as comsumer

1. Urban organic waste farm potential


73% of watershed's urban organic waste
Housholds
Contribution in kg
Biogas yield in m3 (2)
Electricity yield in kWh (2)
Green gas yield in kg (3)
Biogas yield in m3 (3)
Electricity yield in kWh (3)
Electricity yield in MWh
Green gas yield in kg (3)

Park

651.413
65.141,30
130.282,60
39.084,78

141.757
9926,62
19.853,24
5.955,97

75,067.92
150,135.84
150.14
45,040.75

Remaining household organic waste Greater Limassol


Amount of inhabitants Greater Limassol (1)
Number of people in one household (1)
Number of households
Amount of organic waste / household / year (2)
Amount of household organic waste Greater Limassol in kg
Amount of household organic waste Little Garyllis in kg
Remaining household organic waste in kg
Biogas yield in m3 (3)
Electricity yield in kWh (3)
Green gas yield in kg (3)

180,201
2.76
65,290.22
780
50926371.60
897,413
50028958.60
5002895.86
10005791.72
300173.52

TOTAL
TOTAL electricity yield in kWh
TOTAL electricity yield in MWh
TOTAL electricity yield in GWh
TOTAL green gas yield in m3

10.155.927,56
10.155,93
10,16
934.855,30

(1) = (Appendix 3s-I)


(2) = infobox 3.2 (15 kg per week is used for cities, instead of the 20 kg per week for
rural areas)
(3) = infobox 1.2

324

2. Cars as consumer
Driving electric or on green gas
Efficiency

Electric

Green gas

10 m3 biogas = 20 kWh (1)


1 km = 0.08-0.3 kWh (2)
10 m3 = 67-250 km

10 m3 = 100 km (1)

Comparing costs petrol and electric


Costs

Petrol (95 unleaded)

Electric

8.3 L = 100 km (1:12)


2011: 1 L = 1.208 euro (3)
100 km = 11.93 euro

8-30 kWh = 100 km (2)


2011: 1 kWh = 0.22 euro (4)
100 km = 1.76-6.60 euro

(1) = infobox 1.2


(2) = (Driven by Helmond, n.d.)
(3) = (Enemalta, 2011)
(4) = (Appendix 3s-I)

325

Extra information

Slope types

326

II

Vegetation list

This vegetation list is made with the help of TsTsintides, Hadjikyriakou & Christrodoulou (2002), Janssen (2006) and images on
Google. The following aspects were of importance whilst chosen vegetation:
Able to grow in lower altitudes up to 100 m.
Mostly trees and shrubs are chosen that are already present on the island, the only exception is made for filter plants.
Fitting in the white, green-yellow, orange, red, brown, black colour scheme.

Schemes

In three schemes (indigenous/endemic, adventive/cultivated/extotic, and new to the island) the following characteristics are
shared.
Type
Origin: indigenous/endemic or adventive/cultivated/exotic
State: evergreen or deciduous
Tree, shrub or different (possibly climbing)
Height
Maximum height
Transparency
Estimate: open/medium/dense
Crown shape
Only if it is a tree, otherwise: N.A.
Estimate: columnar/oval/round/oblate/narrow pyramidal/wide pyramidal/ovate/wide ovate/narrow obovate/v-shaped/
wide v-shaped/ narrow weeping/wide weeping

Indigenous/endemic
Latin name

English name

Type

Height

Transparency

Crown shape

Alnus orientalis

Oriental Alder

20 m

medium

oval

Arbutus unedo

Strawberry Tree

5m

medium

oblate

Asparagus stipularis

Wild Asparagus

indigenous deciduous
tree
indigenous evergreen
shrub
indigenous shrub

2m

open

n.a.

Ballota integrifolia

endemic shrub

1.5 m

dense

n.a.

Bosea cypria

Entire-Leaved
Horehound
Cyprus Bosea

2m

dense

n.a.

Celtis australis

Southern Nettle-Tree

20 m

medium

oblate

Ceratonia siliqua

Carob Tree

endemic evergreen
shrub
indigenous deciduous
tree
indigenous evergreen
tree

10 m

dense

oblate

Clematis cirrhosa

Virgins Bower

5m

medium

n.a.

Crataegus monogyna

One-Styled Hawthorn

7m

medium

round

Cyprinia gracilis

8m

medium

n.a.

Ficus carica

Common Fig Tree

indigenous evergreen
climbing shrub
indigenous deciduous
tree/shrub
indigenous deciduous
climbing shrub
indigenous deciduous
tree/shrub

6m

medium

oblate

327

Leaves
Type
Size: small/medium/large
Colour: pale/medium/dark
Flowers
Type
Colour
Time
Seed/fruit
Type
Colour
Time
Role
Role in providing human comfort: shade in summer (HS) and or wind barrier in winter (HB), medium crown
transparency: + needles or hairy leaves = fine dust (HF), + needles or waxy/leathery leaves = volatile organic matter
(HP), + flat large leaves = ozone (HO) (Hiemstra, Schoenmaker Van der Bijl & Tonneijck, 2008)
Role in filtering stormwater (F)
Appearance: crown shape (AC), flowers (AF), seeds/fruit (AS), leaves (AL), odour (AO)
Storytelling capacity of: where there is water, there is vegetation (SW) or of cultural (SC)
In:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn

Leaves

Flowers

Seeds/fruits

Role

alternate, simple, ovate, serrate, glabrous


medium medium green
alternate, simple, leathery, narrowly elliptic
medium medium green
alternate, scaly, membranous small pale
green
opposite, simple, obovate small dark green

catkins yellow/red
winter
petals white
autumn/winter
petals green/yellow
spring
blossoms white/red
spring
petals green/brown
spring
petals green/yellow
- spring
petals green/
brown/orange
autumn

nuts brown
summer
berries orange/red
spring
berries black
autumn/winter
nuts brown
summer
berries red
summer
drupes green/
brown autumn
pods brown
summer

HS (2-4)
SW
HP (1-4)
AS (2)
AL (2-4)
SC
SC

blossoms white/
yellow winter
blossoms white
spring
petals yellow/green
summer
blossoms white
spring

achenes white
spring
pomes red
autumn
follicles brown
autumn
syncarps brown/
purple summer

alternate, simple, glabrous, broadly lanceolate


small medium green
alternate, simple, narrowly ovate medium
medium green
alternate, compound, parinnate, leathery
medium medium green

opposite, simple medium medium green


alternate, simple, lobed, ovate, oblong
medium medium green
opposite, simple, leathery, glabrous, elliptical
small medium green
alternate, simple, lobed, ovate large dark
green

HB (1-4)
AS (3)
HS (2-4)
HB (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AF (4)
AS (3)
SC
AF (1)
AS (2)
AS (3)
HP (2-4)
HO (2-4)
AF (2)
AS (3)
AL (2-4)
SW
328

Hedera Helix

Ivy

Helichrysum
conglobatum
Inula viscosa

medium

n.a.

Everlasting

indigenous evergreen
climbing shrub
indigenous subshrub

80 cm

medium

n.a.

Clammy Inula

indigenous subshrub

1.5 m

medium

n.a.

Juniperus
phoenicea

Phoenician
Juniper

indigenous evergreen
tree/shrub

10 m

medium

oblate

Laurus nobilis

Laurel

indigenous evergreen
tree/shrub

10 m

dense

round

Lawsonia inermis

Henna Plant

indigenous evergreen
tree/shrub

6m

medium

round

Myrtus communis

Common Myrtle

indigenous evergreen
shrub

3m

medium

n.a.

Nerium oleander

Oleander

indigenous evergreen
shrub

4m

medium

n.a.

Olea europaea

Olive Tree

indigenous evergreen
tree/shrub

10 m

medium

round

Ononis spinosa

Spiny Resth-harrow

indigenous subshrub

80 cm

medium

n.a.

Origanum majorana

Sweet Marjoram

endemic shrub

1m

open

n.a.

Phragmites australis

Reed

indigenous perennial
herb

3m

medium

n.a.

Pistacia atlantica

Terebinth Tree

indigenous deciduous
tree

15 m

medium

oblate

Pinus brutia

Calabrian Pine

indigenous evergreen
tree

25 m

open

wide pyramidal

Platanus orientalis

Oriental Plane

indigenous deciduous
tree

30 m

medium

round

Polygonum
equisetiforme

Horsetail Knotweed

indigenous subshrub

1m

medium

n.a.

Cyprus Oak

Quercus infectoria

indigenous semideciduous tree

15 m

medium

oblate

Rubus sanctus

Holy Bramble

indigenous evergreen
shrub

2m

dense

oblate

Salix alba

White Willow

indigenous deciduous
tree

30 m

medium

round

Sarcopoterium
spinosum

Prickly Burnet

indigenous shrub

50 cm

medium

n.a.

329

alternate, simple, ovate, elliptic medium


dark green
alternate, simple, hairy, ovate small pale
green
numerous, simple, lanceolate small
medium green
opposite, scale-like small dark green

petals green/yellow
autumn
petals white/yellow
spring
petals white/yellow
summer/autumn
cones yellow/brown
winter

berries black/yellow
autumn/winter
achenes white
spring
achenes white
autumn
cones red/brown
autumn

alternate, simple, coriaceous, elliptic small


size dark green

petals white/green
winter

berries black
autumn

opposite, simple, obovate large medium


green

petals white/yellow
spring

opposite, simple, ovate medium medium


green

blossoms white
spring/summer

capsules orange/
brown summer/
autumn
berries black/white
autumn/winter

opposite, simple, think, narrowly lanceolate


medium dark green

blossoms white
spring/summer/
autumn
petals white/green
spring

follicles brown
autumn/winter

pods brown
summer/autumn

alternate, distichous, linear, glabrous medium


pale green

blossoms white/
pink spring/
summer/autumn
petals white
spring/summer/
autumn
panicles brown
summer/autumn

alternate, compound, pinnate, lanceolate


medium medium green

petals brown/green
winter/spring

caryopsises
brown summer/
autumn
drupes red/green
autumn

spirally, scale-like, needle-like medium pale


green

cones yellow/red
spring

cones brown spring

alternate, simple, leathery, hairy/glabrous


large pale green

petals green
spring

achenes brown autumn

alternate, simple, linear-lanceolate small


dark green
alternate, simple, glabrous, - medium
medium green

petals white/red
spring/summer/
autumn
catkins green/
yellow spring

achenes brown
spring/summer/
autumn
nuts brown/green
autumn

alternate, compound, imparippinate, obovate


small medium green

blossoms pink/white
all year

berries black all


year

alternate, simple, lanceolate, hairy small


pale green

catkins green/
yellow winter

capsules green/
yellow spring

alternate, compound, ovate small medium


green

petals white/
yellow/red winter

achenes green/red
spring

alternate, simple, leathery, narrowly elliptic


small pale green
alternate, compound, hairy, ovate small
medium green
opposite, simple, lamina long, hairy small
pale green

drupes black/purple
autumn/winter

nuts green/brown
summer/autumn

SW
SC
HF (?)
AS (4)
SW
HB (1-4)
HF (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AS (1-4)
HB (1-4)
AS (4)
AO (1-4)
SW
HO (1-4)
AS (2)
SC
AO (1-4)
SW
SC
HB (1-4)
AF (2-4)
SW
HP (1-4)
AS (4-1)
SC
HF (1.4)
SW
HF (1-4)
AO (?)
SC
F
SW
HS (2-4)
SC
HF (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AC (1-4)
SC
HS (2-4)
HF (2-4)
HP (2-4)
SW

HS (2-4)
AF (1-4)
AS (1-4)
SW
HS (2-4)
HF (2-4)
F
SW
AS (3)
330

Silene fruticosa

Woody Catchfly

indigenous subshrub

50 cm

dense

n.a.

Styrax officinalis

Storax

6m

medium

round

Tamarix tetragyna

Desert Tamarisk

indigenous deciduous
tree/shrub
indigenous deciduous
tree/shrub

15 m

medium

oblate

Tamarix tetrandra

Tamarisk

3m

open

n.a.

Ulmus canescens

Mediterranean Elm

10 m

medium

oval

Vitex agnus-castus

Caste Tree

indigenous deciduous
shrub
indigenous deciduous
tree
indigenous deciduous
shrub

3m

medium

n.a.

Adventive/cultivated/exotic
Latin name

English name

Type

Height

Transparency

Crown shape

Acacia salicina

Willow Wattle

10 m

open

round

Agave americana

Century Plant

7m

medium

n.a.

Albizia julibrissin

Silk Tree

exotic evergreen
tree/shrub
adventive evergreen
perennial herb
exotic deciduous tree

15 m

medium

oblate

Alcea setosa

Bristly Hollyhock

adventive herb

1.5 m

open

n.a.

Aracaria heterophylla

Norfolk Island Pine

exotic evergreen tree

70 m

medium

narrow pyramidal

Artemisia
arborescens
Arundo donax

Shrubby Wormwood

adventive shrub

1m

dense

n.a.

Giant Reed

adventive evergreen
perennial herb

6m

medium

n.a.

Arundo plinii

3m

medium

n.a.

Caesalpinia gilliesii

adventive deciduous
shrub/tree

adventive evergreen
perennial herb
adventive evergreen
perennial herb

4m

medium

round

Campsis radicans

exotic deciduous
climbing shrub

adventive evergreen
perennial herb

10 m

medium

n.a.

Cestrum nocurnum

Night Jessamine

exotic evergreen
shrub

3m

medium

n.a.

Citrus sinensis

Sweet Orange

cultivated evergreen
tree

6m

dense

ovate

Dalbergia sissoo

Sissoo

exotic deciduous tree

10 m

medium

round

Dodonaea viscosa

Hopseed-Bush

4m

dense

n.a.

Eucalyptus
gomphocephala

Eucalypt, Tuart

adventive evergreen
shrub
exotic evergreen tree

45 m

medium

oval

331

opposite, simple, glabrous, obovate small


medium green
alternate, simple, broadly ovate, hairy
medium pale green
alternate, scale-like small medium green

petals white
spring
petals white
spring
petals white
winter/spring

alternate, scale-like small medium green


alternate, simple, ovate-elliptic medium
medium green
opposite, compound, linear-lanceolate small
pale green

petals white
spring
petals red/brown
winter
petals white
summer/autumn

capsules brown
spring/summer
drupes brown
summer/autumn
achenes green/red
capsules brown/
white spring
capsules brown/
white - spring
samaras brown
summer
drupes brown autumn

Leaves

Flowers

Seeds/fruits

Role

alternate, linear, slightly falcate medium


pale green
crowned in rosettes, lanceolate large pale
green
alternate, bipinnate, oblong large medium
green

petals green/white
autumn
panicles yellow/
green ?
blossoms white/red
spring/summer

pods brown
spring
capsules brown - ?

AO (4)

alternate, simple, hairy large medium green

blossoms white/red
spring/summer/
autumn
cones brown
autumn

schizocarps brown
summer/autumn

alternate, oblong-deltoid medium medium


green
alternate, distichous medium medium
green

petals yellow/white
spring
panicles grey
summer/autumn

achenes brown
summer/autumn
caryopsises brown
autumn

alternate, distichous medium pale green

caryopsises brown
autumn
pods brown
summer/autumn

alternate, simple, entire, ovate large dark


green

panicles grey
summer/autumn
blossoms yellow/
red spring/summer/
autumn
petals orange/red
spring/summer/
autumn
petals white/green
summer/autumn

alternate, simple, ovate, leathery medium


dark green

petals white
spring

berries orange
autumn/winter

alternate, compound, imparipinnate medium


medium green
alternate, simple, lamina lanceolate small
medium green
alternate, simple, leathery, lanceolate
medium pale green

petals green/yellow
spring
blossoms yellow/
green winter
petals white
spring

pods green/brown
autumn/winter
capsules yellow/
brown summer
capsule green/
brown - summer

dimorphic, spirally arranged

alternate, bipinnate, oblong small pale


green
opposite, compound, imparipinnate, hairy
large medium green

pods brown
autumn

cones brown
spring

capsules green/
brown summer/
autumn
berries white
autumn

HF (2-4)
AO (2)
HS (2-4)
SW
SW
HS (2-4)
AO (1-4)
SW

AC (1-4)
SW
HS (2-4)
HO (2-4)
AF (2-3)
HF (2-4)
HO (2-4)
HB (1-4)
HF (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AC (1-4)
AO (1-4)
SC
HB (1-4)
F
SW
F
SW
AF (2-4)
HF (1-4)
HO (2-4)
HP (1-4)
HO (1-4)
AL (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AS (4-1)
SC
HS (2-4)
HB (1-4)
AF (1)
HB (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AO (1-4)
SW
332

Fallopia aubertii

Russian Vine

exotic evergreen
climbing shrub

8m

medium

n.a.

Ficus benjamina

Benyan Fig

exotic evergreen
tree/shrub

12 m

dense

wide weeping

Gleditsia triacanthos

Honey Locust

exotic deciduous tree

20 m

open

round

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

China Rose

exotic evergreen
tree/shrub

4m

dense

round

Jasminum
grandiflorum
Justicia adhatoda

Spanish Jasmine

exotic deciduous
climbing shrub
adventive evergreen
shrub

4m

open

n.a.

4.5 m

dense

n.a.

Leucena
leucocephala
Liquidambar
styraciflua

White Popinac

exotic evergreen tree

10 m

open

wide v-shape

Sweet Gum

adventive deciduous
tree

12 m

medium

oval

Lonicera japonica

Japanese
Honeysuckle
Bracelet Honey
Myrtle
Prickly Pear

exotic climbing shrub

6m

medium

n.a.

exotic evergreen
tree/shrub
adventive shrub

14 m

dense

oblate

5m

medium

n.a.

Parthenocissus
quinquefolia

Ampelopsis

exotic deciduous
climbing shrub

20 m

medium

n.a.

Phoenix dactylifera

Date Palm

30 m

medium

narrow obovate

Phytolacca dioica

Bellasombra

adventive evergreen
tree
exotic evergreen tree

15 m

medium

round

Plumeria alba

Frangipani

exotic deciduous tree

8m

medium

oblate

Punica granatum

Pomegranate

adventive deciduous
tree/shrub

7m

medium

round

Pyracantha coccinea

Firethorn

3m

medium

n.a.

Quercus ilex

Holm Oak

cultivated evergreen
shrub
exotic evergreen tree

25 m

medium

oblate

Robinia pseudoacacia

False Acacia

25 m

medium

round

Schinus
terebinthifolius
Sophora japonica

Brazialian Pepper
Tree
Japanese Pagoda Tree

adventive deciduous
tree
exotic evergreen tree

15 m

medium

oblate

exotic deciduous tree

20 m

medium

round

Sambucus nigra

Common Elder

adventive deciduous
tree/shrub

10 m

medium

round

Melaleuca armillaris
Opuntia ficusbarbarica

333

Justicia

petals white/green
spring/summer/
autumn
blossoms white (?)
summer/autumn

nuts black summer/autumn

AC (1-4)

syncarps yellow/
brown - ?
pods brown
summer/autumn
capsules brown - ?

opposite, compound, imparippinate, ovate


small medium green
opposite, simple, entire, elliptic large dark
green

petals white/green
spring
blossoms red
spring/summer/
autumn
blossoms white
summer/autumn
blossoms white
spring/summer

HB (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AC (1-4)
HS (2-4)
AS (3-4)
HB (1-4)
AF (2-4)

alternate, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate small


medium green
alternate, simple, glabrous medium
medium green

blossoms white/
green spring
petals green
spring

pods brown summer


capsules brown summer

opposite, simple, lamina oblong medium


medium green
alternate, simple, very narrow small dark
green
areoles round, hairy large pale green

petals white/yellow
spring/summer
petals white/yellow
autumn/winter
blossoms yellow/
orange spring

berries black
summer
capsules brown
winter/spring
berries orange/red
summer/autumn

alternate, petiolate, elliptical oblong-ovate


large dark green

berries black
summer/autumn

alternate, simple, entire, ovate medium


medium green
alternate, simple, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate
large dark green

petals white/red
spring/summer/
autumn
petals white/yellow
spring
petals green/white
spring
blossoms white/
yellow summer

opposite, simple, lamina oblanceolate, leathery


medium pale green

blossoms red
spring

syncarps red/yellow
summer/autumn

alternate, simple, lanceolate, elliptic or


obovate small medium green
alternate, simple, leathery, ovate medium
dark green

petals white
spring
catkins green/
yellow spring

pomes red/orange
autumn
nuts brown
autumn

alternate, compound, immparipinnate, oblong


medium medium green
alternate, compound, pinnate, imparipinnate,
ovate-lanceolate medium medium green
alternate, compound, imparipinnate, obateoblong medium medium green
opposite, compound, imparipinnate, oblonglanceolate, hairy large dark green

petals white
spring
petals white
summer
panicles green/
yellow summer
petals white - spring

pods green/brown
summer
drupes orange/red
autumn
pods green/yellow
autumn
drupes purple/black
- summer

alternate, simple, ovate medium medium


green
alternate, simple, leathery oblong-ovate
medium dark green
alternate, compound, lanceolate small
medium green
alternate, simple, broadly ovate medium
medium green

pinnate, arched large medium green

berries black
autumn/winter
capsules brown
summer

drupes red/brown autumn


berries black
autumn
follicles brown
autumn

AO (3-4)
HB (1-4)
HO (1-)
AF (2-3)
AL (1-4)
AO (2)
HS (2-4)
AL (4)
SW
AC (?)
HB (1-4)
AF (4-1)
HF (1-4)
AF (2)
AS (3-4)
AL (1-4)
HO (2-4)
AL (4)
AC (1-4)

HS (2-4)
HO (2-4)
AF (3)
AO (3)
HP (2-4)
AF (2)
AS (3-4)
SC
HB (1-4)
AS (4)
HB (1-4)
HP (1-4)
AL (1-4)
HS (2-4)
AS (4)
HS (2-4)
AF (3)
HS (2-4)
HF (2-4)
HO (2-4)
AF (2)
SW
334

Taxodium distichum

Swamp Cypress

exotic deciduous tree

40 m

medium

wide pyramidal

Tecomaria capensis

Cape Honeysuckle

exotic evergreen
shrub

4m

medium

n.a.

Vitis vinifera

Grape

adventive deciduous
climbing shrub

6m

open

n.a.

Washingtonia filifera

Washingtonia

30 m

medium

narrow ovate

Withania somnifera

Common WinterCherry

adventive evergreen
tree
adventive subshrub

1.5 m

medium

n.a.

Yucca elephantipes

Spineless Yucca

exotic evergreen tree

12 m

medium

v-shape

Zizyphus zizyphus

Jujube

adventive deciduous
tree/shrub

7m

medium

oblate

New to the island (species for filtering (Bratieres et al., 2008)


Latin name

English name

Type

Height

Transparency

Role

Carex appressa
Dianella revoluta
Leucaphyta brownii
Melaleuca ericifolia
Microleana stipoides

Tall Sedge
Black-anther Flax-lily
Cushion Bush
Swamp Paperbark
Weeping grass

Perennial grass
Perennial herb
Perennial subshrub
Tree/shrub
Perennial grass

1m
1m
70 cm
8m
70 cm

medium
medium
dense
medium
medium

F
F
F
F
F

335

linear, flat, spirally arranged small medium


green

catkins green/
brown spring

cones brown
summer

opposite, compound, imparipinnate, ovate


medium dark green

blossoms orange/
red autumn/winter

alternate, simple, broadly cordate large


medium green

petals green/white
spring

capsules brown
autumn/winter/
spring
berries purple/red autumn

terminal clusers large medium green

panicles white/
yellow summer
petals green all
year

alternate, simple, broadly ovate large dark


green
dense fascicles, lanceolate large dark green
alternate, simple, oblong medium 0 medium
green

blossoms white
summer
petals yellow/green
spring

drupes black
autumn
berries red
spring/summer/
winter
capsules red/brown
- ?
drupes red/brown
autumn

HS (2-4)
AC (2-4)
SW
HB (1-4)
AF (4-1)
HO (2-4)
AL (2-4)
AS (4)
AL (1-4)
HO (?)
AL (1-4)
AF (3)
HS (2-4)
AL (2-4)
AS (4)

336

337

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