Hannah Rahmin

PIB Euro
Period 3
October 21, 2009
Chapter 21 Outline pgs. 599-609

I. Russia Enters the European Political Arena

A. Russia

1. Emergence as an active power constituted a whole new factor in European

politics

a. Russia, in the past, had only been deemed a part of Europe by courtesy

i. Technically, it was a peripheral

ii.It was hemmed in by Sweden on the Baltic and by the Ottoman

Empire on the Black Sea

1) Had no warm water ports due to this

iii.Had vast, largely undeveloped natural and human resources

A. Years of Turmoil

1. Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible, later)

a. Came to the throne at age 16

b. Appointed able advisors

c. Undertook sensible revisions of the law and government

d. Reorganized the army

e. Underwent a big personality change in 1560

i. Began to distrust almost everyone around him

ii.Created a small group of advisors and a military force

iii.Imprisoned, tortured, and executed boyars

 iv.Killed his own son

2. Time of Troubles

a. The time of Ivan’s reign filled with anarchy and civil war.

b. An assembly of nobles hoped to end the uncertainty

i. In 1613, the elected a 17-year-old boy named Michael

Romanov as tsar.

ii.Began the dynasty that ruled Russia until 1917

3. Michael Romanov

a. He and his two successors, Aleksei I and Theodore III brought stability

and bureaucratic centralization to Russia.

i. The country remained weak and impoverished

ii.The boyars largely controlled the bureaucracy

iii.The government and tsars faced the danger of mutiny from the

streltsy (guards)

A. Peter the Great

1. Peter

a. Ascended to the throne when he was ten as co-ruler with his half

brother

i. His half brother, Ivan V, and he had come to power from the

streltsy, who had expected them to return the favor.

ii.Much violence and bloodshed surrounded this

iii.Things became worse when their sister, Sophia, was named

regent

iv.She was overthrown in 1689; Peter then ruled personally

2. Peter the Great

a. Fascinated by western Europe, especially its military resources

b. An imitator of the first order

c. The products and workers from the West that had reached Russia

impressed and intrigued him

d. In 1697, he made a special trip to Western Europe

i. He was supposedly in a disguise

ii.He talked with the great and powerful who thought of him as

rude and crude

iii.He inspected shipyards, docks, and manufacturers

iv.He returned to Russia determined to copy what he had seen so

that Russia could become more powerful

e. He had four main goals

i. Taming the boyars and the streltsy

ii.Achieving secular control of the church

iii.Reorganizing the internal administration

iv.Developing the economy

3. Achieving his goals

a. Peter pursued each of his goals with violence and ruthlessness

b. His successes strengthened his monarchy and allowed him to expand

his military strength

c. By controlling the boyars, streltsy, and the church, he curbed the

power of the groups that may have opposed his military expansion

d. Developing Russia’s economy allowed him to finance his military

e. He made a sustained attack on the boyars

i. In 1698, he personally shaved off the short beards of the court

boyars and sheared off the long sleeves of their shirts and

coats, making them the butt of jokes in Europe

ii.He demanded they serve his state

f. Table of Ranks

i. Published in 1722

ii.Determined a person’s social position and privileges by where

they stood in the bureaucracy or army

iii.The Russian nobility never became fully loyal to the state

g. Streltsy rebel

i. Rebelled in 1698 when Peter was in Europe

ii.Peter retaliated brutally against leaders and followers when he

returned

iii.There were private tortures and public executions, which was

done in part by Peter’s ministers

iv.About 1200 rebels were killed, and their corpses were

displayed publically to discourage disloyalty

h. Church

i. Peter dealt with this potential similar acts within the Russian

Orthodox Church similarly

ii.He wanted to avoid the clergy opposing change and

westernization and he wanted to prevent the church hierarchy

from making religious reforms

 iii.In 1721, Peter replaced the position of patriarch of the Russian

church with a synod headed by a layman to rule the church

i. Reorganization of Domestic Administration

i. Peter created “colleges” composed of several officials rather

than departments headed by a single minister

ii.The colleges were supposed to look after the collection of

taxes, foreign affairs, war, and economic matters

iii.The new system was supposed to breathe life in to the

country’s stagnant administration

iv.In 1711, Peter formed a senate of nine members to direct the

central government while he was away

j. Economic Policies

i. Closely related to his military needs

ii.He encouraged the establishment of an iron industry in the Ural

Mountains

iii.Sent prominent young Russians to acquire technical and

organizational skills

iv.Attempted to lure European craftsmen to Russia

v.These efforts had little success

k. Warfare

i. These reforms and political departures supported a policy of

warfare

ii.Peter was determined to secure warm-water ports that would

allow Russia to trade

 iii.This led to wars with the Ottoman Empire and Sweden

iv.Peter’s armies captured Azov in 1696, but had to return it in

1711

l. Sweden

i. Peter had more success with Sweden

ii.This was due to the inconsistency and irrationality of their

king, Charles XII

iii.In the Great Northern War, Russia moved against the Swedish

territory but was defeated at the Battle of Narva

iv.In 1721m the Peace of Nystad was passed and that ended the

G.N.W. and confirmed the Russian conquest of Estonia,

Livonia, and part of Finland

v.This granted Russia warm-water ports

m. St. Petersburg

i. St. Petersburg was established as a smaller version of

Versailles

ii.Located in the Gulf of Finland

iii.Symbolized a new orientation for Russia toward western

Europe

iv.Construction began in 1703 and the capital was moved there

n. Death

i. Peter’s reign ended with a question

ii.He had continually fought with his son Alexis, the heir to the

throne
 iii.Peter was jealous of him and feared that he might undertake

sedition

iv.Alexis was imprisoned in 1718 and died mysteriously

v.This gave Peter the right to name his successor, but he never

brought himself to designate one

vi.Peter died in 1725 and Russia had no better a grasp on

succession

vii.Soldiers and nobles decided who would become the next ruler

for more than thirty years after Peter’s death

I. Central and Eastern Europe

A. Habsburgs

1. Realized they must expand their political base outside of Europe

a.