Organic coatings

PAINTS
VARNISHES
ENAMELS
LACQUERS

Organic coatings
Both organic and metallic coatings
are used to provide protection against
corrosion of metallic substrates.
The total annual cost for organic and
metallic protective coatings is $108.6
billion.

paints
Paint is a viscous, opaque,
mechanical dispersion of one or more
finely divided pigments in a medium.
When pigmented liquid or paste is
applied to a substrate surface, the
thinner evaporates, while the vehicle
undergoes slow oxidation forming a
pigmented film.
Paint is used to protect, decorate
(such as adding color), an object or
surface by covering it with a
pigmented coating.

Requisites of good paints

spread easily
High Covering power
No cracks
Adhere well on the surface
Must be stable
Not fade
Give a glossy film
Dry quickly
Resistance to water and corrosion
Uniform coating

Constituents of paint
1. Pigments
2. Vehicles or medium or drying oil
3. Thinner
4. Driers
5. Fillers
6. Plasticizers
7. Anti-skinning agents

1. Pigments
Pigments are granular solids incorporated into the
paint to contribute color, toughness, texture
Pigments can be classified as either natural or
synthetic types.
Natural pigments include various clays, calcium
carbonate, mica, silicas, and talcs. Synthetics would
include engineered molecules, calcined clays, ,
precipitated calcium carbonate, and synthetic silicas
and dyes.
Functions
Give color
Provide strength / capacity
Protect film from UV rays
Improve whether resistance
Improve impermeability

Ex:
Pigments are making paint opaque, also protect
the substrate from the harmful effects of
ultraviolet light.
White pigments: White lead Pb(OH)2,
Lithophone- 75% BaSO4+25% ZnS
Black: Lamp Black, Carbon black
RED: Venedian red- Fe2O3 and CaSO4, indian
red: Fe2O3
Blue: Prussion blue
Green : Chromium oxide, Chrom green

Drying oil (or) Vehicle (or) medium

Drying oil: A drying oil is an oil that hardens to a
tough, solid film after a period of exposure to air

The binder, commonly referred to as the vehicle,

is a non-volatile liquid and the actual film
forming component of paint.
The binder imparts adhesion, binds the pigments
together, holds all the ingredients in liquid
suspension and strongly influences such
properties as gloss potential, exterior durability,
flexibility, and toughness.
Glyceryl esters of higher m.wt fatty acids
Ex. Linseed oil, caster oil, soya bean oil
Fatty acids are Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid,
Eleostearic acid

Functions
Holds pigment particles on the metal
surface
Reduce the viscosity-applied easily on
M. surface
Form film by oxidation &
polymerization reactions
Improve adhesion of the film
Impart water repellency, toughness &
durability

Non conjugated fatty acids like

Lenolenic acid C17H29COOH*( 3 double bonds
at 9, 12, 15),
Linoleic acid C17H31COOH *( 2 double bonds at
9, 12)
Conjugated fatty acids like
Eleostearic acid C17H29COOH *( 3 double bonds
at 9, 11, 13),
Drying oil: long chain fatty acid containing
more than one double bond either in
conjugated or non - conjugated positions
Saturated fatty acids are not used as vehicle is
called Non drying oils.

Mechanism of (curing) drying of drying oil

Drying oil --


in presence of light
oxidation -
polymerization-


condensation -


hard,
coherent, tough, elastic film - insoluble, highly
cross-linked structured macro molecular film

resembles a themosetting plastics
Paint----


evaporation of solvent--


film of oil +
pigment + drier> highly cross linked film

Glyceryl esters of Eleostearic acid

CH2-OOC-(CH2)7-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH-(CH2)3- CH3
CH-OOC-(CH2)7-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH-(CH2)3- CH3
CH2-OOC-(CH2)7-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH-(CH2)3- CH3

Eleostearic acid
HOOC-(CH2)7-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH-(CH2)3- CH3

-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH- conjugated bonds

involving in the reaction
-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH- ----


h ( light) -



.
.
- CH-CH=CH-CH=CH-C H- (diradical)

- CH-CH=CH-CH=CH-C H- ---


O2 (oxidation)



-


diperoxide radical
diperoxide radical + diradical --


poly peroxide
poly peroxide -


h ( light)
di oxide radical
di oxide radical + diradical --


ether linkage

3. Thinners or Solvents
The main purposes of the solvent are to adjust the
curing properties and viscosity of the paint.
Volatile, easily evaporates after applied on the
surface
the remaining paint is fixed to the surface.
Functions
Reduce viscosity
Dissolve vehicle & additives
Suspend the pigments
Increase penetration power of vehicle
Increase the elasticity
Dipentine, Turpentine, Xylol

4. Extenders or Fillers
White or colorless pigments
Inert materials

Functions
Fill the voids in the film
Act as a carriers for pigments
Reduce the cost
Increase the durability
Reduce the shrinkage & cracking
Modify the shades of the pigments
Gypsum, chalk, silica, talc, clay, CaSO4,

5. Driers
To accelerate the process of drying
Oxygen carrier catalysts
FUNCTIONS
Oxygen carriers or catalysts
Improve drying of oil film by oxidation,
polymerization & condensation.
Naphthenates, linoleates, borates &
tungstates of metals (Pb, Zn, CO, Mn)

6. plasticizers
To improve elasticity to the film
To minimize the cracks
Triphenyl phosphate, Tricresyl
phosphate, Dibutyl tartarate

7. Antiskinning agents
To prevent gelling and skinning of the
finished film
Polyhydroxy phenol

Failures of paints
Chalking: progressive powdering Improper dispersion
Cracking: unequal expansion &
contraction
Erosion: quick chalking
Flaking: peeling of the paint film
Blistering: improper exposure to
strong sunshine

Types of paints
Fire retardant paintsAnti-fire agents- carbonate pigments, Urea-formaldehyde,
resins, PVC----


non-inflammable gases-CO2, NH3, H2O,
HCl,.. (acts as barrier)
Magnesium /Calcium/Zinc ammo. Phosphate yields a glass
like melt at elevated temp. - acts as barrier
Water repellent paints: Organo ethoxy/chloro silanes
hydrolysis/condensation
silicones
(water repellent)- durable for 5 years
Temp indicating paints: Thermochrome: undergoes color
change with temp.
(indicate the color change-in T range-50-450o c)
Double salts& complex amines of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu
Luminous paints: Luminophor pigments
A. fluorescent paints, b. phosphorescent paints
-used in road sides, road dividers.
ZnS, CdS, SrS + color modifiers -salts of Mn, Cu & Ag