CHAPTER29

SERVICES:WHERETHEJOBSARE

TransportationandWarehousing
Transportation and communication seMces involve the movement of
goods and people.
SAMPLE
OCCUPATIONS
truck driver, bus driver, air traffic controller, railway engineer, lift-truck
operator, parking lot attendant, telematics programmer
B A S I CO R N O N - B A S I C ?
. This categorycould be either; for example,a shipping clerk at a
Canadian Tire warehouse would be basic while a school bus driver
would be non-basic.

Information,
Culture,and Recreation
This is another area of the economy that is growing rapidly. There are two
main reasonsfor this. One is the explosionin information technologies,
for example,the Internet and cable and satellitetelevision.The other is
the fact that many people have more money, and often time, to pursue
cultural and recreational interests.
SAMPLE
OCCUPATIONS
piano teacher,Web designer,actor,golf professional,video game programmer,librarian, pool servicerepresentative,cable television/Internet
installer
B A S I CO R N O N . B A S I C ?
. Can be either basic or non-basic.A piano teacheror cable installer provides servicesfor the local community, while an actor or video game
designerprovides servicesfor a regional,national, or even international market (Fig.29-5).
I

*.._-_-r--non-basic

t".".*-**-*.@*.*a

The rapid growth in the

numberof retired people
is likely to stimulatecontinuedexpansionin this
sector of the economy.

UNIT 5

ECONOMICCONNECTIONS

rHl

F i g . 2 9 - s>

I |

The oroduction of movies

and television shows in

Canada has become a major

{l'
.-'

"dil:

industry in recent years.This

ohoto shows extras and olo
cars waiting to be called for
the movie Gnderella Man,
starring Russell Crowe and
Ren6e Zellweger, that was
made in Toronto in 2004.

Future Trends
globalization
trend toward a more
integrated world; breakdown
of barriers among countries

innovative
new and different

tWhattype of work will be available for you when you finish school?
Chances are it will be in the servicessector. Rapid changes are occurring
in the workplace becauseof the globalization of the economy, free trade,
and technological advances.These changesmay eliminate jobs that we
now take for granted, or they may provide you with new job opportunities.
Today,young people can find employment in jobs that did not exist
30 years ago. Internet-related workers and personal trainers in fitness
clubs are just two examples.rvVhatkinds of jobs will be created in the next
30 years?There is no way to tell, but we can make some informed guesses
about the nature of employment in future service industries.
Growing numbers of young entrepreneurs will start their ovrrnbusinesses,and most will be in the servicessector.Employment in small
businessis currently rising, and home-basedenterprisesare increasing.
TWenty-fivepercent of the small businessesin Canadaare now owned by
people aged 18 to 29. Someyoung people own businessesbecausethey
want to work for themselves;others go into businessfor themselves
becausethey are unable to find permanent employment in established
companies.An example of Canadian entrepreneurshipis found in the
field of electronic games.Canadian university graduatesof computer and
related programming coursesare producing award-winning gameswith
imaginative stories and innovative graphics (Fig. 29-6). They are making
their mark in this growing, multi-billion dollar industry.

CHAPTER29

SERVICES:WHERETHEIOBSARE

Future growth is expected in jobs that offer

servicesfor seniors who are part of the aging
"baby boom" generation.Theseare the people
who were born betweenl94T and 1966.Today,
baby boomers make up about 33% of Canada's
population. The needs of these"boomers" are
changing as they age.They do not purchase as
many manufactured goods as younger people
becausethey already have most of the goods they
need. lVhat they do need, however, are increased
servicesin such areasas finance, travel, and
healthcare.
Not only is the nature of jobs in the services
industry undergoing change, but the jobs themselvescan be eliminated by technological
change. Consider the following examples:
. On-line shopping could eliminate many jobs in retail sales.
. Automated checkouts in supermarkets are eliminating some cashier
jobs.
. Fax machines, voice mail, and personal computers have reduced the
number of secretariesin many offices.

A Fig.29-6 Young
Canadianentrepreneurs,
suchasJamesSchmalz,
are
producinginnovativeelectronic games.Arecreatorsof
electronicgamesperforming
a basicor non-basicactiviry?

. Internet and telephone banking, as well as automated teller machines,

are reducing the need for bank tellers.
. Communications technologyis reducing the need for companiesto be
closeto their customers.For example,companieslocate their customer
service operations in telephone call centres located in placeswhere
labour costs are lower than in major Canadian cities. Recently,
companies have been outsourcing their call centres to cities in
southern India, where costs are even lower. This can be done only
becausethe cost of communication has been reduced so much that it is
no longer a significant factor in the overall cost of doing business.
Customers can dial a toll-free number to purchase a product, make a
hotel reservation, complain about something, or get help with a
problem-and deal with a serviceworker who may be hundreds or even
thousands of kilometres away.
We can only speculate on the number and nature of jobs in the service
industries of the future. One thing for certain is that new types of services
will develop to meet the changing needs of Canadians.

Somecall centre workers

in lndia are beingtrained
to speakwith a North
American accenc

UNIT 5

ECONOMICCONNECTIONS

Planning and Economic Development

If you were to study accounting in university, chances are good that you
would end up working as an accou.ntant.Ifyou graduatedfrom community college with an automotive technician's diploma, it is likely you
would work as an automotiue technician.Working in a careerthat is
related to geography,however, does not necessarilymean that you would
be called ageographer.
Students who study and enjoy geography will find a wide variety of
planning and economic developmentjobs open to them, but from their
titles, one might never suspectthat thesejobs are related to geography.
Here are some examples:
. An economic deuelopmentfficer for a municipality works to encourage
companiesto locate in the area.
. Afacility planner for a school board ensuresthat there are enough
schoolsto meet demand.
. A transportation planning technician for a consulting company plans
public transportation improvements in a community.
. A coordinator of solid wastedisposal for a city plans the disposal of
waste in an environmentally and economically sound manner.
. A health seruicesplanner for a province plans the location of hospital
and ambulance seryicesin an efficient manner.

Visit links to
Web sites witb
plannint and economic
development-related
career information at
www.pearsoned.cal
makingconnections2.

There are many jobs related to geography,and an equal number of

ways to prepare for them. A planning technician requires two or three
yearsof study at a community college.A planner usually requiresa bachelor's degree (four years of study) and often a master's degree (one or two
additional yearsof study).Thesejobs are interdisciplinary.This means
that someone thinking of a career in planning will require knowledge in a
wide range of disciplines,including geography(and geomatics),economics, politics, engineering,biology,business,and architecture.
Find Out More
1. Investigate planning and economic development-related careers.
Begin with a search of post-secondary institutions (community
collegesand universities). Then look at other sites that offer
information about careersin planning and economic development.

CHAPTER29

SERVICES:WHERETHEJOBSARE

a) List three universities and three community collegesthat offer

training related to planning.
b) Give the names of the particular departments (or faculties) in each
institution that offer training in planning.
c) Briefly describe severalof the coursesthat you would take in the
program of one of the collegesand one of the universities
mentioned in a).
2. \dhat are the academic requirements for admission to the programs
in the college and the universityyou chose in Ic)? Be specific; list the
high school coursesyou would need and the marks you would need
to attain in them.

3. lVhat types of careersdo the college and university programs you

chosein Question lc) lead to? List at leastthree possiblecareersfor
each program.
4 . Would you need additional training after college or after the first

university degreeto qualiff for the careersmentioned in Question 3?

5. Find at least one career profile of a person who has pursued a
planning or economic development career,and write a summary of
that person'sexperience.
6. lVhat aspectsof planning or economic development might interest
you as a potential career?Explain.

'Geol.lt Reminder
Conductingan Internet
search:
. Reviewthe written text
for hintsto selecting
your key searchterms.
. Searchusingdifferent
of key
combinations
woros.
' Use quotationmarks
and
for exactphrases,
usethe operators
AND OR,and NOT to
narrow your search.
. Print any materials
relevantto answering
the activityquestions,
or keepa list of the
Web siteswhere you
foundyour information.
. Reviewthe activity
to ensure
questrons
that your gathered
information covers
them.Whatfurther
information do you
needfWhere mightyou
find itl

UNIT 5

ECONOMICCONNECTIONS

li,,l

KNO}YLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING

differfrom pril. a) How do serviceindustries
industries?
mary andsecondarY
b) What is quaternaryindustry?
2. Why hasthe servicessectorof the Canadian
economygrown so large?
THINKING
betweenbasicand
3. a) Explainthe differences
non-basicserviceindustries.
in this
b) For eachserviceindustrydiscussed
chapter,explainhow it mayhaveboth basic
Givespecific
characteristics.
and non-basic
examplesto explainYour answer.

cot{}-luNlcATloN
4. ldentify examples of service iobs for each category below.Your teacher will tell you whether
to answer in brief written form or to create a
poster with illustrationsof these jobs.
a) requires limited education

APPLICATION
5. Referring to the changingiob market in Canada,
a well-known author recently said,"Young
people have a choice-they can either see the
social and technological changesof the years
ahead as a problem or as an opportunity." What
did he mean by this?To answer this question,
break the statement down into its Parts:
a) What age group would the author have been
referring to?
b) What social changesare occurring? Over
how many years will these changesoccur?
How might these changesevolve over this
periodl
c) What technological changesare occurring?
Over how many years will these changes
occur? How might these changesevolve over
this period?
d) What is meant by the changesbeing seen as
a problem or as an oPPortunitYl
e) What can you do in your life to ensure that
these changesare an oPPortunity for you?

b) requires a great deal of education

evolve

c) paysat or close to minimum wage

change gradually

d) paysmillions of dollars Per year

e) requires geographic skills and training

- t J

3
I f ? J )I J p 9 f l ' t J l l ! J l l Lzltl?JtJ'tJ'
.-.t)

L I f C l , l l ' i J Iu r l

JyJllrrl

thesequestions:
This chapterhelpsyou investigate
. What factorsare involvedin movingpeopleand

transportation

piggybacksystem

mobility

container

goods?
. What changesin transportation havetaken place
the past,and what changeswill take placein the
future?
. How will thesechangesaffectyour life?

commuter

winter ice road

bankruptcy
protection

PacificRim
canal

bulk cargo

lock

unit traln

Jf Canadawere compared to a human body, its cities,towns, rural areas,

Iand wilclernesswould be parts of the body, and its transportation
systemwould be the r:ir*as**{clni*l,.st*r$..
Iust as a person would suffer ill
health with a poor circulatory system,Canadawould suffer economic
decline without a modern and efficient transportation system.

{ir"{rj l;rt!}r"y syst*rl}

t h e h e a r t ,b l o o d ,a n d l y m p h
vessels,which together allow
blood and lymph to move
throughout the body

lntroduction
Everyday,Canada'stransportation systemfacesan immense task.
Millions of people might travel tens of millions of kilometres.Thousands
of tonnes of cargo must be moved as quickly and as cheaply as possible.
This movement of people and
goods must be done in spite of
great distances,harsh weather
conditions, and some of the
most difficult terrain anywhere
in the world (Fig.30-1).

Fig.30-l

This rail line is in the Fraser

River Canyon of British
C o l u m b i a .l m a g i n et h e d i f f i c u l t y o f b u i l d i n gt h i s r a i l l i n e .
Why wasn't a different route
c h o s e nI

UNIT 5

ECONOMICCONNECTIONS

ffi".minder
Readingphotographs:
. What comesto mind as
you look at the
photographson this
pagel
' What do all these
photographs havein
commonl
. How do these
photographsdiffer?
. Do you needfurther
infiormationto answer
tfie questionin the
caption?Wheremight
you find this
informationl

A Fig. 30-2 In a country as largeas Canada,transportation is critically important. In which

decadeofthe 20th centurywould eachofthese transportationmethodshavebecomesignificant
to our transPortationsysteml

CHAPTER 30

TMNSPORTATION:CANADA'SCIRCULI{IORYSYSTEM

Examine Fig. 30-3 and answer the following questions.

1. a) Describe the amount and coverageof ground transportation in
Zone A. Refer to a transportation map in an atlas.
b) \'Vhy is this pattern not surprising?
2. a) Describe the pattern of ground transportation in ZoneB.Why do
gaps exist?
b) With the help of an atlas, explain the kind of ground transportation to each of the following places. If possible, explain why this
kind of transportation exists.
i.

Inuvik, Northwest Territories

ii.

Yellowknife, NorthwestTerritories

iii. Fort McMurray, Alberta

V Fig.30-3 Someareasof
Canadaare very accessible
by road and railway,while
others are not.

ZoneA

@F ZoneB

500

F-r-.r-Ll--r-*-1

km

1000

Zonec

within
Corridors
15kmof a road
or railwayin
zonesB andC

Ecozone
Boundaries

UNIT 5

ECONOMICCONNECTIONS

iv. Lynn Lake, Manitoba

v.

Churchill, Manitoba

vi. Moosonee,Ontario
Hint Dont forget
seasonaldifferences!

vii. Radisson on La Grande Rividre, Quebec

viii. Churchill Falls, Ner,vfoundlandand Labrador
c) lVhat would cause the addition of new corridors inZone B in the

future?
3. a) 'vVhydoes permanent ground transport not exist inZone C?
b) lVhat alternative transportation methods must be used in
Zone C?
c) What are the disadvantagesof having to rely on these methods?

Movement of People
lVhen people plan a journey, they consider a number of things: the distance, the cost, the route, the duration of the trip, and the method of
travel. They may choose to travel by road, rail, air, or water.

RoadTravel
ln spiteofthis spending,
there is general
atreement that even
more moneyshouldbe
spent to improve
Canadianroads.

Roadsare the most important means by which people travel in Canada.

Everyyear, governments at all levels spend more than $7 billion combined on the construction, maintenance,and administration of more
than 900 000 kilometresof Canadianroads.About 19 million cars,trucks,
buses,and motorcyclesuse theseroads.
A U T O M O B T L(ECSA R SA N D L T G H T R U C K S )

flexibility
abilityto change

Globalwarmingwill be
examinedin Chapter 37.

Canadians travel more by car and light truck than by any other means of
transportation. There are approximately 17.8million cars and light trucks
registered in Canada.The extensiveuse of the automobile provides the
averageCanadian with greater mobility than ever before, and certainly
greater than that of most people in other parts of the world.
The most valuable feature of the automobile is its flexibility. It allows
people to travel directly from their starting point to their exact destination. Automobiles also allow people to travel on their or,rmschedules,in
comfort and in privacy.
Automobiles, however, are not without their problems. They are expensive to purchase, insure, and maintain; they use large quantities of petroleum, a non-renewableresource;and they produce gasesthat pollute the
air and contribute to global warming.

CHAPTER 30

SYSTEM
TMNSPORTATION:CANADA'SCIRCULATORY

BUS
Busesare a major mode of travelling between cities. They are used mainly for
trips ofless than 1000kilometres.Eachyear,more than one billion passengers
travel on intercity buses.Bus travel has severaladvantages.It is relatively
inexpensive and comfortable. Furthermore, bus operators can establish and
change routes and schedulesquickly and easily to meet new needs,
Intracity busesand school busesare used in every city and in many
towns and rural areas in Canada. Large cities such as Toronto and Montreal
might have thousands of buses,while a small tovrmmight have only one. In
either case,busesare a key element of the transportation system.They
move large numbers of commuters efficiently, and in a typical year,
intracity busesin Canadacarry about one billion passengers.Compared to
automobiles, busesare environmentally sound, as they help reduce traffic,
noise, and air pollution.

RailTravel
During the first half of the 20th century travel by train was more common
in Canada than travel by any other means. Travel by rail was faster, more
reliable, and more comfortable than travel by road or water. In the second
half of the century however, train travel declined dramatically (Fig. 30-4)
for a number of reasons.
. Cars were becoming cheaper to buy and own, and intercity highways
had improved.
. The rail cars were getting old but because of cost were not replaced.
. Freight traffic-carrying cargo rather than people-was more profitable
for the rail companies.
. Travel by airplane became more common and, over the years, less
expensive.As a result, automobiles captured much of the shortdistance train travel, and airplanes captured much of the long-distance
train travel.
Passengerrail servicein Canadais now at a crossroads.It will either have
to be significantly improved at great cost, or left to decline to the point
where it will eventually disappear. There are people who support each view.
The president of the CanadianNational Railway (CN) said in 1998that passengerservicewas a "nuisance" that should be eliminated. Others,however,
think that Canadaneeds a modernized passengerrail system.High-speed
train travel between Toronto and Montreal would take less than two hours.
The model for such a system exists in fapan and France. Iapan's Bullet Train
and France'sTGY (Train d GrandeVifesse)compete effectively with airplanes
for trips up to 600 kilometres by travelling at speedsapproaching 400 kilometres per hour and by travelling from one downtor,rmcore to another.

intercity
between cities

intracity
within a specificcity or town

One full bus can replace

40 cars on the roadl

UNIT 5

ECONOMIC ONNECTIONS

Fig' 30-4 >

R a i l p a s s e n g e r sa n d p o p u l a tion growth, l 9 l 9-2003.The

60
T h i sd e c l i n e
i n r a i lu s e
cameasa
resultof cars
a n db u s e s .

d e c l i n e i n r a i l p a s s e n g e r si s
even more dramatic if we

qn

considerthat travel overall

h a s i n c r e a s e dt r e m e n d o u s l y

4 0
I
o a d
a
q

Ezo
z
t0

1920

1930 1940

1950 1960 1970 1980

Year

1990 2000

C O M M U T ERRA I L
Governmentof Ontario
(GO) Transitalsouses
manyDuses.

There is one exceptionto the sad state ofrail passengerservicein Canada.

In cities such aSToronto and Montreal, trains move commuters to and
from work. The largestof these commuter Iail systemsis GO Transit.lt
moves commuters into downtown Toronto from surrounding suburbs and
nearby towns and cities.

Air Travel
Commercial air travel
was not common until
the second half of the
20th century.

Air Canada also suffered

as a result of reduced air
Passengertraffic in the
wake of the terrorist
atcacksof September I |,

200r.

Few countries depend on air travel as much as Canada.The great distancesbetween our cities,plus our affluence,combine to make
we might prefer to drive or take
canadians frequent air travellers.\.A/hile
journeys,
we
tend to fly for longer trips. Given
the bus or train for shorter
the importance of air travel in Canada,you might think that our airline
industry is thriving, but this is not the case.In 2003,Air Canada,Canada's
largestairline, went into bankruptcy protection. Beforethe I990s,the air
travel industry was highly regulatedby government,which determined
such matters as the cost of airfaresand the routes each airline could fly.
Theserules changedwith deregulation, when government no longer controlled faresand routes.
Your view of deregulationmay depend on where you live and where
you want to fly. If you live in a major city such as Toronto orvancouver,
and you want to fly to another major city in Canadaor to a major destination outside the country, you are likely to benefit from deregulation.

CHAPTER 30

TMNSPORTATTON:
TMNSPORTATTON:
CANAI
CANADA'S
CTRCULATORY
SYSTEM

Increased competition has driven fares dovrmand given you

a wider
choice of flights. on the other hand.,if you live in a smaller community,
deregulation has probably not benefited you at ail. you are probabry
still
served only byAir canada becausethe competition is not interested
in
setting up low-profit routes between small urban centres and
large cities.
without competition or enough fares to make a profit, you
wont see any
deals in airfares. Furthermore, there is always the risk that your
community may lose its air service if Air canada cuts back on its operations
or
goesout ofbusiness.
canadas air travel industry still faces challenges.Increased security
procedures have made air travel less comfortable and
convenient, and the
ever-increasingcost of crude oil makes it more expensive.Nonetheless,
air travel will remain a vital method of transportation in canada.
In a
country as large as ours, it could not be otherwise.
A IRP OR T S
rn2oo4, a total of approximately 60 million passengersflew into,
out of,
and within canada. They flew on a variety of domestic and foreign
commercial carriers as well as on private planes. But where did
all these passengerstake offfrom, and where did they land? canada has 330
certifled
airports, and 26 of them each handle more than 200 000 passengers
a
year' of these 26, severalare major international airports
built in canada,s
largest cities. The busiest are Toronto's Lester B. pearson International
(Fig' 30-5),vancouver International, calgary International,
Montreal's
Pierre Elliott Tiudeau International, and winnipeg International
Airport.
These airports act as transportation hubs for international
and domestic
flights that carry both people and cargo.

After salaries,fuel is the

highest-costitem in air.
line budgets.

Some of Canada's
smaller international
airports include
Abbotsford International,
Gander lnternational,
Hamilton lnternational.
St.John'slnternational,
and Saskatoon'sJohn G.
Diefenbaker
lnternational.

< Fig.30-5 Pearson

InternationalAirport's
TerminalI was rebuilt and
reopenedin 2004.Massive
luggagecarouselsand clear
signageare just two of the
featuresthat help move large
numbersof passengers
more
efticiently.

UNIT 5

ECONOMICCONNECTIONS

Travelby Ship

outPorts
s m a l l c o m m u n i t i e sn o t l i n k e d
by road to the rest of the
province

A private company,Strait
CrossingBridgeLimited,
and
maintain,
will manage,
operate the bridge until
2032,whenoperations
will be transferredto the
Government of Canada.

ffie$ffiS'Y${bffi$

Travelby ship is not common in Canada,but where it does occur,it is

vitally important. Ferriescarry residentsand tourists acrosslakes and
rivers in Ontario and British Columbia, and acrossthe St.LawrenceRiver
in Quebec.They connect the outports of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Ferries travel to Newfoundland, Vancouver Island, Prince Edward Island,
and to smaller islands along the eastand west coastsof Canada.Although
costly to operateand often subject to stoppagesdue to severeweather,ice
conditions, and mechanical and labour problems, ferries are essentialto
the livelihood of many Canadians.
On busy routes or where severeweather is common, ferries are not
alwaysthe best means of travel.To decreasetraffic congestionat ferry terminals and stoppagesdue to severewinter weather, the Canadian government challengedthe private sectorto produce an environmentally sound
plan for a bridge between Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. The
ConfederationBridge was completed in 1997.

DING
KNOWLEDGEAND UN DERSTAN
l. a) Definemobility.
greater
b) What factorshaveallowedCanadians
mobiliq/over the past60 years?
2. What is perhapsthe most significantdrawback
of Canada's
transportationsysteml
3. How much do governmentsspendon roads
everyyear,andwhy do they spendthis muchl
4. What is the differencebetweenintercityand
intracitybuses?
THINKING
5. a) Explainwhy travelby train hasdeclinedin
Canada.
b) Which of thesereasonswere the fault of the
rail industryandwhichwere unavoidablel
c) What can be done to improverail travel?
Why wouldthis be difficultto do?
trains
6. a) Give two reasonswhy the high-speed
of FranceandJapancan competewith air
travel.

b) What advantagesdo France and Japanhave

for buildingmodern rail systemsthat Canada
does not havel
7. a) Describe the changesthat have occurred in
the airline industry in recent years.
b) Which of these changesbenefited travellersl
Have all travellers benefited equally?Explain.
8. BesidesPrince Edward lsland,what other Places
in Canada might benefit from a bridge rather
than a ferry link?
9. Betweenthe 1800sand today,the importance
of different methods of transportation has
changed.Copy Fig.30-6 into your notebook.
Name the most important transPortation methods in each time period for both short- and
long-distancetravel.
V Fig.30-6
ShortDistances

1800s
1900-1950
,l95$-today

LongDistances

CHAPTER 30

10. a) List five waysthat the automobilehashad

an impacton the lifestyleof Canadians.
b) List five waysin which the automobilehas
influencedthe appearance
of Canadian
citiesand towns.
c) Havethe thingsthat you mentionedin l0
a) and l0 b) beenbeneficialor harmfulto
the way we live?Explain.
d) What could be done to reducethe harmful
effectsof the automobilel

SYSTEM
TMNSPORTATION:CANADA'SCIRCULATORY

APPLICATION
I l. You havejust learnedthat governmentwas
highlyinvolvedin the airlineindustrybefore
deregulation,
and in the rail industrywhen railway companiesno longerwishedto operate
train link
passenger
service.lf a high-speed
were developedbetweenWindsor and
QuebecCity,the governmentwould most
likelyhaveto subsidizea portion,if not all,of
its construction.Whatrole do you think governmentshouldplayin regulatingand financing
publictransportationsystems?
Why?

Movement of Goods
You are standing on a train platform in Armstrong, Ontario, 200 kilometres northeast of Thunder Bay.You know that the railway lines run
east-west through Armstrong. There are two freight trains in front of
you, sitting on parallel tracks but pointing in opposite directions. One
train is loaded with wheat, plywood, and television sets.The other is
loaded with mining equipment, Canadian magazines,and Toyota
Corollas.
1. \tVhich train is heading east and which is heading west?How do you
know?
2. Suggestthree other cargoesthat might be carried by each train.

Every day, Canada'stransportation system handles cargo ranging from

such goods as 50 000 tonnes of coal to 100kilograms of live lobsters.It
even transports human organs for transplant. Some cargoesare moved as
quickly as possible, with little concern for the high cost. Others travel
slowly, at a cost that is as low as possible. Some cargoesare frozen. Others
are transported with special protection becausethey are easily damaged.
These different cargoesindicate the capabilities of Canada'stransportation svstem.

MovingCargo by Rail
Trains are very good at moving large amounts of cargo very cheaply.
Although they carry many types of freight, trains are particularly good at
moving bulkcargoes such as coal, grain, wood, and oil (Fig. 30-7). Bulk

ECONOMICCONNECTIONS

rFr iEg. .J3v0- ,- 7 -)

Rail
i l ccargoes,2004
argoes,2004

Mining
l r o no r e
Coaa
l n dC o k e
0 i l P r o d u c tas n dC h e m i c a l s
Potash

S u l p h uS
r ,a n d a
, n do t h e rM e t a l l i ca n dI n d u s t r i aMl i n e r aP
l roducts

L u m b ear n dW o o dP r o d u c t s
P u l pa n dP a p e rP r o d u c t s
Agriculture
Wheat
O t h eA
r g r i c u l t u r aPlr o d u c t s

M o t o rV e h i c l eas n dP a r t s
M i s c e l l a n e o uCsa r g o e s

r00000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000

Number
ofRailCars

cargoeshave large volume and relatively low value. Consequently,they

can be transported as cheaply as possible.
One way to move cargo very cheaply is the unit train. A unit train carries only one type of cargo from the cargo'ssourceto its destination.The
unit train'scars are identical and speciallydesignedto carry one particular cargo.Sincethe cars are also designedto load and unload quickly,unit
trains are relativelyinexpensiveto operate.Someof Canada'smost important unit-train routes run from:
. the interior of Labradorto ports on the St. LawrenceRiver (iron ore)
. the Rocky Mountains to Vancouver (coal)
. the Prairies to Vancouver and Thunder Bay (wheat)
. Saskatchewanto Vancouver(potash)
In the 1950s,railwaysbegan to face stiff competition from trucks.
Trucks have a major advantage over trains in that they are not restricted
to fixed routes.They can transport shipments anywhereas long as a network of roads exists.This flexibility allows the transport of cargo from factory directly to final destination.Delaysand handling costsare reduced
becausetruck cargo never has to be transferredfrom one type oftransportation to another.
To compete with trucks, which have the advantage of flexibility, the
railway came up with two related solutions. The first was the piggyback
system. Piggyback combines the advantagesof trucking with rail. The first
five points on the next page explain how the piggyback system works.

CHAPTER 30

CANADA'SCIRCU|ATORY
TRANSPORTATION:

. A trailer is loaded at a factory.

. A truck pulls the trailer to a nearby rail yard.
. The trailer is loaded onto a flatcar of a train.
. The train transports the trailer to a rail yard near the trailer's final
destination.
. The trailer is unloaded from the flatcar and moved bv truck to its final
destination.
The second solution is even more flexible and involves the use of
containers. Containers can be moved by rail, truck, ship, and even air
(Fig. 30-B).They are large metal boxes of standard size and shape.The
container is filled by the shipper, and then transported by any combination of train, truck, ship, and plane, depending on the type of cargo and
its destination. Containers can be moved quickly and efficiently, and theft
and damage are unlikely. Before the development of containers, freight
had to be loaded and unloaded piece by piece. This was time-consuming
and costly.

MovingCargo by Road
Moving cargo by road has several advantagesover rail transport:
. Trucks cost less to buy and maintain than railway cars and engines.
. Truck terminals are less expensiveto build than train terminals.
. Trucks are not restricted to fixed routes.
. Trucks are better suited to carrying lighter, less buky cargo.

{ Fig.30-8 Containersare
2.3 metreswide and 2.3
metres tall.Theyvary in
length,but a common length
is about 12.9metres.These
standardsizesmakethe containers easierto handleand
store.

ECONOMICCONNECTIONS

Efficient intercity trucking developedconsiderablyin the last half of the

20th century.Large,reliable trucks and growing networks of high-speed
highways allow goods to be moved quicldy and dependably.
As the number of trucks on our roads has increased,however,so have
problems. Large,heavy trucks damage roads more than other types of vehicles,resulting in the need for costly resurfacingrepairs.The high volume of
truck traffic leads to increasedair pollution and congestion,especiallyon
highways between major cities. Tiucks ile frequently involved in highway
accidents due to mechanical failure or driver fatigue, or becauseother drivers createdangeroussituations that the truck driver cannot avoid.
I C ER O A D S
I N T H EN O R T H
In the Northwest
Territories there are over
1450kilometresof publiclyconstructedwinter
ice roadsand a number
of privatelyowned roads
to petroleum exploration
sitesand mines.

The ice roads havebeen

critical to the development of Canada'sdiamond minesnorth of
Great SlaveLake.

In the winter, road transportation in the Far North takes on a different

characterfrom that in southern Canada.Winter ice roads play an
important role in the transport of cargo to parts of Canada'snorth. Every
winter, a network of ice roads is built through the tundra. Theseroads are
made of a mixture of snow,ice, and soil, and are built acrossfrozen land,
muskeg,streams,lakes,and rivers. Road gradersbuild up the roads over
the land, and snow plows clear off the routes over the ice. Shipping cargo
in trucks over ice roads is an economical alternativeto supplying
northern communities by air. Fuel, groceries,machinery and building
products are trucked to remote communities and mining operations until
road surfacesbegin to deterioratein the spring. Truckstravel 24 hours a
day,weather permitting, to take advantageof the short four- to fivemonth hauling season.Companiesthat specializein the planning,
construction, and maintenance of winter ice roads carefully regulatethe
speedof the trucks and the distance between them on the frozen lakes
and rivers to avoid wave movement in the ice, which makes the ice unstable and dangerous.

MovingCargoby Ship

unreliable
not trustworthy

Ships have moved cargo to, from, and within Canada for more than 400
years.Approximately 150yearsago,ships were the most important form
of transportation on all three coastsand in the GreatLakesbecausetransportation on land was slow and unreliable. Even though the quality of
land transport has improved enormously,ships are still important to
Canadaseconomy.
Ships are best suited to the transport of bulky, low-value cargo such as
grain, iron ore, coal, crude oil, fuel oil, diesel fuel, lumber, cement, sand,
and gravel. Mills, refineries, and factories that produce or use these commodities locate on shipping routes (Fig. 30-9). They savemoney by taking
advantageof shipping by water.

CHAPTER 30

SYSTET'
TMNSPORTATION:CANADA'SCIRCULATORY

Canada'swater-borne freight system can be examined using four

categories:the west coast, the east coast, the St. Lawrence Seaway,and
the Far North.
T H E W E S TC O A S T
Enormous amounts of cargo are shipped through west coast ports, and
especially through Canada'sbusiest port, Vancouver.This cargo is shipped
primarily to countries along the Pacific Rim. A great deal of Canada's
lumber, coal, potash, and wheat goes to Pacific Rim countries. Much of
the cargo shipped through Canada'swest coast ports consists of motor
vehicles and manufactured goods packed in containers.

Lake

T H E E A S TC O A S T
East coast ports such as Halifax, Saint Iohn, and Montreal are the entry
points for a wide variety of cargo.These ports handle more container
freight and less bulk cargo than west coast ports. For example, manufactured goods from the factories in southern Ontario and southern Quebec
are shipped to Europe through east coast ports; Europeanautomobiles
enter Canada through these ports.
T H E S T .L A W R E N C S
EEAWAY
The St. Lawrence Seawayis a system of canals and locks (Fig. 30-10) linking the St. Lar,wenceRiver and the Great Lakes.The Seawayallows ships
to travel 3800 kilometres inland from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake Superior.
It is also a vital route for the movement of bulk cargo from one part of the
Great Lakes to another.

A Fig.30-9 AlgomaSteelis
located in SaultSte.Marie
becausethe raw materialsit
requiresfor steelproduction
can be transported by lake
freighterto its steelmill.

T H E F A RN O R T H
Canada'sFar North presents special transportation problems. Distances
arc great,and the climate is harsh. As land transport is generally not
{ Fig.30-10 The operation of a lockThe ship
entersthe upper lock.The
gate behindthe ship is
closedto lock the shipin.
Water is drainedfrom the
lock to lower the shipto the
level of the water in the lock
ahead.Thegate in front is
opened,andthe shipmoves
forward into the next lock
The processis repeateduntil
the shiphasmovedthrough
all the locks.Thereverse
occursto raisea shipfrom a
lower body of water to a
higherone.

ECONOMICCONNECTIONS

available, freight must be moved either by air or bywater. Since it is very

expensiveto ship freight to the Far North by air, it is shipped by water
whenever possible.Shipson the Arctic Oceanand bargeson the
Mackenzie River move bulky cargo such as oil products, building materials, and machinery to northern ports and communities in summer. They
also transport many of the groceries that residents will need for a whole
year. Becausesummers are short in the North, the shipping seasonmay
be only severalweeks in length. Residentsmust plan very carefully to
avoid running out of such items as sugar,flour, and cooking oil before the
delivery of supplies the following year. Otherwise, they have to pay high
prices for supplies that have been transported to their community by air.

MovingCargo by Air
Although moving cargo by air is more expensivethan other shipping methods, the use of air freight has greatly increased in recent years (Fig. 30- 11).
The amount of freight moved by aia however,is still small compared to
that moved by rail, road, or ship. Moving cargo by air offers special advantages,for which shippers are prepared to pay high prices. In particular,
cargo c:rn be moved very quickly, with delivery available the next day.
Goods shipped by air have one or more of the following characteristics:
. They are light in weight and small in size, e.9.,a shipment of jewellery.
. They are of high value, e.g.,electronic equipment.
. They are perishable,e.g.,flowers.

V Fig.30-l I Airplanes
move almost anything.

. They are required as quickly as possible, e.g.,machinery parts to repair

construction or manufacturing equipment that is critical to a particular
operation.

CHAPTER 30

SYSTEM
CANADA'SCIRCULATORY
TMNSPORTATION:

Air transport has played an important role in the development of

regionsin Canadawhere road, rail, and ship transport are scarceor nonexistent. Float planes can fly into areaswith lakes and rivers, and small
aircraft can fly into communities where small airports have been built.

MovingCargoby Pipeline
lVhen we think about how cargo is moved, we often overlook the important role of pipelines. This is understandablebecausein most parts of the
country pipelines are generallyburied and out of sight. Pipelinestransport gases,liquids, and even solids that have been crushed and mixed
with water. In Canada, they are vital in moving crude oil and natural gas.
A pipeline is built only when thesetwo specificconditions exist:
. The supply of the commodity is large enough to last for many years.
Since pipelines are costly to build, a large supply of the commodity
makes construction worthwhile.
. It is not possibleto transport the commodity by ship. Transportationby
ship is usually less expensivethan transportation by pipeline.
Fig. 30-12 showsthe location of Canada'smajor oil and gaspipelines.
The proposed pipelines on the map may be built if it makes economic

lxiding Pipslines
l. Transcanada
6.Interprovincial
2.WestCoastTr6nsmission7.Lakehead
8.Trans-Mountain
3.Nova
4.GrsatLaks
L Dome
5.Torofio,
ousbec,
and
1OCochin
Montreal
11,Alliance

ll

,o!
hoposedPipelines
t /

Valley
1?.Mackonzie
13.Domps{er
Highway
14.Alaska
Highway
15.Foothilts

500

F.rrL-T*-r-l
km

10m

{ F i g . 3 0 - 1 2M a j o r
Not
Canadianpipelines.
shownon this mapare hundredsof smallerpipelines
that move oil and gasfrom
their sourceto major
pipelines.

senseto do so.They might be built in five years,in 50 years,or perhaps

never.As the demand for oil and natural gas rises (along with their price),
the likelihood of more pipelines being built increases,particularly to the
United States.

In Closing...
Canada could not exist as a modern nation without a complex transportation system that moves people and cargo efficiently to their destination.
And yet, Canada'stransportation network performs another, perhaps less
obvious,task. It connectsall our diverseregions,helping Canadiansto
feel that they are part of one vast country.

trffiffis9'sqp$$$
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
l. a) What arebulkcargoes?
in
b) Rankthe variousformsof transportation
terms of their suitabilityto move bulk car80es.
c) What is a unit trainlWhy is it an efficient
way to move bulk cargoes?
d) Give three examplesof unit-trainroutesand
carSoes.
2. a) Railwayscameup with two solutionsto
competewith trucks.Whatare they?
b) Describehow thesesolutionswork.
3. a) Describewinter ice roads.
b) Why are they impoftant?
4. Describeeachof the four differentregionsin
Canadawhere shipsare usedto movecargo.

Transportation
Method
Rail
Road
Ship
Airplane
Pipeline
A Fig. 30- | 3

Advantages

5. What typesof cargoare carriedby airplanes?

whv?
THINKING
6. a) A clothingmanufacturerin Winnipeghassold
l0 000 pairsof jeansto a departmentstore
Completean organizer
in London,England.
like Fig.30-l3 to summarizethe manufacturer's choicesfor transportinttheseieans
to England.
b) Which method of transport would you
chooseand why?
COMMUNICATION
7. Sometimesconflictarisesbetweenthe movement of goodsand the movementof people.
For example,freighttrains havepriority over
passenger
train must pull
trains-a passenger

Disadvantages

Gomments

CHAPTER 30

onto a siding to allow a freight train to continue

on the track. Should the movement of people
have precedence over the movement of goods?
Why or why not? Expressyour views in a
paragraph.

APPLICATION
8. a) Referto Fig.30-7.Calculatethe percentage
of the total cargomadeup by eachof the
followingcategories:
i. miningproducts
ii. forestry products
iii. agriculturalproducts
iv. motor vehiclesand parts
b) Draw a pie graphto illustratethe typesof
(SeeChapter8 if
cargocarriedby railways.
you are not sure how to draw a pie graph.)
c) What similaritiesdo thesecargoeshave?
9. Which methodof transportationwould you
chooseto move eachof the followingcargoeslExplainyour choices.
a) 100000 tonnesofwheat from Saskatoon
to Vancouver
b) six pianosshippedfrom Montreal:four to
Ontario,and
Ottawa,one to Peterborough,
one to Sherbrooke,
Quebec
c) 200 000 tonnesof crude oil from Alberta
to Sarnia.Ontario
d) 50 000 tonnesof iron ore from Sept-lsles,
Quebec,to Hamilton,Ontario
e) 100kilogramsof live daffodilsfromVictoria,
BritishColumbiato Toronto.Ontario

SYSTEM
CANADA'SCIRCULATORY
TMNSPORTATION:

10. a) Fig.30-l4 showsthe traffictrend on the

WellandCanalover 45 years.Calculate
the averagetonnagecarriedby eachship in
1959and 2004.
b) What hashappenedto the
i. total tonnage?
ii. numberof ships?
iii.sizeof ships?
c) lf a largetransPorttruck can carry
50 tonnesof cargoand a freighttrain with
60 carscan carry 4000 tonnesof cargo,
calculate
numberof truck- and
i. the equivalent
trainloadsof cargothat went through
the WellandCanalin 2004
ii. the numberof truck- and trainloadsthat
are equalto the averageship'scargo
d) How do thesefigureshelp explainwhy bulk
cargois shippedby water whenever
possible?

195t'

zwl

Ilumberof thips

7500

3185

(tonnesI
tonnage
Gargo

27000000

34300000

Averagetonnage(tonnes)
A Fig. 30-14 TrafficflowWellandCanal

. t J

L U J J I J J ] ! I J JC3J
J JJ !JJ]S]

C:trta,d?t'ilJ3f

Y9!l.5

Jysteffi

{i:*:y?*rrars
This chapterhelpsyou investigate
thesequestions:
. How does communications
technologyaffectyour dailylife,and how
might it affectyou in the future?
. Will changingcommunications
technologyhavea favourableor
unfavourable
effecton your life?Explain.

?"etv;tglee
rmPortance

W
City codes are not
required for all countries.
In some countries, city
codes are not required
becausethe country
code covers all places.

communications
globalvillage
convergent
technologies

f we compare Canadato the human body, we could saythat the counf

Itry's communicationssystemis like the body'snervoussystem.The
nervous systemcarriesinformation to all parts of the body so that it may
function properly; Canada'scommunications systemcarriesinformation
to all regionsof the country so that the country may carry out its day-today operations.\,Vhilestudying the communications system,you will see
that communications technology changesvery rapidly. Each new change
has a major geographicaleffect:it decreasesthe relevanceof distancein
communications.
MarshallMcluhan, a famous Canadianphilosopherand communications theorist,statedin the late 1950sthat the world is becominga global
village. He meant that technological improvements are making communications throughout the world as easyas if they were taking place in a small
village.\.'Vhilethe world is not yet a global village, it is rapidly moving in that
direction.Completethe following activityto seehow this trend is occurring.
You will need the following items for this exercise:a phone book that
provides international calling information, a globe,a piece of string,
and graph paper.You will also need the following information:
. Long-distancecalls to destinationsin Canadaand the United
Statesare made by dialing I + area code + local number.
. Long-distancecalls to other countries are made by dialing 011 +
country code (2-3 digits) + city code (f-5 digits) + local number
(2-9 digits).

CHAPTER 3 |

SYSTEM
CANADA'SNERVOUS
COMMUNICATIONS:

A
Golumn

!
,cglyn

primeminister
in Ottawa
1) Canada's
in Manhattan,
newspaper
2l TheNew York77rnes
NewYorkCity
3) Sydney0peraHousein Australia
Park
Olympic
4) Calgary
TowerandCanada
in Alberta
England
in London,
Palace
5) Buckingham
in LosAngeles,
California
Studios
6) Paramount
Embassy
in Bogot6,
Colombia
7) Canadian
in Beijing,
China
8l TheGlobeand Mail'sbureau
in Pretoria
9) SouthAfrica'spresident

a) 011-57-1-35-50-**

{ Fig.3l-l Canyou match

the phonenumberto the
locationl

b) 1-403-247-****
c) l-613-992-****
d)
e)
tl
g)
h)
i)

011-44-171-930-****
1-213-956-****
011-27-12-31g**xx
1-212-556-****
011-86-10-8526-****
011-61-2-9250-****

1. Examinethe telephonenumbers in Column B of Fig. 31-1.

Using the area codes and country codes listed in the long-distance
section of your phone book, match each place in ColumnA to its
telephone number in Column B.
2. Calculate and record the distance from Toronto to each city in
Column A. You can do this with a globe and a piece of string.
3. Do you think that the cost to phone each city from Toronto is tied
to its distance from Toronto?\Mhy or why not? To help you answer
these questions, construct two scattergraphsthat relate the cost to
distancefrom Toronto for the years l9B4 and 2005.The cost data
for this exerciseare given in Fig. 31-2. Construct a scattergraph for
each year witlrr costper minute as the vertical scale and distance as
the horizontal scale.
4. Look at the two scattergraphsyou have created, and answer the
following questions:
a) lVhat has happened to the cost of making long-distance calls
over the years?\.^/hy?
1984cost(in 2flt5$) 2005cost($)
Destination
of Gall
primeminister
O.O3S
1.15
in 0ttawa
1) Canada's
in Manhattan,
2l TheNew YorkTmesnewspaper
0.049
0,71
NewYorkCity
0.059
3.11
0peraHousein Australia
3) Sydney
0.039
TowerandCanada
0lympicParkin Alberta 1.77
4) Calgary
0.059
2.26
England
Palace
in London,
5) Buckingham
0.049
1.13
in LosAngeles,
California
Studios
6) Paramount
0.18
2.83
embassy
in Bogot6,
Colombia
7) Canadian
0.35
in Beijing,
3.11
China
8l TheGlobeand Mailsbureau
0.15
3.11
in Pretoria
9) SouthAfrica'spresident

tance calculatoris available through the link at

www.pearsoned.ca/
nrakingconnections2,

Reminder
Constructinga scattergraph:
. Labelthe dependent
variableon the vertical
axis and the independent variableon the
horizontal axis.
. Choose scalesfor the
venical and horizontal
axes.
. Record data usingdots,
smallx's or circles.
. Draw the line of best
fit.
. Give your graphan
appropriatetitle.

{ Fig. 3l-2 The priceof a

one-minutephonecallfrom
Toronto in 1984and 2005.
The 1984priceshavebeen
adlustedto reflect the
amount of inflationthat
occurredbetween 1984and
2005.Thisallowsa direct
comparisonbetweenthe
amountsshown.The2005
pricesare from a discount
providerof phoneservices.
Companieslike this did not
exist in 1984.

UNIT 5

ECONOMICCONNECTIONS

b) Have changesin cost been more significant for calls to less

distant placesor for calls to more distant places?What does this
finding suggest?
c) How significantwas the relationship between distanceand cost
in 1984?in 2005?Describeany trends (and major exceptions)
that you see.
d) VVhydo you think this change has occurred?

The Nature of Communications

revolutionize
causea maior change

The inventionof the

printint pressextended
the power of writing,
sinceinformationcould
now be mass-produced
and widelydistributed.

about SETI,the
Searchfor fxtralerrestrial lntelligence,
through the link at
www.oearsoned.cal
makintconnections2.

communications is the transfer of information from one place to another.

The nature of communications has changedgreatly since the invention of
writing thousands of years ago.Written language revolutionized
communications becausepeople were able to transfer and store information that could be read in a different place at a different time. writingand much later, print-were enormous advancesin communications, but
they still had major shortcomings.For example,the treaty that ended the
war of l8l2 was signedin Europe in December lgl4. Unfortunately,it
took many weeksfor the news to reach North America. During this time,
the war continued, and hundreds of people were killed in battles that
would not have occurred if communication had been speedier.
Clearly,there was a need for fastercommunications over long
distances.The first breakthroughwas the invention of the telegraphin the
mid-lB00s. Sincethe telegraphrequired wires,there were some obvious
limitations to its use.The next invention was the "wireless," better known
today as the radio, in the early 1900s.In the decadesthat followed came
television and enormous advancesin both wired and wireless
communication, including satellitecommunications and the Internet.
Today,people around the entire world are linked as a result of these
communications advances.
we humans even have a desire to communicate with others who may
live beyond our planet.we have sent messagesto thosewho might live
elsewherein the universe (Fig.3r-3) and have listened for communication
from other galaxiesby means of the SETIproject.The pioneer l0
spacecraftholds the record for the most distant human communication
yet. Its last messageto Earth was receivedin January2003,more than
3l yearsafter its launch. By that time, the spacecraftwas more than
121billion kilometresfrom Earth.

CHAPTER 3 |

SYSTEM
CANADA'SNERVOUS
COMMUNICATIONS:

Fig.3l-3

We are already

trying to communicate with

beings beyond our own solar
system.This plate was
attached to the Pioneer l0
soacecraft.which was the
first object designed to leave
the solar system.Try to figure out the messageon the
olate.What information
i

would you have sent?

...{
!

'\.

r . "s
f

,,
c

.,]
$
t-*;r**5'

in

r'
-f.d\.
":"-

-(Etr
about what this message
meansthroughthe link at
www.oearsoned.ca/
makinSconnections2.

Communications: Existing and Emerging

Technologies
ExistingCommunications
Canadiansexchangeinformation by
. talking to one another
. listening to the radio-More than 99% of Canadianhouseholds(and
almost every car and truck) have a radio.
. watching television-More than 98% of Canadianhouseholdshave
television.More than T5Tohavecable or satelliteservicethat givesthem
accessto perhapshundreds of different stations.
. using the telephone (FiB.31-4)-As of April2005, there were approximately 19.4million fixed telephone lines and 15 million mobile phone
subscribersin Canada.

Between1999and 2003,
the numberof mobile
almost
ohonesubscribers
doubled.

. sending e-mails over the Internet and visitingWeb sites

. mailing letters to one another
. reading-Canada has over 100daily newspapersand more than
1500magazines.Somemagazines,such as Maclean'sand Chatelaine,
are read byhundreds ofthousands ofpeople, whereasothers are
published for fewer readerswith specificinterests.
Most of us are familiar with theseforms of communication, but few of
us think about what happensbehind the scenesto allow such communication to occur.\.A/hatallowsyou to read your morning newspaper,receive

Conadian Coin News and

Sweep! Curling'sMogozine
are examples of specialized magazines.

UNIT 5

ECONOMICCONNECTIONS

F i g .3 l - 4 )
Satellitesare usedfor botn
telephoneand television
communications.
Communicationssatellites
are in geostationary orbit,
movint at the samespeedas
Earth'srotation.

Communicationoccurs in
waysthat you might not
always be awarc of. For
XamPle,whenyou use a
bank machine(ATM),
messatesare sent back
and forth betweenthe
machineand your bank's
comPuter.

V Fig. 3l-5 Eachform of

communication
technology
consistsof two parts.

a long-distance call, or watch the olyrnpics broadcast on television from a

distant country?FxamineFigures3l-5, 3l-6, and 3l-7 to discoverthe
answersto this question. Remember that a communication consists of two
parts: the messageitself and the technology that delivers the message.
Canada has a highly developed communications system.This system
has evolved partly becauseof the nature of canada's human and physical
geography.A modern and efhcient communications system was, and
remains, essential in unifying a relatively small population spread out
over many thousands of kilometres.
our advanced communications system has also developed becausewe
have a body of scientists and engineerswith the education and
imagination to tackle our communications challenges.Thesetalented

Formof Gommunication

Message

Technology
to GarryMessage

newspaper

newsstories

digitaltransmission
of information,
fully
printing
press
automated

long-distance
telephone
call

wordssaidbyeachperson

phonesystemincluding
satellites
and
microwave
network(Fig.31-61

television

pictures
andwords

(Fig.3t-7),
TVproduction
facilities
satellite/undersea
cables,antennas,
and
cableTVdistribution
system

e-mail

pictures
andwords

transmission
of information
overphone
lines,cablesystems,
andcomputer
networks

textmessage

words

transmission
of information
overcellphonelines

CHAPTER 3 |

ij4:rFi::ryrniit_iqjllilil

jj.lr:

SYSTEM
CANADA'SNERVOUS
COMMUNICATIONS:

A Fig. 3l-6 Microwavetransmission

can be usedwhere a cablenetwork
could neverbe built.

fa
A Fig. 3l-7 Engineerat a televisionproductionfacility

people have enabled Canadians to be among the first in the world to have
accessto newmethods of communication. Theyhave enhancedCanada's
reputation in the communications field, thus encouraging other countries
to buy Canadian expertise. For example, a Canadian telecommunications
company provides high-speed fibre optic technology to a major
telecommunications company in Argentina and a digital cable television
system (forTV data, video, and multimedia services)to parts of China.

expertise
knowledgeand skills

Emergi
ng CommunicationsTechnologies
Communications technologies are changing rapidly, and new technologies often become obsolete before many people even know they exist! In
this section, we will look at the changesthat are occurring in a number of
communications technologies.

obsolete
outdated

D E Y E L O P M E NITNST H ET E L E P H O NSEY S T E M
Perhapsthe most dramatic change in Canada'stelephone systemis the
recent $owth of wirelessphone service.For a century after its inception,
phone servicewas provided by telephonesthat were connected by wires.
Thesetelephone wires, or land lines, linked one place to ano*rer. In the
mid-l98Os, wireless (also called cellular or mobile) phone servicebecame
available.Another, more fundamental development is taking place in the
telephone system.As you learned in the long-distance activity earlier in this
chapter, distance is becoming a lessimportant factor in communications.

inception
beginning

UNIT 5

ECONOMICCONNECTIONS

D E Y E L O P M E NITNST H E I N T E R N E T
ln l999,the numberof
residentiallnternet connectionswas 3 367 000.
By 2003,the number of
connectionshad more
than doubled to
70t3000.

The Internet has become such an important part of our lives that it is easy
to forget how new it is and how quickly it is developing and changing.
Every month, the number of Internet users in Canada grows dramatically.
Today,the most important elementsof the Internet are e-mail, on-line
discussion capabilities, and the World Wide Web.
E-mail has already had a profound impact on the way people communicate. E-mail messages,whether to someonein the next ofnce or on the
other side of the world, make communication cheaper and faster.
On-line discussionson the Internet have many purposes.Sometimes
their purpose is recreational-you can play gameswith other Internet users
or chat with the star of a new television show.At other times, their purpose
is more serious.For example,you can take university or collegecoursesonline, and have on-line discussionswith your classmates.While this might be
a conveniencefor someone living in a citywith a collegeor university, for
someone living in a remote area,it is a revolution. Peoplenowhave access
to higher education without having to travel great distancesto obtain it.
Perhapsthe most important element of the Internet is theWorldWide
Web (WVW). There are millions ofWeb sites all over the world that have
as many purposes as the human imagination can create. It is rapidly
becoming the meeting place for people who have accessto the necessary
computer technology. Here are a few current uses of the\MWW
. a large library of knowledge(Fig.31-B)
. a centre for the exchangeof entertainment and cultural information
. the ultimate shopping mall, with on-line stores

Fig. 3 l-8 )
Justas you would consultthe
referencesin a library,you
may now consult references
on theWorldWideWeb.
This particularWebsite is a
dictionary of | 970s slang!

a
dor,l

*ff
t-l

.U
' :

. . !

Ed

,ri,.,.
:i::rr_-

;i..;*.' ,-..
- J " , ; j . .

; ; ; ; ' '

Terrns of the 70s, Slang of the Seventies

W e"
tbw
d4B
da&.d
pp&ES
dq6.7&

dqtu

:: rG /!r.144
7& tuiyou c@@ d: tus r b 6f C & 9*4

r.d&dqdabd.

F.yor&tu6tu

C-YdDtr
Do yo! &ed"'Ca

yeu{r n lE1'

Tadro@@

&.db

Tob! r.@6.
'@dsotu

4d

. b'S'dsbabtu
n.'d'rusqk
. hl&8ulA
A'+u

M6.

&f

&{bpry&hod

d aE

cia'
ato rdsd

d.t

&&!

tu.-

tu.

roBE

d Tl*thp'q3qE.

ad's'@edrFb

{d
roa@tu6ilcdeF@.&t.

grd.w
.h@db
&b.d
roe@pdrry.aD!q.ldtwcnr'r'dfta64

orF&!g6ptd

6dtu6ryq.!q6.&

!5od'@bg..s
Y.dqb.&sd'4!'

tu

CHAPTER 3l

a
a

SYSTEM
CANADA'SNERVOUS
COMMUNICATIONS:

a banking centre
a centre for personal expression.Weblogs (blogs) are Web-based communications in which people and organizations publish everything
from personal diaries to political commentary.

D E Y E L O P M E NITNST E L E Y I S I O N
Before the 1980s,Canadians had very few television stations to watch.
Television signals were received by rooftop antennas, and in some areas
only one or two stations were available.Today,by comparison, Canadians
can choosefrom dozensofstations broadcastingfrom locations across
the country-and, indeed, from acrossthe continent-because of the
development and growth of cable and satellite television.
Cable and satellite television companies have traditionally used analog
transmission. Many are now using digital transmission. Digital transmission has two huge advantages.First, it gives viewers better quahty pictures
and sound. Second,it is much more efficient. One analog channel can be
used to carry as many as eight digital channels. For example, a cable company that had77 analog channels now offers a total of almost 300 analog
and digital channels combined. Cable TV service providers now enable
accessto the lnternet via the television, and offer interactive fi movies
on demand, and personal video recorders.

Digital technology is also

usedfor radio transmtsston.

ConvergentTechnologies
Until recently, communications technologies were completely independent. Television, radio, newspapers,movies, magazines,and the Internet
each worked separately and differently. The people who worked in these
media, and the people who used them, thought more about their differences than their similarities. NoW however, the independent nature of
each communications technology is disappearing as one technology
mergeswith another. Distinctions among various communications technologies are becoming blurred. This complex and exciting change, known
as convergent technologies, may be the most important of all.
Communications companies are battling each other for supremacy in
the war of convergence.Each company wants to be able to deliver telephone, radio and TV broadcasting, and Internet servicesall at the same
time. Consider the following examples of technological convergence:
. Telehealth Networks have been developed throughout Canada.In
Ontario, for example, over 100 of the province's public hospitals are
connected through networks of regular phone lines and fibre optic
cables that allow video conferencing among healthcare professionals
for the diagnosis and treatment of illnesses.It allows patients in their
local hospitals to consult with specialists elsewhere,eliminating the

The first photos available

of the terrorist bombings
in the London underground (subway) in July
2005 wqre aken by video
cell phones,

UNIT 5

ECONOMICCONNECTIONS

need to travel long distancesto obtain care.This technology also gives

doctors in remote areasaccessto continuing medical education'
InteractiveTV may be used for accessingthe Internet, playing games,
distancelearning, home shopping,voting, and telebanking.
a
a

Newspapersand magazinesare availableon-line.

Internet telephone servicesorVoIP (Voiceover Internet Protocol) allow
people to make phone calls over a broadband Internet connection on
their computers.This technology eliminates long-distancecharges.

In Closing...
Geographyis all about placesand distance.Rapid changesin technology,
however,are making distanceirrelevant in many of our day-to-daycommunications and, in a sense,making communications less"geographic'"
Convergenttechnologiesare giving us new and excitingways to transfer
and use information. These revolutionary changes in communications
have made your life very different from that of a young person in your
parents' generation.
'*'i,,j :l:r::'r,

KNOWLEDGEAND UNDERSTANDING
l. What is the major geographicalimpact of new
communicationstechnology?
2. a) Define communications.
b) Name four important advancesin the
historicaldevelopmentof the world's
communications system.
3. Canadahas one of the world's most advanced
communications systems.Give at least two
reasonswhy this is not surprising.

THINKING
4. a) Eachform of communication technology
consistsof two parts.Name these parts.
b) Describe these two parts for the following
forms of communications:a television
broadcast,an InternetWeb page,and a
conversation.
5. a) What is the globalvillage?

b) Give three specificpiecesof evidencefrom

this chapter that suggestthe world is
becominga globalvillage.
c) Give two additionalpiecesof evidencefrom
your own life that suggestthat the world is
becominga globalvillage.

COMMUNICATION
hat.Predict
6. lt istimeto puton your"futurist"
how Canada'scommunicationsnetwork will be
different in 20 years as a result of convergent
technologies.(You might want to brainstorm
Compose
ideaswith a group of classmates.)
your answer in a five-paragraphessay.

APPLICATION
7. a) Why is distancea lessimportant factor in
communications today than in the past?
b) Why is this fact of particular interest to
geographers?
8. a) What is meant by convergenttechnologies?
b) Give four examplesof how technologiesare
converging.

L oc a t i n g a N e w B u s i n e s s
{

Fig.CA5-l

In October

2005,Toyota broke ground

for its newest automobile
assembly plant in
Woodstock, Ontario.
Canadian-made RAV 4s will
start rolling off the assembly
line in 2008.

you look around your community, what types of businesses,

\ A F""
V V industries,and transportation systemsdo you see?If you walk
around your local shopping mall or your community's dor.tmtowncore,
which retail businessesappear successful,and which do not?This activity
givesyou the opportunity to work in small groups to decidewhere to
locate a businessof your choice.You will also createa promotional item
explaining the location'sbenefits that could be used to attract other businessesto your chosenlocation.Your group can chooseany business,and
any Canadianlocation, but you must be able to justifu your choice on the
basisof the location factorslisted in Fig. cA5-2. Theselocation factors are
also discussedin detail in Chapter 28.

Activity
l Work in groups of four or five students.Reviewthe information on
location factorsin Chapter 28.As a group, decidewhat type of business
you will choose:primary secondary tertiary or quaternary.
2. Brainstorm questionsyou will need to ask before you can decide in
which part of Canadato locate your business.(Hint: baseyour questions on the location factorsyou have learned about.)
3. Conduct researchto answerthe questionsyou have identified. Use a
fishbone organizer to record your information. Identifu the location
factorsthat are absolutelynecessary("musts")versusthose that are
desirable("wants").Figure CA5-3showsa completed organizerthat

V Fig. CA5-2

7 Location Factors
Proximity of raw
materials
Location of markets
Availabilityof fresh
water and power
Laboursupply
Transportation
Politicalfactors
Circumstance

UNIT 5

E C O N O M I CC O N N E C T I O N S

answerswhv TovotaselectedWoodstock,Ontario,as the locationfor its

newestautomobileassemblyplant.
4. Basedon the information vou have collectedin your fishbone
organizer,choosea suitablelocation for your new business.
5. Use the information in vour organizerto createa promotional item
such as a newspaperad, a brochure,or a poster.Eachgroup member
should provide an idea for the promotional item. Your promotional
item will
.
.
.
.

V Fig. CA5-3 This diagram

e x p l a i n ss o m e o f t h e r e a s o n s
whyToyota chose
Woodstock as a site for the
new factory.

clearlyidentify the businessand its location

describethe business(e.g.,Wpes
of products,services)
summarizeyour reasonsfor choosingthe location
includea map of the regionshowingthe business's
locationin
relation to major transportation routes and nearby communities
(e.g.,for labour supply)
. includeother visuals(e.g.,photographswith captions,chartsor
graphs,a logo) relatedto the businessand the community
. include a catchy sloganto attract future industries (Most towns have
a slogan.For example,Streetsville's
sloganis "TheVillage in the City,"
and Milton'sis "Gatervavto the GTA.")
6. Individuallv write an opinion paragraphoutlining why the community
you have chosenrvould be a greatplace for similar industries to locate.
Support your selectionwith specificinformation and examples
stemming from your business'slocation factors.

Proximityof raw
materials
n e ar s l e e p
t r 00 uc e r s
t te.
i H a m i l t oS
na
, u lS
Marie)"

Woodstock
ToyotaAuto
Plant

Availabilityof fresh
waterandpower

Locationof markets
- U SC
, a n a d i aann,d
i n c r e a s i n gM
l ye, x i c a n
consumersn

e l e c t r i c iftryo m
0 n t a r i oP o w e r
Generatio
I nnc

a u l o m o l v ep a n s
manufacturing
compantes*
l a r g el a b o u fr o r c e "

n e a rm a j o rh i g h w a y s ,
r a i l w a y sw
, alerways,
C a n a d aU S b o r d e r *

almost50% of workers
h a v ep o s t - s e c o n d a r y
e0ucaton

Laboursupply

r o u t e sa l l o w
J I T d e l i v e r yo f p a r t s

a n dp r o d u c t s "

Transportation

f i n a n c i a il n c e n t i v e s
( S 7 0m i l l i o nf r o m

0ntario
a n d$ 5 5m i l l i o n
f r o mt h ef e d e r a l
gove
r nm e n t l *

- I n d u s t rwye l l
e s t a b l i s h iend
s o u t h e r0nn t a r i o
( o v e ar c e n t u r y )

p r o d u c tasn d
s e r v t c ems o v e
e a s r layc r o s s
C a n a d a - UbSo r d e r
(NAF]'A)-

s u c c e sosf C a m b r i d g e
p l a net n c o u r a g e d
g r o w t hI n n e a r b yc t t y

government{unded
h e a l t h c aar en d
e0ucat|on

Politicalfactors
Necessary requirernent ("must" factor)

Gircumstance

globalvillage

life expectancy

developed
countrres

GDP per capita

newly
in0ustrializing
countries ,

foreign aid
cashcrops

developing
countries

mapsof individual countries,check

www.pearsoned.ca/
makingconnections2,

Manypeoplewould suggest that the growing

interconnectedness
is
makingthe world a
"smaller"place.

Of course,manypeople
in the world are not able
to take advantageof
these new travel opportunitiesor forms of communication.

ost often when Canadiansseea map of the world, it is like the one
shown in Fig. 32-1:it is centred on the Atlantic Ocean.A map
organized in this way reflects Canada'shistory for most of the last 300
years. During this time, thousands of settlers came across the Atlantic
Oceanfrom Europeancountries and, as a result, Canadahad strong political, military and cultural ties with Europe.
Fig.32-2, on the other hand, reflectsa newer reality for Canada.It is
centred on the Pacific Ocean and shows Canada in relationship to its
neighbourson the PacificRim. This secondmap makes sensesince most
immigrants to Canadanow come fromAsian countries, and a growing
percentageof our trade is with this region.
The final map (Fig. 32-3) is a view of the world that we rarely see.It
shows the world with Canada at its centre. Looking at the world in these
ways encouragesyou to ask some very important questions:\Mhatis
Canada'splace in the community of nations?How does Canadacompare
with other nations? In what ways is the world becoming a more interconnected place?Is being more interconnecteda good thing or a bad thing?
There are severalreasonsfor the increase in international connections.
More people are travelling to more places.They are more likely to visit
foreign countries than were any previous generations.
Communication by phone and the Internet allows a level of contact in
the world that is faster, easier,and cheaper than ever before. The result
is a more closely connected global village.

CHAPTER 32

CANADA AND THEWORLD COMI-'IUNITY

: -)1

-.4 )l

:.-^/
*i.;f:,11:,.t.- 1 .....;i'.....:.,.i:."
*1,,.],g1r1r:],",!
A Fig, 32- | ThisAtlantic-centred
view of the world is the traditionalone
that Canadianshavebeen usedto seeing for more than a century.Thecentre
of this map is at lO"N and 50"W

A Fig.32-2 In recentyears,
Canadiansare more likelyto havea
view of the world that is focusedon
the Pacific.The
centreof this map is at
l0'N and 160'W.

A Fig.32-3 Rarelydo Canadians

take
a Canada-centred
view ofthe world.
How does lookingat the world in this
way changeour perspective?This
map
is centredat 60'N and 95'W.

r International trade grows enormously every year. The economies of the

world's countries are becoming more closely linked.
. Although the peoples of the world still exhibit considerable diversity,
they increasingly share a common culture.
o Natural hazards,wars, and terrorism also link nations-often in ways
we would not choose.

Grouping Countries
Understanding the connections among countries is not an easything to
do. In fact, there is no clear agreement about what a country is. A commonly used way of identiSring the world's countries is to consider the
membership of the United Nations. In 2005, the United Nations had
l9l members.Each country has a unique combination of culture, history
government, and economic development. One way to simplify our view of
the world's countries is to group them according to their similarities. The
most frequently used method is by comparing them on the basis of their
economic and social development.Using thesetwo measures,we can
divide countries into three groups: developed countries, newly industrializing countries, and developing countries (Fig. 32-4).
Countries can be grouped together on the basis of severalcriteria.
Complete the activity on page 436 to learn about these criteria and to see
how countries are grouped together into one of the three groups.

Reminder
Interpretingdiagrams:
. What type of visualtext
is shown in Figs.32- | ,
32-2,and32-3?Whatis
the purposeof these
diagrams?
. What do the captions
tell you about these
visuals?
. Statethe mdn idea of
the visuals,giving
evidenceto support
your answer.
. How mrghtthese
diagramsexpressbiasl
Explainyour answer.

Other methods of grouping involve as few as ovo

groups,five groups,or as
many as nine groups.

UNIT 6

CANADA'SGLOBALCONNECTIONS

V Fig. 32-4 This map identifies developed,newly industrializing,developing,and Communist and former Communist countries.
The Communist and former Communist countries are gradually evolving to become more like their neighbours. For example,
countries in Eastern Europe like Poland and Hungary have joined the European Union and are slowly developing economies and
social systems like their European neighbours:They now operate under the same economic rules,share a common currency,
and have eliminated duties (taxes) between member countries. Countries like KazakhstanandVietnam are each becoming like their
neighbours in Central and EastAsia.

L I F EE X P E C T A N C Y
How long a country'speople can hope to live is an indicator of development of a country'shealthcareand social system.Fig. 32-5 showshow
long a person can expectto live in 18 different countries.As you can see,
there are large differencesin life expectancyamong these countries.
Fig. 32-6 rearrangesthe same data to show life expectancyfrom shortest
to longest.We can seethat countries such as Canada,Japan,and
Germany have much longer life expectanciesthan countries such as
Nigeria, Bangladesh,and Kenya.
The HIV/AIDS epidemic
in Africa has caused the
life expectancy in some
countries to droo below
40 years.

l. a) Use the information in Figs.32-5 and 32-6 to rank the countries

from I to 18,with I being the longest life expectancy.
b) Averagethe rankings for any countries that are tied. For example, since Australia and Japan are tied for first and second place,
give each a ranking of f .5 [(f + 2)12= 1.5].TheUnited States,
Germany, and Singapore are tied for fourth, fifth, and sixth place
so each should have a ranking of 5 [(4 + 5 + 6)/3 = 5)].
c) Copy the organizer in Fig. 32-7 into your notebook. List the
countries alphabetically in the first column. Transfer the rankings of life expectancy from the list you created in la) and 1b).

CHAPTER 32

Australia
Bangl
adesh
Brazil
Canada
Chile
China
Congo
Germany
lran
Japan
Kenya
Mexico
Nigeria
Papua-New
Guinea
Singapore
Thailand
UnitedStates
Zimbabwe
0

CANADA AND THEWORLD COI4MIJNffY

J a p an
Australia
Canada
Singapore
Germany
UnitedStates
Chile
Mexico
China
Thailand
lran
Brazil
Papua-New
Guinea
Bangladesh
Nigeria
Kenya
Congo
Zimbabwe
2

0
Years

A Fig.32-5 This graphshowsthe averagelife expectancyin a

sampleof l8 countries.

0
Years

A Fig. 32-5 lf we sort countriesaccordingto life expectancy

(from longestto shortesQ,it becomeseasierto see that certain countriescan be groupedtogether.lfwe had datafor all of
the countriesin the world. we would follow the same
process-it would just be a lot more work. Note that it would
be much faster if we could find a data sourcethat alreadygave
us the statisticssorted from high to low (or low to high)
Manyon-linedatasources
ratherthan sorted alphabetically.
givethe user the option to displaythe datain variousways.

V Fig.32-7

Life
Expectancy
{yearsl

GDPper Capita llatural

(US$}PPP
Increase
Rate%

LiteracyLevel
Undernourished
Peopleas
l/"1
o/oof Total

TOTAI
Doctors
per1O0llll
People.2llltl

Australia
Bangladesh
Brazil
Canada

WEALTH
GDP per capita (PPP)is the most commonly used measureof a country's
wealth. It measuresthe total value of goods and servicesa country produces in a year on a per person basis.In developing countries, even the
basics of life-food, shelter, and clothing-may not be available to most
people. On the other hand, in developedcountries, new products are
constantly being created for people to purchase. More powerful video
game systems,designerclothing, and the latest athlete-endorsedrunning shoesare just a few of the non-essentialitems that some people in
developedcountries may feel they "need."You can probably think of
other examples.

The PurchasingPower
Parity (PPP)version of
GDP per capia is used
here. lt is more accurate
than the simpleGDP per
capitameasuresince
income is relatedto the
cost of livingin the
country.

G0Pper Capita
(US$),
PPP,
2004
Australia
Bangladesh
Brazil
Canada
Chile
China
. ep.
C o n g oD, e mR
Germany
lran
Ja p a n
Kenya
Mexico
Nigeria
Guinea
Papua-New
Singapore
Thailand
UnitedStates
Zimbabwe

Undernourished
Natural
Rate Peopleas % of
Increase
(per1000),2005 Total,1998-2lXf0

30700
2 000
I 100
3r s00
10700
5 600
700
28700
1 100
29400
1r 0 0
I 600
1000
2200
27800
8100
40100
1900

4.8
21.6
10.7
3.1
9.7
6.2
29.9
-2.2

1r.3
0.5
25.5
16.2
23.5
22.6
5.3
8.7
5.9
5.1

neg.
35
10
neg.
4
I
13
neg.
5
neg.
44
5
1
21
neg.
t8
neg.
38

ooctorsPer
Literacy
Level(o/o), 100000
People,2004
2003

r00
43
86
97
96
86
66
9g
7g
99
85
92
68
66
93
95
97
9l

240
23
206
209
109
164
7
362
105
201
t3
171
21
5
140
30
549
6

n e g=. n e g l i g i b l e
A Fig. 32-8 Usethesedatato completethe actiYity.

2. Fig. 32-Bshowsthe GDP per capita for the sample of 18 countries.

Sort these statistics from high to low GDP per capita' The highest
GDP per capita would be ranked I and the lowest lB. Add the rankings to your organizer.

EA T E
N A T U R A ILN C R E A SR
Natural lncreaseRate =
Birth Rate- Death Rate
You can learn more
about the natural increase
rate in ChaDter16.

As a country develops, it is typical for the natural increase rate to

decrease.There are many reasonsfor this. For example,in a developed
country mosr women have control over how many children theywill have.
In addition, people in countries with pension systemsand effective health
care do not feel the need to have large families to support them in their
old age.
3. Using the data in Fig. 32-8, sort the statistics from low to high
natural increase rates for the lB countries, with 1 being the lowest
population growth rate. Add these rankings to your organizer'

CHAPTER32

CANADAAND
CANADA
AND THEWORLD COMMUNITY

F O O DS U P P L Y
Food suppliesenergyto the human body.The amount of food energy
needed to survive varies from country to country. This is because of differencesin averagebody size,the age composition of the population, and
the climate. Generallyspeaking,people in tropical regionsneed lessfood
energy than those in colder climates. Canada, for example, has an average
daily requirement of ll 172kI &ilojoules), while Indonesia has an average of only 9O72kI.In this study we measure food supply by examining
how many people in the country are undernourished,i.e., do not have
enough to eat based on what is needed in that country.

4. Use the data in Fig. 32-B to sort the countries' food supply from
high to low, with I being the highest level of food supply. (Assume
that negligible is equivalent to zero.) Transfer the ratings to your
organizer.

Why do peoplein cooler

countrieslike Canada
needto eat more than
those in warmer
countriesl

negligible
insignificant

E D U C A T I OLNE Y E L
Many experts would suggestthat the best way to advance a country's economic and social developmentis to improve the education of the country's citizens. Educational achievement can be measured in manyways.
One of the simplest is to determine the literacy level, that is, the percentage of the population that can read and write. Experts know that if literacy
is higher, it is easierto spreadinformation about such things as better
farming methods and health issues.

5. Sort the literacy levels in Fig. 32-B from high to loq with 1 being
the highest literacy level. Place the rankings in your organizer.

HEALTHCARE
You may have suffered from diarrhea on occasion.your parents probably
had measleswhen they were children and had to stay home from school
for a few weeks. In developed countries, we assumethat we will recover
from what we think of as minor illnesseslike diarrhea, and we are able to
eliminate diseaseslike the measlesalmost entirely.In developingcountries, though, thousands of children die each year from illnesseslike
these.

You almost certainlyhave

not had measles,formerly
a commonchildhood
disease,
sinceyou likely
receivedvaccinesto
prevent it.

CANADA'SGLOBALCONNECTIONS

An effectivehealthcaresystemis an important indicator of a country's

level of development.One way to measurethe quality of the health care
systemis to know how many people, on average,each doctor must look
after.

6. The final column of data in Fig. 32-Bshowsthe number of doctors

per I00 000 people for the lB countries.Rank thesefrom lowest to
highest,with f having the highest number of doctors per 100 000
people. List the rankings in your organizer.

# z

information
about countries.check
www.pearsoned.ca./
makingconnections2.

For each country total the rankings for the six measuresused.
Based on these totals, divide the countries into three groups of six,
from most to least developed.Thesethree groups of countries represent different levels of development developed countries, newly
industrializing, and developing countries.

The Three Levels of Development

DevelopedCountries
Countries classifiedas "developed"are at the highest level of economic
and social development.What are the characteristicsof developed
countries?
. Citizensof the developedcountries have the highest standardof living
in the world. Even the poorest people in these countries live well compared to many people in developingcountries.
. Their economiesare basedincreasinglyon the servicesector.They
have well-developedservicessuch as education,healthcare,banking,
transportation, and information technologies.

SeeChapter22 for more

informationon primary
industry.

SeeChapter39 for more

informationon the
ecologicalcost of
development.

. \.Vhilemost of these countries developedbecauseof advancedmanufacturing, manufacturing is a lessimportant economic activity today
than in the past.
. Primary industries,while highly efficient, are the least important part
of the economy in terms of value and providing jobs.
The wealth and high living standardof developedcountries have been
achievedat great cost. Despite the fact that they have only about 2O%of
the world's population, they use most of the world's resourcesand produce most of its pollution. In the yearsto come, it will be a greatchallenge
for these countries to maintain their standard of living while reducing
their impact on the world's environment.

CHAPTER32

CANADAANDTHE\AORLD

DevelopingCountries
Of the three groups, "developing countries" have the lowest levels of economic and social growth. Most of the countries of Africa and many countries in Asia are members of this group. They tend to share the following
characteristics:
. In contrast to the developed world, developing countries have
economies that are dominated by primary industries and, in particular,
by agriculture (Fig. 32-9). In most developing countries, the majority of
people are farmers who consume most of what they produce.
. Much new development is focused on manufacturing since these
countries often have raw materials that can be used in manufacturing.
Furthermore, their rapidly growing populations need manufactured
goods of all types.

A Fig.32-9 The economy

countriesis
of developing
dominatedby agriculture.

. The servicesectorof the economy tends to be poorly developedsince

most people have little money to spend on servicessuch as telephones,
movies, schools, and restaurants.
. Citizens earn little cash income. Most of their production is for their
own use or is traded to supply their needs.
. Since citizens earn so little, they do not pay taxes.As a result, the government is not able to provide money for education, healthcare, or
economic development. Frequently, developing countries have to rely
on foreign aid to pay for such things.

Newly Industrializing
Countries
Different countries in many parts of the world are moving from the category "developing countries" to the category "newly industrializing." The
economies of these countries were once based mainly on agriculture.
Over time, different manufacturing industries became established.
As the industrial base grows and diversifies, the service industry will
also increase in size, and this will help improve the standard of living. This
process takes many years to occur. Perhapsthe best examples of this
change in the last 60 years or so have occurred in southeastAsia, especially in the "Four Dragons": Thiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and
Singapore.Each has progressedfrom the developing stageto the developed stage since the end ofWorldWar II. They progressedby achieving
economic growth rates much greater than those that were occurring in
developed countries. The enormous changes involved in becoming developed are currently occurring in other countries of Asia such as China and
Malavsia, and in Latin America countries such as Brazil and Chile.

Not enoughforeign aid is

availableto meet all of
tfiese needs.

CANADA'SGLOBALCONNECTIONS

Limitations of Grouping Countries

\tVhilethere are some obvious and important advantagesto grouping countries as we have done here, there are also some problems with this method.

Rememberthat high
military expenditures
might be usedto keepa
dictator in power.

When the farmer buys

food and other items this
increasesthe GDP as
well.

resrves
amounts

Cuba,for example,has
levelsof economic development that you would
expect to find in a developing country but levels
of socialdevelopment
typical of a developed
country.

bloc
group of countrieswith a
sharedaim suchasthe group
of easternEuropeancommunistcountriesformerly
controlledby the Soviet
Union

. One problem is deciding what "progress" and "development" really are.

For example, by the definition we have used here, a country can be
seen to "develop" when it increasesits GDP per capita, even if this
increase may not improve the quality of life for the country's citizens.
For instance, if a country spends a great deal of money on its military
or on industrial development that causesmajor environmental damage,it will increase its GDP but might causeharm to its citizens.
. Considerwhat isn't revealedin GDP statistics.In some countries,most
people produce their or,rrnfood. This fact would not be reflected in GDP
statisticssince this food was not sold to anyone.On the other hand,
farmers may grow cash crops like coffee and sugar,which they sell and
thus add to the GDP However, the land used for cash cropping is no
longer available for growing food and the coffee and sugar workers may
not earn enough to provide their families with adequate healthcare,
education, or even food.
A third problem is that there are only three groups. This means that
each group contains countries that can be very different from each
other. For example, compare Bangladeshand Nigeria. Bangladeshhas a
huge population and few marketable natural resources,while Nigeria
has vast reserves ofnatural resourceslike oil and natural gas.
A fourth problem is that this approach assumesthat a country's level of
economic and social development is the same throughout the population. Clearly this is not the case.In Canada,we have people who are
billionaires and others who live on the street. In countries such as
China and India, some people drive luxury automobiles and live in
fancy homes while hundreds of millions struggle to feed their families.
Each group gives only a broad picture of the level of economic and
social development of the countries within it.
Not all countries fit neatly into one or another of the three groups.You
have seen that countries with the most advanced economies usually
have the most highly developed social programs. Countries that were
once allies of the Soviet Union or part of the Soviet Union itself, however, had more highly developed social programs than economic development. So,in which group do they belong?The level of economic
development in the former Soviet bloc countries is beginning to match
that of their neighbours. Former Sovietbloc countries such as Estonia,
Hungary and even Russiaitself, may move into the developed countries category.Others, such as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, may fall
into the newly industrializing category.

CHAPTER32

CANADAAND

. A final problem is that these groupings are only a snapshot of the situation at a particular time. They do not reflect the fact that rapid changes
may be occurring.

Figs.32-6 and 32-8.Thefirst row hasbeen

completedfor you.
b) Brieflydescribethe importanceof each
to a country'swell-being.
characteristic

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDI NG

l. Describethe characteristics
of developed,
developing,
and newly industralizing
countries.
Give two examplesof eachthat are not listed
in Fig.32-8.
2. a) Copy Fig.32-l0 into your notebookand
completeit usingthe informationfrom

V Fig. 32- l0

Gharacteristic
(years)
LifeExpectancy
per
GDP Capita
NaturalIncrease
Rate(per1000),
2005
(%)
People
Undernourished
Literacy
Level(%)
No.of Doctorsper100000People

Developed

NewlyIndustrializing

Developing

76-80

61-78

41-56

THINKING
3. a) UsingFig.32-4,identifythe parts of the
world where most of the developedand
developingcountriesare located.
b) Sometimesthesetwo groupsof countries
are calledthe North and the South.Whatis
meantby this,and what significance
does it
have?
COMMUNICATION
4. What do you think are the two most serious
problemsfacingmost developedcountries?
How shouldwe dealwith theml Shareyour
ideaswith a partner.Then,
as a class,reacha
consensus
on what the two most serious
problemsare and createa masterlist of ideas
for dealingwith them.

APPLICATION
5. a) Assumethat you thoughtthat usingthree
groupsof countrieswas too complicated.
How would you dividethe world into only
two groups?What would be the mainadvanof havingtwo
tage and main disadvantage
groups?
b) lt is possibleto criticizethe three-country
group modelfor beingoversimplifiedconsiderthe problemof havingcountrieslike
in the samegroup or
Nigeriaand Bangladesh
that you
Chile and Chinatogether.Assume
decideto havemore than three groups,how
wouldyou add?What
manyadditionalgroups
of
would be the distinctivecharacteristics
eachof thesegroupslWhat would be the
of
and maindisadvantage
mainadvantage
havingmore than three groups?

he relationships that exist among the world's countries and, in

particular, the relationships between Canada and other countries take
many forms. Some relationships are very formal-for example, treaties
between the governments of Canada and other nations-while others are
informal, for example, when we holiday in another country.
. Canada belongs to a wide variety of international organizations in
which countries work together to make the world a safer,happier, and
healthier place in which to live.
. The world's economies are so closely linked that you may seethe same
movies, wear the same brands of clothing, and eat many of the same
types of food as teenagerswho live on the other side of the world.
. Every day, Canadians have cultural contacts with the world through television, movies, books, magazines,the Internet, and family connections. The most important athletic competitions, such as the Olyrnpics
andWorld Cup of socce! :re worldwide in scope.
Despite differences in their standards of living, culture, language, and
lifestyle, the people of the world must learn to cooperate with one
another. Becausewe all share one planet, problems that affect people in
one part of the world sooner or later affect people in another part of the
world. We all have more similarities than differences, and yet, for the last
century conflict has been much more common than cooperation. TWo
devastating world wars and dozens of smaller wars claimed millions of
lives. Furthermore, much of the world has experienced poverty and

CHAPTER33

CANADA'SINTERNATIONALRELATIONSHIPS

environmental damage. In recent years, amajor increase in violent terrorism has occurred in many parts of the world. Canadahas been a leader in
trylng to find ways to eliminate conflict, poverty, and environmental
problems and to minimize the damage they cause.

Canadaandthe United Nations

lVhen the United Nations was formed in 1945to promote world peace
and to help poorer countries develop economicallyand socially,Canada
was one of the 50 founding members. Since 1945,the UN has grovm to
include more than 190 countries. Unfortunately, the UN often has difficulty resolvingmajor international crisesbecauseof political differences
among its members.It does,however,provide a forum for discussions
and may have helped to prevent a third world war since it was established
over 50 years ago.
\tVhenpeople think about the UN, they tend to focus on its political activities, which are centred at the UN headquartersin NewYork.The activities of
the UN go far beyond settling political and military conflicts. Fig. 33-t outlines just a few of the specializedUN agenciesthat have quietly cooperated
in solving international problems for manyyears. One UN organization has
its headquartersin Canada.The International CivilAviation Organization
(ICAO),locatedin Montreal, has responsibilitiessuch as coordinating air
traffic control and setting standardsfor air-flight security.
The UN sometimesacts as the world's peacekeeper.It organizesmilitary and police forcesmade up of troops from member states.Canadahas
been involved in more peacekeepingoperationsthan any other country.
Peacekeepers
are sent to scenesofconflict to make sure that truces are
being observed.In some cases-for example,Cyprus-UN peacekeeping
forces have been in place for more than 30 years with no indication that
they will be withdrar,rrnsoon. Over 90 000 Canadian armed forces personnel (along with a much smaller number of Royal Canadian Mounted
Police and other police officers)have servedas peacekeepersin Eastern
Europe,Cyprus,the Middle East,Africa, SoutheastAsia,and Latin
America (Fig.33-2).

Program/0rganization

To learn more
about Canada's
foreign policy,check
wwwpearsoned.ca./
makinqconnections2.

In 1957,LesterB.
Pearson,who later
becamePrime Minister of
Canada,was giventhe
Nobel PeacePrizefor
groposingthe first UN
peacekeeping
operation.
This operation resolved
the SuezCanalcrisisin
the Middle East.
V Fig.33-l Thesearejust
a few of the specialized
organizationsthat are part of
the United Nations.Youmay
haveraisedmoneyto support UNICEFactivitiesat
Halloween.

Purpose

. to provideemergency
United
Nations
International
Children's
Fund(UNICEFI
reliefaidandpromote
the
roleof children

(FAO)
Food
andAgriculture
0rganization

production,
improve
to raiselevelsof nutrition,
anddistribute
food

(WH0l
TheWorldHealth
Organization

promote
to directandcoordinate
activities,
andsupply
drugsandequipment
where
research,
needed

I,NIT 6

CANADA'SGLOBALCONNECTIONS

F i g . 3 3 - 2)
These Canadian peacekeepers are wearing the
distinctive blue helmets of
UN peacekeepingforces.

Issue
P E A C E M A K I NEG
F F O R TOSU T S I D E
T H EU N

{ Fig.33-3 Thesenavalofficersare servingon H/vlCS

Winnipeg,shown here in the PersianGull where the Canadians
are part of the US-ledcoalitioncampaign
againstthe terrorism
missionknown as EnduringFreedom.

Background
United Nations peacekeepingoperations
must be agreedto by the SecurityCouncil.
This powerful body is dominated by its five
permanent members: China, France,Great
Britain, Russia,and the United States,each of
which can veto any motion that is being considered by the Council. Often vetoes are cast
becausethesecountries have conflicting
political needs.As a result, the UN often failed
to resolve armed conflicts that were devastating to the populations of many countries.
Since the early 1990s,Canada,along with
many of its traditional allies, has been less

involved with UN-led peacekeepingmissions.

Instead, we have been involved in a number
of peacemakingmissions.Thesemissions
have been led by other countries (principally
the United States)instead of by the United
Nations. The difference between peacekeeping andpeacemaking is a critical one.
Peacekeeping occurs where the parties in a
conflict have agreed to work toward peace.
The role of the peacekeeperis to support the
peace on the ground-often acting as a police
veto
power to reject

CANADA'SINTERNATIONALREI-ATIONSHIPS

force or conflict mediator. Peacemaking

The government of Afghanistan had been
occurswhere there has been no peace
offering a safehome for the terrorist
agreement and military operations may be
organization that launched the devastating
necessaryto createpeace.Peacemakingthus
attackson the United Stateson Septemberll,
can be much more difficult and dangerous.
2001.A NATO military force, led by the United
The first of thesepeacemakingmissions
Statesand including the Canadian Forces,
was OperationDesertStorm in 199I. Desert
entered Afghanistan to overthrow this governStorm involved a major coordinated military
ment and capture terrorist leaders.
operation by many nations to drive the Iraqi
Canadahas not alwayschosento be part of
army out of the neighbouring country of
American-led military operations.In 2003,the
Kuwait, which they had occupied in 1990.
Canadiangovernmentdecided not to be
The secondmission was in Bosnia in eastern involved in the American invasion of Iraq.
Europe starting in 1992.Here,there was an
Someof our traditional allies,like Great
existingUN peacekeepingforce (including
Britain and Australia, chose to join the
Canadians)but it was not nearly large enough
American military force, while others, like
to cope with the vicious conflict thatwas occur- Franceand Germanv did not.
ring. The North Atlantic Tteaty Organization
(NATO) organized a powerful military force to
deal with the situation. Again the Canadian
There are many reasonswhy Canadachose
Forceswere involved in this effort.
not to set involvedin lrao.Visitwww.oearsoned.ca./
A third peacemaking effort was the
makingconnections2
for detailedinformation.
invasion of Afghanistan that occurred in2OO2.

,#

l. Investigate how the Security Council

works and the efforts that have been made
to reform its membership and operation.
Assumethat you have been given the job
of improving the Security Council. \,l/hat
changeswould you make?
2. tNhat factors should be consideredby the
Canadian government when we are asked
to be involved in a US-led international
militarymission?
3 . a) Canadawas a leader in UN peacekeeping efforts for more than 40 years.
ConsiderCanadashistory and current
situation, and then suggestwhy Canada
was more involved in peacekeeping
than the following countries.

i. United States
ii. United Kingdom
iii.Bangladesh
b) Give two reasonsnot mentioned in 3a)
that would explain Canada'slongstanding commitment to peacekeeping.
c) Since 199I, Canadasrole has been one
of peacemakingrather than peacekeeping. \t\{hyhas this change occurred?

To learn more about peacekeeping,

check

,#
,--**-t

ForeignAid

Africa'sneedsl Go to
wwwoearsoned.cal
makin8connections2,

Yourteacherwill giveyou
instructionsfor a GISactivity
that examinesCanada's
foreignaid.

In July 2005,an estimatedthree billion people watched a seriesof nine

televised concerts that were held to pressure the governments of the rich
nations of the world into giving more support to poor nations, especially
Africa (Fig.33-4).A major part of this support would involve increasing
the amount of foreign aid given. The target for such aid is 0.7% of each
country's grossnational income (GNI) (Fig.33-5).Only a few countries,
particularly in northern Europe, have hit this target (which was originally
suggestedby former Prime Minister LesterB. Pearson).
Much of Canada'sforeign aid is managed by the Canadian
International Development Agency (CIDA). CIDA follows four principles
in its operation:
o promote development
. deal with poverty first
. help people to help themselves

To learn more
about Freelhe
C,hildrenand Hep Lesotfio,
and to link to dozens
of CanadianNGOs who
work in the developing
world,visitwww.
oearsoned.ca./
makingconnections2.

. build partnerships

Government-provided foreign aid, or official development assistance

(ODA) as it is formally knor,rm,is only one of the ways in which Canadaand
Canadianshelp those in poorer countries. Canadiansalso give their time
and money to a wide range of non-govemmental organizations (NGOs).
Some NGOs,such as the Red Cross,provide a wide range of aid around the
world and have existedfor more than a century. Others are much smaller
and have been started in recent yearsby Canadiansto meet the specific
needs of one group or one country. Examples areFreeThe Children (Fig. 336), which was created to help children in developing countries, and HeIp
Lesotho,which was createdto provide aid to a tiny country in Africa.
{ Fig.33-4 Canada's
Live8
concertwas held in Barrie,
Ontario. Concertswere also
held in the UnitedStates,
Britain,France,ltaly,
Germany,
and
Japan,Russia,
SouthAfrica.

CHAPTER33

Canada
Australia
Denmark
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States

1990Amount
(US$ billion)

1990 %
of GNI

2.47
0.96
t.t7
2.0|
0.75
2.64
I t.39

0.42
0.34
0.93
0.90
0.3|
0.27
0.2|

CANADA'SINTERNATIONAI.

2004Amount
(US$ billion)
2.54
1.46
2.03
2.70
1.38
7.84
19.00

7OO4%
of GNI
0.26
0.25
0.84
0.77
0.37
0.36
0.16

{ Fig.33-5 Foreignaid in
billionsof US dollarsby a
numberof developed
countriesin 1990and 2004.
GNI-Gross National
lncome-is a measureused
by organizationssuchas the
World Bankand the
Organisationfor Economic
Co-operation Development.
GNI is very muchlike GDP

{ Fig.33-6 FreeThe
Childrenwas created by Craig
Kielburgerand | | of his
friendsin l995,whenthey
were l2 yearsold.Theirgoal
was to fight againstchild
labourin the world. Here,
Craigspeakswith childrenin
to learn
Manila,Philippines,
what Freethe Childrencan do
to help them spendtheir
time at school,insteadof
foragingthrough a garbage
dump trying to find items
they can sellto help feed
themselves
and their families.

I nternational Development
As you have learned in this course, Canadiansare verylucky.We live in a
wealthy, safe country that provides enormous opportunities to its people'
Most of the world's people, however, are not nearly so fortunate' They live
in poverty, in places with terrible health conditions, often without enough
to eat and too often in fear for their lives. Increasing numbers of Canadians
are choosing their careersin the growing field of international development (ID) becausetheywant to do something to help people in need.

CANADA'SGLOBALCONNECTIONS

ID workers are involved in an enormous range of activitiesbecause

developingcountries need help in so many areas.Someof theseareasare
entirely obvious:education,healthcare,agriculture,water purification,
sewagetreatment, and economic development.Assistanceis required
from educationalexperts,healthcareprofessionals,agricultural specialists, engineers,and economic development specialists.Other international development opportunities are not so obvious.For example,a
recent ID job listing included a position for someonewith expertisein
running a community radio station for Indonesia and one for a honey
advisor to help with the developmentof a beekeepingindustry in the
Solomon Islands.
There are two very different ways to prepare for an ID career.One is to
study international development in universify.Most undergraduate
(bachelor'slevel) programs in ID are fairly generalin nature. Studentsgain
a wide knowledgeof how developmentworks and how development
problems can be solved.In most of theseprograms,studentshave opportunities to gain practical experienceby working in a developingcountry
for a period of time. Somegraduate (master'slevel) programs,however,
are very specific.For example,some programs offer coursesthat focus on
issuesin developingcountries and developstudent expertisein such
fields as small-scalefarming techniques,governmentmanagement,and
urban and rural planning. Community collegesalso offer training in specific fields that can be applied to developingcountries.Coursesin radio
station management,computer repair and maintenance,and the various
trades-electrical, plumbing, and building-give students the skills necessary to work in ID.

Find Out More

Investigate international development-related careers.
l. Begin by examining the types of careersthat are available in ID. A
good starting place is www.pearsoned.calmakingconnectionsZ.
You
might also want to talk to a guidance counsellor for help with this.
a) Identiff five careersfor which university studies in ID would be
required. Does each of these require a bachelor's degree or a graduate degree?\,Vhatadditional experience does each require?
b) Identiff five careersfor which specializedjob training and experience would be needed. How would someone gain the experience
needed for this type of job?
2. Do a search of universities that offer undergraduate international
development degrees.A good starting point for this is wr.ryw.
pearsoned.calmakingconnectionsZ.
a) List three universities that have such programs.

CHAPTER 33

CANADA'SINTERNATIONALRELATIONST'IIPS

b) Give the names of the particular departments (or faculties) in

each institution that offer this education.
c) Briefly describe the kind of coursesthat you would take in one of
the universities mentioned in a).
3. \dhat are the academic requirements to gain admission to the
universities Vol .ho,r," ^1!r,Specifically, what high school courses
would you need and how high would your marks have to be?
4. Find information about at least one person who has pursued an
international development career,and vwite a summary of that person'sexperiences.
5. lVhat aspectsof international development might interest you as a
potential career?Explain your answer.

Canada's Economic Links

International relationships are becoming more and more important as we
move into a period of increased globalization. What globalization means
is that borders between countries are becoming lessimportant as the
world operatesincreasinglyas one unit. This can be seenin a number of
areas,most noticeably in the economic world. In the past, companies
operated primarily in one country or one small region. Now large companies called multinational corporations (MNCs) operate acrossthe entire
world. Examplesof MNCs are given in Fig. 33-7.
Some MNCs are larger, economically, than many countries. For example, Shell Oil's revenuesin 2004were about US$268billion, equivalentto
the value of all production (GDP) in Turkey in that year. Toyota'srevenues
of US$I73 billion were slightly more than the GDP of Finland. Becauseof
their enormous size and worldwide operations, MNCs are able to
move their operations from place to place as they see opportunities
emerge.This can mean that a decision made outside Canadamay cause
joy in a Canadian community where an MNC opens a new mine that provides employment. It also can mean sadnesswhen an MNC closesa factory and people lose their jobs.
Economic globalization brings both risks and opportunities for
Canada. If the international business community feels that Canada has a
competitive advantage over other countries, then it will expand its operations here. The advantage could be that our country has a highly educated
labour force, cheap raw materials, or a stable society.If international businessesexpand their operationsin Canadathere will be more jobs created

competitive

advantage

lf it is cheaper to operate a
business in Canada,then
Canada has a comDetitive
advantage. A competitive
advantage allows the
comPany to comPete more
effectively with companies in
other countries,

CANADA'SGLOBALCONNECTIONS

and our economy will grow. On the other hand, if the international business community decides that other countries have an advantage,then it
will move jobs out of Canada and our economy will be hurt. In recent
years,many Canadianjobs have been "outsourced"to countries like
China and India where labour costs are much lower than here. In particular, manufacturing jobs have gone to China and information technology
jobs have gone to India. It is almost impossible for Canadato compete
with these countries on labour costs-we have to find our competitive
advantage elsewhere.
Fig.33-7 )
Examplesof multinational
corporations

Company

HomeCountry

Walt Disney

United States

Entertainment

ShelO
l il

Netherlands

oil

Bata

Canada

Shoes

Microsoft

Japan
United States

Automobiles

Bombardier

Canada

Aircraft and trains

Panasonic

Japan
Germany

Athletic clothing and footwear

Toyota

Adidas

Typeof Business

Computer software
Electronics

Canada'sCultural Links

The cultural influenceof

the United Stateson
Canadais consideredin
more detail in
Chapter 35.

Globalization is also important in the cultural field. Increasingly,the cultures of the world seem to be losing their distinctiveness.There are a
number of reasonswhy this is happening.Television,movies,popular
music, professionalsports,and the Internet all provide opportunities for
people to be exposedto the cultures of other countries.The result is that
teenagersin Senegal,Sri Lanka, Peru, and Canada may watch the same
television shows and movies, listen to the same music, have the same
sports heroes,and wear the same clothing styles.
However, many people say that this is not a question of globalization.
Instead, they say that it is really the Americanization of the world's cultures since the United Statesis the source of most of the entertainment
and styles that influence the rest of the world. In some areas of the world,
this Americanization or globalization (if you prefer that term) is happening with little objection, while in others, there is a violent reaction against
this cultural change.

CHAPTER 33

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING

three difwith examples,
l. ldentifyand describe,
ferent typesof connectionsthat Canadaand
havewith other countries.
Canadians
2. a) Describethree main roles playedby the
UnitedNationsin the world.
b) Describeone key role that Canadahas
playedwithin the UN.
THINKING
3. a) List the four principlesthat governthe activities of CIDA.
were chosen.
b) Discusswhy theseprinciples
principles
that
you
any
other
Can
suggest
addiin
used
instead
ol
or
have
might
been
tion to, these?
4. a) Selectan internationalorganizationto which
Canadabelongsand identifyits purpose
La Francophonie,
(e.g.,Commonwealth,
NATO,G8, InternationalOlympic
Committee).
global
in addressing
b) Evaluateits effectiveness
concerns.
5. Manypeoplehavepetitionedthe governments
of the GB countriesto forgivethe debtsof
developingnations.Give argumentsthat support, and argumentsthat oppose,this idea.

ffin"minder
Revisingyour work
. Haveyou answeredthe assignedquestion?
. Does the introduction outline your main ideas?
. ls your supportinginformationaccurate,wellorganized,
and on topic?
. Haveyou checkedspellingand grammar?
. Haveyou includeda proper bibliographyl
. Haveyou askeda classmateto edit your work?

6. a) The amount of money that Canada has for

foreign aid is much less than is needed to
meet all the needs of developing countries.
Name three factors that Canada should consider when deciding which countries should
get the most aid.

CANADA'SINTERNATIONALRELAflONSFTIPS

b) Usingthe factorsidentifiedin (a),makea list

of the l0 countrieson whichyou think
Canadashouldfocusits aid effort.Mapand
labeltheseon a world mapwith a light shad'
ing of one colour.
c) Go to www.Pearsoned.ca"/
where you will find a
makingconnections2,
link to a list from the Organisationfor
EconomicCo-operationand DeveloPment
(OECD) of the l0 countriesthat get the
most aid.Mapthesewith a light shadingof a
differentcolour.Rememberto add a title and
legendto your map.
d) ls the list you madefor (b) similarto the
OECD'Slist?Suggestreasonsfor any differencesbetweenthe two lists'
COMMUNICATION
7. Researchthe purposeand operationsof one
NGO that
internationaldevelopment-related
sort.
some
of
hasa Canadianconnection
with
chart
bullet
Presentyour findingsas a
appropriateillustrationsadded.
8. In a group of three or four students,discussthe
your discussion
Summarize
followingquestions.
in your notebook.
a) How mightthe world be differenttoday if
the UN had not beencreatedafterWorld
War ll?
problem
b) One exampleof an international
that requiresthe united action of many
terrorism.
countriesis international
Describethree other internationalproblemsthat requireunitedactionfor their
resolution.
c) Would you exPectinternationalagencies
relatedto the UN to solvetheseproblems?
Check to see if such agenciesexist.
d) What contributioncould Canadamaketo
help solvethe problemsyou identifiedin (b)?

UNIT 6

CANADA'SGLOBALCONNECTIONS

APPLICATION
9. "Because
we allshareoneplanet,
problems
that
affect people in one part of the world sooner
or later affect people in another part of the
world.We all have more similaritiesthan differences,and yet, for the last century, conflict has
been much more common than cooperation."
This statement was made in reference to the
need for people across the world to work
together to solve the problems they face.
a) Describethe nature of the similaritiesand
differencesamong people in the world.
b) Give at least two examples of problems in
one part of the world that eventuallyaffect
people elsewhere.
f 0. Consider the meaning of the term wodd power.
On one hand,Canadais not as economically,
militarily,or politically powerful as the United
States,but on the other hand,we have more
internationalclout than countries like Senegal
or Honduras.Wheredoes Canadarank as a
world power? Give evidenceto supporr your
answer.

i l . Here is one person'sopinion:"Canada

should
not giveawaymore than $2 billionper year in
foreignaid when we havesuchserious
economicandsocialproblemsat home."
a) Givearguments
supporting
this
position.
b) Givearguments
opposingthis position.
c) What is your personalbelief?Why?
t2. Putyourselfin the placeof the primeminister
of Canadaor the premierof a province.You
realizethat MNCs are not choosingto expand
in Canadaasmuchasyou would like.These
companiesfeel that wageratesare too high
here and environmentalstandardsare too
tight.Wouldyou supportchangingCanadian
lawsto allow lower labourcostsand relaxed
environmentalstandards?
lf you would,explain
why.lf you would not,what alternative
strategieswould you suggestto encourage
MNCsto investin Canada?

:tt::i.x:.ijfat:.:trritrrtjririi?ii;i:i*ri:ri::Slirirjri

jrii:i.r;!.ar;:::

This chapter helpsyou investigatethese questions:

. What are Canada'smost irnportant
import and
export goods and servicesl
. With which countries do we trade
most?
. How has Canadabeen affected
by free trade?
.
issuesare tJrerefor the furure of Canada's
N:::

rmports
exPorts

import
substitution

trade surplus

tariff

trade deficit

Protectionism
free trade

net exPorts
net imports

do all of the objectsin Fig. 34-r have in common?If you guessed

\A F",
Y Y that all of the objects shornrnare typical imports to Canada,then you
would be right. canada also exports a wide range of products. A picture of
these would include such things as crude oir, minivans, giant rolrs of
newsprint, airplanes,natural gas,wheat, and coal. A comparison of the
items canadians import with those we export shows signiflcant differences
between the kinds of things that canada buys from others and what we sell.
More than 300 yearsago,a famous English poet named Iohn Donne
wrote, "No man is an island, entire of itself." He meant that no person
{ Fig.34.l These items
represent Canadai four
major imPort categories:
motor vehicle parts, goods
produced only in warmer
climates,high-technology
products, and low-cost
goods. Can you identift the
categorf each item belongs
to, and the possible country
of originl (Some items may
have more than one answer.)

ffi:

tl*"iqgtt

To help you understand

more clearlywhat
$363 billionis,this means
that Canadaimports
about $ | 1,500worth of
goods per secondfor the
entire yeariRemember
that we export even
more than this!

Examplesof specialized
manufacturedgoods
expofted from Canadain
2004include$19 billion
worth of computers,
and
telecommunications,
related equipment.In the
sameyear,Canadiansalso
exportedalmost$l I billion worth of aircraft.

could exist without others.A similar situation existsfor countries.No

nation can survive independent of other countries, and with globalization, this interdependenceof countrieswill only increase.This chapter
explores the complex and fascinating business of international trade and
why it is so important to all Canadians.
In 2004,Canada imported goods worth more than $363 billion. Our
exports were $429 billion. When the value of exports is greater than the
value of imports, a trade surplus exists.When imports are higher than
exports a trade deficit occurs. Our trade surplus in goods is vital since
Canada imports more seruicesthan it exports. Our trade deficit for services in 2004was $13 billion. In this year,our trade surplus in goodswas
$66 billion. Combining these two, our net surplus was $53 billion.
The whole question of trade could affect you personally in the years to
come. Right now, one out of every five jobs in Canada is tied to exports,
and this fraction is growing. With globalization, countries will tend to produce and export only a few specialized commodities, and theywill have to
import many other products they need. Keep the export/import field in
mind when you start looking for a job in a few years.

Analyzi n g Canada's Trade

Your teacher may give you
instructions to complete a
GIS exercise on motor
vehicle oroduction in North
America.

While Canadas pattern of trade is very complex, it is relatively easyto

understand if we remember a few simple facts.
. Canada trades with countries all over the world, but our trade with the
United Statesfar exceedsour total trade with all other countries.
. In general, Canada'simports fall into four categories:
- high-technologyproducts
motor vehicle parts
- goodsproduced only in warmer climates
low-cost goods
. Most of our exports fall into only three categories:
- products basedon our natural resources
motor vehicles
- specializedmanufactured goods

ffi*.minder
When checkingyour
finishedgraph:
. Haveyou givenyour
graph a title tlrat clearly
reflectsthe topic?
. ls your graph legend
usefulto the reader and
properlypositionedl
' Are your labels
correctb/ spelledand
properly alignedl
. Haveyou usedcolour
appropriatelyl

ACTIYITY
I. Figure 34-2 lists our top l0 trading partners for 2004and the value
of the export or import trade with each.
a) Create a bar graph that shows the countries that bought
Canada'sexports and the value of the exports that each country
bought. (Hint put the $ on the horizontal axis and use the entire
width of the page for your graph.)
b) Create a second bar graph showing our top 10 import partners
and the value of the imports from each.

CHAPTER 34

2004

lmports
Country

Amount($million)

United States
China
Mexico
Japan
United Kingdom
Germany
South Korea
France
Norway
Italy

208 954
24 098
t3409
r3 368
9 657
9 415
5 824
5 334
4 955
4 569

FOUNDATIONOF CANADA'SECONOTiY
FOREIGNTRADE:THE

Exports
Country

2004
Amount($million)

United States
Japan
United Kingdom
China
Mexico
Germany
France
South Korea
Belgium
Netherlands

top
1Fig,34-2 Canada's
| 0 tradingpartners,2004

348 t42
8 557
7 745
6 653
2994
2 667
2 377
2 266
2223
| 922

2. Fig.34-3 shows some important export items for Canada.lVhen

you compare the amount of these goods that we export to the
amount we import, you can seethat these are important sources of
wealth for our economy.
a) For each, calculate the amount by which our exports exceedour
imports. These could be described as net export$, since the
export amount is greater than the import amount.
b) Into which category of exports does each of these items fall?
c) Name three other commodities that you think would be significant net exports for Canada'seconomy.

{ Fig.34-3 Some
importantnet expoft items
for Canada,2004

Forestry
products
Aircraft
andother
transportation
equipment
C a r sa n d
trucks
N a t u r agl a s

ffi Exports
fl lmports
l0

20 30 40 50
$ (billionl

UNIT 6

CANADA'SGLOBALCONNECTIONS

3. a) Fig. 34-4 showssome important import items for Canada.In

contrast to the net exports mentioned in Question2, theseitems
could be describedas net imports for Canada.Why?
b) For each, calculate the amount by which the imports exceedthe
exports.
c) Into which categoryof imports does each of these commodities
fall?
d) Name three other commodities that you think would be
significant net imports for Canada.

Flg.34-4 )
Someimportantnet import
itemsfor Canada,
2004

0 f f i c em a c h i n easn d
e qu rp m e n t
M i s c e lnl ae o u s
consumg
eo
r ods

The "miscellaneous
consumer goods" cate-

C a ra n d
truckparts

gory includes clothing,

footwear, sporting goods,

Fruits,
etc.

household goods, and

photographic equipment.
The "fruits, etc." category
includes fruits, vegetables,

I n d u s t r iaanl d
ag r i cu l t ur a lm a ch i n e r y

cocoa, coffee, tea, and

I Exporls
ffi lmpofts

susar.

Note that "plastics" does

not refer to articles made
of plastic,but to the
actual plastic itself.

Fig.34-5 )
Tradein chemicals
and plastics,2004

4. Other types of goods are also important to Canada'strade but are

neither important net exports,nor important net imports. Fig. 34-5
shows this situation very well for the wide range of goods that
make up the chemicals and plastics category.Trade in this sector of
the economy is huge-almost $54 billion in 2004-but it is almost
evenly divided between imports and exports. Name three other
commodities for which you think the amount of imports and
exportswould be almost balanced.

Chemicals
a n dp l a s t i c s

:;l Exports
@ lmports

CHAPTER 34

FOREIGN
TMDE:THE FOUNDATIONOF CANADA'SECONOI"IY

"-t

Issue
SHOUTD
WE-CAN WE-REDUCE
O U RI M P O R T S ?

{ Fig.34-6 Evenwhen you buy freshproduce,sometimesyou

can chooseto buy Canadianover other sources.Willyou buy
applesfrom the United States,or New Zealand,or Canadal

lVhen you decide to buy a CD player made in

China, a pair of jeans from Bangladesh,
orange juice from Brazil, or a minivan made in
the United States,you are making a decision
that causesmoney to leaveCanada.Can you
do anything about this? In some casesyou
can, in othersyou have little choice.For
example,you could chooseto drink Canadian-

lVhat are the benefits, for Canada and

Canadians,of import substitution?
2 . Identifu two different kinds of costs to
Canadians that occur when we practise
import substitution. Note that one of these
costsis monetary and one is not.
3 . Can we always find ways to practise
import substitution? \tVhyor why not?

made apple juice instead of imported orange

juice. Your family could chooseto buy a
Honda Pilot made inAlliston, Ontario, or a
Chrysler Grand Caravan made inWindsor
instead of an American-mademinivan. When
you chooseto buy a Canadian-madeproduct
instead of a foreign one, you are practising
what is called import substitution.

. Why has much manufacturing that used to

be done in Canadabeen moved to China
and other low labour-costlocations?\l/hat
does this say about the likely willingness of
Canadiansto "buy Canadian'?
5. lVhat choices will you, personally, make
about practising import substitution?
"-."*********j

lmportanceof Exports
\Mhy must Canada export?There are three major reasons:
l. Topayfor the things that we import-Canadians import both necessities and ltxuries from other countries. If we want to continue to enjoy
theseproducts,we must be able to pay for them. The obviousway to
do this is by selling our goods and servicesto other countries.
2. To keep our economy healthy-Nmost 50% of the goods and services
that Canadians produce are exported. With fewer exports, unemployment would be higher and most of us would be poorer.

CISIADAS GLOBALCONNECTIONS

Fig.34-7 )
Bombardier,maker of the
CRJ700 aircraft, manufactures a variety of products
for the aerospace(aircraft)
and transportation (railway
cars) markets.Most of its
products are sold outside of
Canada.

3. To lower the prices of Canadian-made goodsfor Canadians-Keep in

mind that the cost per unit of something (a pair of skates,for example)
is lower if you make one million pairs of skatesthan if you make 10 000
pairs. A Canadian company that produces for export as well as for the
Canadian market can keep the price lower for everyone.

Tradein Services
Most often when Canadians talk about trade, they are thinking only of
trade in goods. If we consider trade in goods only, the economic picture
looks very rosy. In 20O4,for example, we had a trade surplus for goods of
about $66 billion.
However, trade involves servicesas well as goods and here the picture
is not quite so bright. ln20O4, we had a deficit in servicesof over $12 billion. The largest part of this deficit comes from travel and transportation
services (Fig. 34-8). There are more Canadianswho travel to other countries than there are foreign visitors to Canada. PIus, the amount of money
the averageCanadian traveller spends in other countries is greater than
the amount spent by the averagevisitor to Canada.Another portion of our
deficit arisesfrom the import of many business services.
Fig.34-8 )
Canada'sinternationaltrade
in services,2004($ million)

Travel
Transportation
services
Business
services
Government
services
Total

lmports

Exports

16709
11053
32540
15 1 3
6t 8t5

20839
15844
36857
950
74490

Balance

+ 130
-4 791
-4 317
+563
-12615

CHAPTER34

FOREIGNTMDE:THEFOUND,{IION

You contribute to Canada'sdeficit every day! Consider how money

leaves Canada in each of the following situations and how this relates to
your life:
. A Canadian television station shows The Simpsons,which is produced
in the United States.
. American-produced advertisements for Pepsi appear in a Canadian
magazine.

FreeTradeversusProtectionism
Free trade versus protectionism has been a recurring theme in Canada's
history for more than a century. It continues to be an important issue for
Canadians.Before discussing this issue, a few terms need to be explained:
tariffs, protectionism, and free trade.
Tarffi: Atariff is a tax on an import. lVhat role do tariffs play in trade?
Consider the example of the blue jeans described in Fig. 34-9. Clearly,

With Iariffs

WithoutTariffs

Costinyour
localstore
Results

Canadian-made
ieans$60

Foreign-made
ieans$45

Ganadian-nadeieans$60Foreign-madeieans$75

Fewsold
. factorycloses
. unemployment
higher
. moneyleaves
Canada
to payfor foreignjeans

Manysold
. imports
ofjeanshigher
. balance
oftradehurt

Fewsold
Manysold
. importsof ieanslower
. Canadian
industries
. balanceoftrade
andjobsprotected
. moneystaysin Canada
improved

ForTariffs

AgainstTariffs

Student
A: wantsthe bestpricewhen

buyingjeansin thestore
B: parentworksin a jeansfactory
Student
Student
G: parentsellsnewcarsin a town
thathasa largeieansfactory
Student
D: cousinoperates
a
foreignjeansfactory

?
?

A Fig.34-9 How tariffs

workWhich of studentsA,
B,C, and D would likely
frvour tariffs.and which
would opposethem?

UNIT 6

CANADA'SGTOBALCONNECTIONS

tariffs make it more costly to buy foreign goods.As you can see,tariffs can
seriouslyaffect trade, particularly if you remember that other countries
could also have tariffs that could keep out Canadianproducts!
Protectioniy .'Protectionism is a government's policy of using tariffs
and having rules that limit imports. Canadian companies gain an advantage over foreign competitors who can produce things more cheaply.
Free Trade:Free trade is a government policy that eliminates tariffs and
other laws designedto restrict trade.The basic idea of free trade is that
enhancedtrade among nations is good for everyone.
w o R [ D T R A D E0 R G A N t Z A T t O(N
WTO)
AfterWorldWar II, major trading countries,including Canada,realized
that they had to avoid the trade protectionism that had proved so disastrous during the Depressionof the I930s.To avoid protectionism, they
agreedon a set of rules to govern and encouragetrade.This agreement,
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, or GATI came into effect in
1947and now includes more than 120countries.
The latest additions to the GATT came into effect in 1995with the
creation of theWorld Trade Organization (WTO), which was designed to
resolve disputes under the rules of the GATT.TheWTO's dispute resolution
processcan be very slow and uncertain.A good exampleof this is the softwood lumber dispute betweenCanadaand the United States.In 1986,the
United Statescharged that Canadawas providing unfair subsidiesto producersof softwood lumber (which is used mainly in house construction).
As a result, they put tariffs on imports of Canadian wood. This benefited
American lumber producersbut harmedAmericanswho bought Canadian
lumber since prices became higher. Over the years, Canadahas appealed
to both theWTO and NAFTA (seenext section), and both groups have
repeatedly judged that Canada does not have unfair subsidies.In 2005,the
US decided to substantially reduce the tariffs on softwood lumber.
N O R T HA M E R I C A F
N R E ET R A D EA G R E E M E N( N
T AFTA)
There are other free
trade areasof the world.
The largestis the
EuropeanUnion.TheEU
hasgonemuchfarther
than NAFIA in breaking
down the barriers
betweenthe economies
of nations.For example,
the EU createda common currency,the euro,
fior the region.

\Mhile the GATThas done much to promote free trade across the world,
Canada has also pursued freer trade directly with the United Statesand,
more recently, with other countries. Free trade with the United Statesis of
particular significancebecausewe have an enormous amount of trade
with our southern neighbour.
This move to increasefree trade started in f gBBwith the creation of a free
trade agreementwith the United States.In 1993,the arrangementwas
expandedto include Mexico under an agreementcalled the NorthAmerican
FreeTiade Agreement or NAFTA.It would be very hard for Canadato move
away from free trade since its economy has changedenormously to reflect a

CHAPTER 34

FOUNDATIONOF gapAfif,S
FOREIGNTRADE:THE

free trade environment. More recently,there have been discussionsto have

a free trade agreementfor the Americas and one for the Pacific Rim. Much
work remains before either of thesebecomesa realiw.

The Future of Canada'sTrade

International trade allows most Canadians to enjoy a relatively high
standard of living. To maintain this in the future, we will have to find
satisfactory answersto severalcritical trade-related questions.
. Can we maintain our traditional markets?Most of our exports are
related to our rich natural resources.Developing countries rich in
resourcessuch as Braztl, Congo, and Papua-New Guinea are competing
with Canada to provide cheap forest, mineral, and fish products to our
traditional customers such as the United States, |apan, and the
European Community.
. Can we export more manufactured goods?Can we deuelopnew products
to createnew markets?Over the years, Canadians have invented many
products that we take for granted today: the telephone, snourmobile,
zipper, snowblower, hydrofoil, and newsprint. We must continue to
create new products and then develop export markets for them.

Have you thought about

a career that might
involvecreatingnew
products?

. Can we increaseour exports of seruices?Yes

we can, and in a wide variety of fields.For example,we could continue to increaseour production and international sale of movies, television shows, and music. Or,
Canadian airline companies could expand their international service.
. Should we (can we?)decreaseour trade reliance on the United States?
No two nations have ever had so much bilateral trade. This trade relationship has contributed much to our standard of lMng, but there are
dangers in relying so heavily on one trading partner. We are easily
harmed by downturns in the American economy or by protectionist
policies from the American government. If we could expand our trade
with other countries, we would not have to depend so much on the
United States.
. Can we cornpeteeffectiuelywithin NAFTA and beyondSOur NAFTA partners each have strong advantages:huge American companies have
enormous economic power and Mexican companies have lower labour
costs. How do we respond to the enormous economic (and trade)
growth in China and India?

bilateral trade
trade betweentwo countries

CANADA'SGLOBALCONNECTIONS

KNOWLEDGEAND UN DERSTANDI NG

COMMUNICATION

l. a) How important is trade to Canada?

Consider the impact on our lifestyle,jobs,
and economy.

6. a) Define trade surplusand trade deficit.

b) Why must Canada export?

c) Why must we import?
d) How are our imports and exports related?
2. a) What is "trade in services"l Give a definition
and at least three specific examples from different aspectsof Canadian life.
b) How do you contribute to Canada'sdeficit in
trade in services?
3. a) What is the GATT?
b) What is its purpose and how has it changed
over the years?
4. a) What is the difference between total imports
and exports and net imports and exports?
b) Consult a table of total imports and exports
in an atlas.Compare this information to Figs.
34-3 and 34-4.What differencesdo you see
between total and net tradel
c) Which figures describe Canada'strade best?

Whv?
THINKING
5. Each of the following statements describes one
aspect of Canada'sinternational trade. Briefly
explainwhy each is true.Why is it not surprising that...?
a) Most of Canada'strading partners are in the
developed world rather than among the
developingand newly industrializingcountries.

b) People can decreasea trade deficit (or

increasea trade surplus)by practisingimport
substitution.In a paragraph,describehow
you could do this with any five imported
products you normally purchase.
c) How could import substitutionbe appliedto
trade in services?
APPLICATION
7. Should ethics (moral standards)play a role in
Canada'strade policies?Consider the following
cases:
a) Canada'stobacco farmers have suffered
financial setbacks in recent years as fewer
Canadianssmoke.At the same time. demand
for tobacco products is increasingin developing countries.Shouldthe Canadiangovernment Dromote the sale of Canadiantobacco
in other countriesl
b) The governments of many countries of the
world violate the human rights of their citizens. lt has been suggestedthat Canada
should try to discouragethese abusesby
tying trade to human rights.For example,
imports from a country would be stopped if
that country did not respect human rights.
Should human rights and trade be linked?Do
you think such methods would be successful?
Explain.
A N S W E R S T OF I G . 3 4 - I
A. High-technology products (South Korea)
B. Low-cost goods (Mexico)

b) High-technology products (especiallyconsumer electronics such as TVs and DVD players) are produced in only a few countries.

C. Goods produced in warmer climates(lndia)

c) Canadabuildsand exports only smaller (up

to about | 00 passengers)aircraft.

E. Low-cost goods (China)

D. Motor vehicle parts (United States)

d) Canada has a large trade deficit in services.

F. Goods produced in warmer climates

(Colombia)

e) Much of Canada'sexport trade involves our

natural resources.

G. H igh-technology products (Japan)

How many countries did you identify correctlyl

ormer Prime Minister Pierre Tiudeau described Canada'srelationship

with its American neighbour in the following way:
Livingnext to the UnitedStatesis in somewayslikesleeping
with an
elephant.
No matterhow friendlyandeven-tempered
is the beast...one
is affectedby everygrunt andtwitch.
While this statement could apply to many aspectsof our relationship
with the United States,perhaps it applies best to our cultural connections with our huge neighbour. Culture is what makes a nation
unique, and many Canadians feel that our culture is influenced too much
by the culture of the United States.But what exactly do we mean by
culture? The term has two different meanings (Fig. 35-1).
What exactly do we mean by "cLtlture"?The term has two distinct
meanings.
In the broad sense...
Culture includes all the characteristics of a way of life:
. language
. clothing styles
. healthcare system
. religion
. food
. nature of
. values
. the arts
government
. behaviour
. media
. education
. entertainment
When all thesecharacteristicsare put together,theyform a "culture."
In the narroursense...
Culture includes only the following characteristics:
. the arts
. media
. entertainment

{ Fig.35-l Considerhow
these two definitionsof
culture applyto you.

Complete the following quiz to discover if you are more familiarwith

American or Canadian culture.

You and CanadianCulture

1. Name the last novel you read (a) in English class,and (b) for
enjoyment.
2. Name the members of the Group of Seven.
3. List your five favourite television shows.
4. List your five favourite singers or groups.
5. List the last five movies you have seen.
6. List three magazinesyou read regularly.
Now work out your score.Your teacher will help you. Give yourself
one point for each of the following:
a) each Canadian novel in Question I
b) every correct answer in Question 2
c) every Canadian answer in Questions 3, 4, 5, and 6
Add up your points.
2l to 27 points: You are a Canadian culture vulture!
11 to 20 points: You take advantage ofCanadian culture.
Living in Canada makes little difference to your
6 to lo points:
cultural life.
You might as well live in St. Louis!
0 to 5 points:
Consider the following factors that contribute to the similarities between
our culture and that of Americans.
. The Canadian ecumene contains over 95Toof Canadians and is located
within 600 kilometres of the United Statesborder (Fig' 35-2).
. Tfavel between the two countries is routine. In20o4, about 14 million
overnight trips were made by canadians visiting the united states. In
the same year, more than 15 million overnight trips were made by
Americans visiting Canada.
. Many Canadians have relatives and friends who live in the United
States.
. Cable and satellite television offer a vast selection of American television programs and news to canadians in even the most remote parts of
the country.
. The vast majority of movies shorarnin our theatres come from
American studios such as Universal, Paramount, and Disney.

CHAPTER 35

OUR CULTURAL
CONNECTIONSWITHTHE
UNITEDSTATES

iq,Lii:Tti'l-Tiir{ilri:{i_f,,i.l
i

A Fig. 35-2 Canadianssometimesidenti| more closefywith Americanswho live near them

than with Canadians
who live thousandsof kilometresawaybecausethey are more likelyto
sharea commoneconomyand lifestylewith theirAmericanneighbours.

A Fig.35-3 ConsiderWalMart. Canadian

Tire. Home
Depot,Loblaws.GAP,Roots,
and Sears.Which
are
Canadianand which
AmericanlManyCanadians
do not know. Do youl

. Many of the most popular books and magazinesin Canadaare published in the United States.
. Most of the fast-food chains and retail chains in CanadaareAmericanowned.
Given the enormous influence thatAmerican culture has on Canadian
culture, it might be hard to imagine how our culture could be distinctive
(Fig.35-3).Evidenceof the uniquenessof Canadianculture is subtle, but
is easierto seewhen the Constitution of Canadaand the US are compared. A nation's founding documents expressthe most important values
upon which that nation is based.In Fig. 35-4, the most significant founding principle of Canada'sConstitution Act, 1867,is compared with that of
the American Declaration of Independence,1776.It also showsthe different impact each governingprinciple has on two issuesin each country.
Comparisonsof the two governingprinciples and their effect on gun control and healthcare illustrate the fundamental difference between the cultures of the two countries: in Canada,the rights of society as a whole
usually take precedence over the rights of the individual. In the United
States,the reverseis true. There is little evidence today that this fundamental differenceis becoming lesspronounced.

subtle
not obvious

CANADA'SGLOBALCONNECTIONS

K e yp h r a s ien ...
AmericanDeclaration
of lndependence,
1776
"Life,Libefty,
andthe pursuitof Happiness."

CanadianConstitution
Act, 1867
"Peace,
order,
andgoodgovernment"

W h a ti t f o c u seos n ...
Canada

UnitedStates
Rights
oftheindividual

R o l eo f t h e i n d i v i d u aal s a m e m b e ro f s o c i e t y

Significance
of thison...
guncontrol
UnitedStates
' Laxguncontrol
laws(Americans
ownt handgun
for every4 people.)
. Constitution
specifically
talksabouttherightto
"beararms"
' Governing
principle
reflects
theideathatthe
rightoftheindividualto
owna firearm
is more
important
thanthe collective
rightof thesociety
to restrictgunownership
nationalpublichealthcare
UnitedStates
. Healthcare
is a privateresponsibility.
gethealthinsurance
Mostpeople
through
their
people
employer
butabout45million
haveno
healthcoverage.
In 1993,
President
BillClinton
triedto introduce
a
modest
national
healthcare
Hewas
system.
partlybecause
unsuccessful
theprevailing
attitude
isthatindividuals
shouldberesoonsible
forthemselves
andtheirfamilies.

Canada
. Strictguncontrol
laws(Canadians
own1
handgun
for every27people.)
. Guncontrol
lawsreflect
theideathatfewerguns
willmakea safer,
morepeaceful
andorderly
society.
Theindividual's
righttoowngunsis
therefore
limited.
. In recentyears,withthesupportof mostcitizens,
gunlawshavebecomemorestrict.

Canada
. All citizens
arecovered
by government-paid
healthcare.
whichhasexisted
since1961.
. MostCanadians
passionately
defend
their
healthcare
system.
Theythinkthatit unitesthe
partof Canadian
country
andis animportant
culture.
. Theprevailing
attitude
isthatCanadians
havea
collective
responsibility
fortheprovision
of
healthcare
to allcitizens.
Canadians
acceptthis
government
responsibility
by authorizing
to pay
for allhealthcare
withmoneycollected
services
throughtaxation.

A F i g . 3 5 - 4 T h e A m e r i c a n D e c l a r a t i o no f I n d e p e n d e n c ea n d t h e C a n a d i a nC o n s t i t u t i o n e a c h
contain a key phrase that helps to explain important differences in the actitudes and culture of
the two countries.

CHAPTER 35

OUR CULTURAL
CONNECTIONSWITHTHE
UNITEDSTATES

rSSUC
I S T H E R EH O P EF O R
C A N A D A 'C
SU L T U R E ?
- -

r r r t r r - I

{ Figure.35-5

Background
Becausewe live next door to a country l0
times our sizein population, which also happens to be the richest nation in the world,
Canadians find it challenging to preserve our

Most Canadianswatch a lot of American

shows. Canadian networks carrymany
American programs becausethey can buy
them for much Iessthan it coststo produce
their or.r,rn
programs in Canada.As a result,
few Canadian-made shows become favourites
of Canadian viewers.

national identity. Is there hope for a distinct

Canadian culture in the face of the powerful
influencesof American T\,{radio, publishing,
movies,and music?

You can seewhat the most popularEnglish

languagetelevisionshows are for any givenweek
through the link at www.pearsoned.ca./
makinSconnections2,You
will see that almost all the
shows listed come from the US.

Radio
Most Canadian radio stations sound the same
asAmerican stationsbecausethey buy
prepackagedformats from American
companies.Theseformats include jingles,
station nicknames, contests,and station
advertising. A station purchasesthe format
and then personalizesit with its frequency,
local advertising,and some Canadianmusic.
An exception to this growing continental

uniformity is the Canadian Broadcasting

Corporation (CBC),which providesunique,
Canadian-focused pro gramming. For
example, the CBC has a northern service that
provides programming to First Nations in
their or.rrnlanguages.This is possible only
becausethe CBC is funded by the federal
government.

UNIT 6

CANADA'SGLOBALCONNECTIONS

$ Movies
, Everyyear,the GenieAwardsare presentedto
, Canada'soutstanding movies.Most Canadians
: look at the list of winners and ask."Whv
I havent I heard of most of these morries?"The
:i reasonthey havent heard of them has noth: ing to do with the quality. Rather,it is related
, to the way in which movies are distributed.
: Canadianmovies are rarely shown in the large
I theatresowned by companiessuch as Famous
' Playersand CineplexOdeon.TheseAmerican
, companiesfeel they will make more money
, showingAmerican movieswith big-name
r, stars.Interestinglyenough, many of these"big
I name" movies are made in Canadabecause
r production costsare lower here than in the
. US.Vancouveroften standsin for Seattle,and

A Fig.35-6 In 2004,DenysArcand
won Geniesfor best
film,best director,and best screenplay
tor TheBorbarion
lnvosions.The
film alsowon anAcademyAward for best

For informationabout Canadianfilms,fromGenieAwardnomineesand winnersto which Canadianfilmsare playingin

your neighbourhood,
browsethe Academyof CanadianCinemaandTelevision
Web site throughthe link at
www.pearsoned.calmakintconnections2.

$':#

Jitudc

: Many Canadianpopular music performers enjoy

I successwithin Canadadespiteintense competir tion from American performers.You can proba, nfy name quite a few Canadianswho have even
. achievedinternational reputations.In part, they
, succeededso well becausegovernmentregula: tions require that Canadianradio and TV music
r stations broadcasta certain percentageof
, Canadianmusic. Music is defined as Canadian
, based on the nationality of the performer, comI poser,and producer, or if it was recordedin
I Canada.As the demand for Canadian"content"
r increased,more Canadianswere offered recordi ing contracts.Without Canadiancontent rules,
: the Canadianmusic industrywould not be as
I healthy as it is today.Many people feel that
. similar rules should exist for movies.

A Fig. 35-7 The Canadian rock group Nickelback,

establishedin 19i6, scored a North American hit in
200l, when "HowYou RemindMe" hit the top of the
charts in Canada and the US.

CHAPTER 35

THE UNITEDSTATES
OUR CULTUML CONNECTIONSWITH

ShouldWe Protect Our CanadianCulture?

Americans who are in the business of
exporting television shows,movies, and music
disagreewith any attempts to protect and
enhance Canadian culture. They believe their
cultural industries are just that-industries
that exist to make money. In contrast, some
Canadiansand some people in other
countries believe that culture is much more
than just a business.They believethat their
culture is a critical part of their identity as a
nation, and thatAmerican cultural exports are
a threat to this identity. As a result, they have
decided to do what they can to protect their
culture. For example, France tries to stop
English words from being adopted into the
French language(e.g.,"microcomputer" and
"slamdunk."). Another example is Iran, which
banned satellite dishes to try and keep
American television and movies out of the
country.
Here in Canada,the federal government
supports Canadian writers and artists with

l. List three reasonswhyAmerican culture

has such a great influence on Canadians.
2. Canadian English language differs from
American and British English. Createa list
of l0 examplesof CanadianEnglish.
Consider unique words and words with
different spellings and pronunciation.
Consult the Canadian Oxford Dictionaryfor
help with this task.
3. You are a consumer of culture. You watch
television and movies, read books and
magazines,and listen to music. Analyze
your attitudes to Canadian culture by
answering these questions.
a) Canadian commercial radio stations
must play at least 10%Canadianmusic.

grants from the Canada Council. It also funds

CBC,Canada'snational radio andTVnetwork.
Telefilm Canada sponsors filmmakers,
encouraging the production of films with
Canadian points of view. The National Film
Board is federally funded to produce and
distribute films with a distinctive Canadian
perspective.
Despite these efforts, some Canadians feel
that English-Canadian culture is swamped
withAmerican cultural "products."Thosewho
feel that we will have a better future by
remaining as independent of the United States
as possible,especiallyin the areaof culture,
are called nationalists. Others feel that the
two cultures are so much alike that we should
stop worrying about it. People who take this
view are called continentalists.
Do you support the continentalistview or
the nationalist one?The attitudes of young
Canadianslike you will determine the nature
of Canada'sculture in the future.

Do you support this rule? Do you think

the percentageshould be higher?
b) Should movie theatres be required to
show Canadian movies for a certain
number of weeks each year?\,Vhyor why
not?
c) Should the government, through
agencieslike the ones mentioned above,
support cultural activities?
d) CBC television currently airs both
Canadianand non-Canadianprograms.
Should the CBC be allowed to air nonCanadian programs?lVhy or why not?
4. Do you consideryourself a cultural
nationalist or continentalist? Explain.

CANADA'SGLOBALCONNECTIONS

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING

l. In your own words,statethe two definitionsof
the word cuhure.
2. What is the fundamentaldifferencebetween
CanadianandAmericancultureas illustratedby
the basicgoverningprincipleof eachcountry's
constitutionl
3. What doesthe Canadiantovernmentdo to
supportand protect Canada's
culture?
4. ManyCanadians
who work in the arts havehad
considerableinternationalsuccess.
Makea list of
Canadians
who "havemadeit" in the United
Statesand in other parts of the world.Youmay
want to considerGrammyAward winners,actors,
directors,writers,artists,andTV personalities.
In
your list,describethe achievements
of eachindividualor group.
THINKING
5. For eachdefinitionof cultureyou providedin
Question l, giveevidencethat there is a distinctive Canadianculture.
6. With the help of atlasmaps,identifynatural
factorsor humanactivitiesthat
a) makeNorth Americaa north-south-oriented
continent
b) makeCanadaan east-west-oriented
country
c) contributeto the strengthof the regional
cross-borderrelationships
shown in Fig.35-2
probably
7. You have
heardthe story about the
Americantourist arrivingat the Canadianborder
in Julywith skison the top of the car,eagerto
seethe igloosand polar bears.Although
an unfair
exaggeration,
this story illustratesthe fact that
manyAmericansknow very little abouttheir
northern neighbour.
Does it surpriseyou that so
manyAmericansknow relativelylittle about
Canada?
Why or why not?
COMMUNICATION
8. ls there a need to protect Canada'sculture in an
age of globalizationl Conduct a class debate in
which one side supports the view that Canada's

cultureshouldbe protectedbecauseit is
distinctand constantlythreatenedby cultural
influencesfrom other countries.Theother
sideshouldtake the positionthat Canada's
cultureshouldnot be protectedbecause
benefitfrom the culturalinfluences
Canadians
of other countries.
9. Chapter35 beganwith a guotationfrom a
former Canadianprime ministerabout the
United States.Thefollowingquotationabout
Canadais from the Americanpresidentof the
early l960s,JohnF.Kennedy.
Geography
hasmadeus neighbours.
Historyhasmadeusfriends.Economics
hasmadeus partners.And
necessity
has
madeusallies.What
unitesus is far
greaterthanwhat dividesus.
a) Explaineachleader'squotationin your
own words.
b) Which view-nationalist or continentalist-does eachquotationexpress?How
did you decide?
APPLICATION
f 0. a) In groupsof 4 or 5, developa list of
that expressCanadian
characteristics
identityin eachof the followingareas.Give
examplesof that characteristicin
appropriateareas.An exampleis provided
to get you started.
i. socialprograms(e.g.,characteristic:
universality;
specifi
c example:healthcare)
ii. bilingualism
iii. multiculturalism
iv. contributionsof Aboriginalpeoplesand
immigrants
v. the narrow view of culture
b) Eachgroup presentsits list of characteristics and examplesto the class.Afterall the
presentations
havebeen made,producea
set of characteristics
agreedupon by the
classas representative
of the Canadian
identity.

B e y o n dO u r B o r d e r s

A CA5-I

Background
this unit, you learned about some of Canada'sinvolvement in the global
Jn
Icommuniry.The imagesabove document some of the roles Canadians
play-peacekeeping in Afghanistan; providing aid to countries devastated
by natural disasters,and enforcing international law at the Intemational
Court of the Hague.Nowyouwill have a chance to expressyourviews
about how Canadashould participate in the international community.

Activity
1. Find a recent newspaper story magazine article, or blog entry that
deals with Canada'sinvolvement with another country (or countries) in
some way. As you read the article, think about the following questions.
. What is the issue, e.g.,natural disaster,trade dispute?
. What is the exact nature of Canada'sinvolvement, i.e., what are we
doing? (For example, are we providing financial aid, arguing about
trade matters, sending medical supplies or personnel, offering or
refu sing military assistance?)
. What impact does Canada'saction (or decision not to act) have on
the other country (or countries) involved?

Evaluatingbias in the
media:
. Who wrote this itern?
. Who was dre lntended
audiencel
' Why did the audror
write *ris item?
, Does dte headline
contain words that
rigger emotionl
. Has the author made
unwarranted or
unsupponed
assumptions?
. Hasthe author used
fucts selectively or
omitted important
deailsf
. lf there are visuals,do
these supporcthe
author's argument wittr
facts,or do they play on
the reader's emotions?

UNIT 6

CANADA'SGLOBALCONNECTIONS

. What impact does this action or decision have on Canada?

. Do you agreewith Canada'saction or decision in this situation, or
not?Why?

-,#

researchat the
Internet sites available
through the links at
wwwoearsoned.ca./
makingconnections2,

2. Next, write a conciseand convincing letter to the editor of a newspaper

in which you expressyour opinion about Canadasresponseto the particular international issuediscussedin the article you chose.Before
you write the letter, you need to gather background information. First,
checkyour textbook for any information about your issue.Then,
conduct an Internet searchof national and international news sources
to learn more about Canada'sinvolvement in the issue you have
selected.Your school and community libraries will also have additional
periodical resourcesand referencematerials.
As you draft your letter to the editor, make sure that it follows these
guidelines:
. no more than one page in length (about 250words)
. provides a brief summary of the issue you are writing about
. presentsyour views (i.e.,agree/disagree)with Canadasinternational
involvement, and supports your viewpoint using information from
your article as well as from your research
. concludeswith a one- or two-sentencestatementthat highlights
your opinion
. ends with your name and where you are from
3. Shareyour letter to the editor with three or four members of your class.
Get feedbackfrom each other and reviseyour letter as needed.Then post
your letter on a classbulletin board under one of these four categories:
. Humanitarian Involvement/DisasterRelief (e.g.,helping communities inAfrica cope with HIV/AIDS, sendingmedical personnel and
financial aid to hurricane or earthquake victims)
. Military Matters (e.g.,UN peacekeeping,increasingor decreasing
our involvement in NATO,lending or refusing to lend military assistance to American-led efforts like Afghanistan and Iraq)
. International Tfade (e.g.,disputes with trading partners, membership
in international trading organizations such asAPEC and NAFTA)
. International Organizations(e.g.,UN, G7l8, International Olympic
Committee, International Criminal Court)
. lVhich category drew the most attention from students?
4. Participatein a classdiscussion.Be preparedto provide your response
to one of the lettersyou read (notyours or one you peer-edited).Does
the author of the letter you chosebelieveCanadaresponded
appropriately to the described situation? Do you agreewith the author's
opinion?\Mhyor why not?