MEKANIKA BAHAN

(Mechanics of Materials)

3 SKS
Prerequisite :
Statically Determinate
M h i
Mechanics

Lecturers:
Until ETS
Endah Wahyuni
Wahyuni,, ST (ITS), MSc (UMIST), PhD (UoM
(UoM))
endah@ce.its.ac.id;; endahwahyuni@gmail.com
endah@ce.its.ac.id
@
@end222
ETS - EAS
Prof. Ir. Priyo Suprobo
Suprobo,, MS, PhD
2

BILINGUAL CLASS
Module in English, Class in Indonesian; or
vice versa.
Delivery of contents in 2 languages
(Indonesian & English)
English).
Technical terms in English
Students???

Contents
1

Dapat menjelaskan tentang tegangan,

regangan, modulus elastisitas serta modulus
geser

Ketepatan penjelaskan
tentang tegangan, rergangan, modulus
elastisitas serta modulus geser

a. pendahuluan
b. pengertian tegangan, regangan
c. pengertian modulus elastisitas
d. static test

Kuliah

lihat UTS

2&3

Dapat menghitung tegangan yang terjadi

pada sebuah balok akibat beban lentur murni
baik pada balok dengan bahan tunggal
maupun pada balok dengan dua bahan,
baik semasih pada kondisi elastis maupun
sesudah mencapai kondisi non elastis

Ketepatan perhitungan tegangan pada

balok yang menerima beban lentur murni

a. lentur muni pada balok elastis

b. lentur muni pada balok dengan
dua bahan
c. lentur murni pada balok
non elastis

Kuliah
Responsi
PR 1

lihat UTS

Dapat menghitung tegangan geser pada balok Ketepatan perhitungan tegangan geser
yang disebabkan oleh beban lentur,
pada balok akibat beban lentur
pada balok-balok dengan berbagai bentuk
penampang.

a. hubungan momen dan gaya

Kuliah
lintang
Responsi
b. tegangan geser akibat beban
PR 2
lentur
c. shear center
d. geser pada profil berdinding tipis

lihat UTS

Dapat menghitung tegangan dan regangan

pada poros akibat beban torsi

a. pengertian torsi
b. tegangan geser torsi
c. regangan oleh torsi
d. tegangan oleh torsi pada poros
non elastis

Kuliah
Responsi
PR 3

lihat UTS

a. kombinasi tegangan pada balok

tidak simetris
b. kombinasi tegangan pada
penampang kolom
c. kern

Kuliah
Responsi
PR 4

lihat UTS

UTS

Test

4&5

7&8

Dapat mengkombinasikan tegangan-tegangan

sejenis pada penampang balok atau kolom
dan dapat menggambar bentuk kern dari
berbagai bentuk penampang

Indikator Kompetensi

Ketepatan perhitungan tegangan dan

regangan pada poros akibat beban torsi

Ketepatan perhitungan kombinasi tegangan

dan ketepatan penggambaran bentuk kern

Materi Pembelajaran

Bobot Nilai
%

Minggu ke

Kompetensi

Metode Pembelajaran
dan Evaluasi

No

40

Materials

5.

Books:
EP P
E.P.
Popov, 1978,
1978 M
Mechanics
h i off M
Materials
t i l
Gere & Timoshenko
Timoshenko,, 1997, Mechanics of
M t i l
Materials
R.C. Hibbeler, 1997, Mechanics of Materials
Any related books, with topic: Mechanics of
Material
Online

http://share.its.ac.id/course/category.php?id=20
http://share its ac id/course/category php?id=20

http://www.structuralconcepts.org
p
p
g

1.
2.
3.
4.

E.P. Popov, 1978, Mechanics of

Materials, 2nd edition

Gere & Timoshenko

Timoshenko,, 2008, Mechanics
of Materials, 7th edition

R C Hibbeler
R.C.
Hibbeler, 2010
2010,, Mechanics of
Materials,, 8th edition
Materials

Other books: Mechanics of Material

Online Learning:
F
From
website
b it ITS
ITS:
http://share.its.ac.id/course/category.php?i
p
g yp p
d=20
http://www.its.ac.id/personal/dataPersonal.
http://www its ac id/personal/dataPersonal
php?userid=ewahyuni
Other:
http://www.structuralconcepts.org
http://www structuralconcepts org
10

Learning Methods

Class
Students are required to read the course
material to be p
provided in the existing
g class
schedule
Responsiveness
p
Exercises in class with guidance
Quiz
In-class exam at any given time
Home work
Students do the work to be done at home with
the responsibility
responsibility, not only collects the duty
duty..
11

Evaluations
UTS (30%)

UAS (30%)

Quiz1 (10%)

Quiz2 (10%)

PR1 ((10%)
%)

PR2 ((10%)
%)

*Prosentase
Prosentase bisa diubah sesuai yang menguntungkan mahasiswa
12

Notes:

20 minutes late,
late, not permitted to enter the class.
class.
Disturbing class go out
Home work is collected before the class starting
Keep
K
the
h spirit
i i on!!

13

Contents
1. Introduction
t oduct o
2. Slicing Method
3. Understanding of Stress
4. Normal Stress
5. Average Shear Stress
6 Determine
6.
D t
i off

andd

7. STATIC TEST
8. Allowed Stress
9 Strain
9.
14

10 Diagram,
10.
Diagram Normal Stress - Strain
- HOOKE law
- Yield Point
- Deformation of bars from Axial loads
- Poissons Ratio
- Relationship of Stress, Strain and Poissons Ratio
11. Shear Stress and Strain
- Shear Stress
- Shear Strain
15

12. Pure Bending on beams

13. Moment of Inertia
14 Calculating Stress on beams
14.
15. Beams with two materials
16. Pure bending on non-elastic beams
17. Shear
Shear-bending
bending Stress
18. Torsion
19. Multiple Stresses
20. Combination of stresses on Columns
21. KERN

22. ..etc

ETS

16

After midsemester evaluation:

1.
Plane stress analysis
Maximum and minimum stress
Mohr Circle
2.
Bar design
g based on stress
Based on axial stress
stress,, flexure and shear for prismatic
bar and definite static
3.
Definite Static Beams deformation

Equation
q
of elastic line deformation method.

Unit Load method

Area moment method

4.
Stability of Compression Bar
Centric Load and Shear Force.
17

R i
Reviews:
Reviews
:
Statically Determinate Mechanics
D t
Determinate
i t Structure
St t
: If?
Static Equation
q
??
1
2
3

18

rol

rol

sendi

rol

send
i

sendi

19

rol

sendi

sendi

rol

rol

sendi

20

Reactions

Si l supported
Simply
t db
beams

Cantilever beams

Trusses

21

Loadings
-

Poin Loads
At midspan,
midspan,
Within certain location

Distribution Loads
F ll distributed
Full
di t ib t d lloads
d
Partially distributed loads

Moment Loads
At the end of cantilever
Midspan
Within certain location

22

Modul 1
Tegangan dan Regangan

23

Introduction
At a structure,
structure each elements of a structure
should be having a dimension. The elements
have to be calculated to resist the loading on
th
them
or maybe
b applied
li d tto th
them. T
To calculate
l l t th
the
dimension of the elements, we should know the
methods to analyses, which are:
kekuatan (strength),
kekakuan (stiffness) dan
kestabilan (stability),
The methods will be discussed in this Mechanic of
Materials.

24

Mechanics of materials is a subject

j
of a very
y old
age, which generally begins with Galileo in the early 17th
century. The first one describes the behavior of the
structure
t t
off load
l d rationally.
ti
ll

25

The
e be
behavior
a o o
of the
e sstructure
uc u e to
o ob
obtain
a the
e force
o ce depe
depends
ds
not only on the fundamental laws of Newtonian
mechanics that govern force equilibrium but also to the
physical characteristics of the structural parts
parts, which can
be obtained from the laboratory, where they are given
the force of action is known accurately.

Mechanics of Material is a mixed knowledge from the

experiment
i
t and
d th
the N
Newtonian
t i principals
i i l on elastic
l ti
mechanics.

One of the main problems in mechanics of materials is to

investigate
g
the resistance of an object,
j
that is the
essence of the internal forces for balancing the external
forces.
26

Planning of a Structure

APPLICA
TIONS

STRUCTURAL ANALYSES

MATERIALS
PLANNING OF THE
DIMENSIONS
STRUCTURES: STABLE

CONTROL
STRENGTH /
STRESS

27

EXAMPLE

TUBE

TRUSSES

28

EXAMPLE
BUILDING FRAME

70/70
50/50

29

EXAMPLE

P2

P1

H2

H1

B1

B2

Because of P2 > P1, thus from stress

analysis, dimension will be obtained
where B2 > B1
B1, H2 > H1
30

Metode Irisan
P1

P2

GAYA DALAM

P1

P2
S2
S1

S1
P4

S2

S3

S3

P3
3
GAYA DALAM

P4

P3
31

Tegangan (Stress)
TEGANGAN NORMAL
Tegak Lurus
Bidang Potongan

TEGANGAN GESER
Sejajar Bidang
Potongan

DEFINISI :
TEGANGAN ADALAH GAYA DALAM YANG
BEKERJA PADA SUATU LUASAN KECIL
TAK BERHINGGA DARI SUATU
POTONGAN
32

Stress (Tegangan)
MATHEMATICS EQUATIONS

F
A

NORMAL STRESS

= A Lim 0

V
A

SHEAR STRESS

Lim

= Normal Stress

= Shear Stress

Cross section area

A = Cross-section
F = Forces on perpendicular of cross-section
V = Forces on parralel of cross-section

33

Stress (Tegangan)
Stress symbols on elements related with
coordinates
di t :
z

zx
xz
x

zy
yz

xy yx

x
34

Normal Stresses
NORMAL
O
STRESS
S
SS

Tension
P

= P/A

NORMAL STRESS

Compression
P

= P/A

35

Average Shear Stresses

FORCES ACTING
PARRALEL SECTION

CREATING

SHEAR STRESS

= P Cos/ ANormal
AShear
ANormal
AShear

= P / AShear

36

Average Shear Stress

P
P

AShear

= P / Total AShear

Total Ashear =
2 x Sectional
S ti
l Area
A
off Bolts
B lt
37

Determine and
Calculation of

NEED TO UNDERSTAND

STRESS

THE PURPOSE AND THE GOAL

CHOOSE THE EQUATION

CALCULATION

DETERMINATION OF FORCE
AND CROSS SECTIONAL
AREA

or
WILL BE PROBLEM IF
DONT UNDERSTAND
STATICALLY
DETERMINATED
ENGINEERING MECHANIC

CALCULATION RESULT
38

DETERMINE FORCE VALUE

USE STATIC EQUATION:
FX = 0

MX = 0

FY = 0

MY = 0

FZ = 0

MZ = 0

Define Cross Sectional Area

Choose the smallest Area

To get
The Maximum Stress
39

Determine Cross Sectional Area

example
l :

The smallest cross

sectional area that was
choosen to get the
maximum stress value

40

Example 1:
1:
A concrete wall as shown in the figure, received distributed loads of 20
kN/m2. Calculate the stress on 1 m above the based. The gravitation
load of the concrete is 25 kN/m3

41

Answer:
Self weight of concrete wall:
wall:
W = [(0,5 + 1,5)/2] (0,5) (2) (25) = 25 kN
Total load:
load: P = 20 (0,5) (0,5) = 5 kN
From Fy = 0
0, the reaction R = W + P = 30 kN
using
g upper
pp p
part of the wall as a free thing,
g thus the weight
g
of the wall upper the cross
cross--section is W1 = (0,5 + 1) (0,5)
(25/2) = 9,4 kN
From Fy = 0, the Load on section : Fa = P + W1 = 14,4 kN
Normal stress on a-a is a = Pa/A = 14,4/(0,5x1)
14 4/(0 5x1) = 28,8
28 8
KN/m2
The stress is a compression normal stress that worked as
Fa on the section.

42

Stress
TASK :
D

1
1.

If W = 10 Ton, a = 30o and cross

sectional area of steel cable ABC = 4
cm2, cable BD = 7 cm2, so calculate
stress that happened in ABC and BD
cables.

C
W
P

2.
P

b
d1
d2

If bolt diameter = 30
mm, b = 200 mm, d1 =
8 mm, d2 = 12 mm, P =
2000 kg, so calculate
the maximum stress
of each frame and
shear stress of the
bolt.
43

Static Test

P LOAD INCREASE
CONTINUOUSLY

P
FRACTURE TEST ING
MATERIAL

TESTING MATERIAL
P

PUlt
A

ULTIMATE LOAD

ULTIMATE STRESS
44

Universal Test Machine (UTM)

45

FLEXURE TEST

46

STRAIN

TESTING MATERIAL

P
STATIC TEST

LOAD

STRAIN

-. Pload increase continuously

- Every Pload increasing,

increasing list deformation
of testing material that shows in dial
gauge.
g
g
47

Strain
P (Load)

=
L

Strain

Change as every
L di
Loading
changes
h

P Diagram

(Deformation)

48

Stress Strain Diagram

Physical properties of every material can be shown
from their stress strain diagram
g
relationship.
p

P (load)

pict. A
P Diagram

(Stress)

pict. B

= Strain

Diagram

49

STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM

- MATERIAL 1 AND MATERIAL - 2, BOTH ARE IDENTICAL
MATERIAL
- THE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF MATERIAL - 2 < MATERIAL - 1
- THE P RELATIONSHIP OF MATERIAL - 1 ARE DIFFERENT
WITH MATERIAL - 2
- THE RELATIONSHIP OF MATERIAL - 1 ARE SIMILAR WITH
MATERIAL - 2, ALTHOUGH THEY HAVE DIFFERENT CROSS
SECTIONAL AREA

THEREFORE, MORE SUITABLE USING PICTURE B

TO KNOW PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME
MATERIAL
50

Stress Strain Diagram

(Stress)

(Stress)
Proportional
Limit

Strain
STEEL MATERIAL

Strain
CONCRETE MATERIAL

51

HOOKE LAW

=E
X

E=

= STRESS
= STRAIN
E = ELASTICITY MODULUS

ELASTIC
CONDITION

DETERMINATION OF YIELD POINT

OFF-SET METHOD
((Stress))

Proportional
Limit

Strain

52

HOOKEs LAW
problem
:
P

In some frame with L =100 cm in length,

Static Test was done. If Pload thats given
to this frame is 4000 kg,
kg this frame is still
in elastic condition, and goes on 2 mm in
length,
g , so calculate of stress and strain
value of that frame. If modulus elasticity
value is 2 x 106 kg/cm2 and then calculate
the
h cross sectional
i
l area off that
h frame.
f

53

Bar Deformation due to

Axial Load
P3

P2

P1

P4

Px

Px
dx
dx+

d=

dx

Px force to dx elemen and

cause d deformation

dx

dx
P
dx =
Ax E
54

Bar Deformation due to

Axial Load
example :
B

B
=
P = Px

Px

A
dx

L
A
P

Px
P

Deformation due to P load,,

selfweight was ignored

Px . dx / Ax . E
L

= Px / Ax . E dx
0
= P . X / Ax . E
Ax = A ,

L
0

Px = P

=P.L/E.A
55

Bar Deformation due to

Axial Load
DEFORMATION DUE TO SELFWEIGHT IS

Px . dx / Ax . E = 1 / A . E

w . X . dx

A
= . W.x2 / A . E

0
L
= w . L2 / 2 . A . E = WT . L / 2 . A . E
0

DEFORMATION DUE TO P LOAD AND SELFWEIGHT IS :

=P
P.L
L / A.E
A E + WT.L
L / 2.A.E
2AE=

= L (P +
.W
WT) / A
A.E
E

56

Contoh 22-1:
Tentukan
T t k pergeseran relatif
l tif dari
d i titiktitik-titik A dan
d D pada
d
batang baja yang luas penampangnya bervariasi
seperti terlihat pada gambar di
bawah bila diberikan empat gaya terpusat P1, P2, P3
dan P4. Ambillah E = 200 x 106 kN/m2.

57

Gaya dalam batang adalah :

Antara titik A dan B
B, Px = +100 kN
Antara titik B dan C, Px = -150 kN
Antara titik C dan D, Px = +50
50 kN
Dengan menggunakan persamaan:

Dengan memasukkan harga

harga--harga numeric dari contoh,
maka diperoleh:

58

BAR DEFORMATION DUE TO AXIAL LOAD

Problem :
1. A

100 cm

100 cm

B
1000 kg
2.
b1
P1

P2

If tthe
e ba
bar d
diameter
a ete o
of AB
and BC is 20 mm, = 30o
and Elasticity Modulus is
2x106 kg/cm2, calculate
deformation of point B.

E D

b2
b3
P2

h1
h2

Calculate P1/P2, then after P1 and P2

working, the length of both bar still
be similar, if b1 = 50 mm, b2 = 50 mm,
b3 = 25 mm, h1 = 500 mm, h2 = 500
mm and thickness of both bar = 20
59
mm.

Poissons Ratio
STRAIN
AXIAL STRAIN

LATERAL STRAIN

The shape is being

LONGER and
SMALLER

POISSONS RATIO (

)=

Lateral
Axial

Concrete = 0.1 0.2

Rubber = 0.5 0.6
60

The Relationship of Poissons

Ratio, Stress and Strain
z

zx
xz
x

zy
yz

y
y

xy yx
x
61

The Relationship of Poissons

Ratio, Stress and Strain
z
y

62

The Relationship of Poissons

Ratio, Stress and Strain
x =
y =
z =

x
E

x
E

x
E

E
+

y
E

y
E

z
E
63

Shear Stress and Shear Strain

SHEAR STRESS

zy

y
z

yz

MO = 0

Fz = 0

zy

A
A

yz
zy

/2

C
/2

O
= SHEAR STRAIN

zy(dy.dx).dz - yzy (dx.dz.).dy = 0

zy = yz
yz left = yz right

64

Shear Stress and Shear Strain

SHEAR STRAIN:
SHAPE TRANSFORMATION THAT IS EXPRESSED
WITH ANGLE TRANSFORMATION ARE
CALLED SHEAR STRAIN

HOOKE LAW for Shear stress and shear strain:

= . G

E
G=
2 (1+

= Shear Stress

= Shear
Sh
Strain
St i

G = Shear Modulus
= Poissons Ratio

The relationship between Normal Modulus Elasticity and

65
Shear Modulus

Modul 2
beam flexure
(pure bending)

66

Pure Bending in Beam

Flexure due to
MOMEN only

67

Pure Bending in Beam

Ya
Yb = C

max

max
/2
/2
Initial Length

FX = 0

Force Equilibrium:
q
( Y/C . max ) dA = 0
A

Y . dA = 0
A

68

Pure Bending in Beam

MOMENT :
M=

( Y/C .
A

max ) dA . Y = max

Y 2 . dA
A

Y2 . dA = I = Inertia Moment

M=(

max / C ) . I

TOP FIBER STRESS

max = M . Ya / I

max = M . C / I
BOTTOM FIBER STRESS

max = M . Yb / I
69

Pure Bending in Beam

GENERALLY:

max

= M.Y/I

I/Y = W

(Resistance Moment)

I / Ya = Wa
I / Yb = W b
I =

Y 2 . dA
A

INERTIA MOMENT
70

INERTIA MOMENT

h/2
EXAMPLE :
2 . dA
=
Y 2 . b . dy
Ix
=
y
y
A
-h/2
/
h/2
h/2
1/ . y3. b
1/ . (1/ + 1/ ) . h3. b
=
=
3
3
8
8
x
-h/2
/
h/2 = 1/ . 1/ . h3. b = 1/ . b. h3
3
4
12
b
-11/2

1
y /2

Ix =
x

11

2
2

11/2

3.y 2 . dy + 2 y 2 . dy
-2
-11/2
2
+ 3.y 2 . dy
11/2
71

INERTIA MOMENT
EXAMPLE :
-11/2
11/2
2
= 3/3 . y3
+ 2 . 1/3 . y3
+ 3/3 . y3
-2
-11/2
11/2
= (-11/2)3 (-2)3 + 2/3 . (11/2)3 - 2/3 . (-11/2)3 + 23 - (11/2)3
= 13,75
CARA LAIN :
= 1/12 . 3 . 43 1/12 . 1 . 33 = 16 2,25 = 13,75
SHORTER CALCULATION
72

STRESS CALCULATION
OF THE BEAM
10 cm

10.000 kg
10 cm

30 cm

400 cm

10 cm
30 cm

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA :

A = ( 2 . 30 . 10 ) + (10 . 30 ) = 900 cm2
INERTIA MOMENT:
I = 1/12 . 30 . 503 2 . 1/12 . 10 . 303 = 267.500 cm4
73

STRESS CALCULATION
OF THE BEAM
RESISTANCE MOMENT:
Wa = Wb = I/y = 267.500 / 25 = 10.700 cm3
WORKING MOMENT (Beban Hidup Diabaikan) :
MMax = . 10
10.000
000 . 400 = 1
1.000.000
000 000 kgcm
kgcm.
MAXIMUM STRESS OCCURED:

Max = MMax / W = 1.000.000 / 10.700 = 93,46 kg/cm2

74

Stress Calculation
of Beam
Max
1
-

y1 = 20 cm

yMax

Max
1 = M / W1 = 1.000.000 . 20 / 267.500 = 74.77 kg/cm2
W1 = I / y1

75

EXERCISE MOMENT INERTIA

Sb Y

30 cm

10 cm
40 cm
Sb X

Calculate Inertia
Moment of its
strong axis( Ix )
and
d weak
k axis
i ( Iy )

10 cm

10 cm
8 cm

Sb Y

20 cm
8 cm
10 cm
10 10 10

Sb X

Calculate Inertia
Moment of its
strong axis( Ix ) and
weak axis ( Iy )
76

EXERCISE PURE BENDING

1
A

400 cm

100 kg/m (include its selfweight)

80 cm

200 cm

2
B

200 cm

C
1500 kg

30 cm

- Draw its momen diagram

10 cm
30 cm

- Calculate Inertia Moment of Beam

Section

8 cm
m
10 cm
m
8 cm
m

- Calculate edge fiber stresses of

10 cm
section
ti - 1 and
d 2,
2 then
th draw
d
its
it
stress diagram
- Calculate its maximum stress
77

ASSYMETRIC FLEXURE
q
qSin

qCos

MX = 1/8 . qCos . L2

Moment that its flexure

round X-axis

Moment occurs of X-axis (MX)

and Y-axis (MY)
MY = 1/8 . qSin . L2

Moment that its flexure

round Y-axis
78

Stress of the Section due to

q
A
Assymetric
t i Fl
Flexure
c

d
o

qSin

b
a

qCos
q

MX = 1/8 . qCos . L2
MY = 1/8 . qSin . L2

= +

= +

= -

= -

Ix = 1/12 . b . h3

MX . h/2
Ix
MX . h/2
/
Ix
MX . h/2
Ix
MX . h/2
Ix

+
+

My . b/2
Iy
My . b/2
/
Iy
My . b/2
Iy
My . b/2
Iy

Iy = 1/12 . h . b793

Exercise - Stress of the Section due to

A
Assymetric
t i Fl
Flexure L = 300 cm, q = 100 kg/m, P
q

= 200 kg, h = 20 cm, b = 10

cm, = 30o

B
L

c
d
f

o
e

P is in 150 cm of distance
from B
Calculate stress that
occurs in the midspan a, b,
c, d, e and f. Where point e is
i 5 cm off distance
di t
from
f
x-axis and 3 cm from yaxis
axis.
Point - f is 6 cm of distance
from x-axis
x axis and 4 cm from
80
y-axis

assume W = 8 Ton, =
90o and cross section
area of the steel cable
ABC = 4 cm2, eaxh of BD
f
frame
= 6 x 3 cm2, so
calculate
stress
that
occurs in ABC cable and
maximum stress of BD
frame.

Problem - I
1.
D
50 cm

C
W

Calculate the deflection

of p
point - b and shear
stress of As.B bolt. Bolt
diameter of As.B = 20
mm.
Modulus Elasticity of BD
frame = 2x106 kg/cm2. 81

2.
80 cm

1
A

400 cm

2000 kg/m (include its selfweight)

80 cm

200 cm

2
B

200 cm

C
1000 kg

1000 kg
30 cm

- Dram its moment diagram

10 cm

- Calculate Inertia Moment of Beam

25 cm

8 cm
m
10 cm
m
8 cm
m

- Calculate edge fiber stresses of

section 1 and 2, then draw its
20 cm
stress
t
di
diagram.
- Calculate Maximum stress that
occurs in ABC beam.
82

3.
q
f

c d
e
a

A
b

B
L

L = 300 cm, q = 1000 kg/m,

g
P = 2000 kg,
g = 30o, P is
100 cm from B.
Calculate stress that occurs in the midspan of point
a, b, c, d, e and f.
83

Composite Beam ((2 Material))

dx
1

x
d
dy
a

1
b1
b2

DISTRIBUTION OF
ELASTIC STRESS

xE1

a
e

eE2
eE1
DISTRIBUTION OF
SINGLE MATERIAL STRESS
84

Composite Beam ((2 Material))

b2.n2

b2

b2/n1

b1.n1

b1

b1/n2

Cross Section of
Frame with 1st Material

Cross Sestion of
Frame with 2nd Material

E1 > E2, n1 = E1 / E2, n2 = E2 / E1

85

Exercise -Composite Beam (2 Material)

Concrete
Stee
el

1
2

12 10 12

a
12 cm
b

1000 kg
A

1
1200 cm

36 cm
c

E concrete = 200.000
200 000 kg / cm2 ;

1 400 cm

1st Material = Concrete

2 d Material
2nd
M t i l = Steel
St l
E stel = 2.000.000
2 000 000 kg /cm2

Calculate stress that occured in the section 1 1 and in

fiber a,
a concrete fiber b,
b steel fiber b and fiber c.
c
Draw its stress diagram.
(Selfweight of the beam is ignored)

86

Pure Bending
g of
Non-Elastic Beam

ELASTIC

NON - ELASTIC

STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
87

Pure Bending of
Non-Elastic Beam

Strain
Elastic Strain
distribution distribution

c
d

If effect of D aob and

cod are small

Non Elastic Strain

distribution

88
88

Rectangular Beam that have Full Plastic Condition

C
h
T

h/
4
h/
4

Plastic moment that can be held = C . . h = T . . h

C = T = yp ( bh/2)
Plastic momen of a rectangular beam is:
Mp =

yp . bh/2 . h/2 = yp . bh /24

89

Rectangular Beam that have Full Plastic Condition

Generally can be written as:
Mp =

yp .

. y dA =

h/
2

(
0

yp ) . y . b . dy

h/
2

y2

= yp .

.b

bh2

/4

If calculate with elastic equation :

h
Myp =
yp . I / ( /2) =
2
=
yp . b . h / 6

1
3

yp . /12 b h

/ ( h/2 )

90

Rectangular
g
Beam that have Full Plastic Condition

yp . b . h2 / 4

Mp / Myp =

= 1,5

yp . b . h2 / 6
SHAPE FACTOR

Section that have Elastic Plastic condition

yo

Minor Yield
(Elastic-Plastic)

h/2

Major Yield
(Elastic-Plastic)

All Yield
Yi ld
(Plastic)

91

Section that have Elastic Plastic condition

Elastic-Plastic moment that can be held with stress
distibution which have partial yield is:
yo

M =
. y dA = 2 (

) . y/yo . b . y. dy + 2 (
yp
0

yo

h/
2

h/
2

) . b . y. dy

yp

yo

3/
= 2/3
yp . y /yo . b

+ yp . b . y2
o
yo

2 . b +
= 2/3
.
y
yp
o

2 / 4 2

.
bh
.
b
.
y

yp
yp
o

2
1
2
=
p 1/3
yp . bh / 4 /3
yp . b . yo = Mp

yp . b . yo
92

Modul 3
Shear Stress of Beam

93

Shear Stress - Flexure

q (x)
V+dV

V
dx

S MA = 0

M+dM
dx

(M + dM) M (V + dV) . dx + q . dx . dx/2

=0

M + dM M V . dx + dV . dx + . q . dx2 = 0
small
small
dM V . dx = 0
dM = V . dx

OR

dM / dX = V
94

Shear Stress - Flexure

This equation
Thi
ti is
i giving
i i
explanation that :
IF THERE IS FLEXURE MOMENT
DIFFERENCE AT SIDE BY SIDE
SECTION, THERE WILL BE A SHEAR.

dM / dx = V
Example :
L/3

L/3

L/3

NO SHEAR

Bid. M
Bid. D

M+dM

M
SHEAR

95

Shear Stress - Flexure

Shear Stress due to Flexure Load

b

a
e

d
FA

FB =

- MB . Y
I

Afghj
=

- MB . Q
I

dA =

- MB
I

h
g

f
R

FB

Y . dA
Afghj
Q=

Y . dA = Afghj . Y
Afghj

96

Shear Stress - Flexure

Shear Stress due to Flexure Load

FA =

- MA
I

Y . dA =
Aabde

FB FA = R
=
=

- MA . Q
I

Held up by shear connector

- MB . Q

- MA . Q

I
I
( MA + dM ) . Q MA . Q

Troughout dx

= dF
=

dM . Q

I
dF/dx = q = SHEAR FLOW
q = dM . Q / dx . I = V . Q / I

97

Shear Stress due to Flexure Load

E
Example
l :

200 mm

50 . 200 . 25 + 50 . 200 . 150

50 . 200 + 50 . 200
= 87,5 cm
V = 30.000 kg, nail strength = 7000 kg
Yc =

50 mm Yc

Y1

I = 200 . 503 / 12 + 50 . 200 . 62,52

= 50 . 2003 / 12 + 50 . 200 . 62,52
200 mm
= 113.500.000 mm4 = 11.350 cm4
Q = 50 . 200 ( 87,5 25 ) = 625.000 mm3
= 625 cm3
or,

50 mm

Q = 50 . 200 . 62,5 = 625.000 mm3 = 625 cm3

Y1 = 200 Yc - 200 / 2 = 62,5 mm
q = V . Q / I = 30.000 x 625 / 11.350 = 1.651 kg
g / cm
Nail spacing = 7000 / 1651 = 4,24 cm

98

Problem :
200 mm
50 mm
50 mm

200 mm
30 mm

Assume that top nails capacity

i 7000 k
is
kg and
d bottom
b tt
nails
il is
i
5000 kg. Then calculate spacing
of top and bottom nail,
nail from A
until B, so the section strength
enough
g to carried on q load.
Spacing of top and bottom nails
was
as made
ade in 3 d
different
e e t type o
of
spacing.

150 mm

100 100

200

100 100

q = 3000 kg/m
B

600 cm
99

Shear Stress Diagram

Longitudinal Direction:

= dF / t.dx = ( dM / dx ) . ( A . Y / I . t ) = V . A . Y / I . t
=

V.Q
I.t

q
t
1/8 . V. h2
I

E
Example
l :
t=b
j

dy
y1
h

q
V.Q
=
=
I.t
t
V
Y . dA
=
I.t A
100

Shear Stress Diagram

=

V
I.b

V
2.I

h/
2

y1

b . y . dy
y =

Y2
x
2

h/
2

y1

( b/2 ) 2 y12

If y1 = 0, so

=
=

h2
V
= 1/8
x
2.I
4
3.V
2 . b. h

V . h2
1/
12

. b .h
h3

3.V
2.A
101

Problem :
20 cm
5 cm
5 cm

b
c

20 cm
3 cm

P = 1500 kg
1
200 cm
q = 3000 kg/m
g/
A

B
600 cm

d
e

15 cm

Draw shear stress diagram of the section in support A

and of the section - 1 that is 100 cm of distance from
point B.
102

Working steps:
1. Calculate the Neutral Axis

Yc =

20 . 5 . 2,5 + 20 . 5 . 15 + 15 . 3 . 26,5
20 . 5 + 20 . 5 + 15 . 3

= 12,01 cm
F
From
TOP

2. Calculate Inertia Moment

1/
12

3 + 20 . 5 . 9,512 + 1/
3
.
20
.
5
.
5
.
20
12
I =
+ 20 . 5 . 2,95
2 952 + 1/12 . 15 . 33 + 15 . 3 . 14
14,49
492
= 208,33 + 9044,01 + 3333,33 + 870,25 +
33 75 + 9448,20
33,75
9448 20

= 22937,88 cm4
103

3. Calculatie shear forces

Ra = 3000 . 6/2 + 2/3 . 1500 = 10.000 kg

Rb = 3000 . 6 + 1500 - 10.000 kg = 9.500 kg
Va = 10
10.000
000 kg ; V1 = - 9.500
9 500 + 3000 . 1= - 6.500
6 500 kg
In section A with 10.000 kg
g of shear force
Position

a
b1
b2
c
d1
d2
e

A
0
100
100
100
35.05
45
45
0

12.01
12
01
0
951
9,51
951
9 51
9,51
9,51
1073,85
3.505
14.49 652.05
14.49 652.05
0
15.99

q = V.Q / I

=q/t

0
414,6
414 6
414,6

20
20
5

0
20,73
82 92
82,92

468,16

93,63

284,27
284,27
0

5
15
15

56,854
18,951
0
104

In Section 1 with 6.500 kg of shear force

Posisi

a
b1
b2
c
d1
d2
e

A
0
100
100
100
35.05
45
45
0

12.01
0
951
9 51
9,51
951
9,51
9,51
1073,85
1073
85
3.505
14.49 652.05
14.49 652.05
0
15.99

q = V.Q
VQ / I

=q/t

0
269 49
269,49
269,49

20
20
5

0
13 474
13,474
53,89

304 30
304,30

60 86
60,86

184,774
184,774
0

5
15
15

36,955
12,318
0

105

Shear Stress Diagram:

20 cm

a
5 cm

82 92
82,92
13,474
93,63

20 cm

d
3 cm
15 cm

53 89
53,89

20,73

5 cm

18,951
,
56,854
0

S ea Force
Shear
o ce
10.000 kg

60,68
12,318
36,955
0

Shear
S
ea Force
o ce
6.500 kg
106

Shear Flow Variation

Shear flow variation is used to determine the SHEAR

CENTER, so that vertical loading that works will not
induce torsion to the section, if works in its SHEAR
CENTER
107

Shear Center

F1

V=P
e

F1

. .b.t.h
=
e = F1 . h / P =
P

b. t. h . V . Q
2.P.I.t
.b.t.h
V..h.b.t
b2 . h2 . t
x
=
=
2.P
I.t
4 . I 108

Problem :
F1

F2
10 cm

P
e

V=P

50 cm

Determine
ete
e tthe
eS
SHEAR
CENTER of this
section.

10 cm
10 15

30

Equation that is used:

e . P + F1 . 60 = F2 . 60
e = ( F2 . 60 F1 . 60 ) / P

F1 = . . 17,5 . 10

F2 = . . 37,5 . 10

109

Calculation :
I = 1/12 . 55 . 703 - 1/12 . 40 . 503

= 1.155.416,67 cm4

V.Q
P . 17,5
17 5 . 10 . . 60
=
=
I.t
1.155.416,67 . 10

= 0,00045 . P kg/cm2

V.Q
P . 37,5 . 10 . . 60
=
=
I.t
1.155.416,67 . 10

= 0,00097 . P kg/cm2

F1 = . 0,00045 . P . 17,5 . 10

0,0394 . P

F2 = . 0
0,00097
00097 . P . 37
37,5
5 . 10

0 1820 . P
0,1820

: = 8,556 cm
P
In order to make frame didnt induce torsion , so the
Pload mustt be
b placed
l
d in
i e = 8,556
8 556 cm ( see Picture)
Pi t
)
e=

. P . 60 - 0,0394 . P . 60
,
0,182

110

KERN / GALIH / INTI

Variety of KERN :

Limited with 4 point

Limited with 6 point

p

Limited with 4 point

Unlimited
111

KERN / GALIH / INTI

Determine Inertia moment of sloping axis:
Y

Ix =

df
X

x = x Cos + y Sin
y = y Cos - x Sin
Ix =

2
y

df

y Cos + x Sin - 2xy Sin Cos df

2

= Ix Cos + Iy Sin -2 Sxy Sin Cos

112

KERN / GALIH / INTI

Determine Inertia Moment of Sloping axis:
Iy =
=

2
x

df
2

x Cos + y Sin + 2xy Sin Cos df

2

= Ix Sin + Iy Cos + 2 Sxy Sin Cos

113

KERN / GALIH / INTI

Example of determining KERN limits :
y
Determine the Neutral axis :
2 cm
16

2.20.1 + 8.2.6.2
x=
2 20 + 8
2.20
8.2.2
22
x

A = 2.20 + 8.2.2
Ix =

2
2
10
3,2

1/ .2.203
12

+ 8.2.9
8 2 92.2
2
Wax
Wbx

= 3,2 cm

= 72 cm

+ 1/12.8.23.2
= 3936 cm4

3936
=
= 393,6 cm3
10
3936
=
= 393,6 cm3
10
114

KERN / GALIH / INTI

Contoh Menentukan batas batas KERN :
Iy =

1/ .20.2
3
20
2
12

+ 1/12.2.8
2 83.2
2

+ 20.2.(2,2)2 + 2.2.8.(2,8)2

= 628,48 cm4

628,48
= 196,4 cm3
3,2
628 48
628,48
=
= 92,42 cm3
6,8

Wkr y =
Wkn y
Ka x

Wbx
=
A

=
=

Kb x

Wax
=
A

=
=

393,6
72
5 46 cm
5,46
393,6
72
5,46 cm

Kkr y =

Wkn y
A

=
=

Kkny =

Wkr y
A

=
=

92,42
72
1 28 cm
1,28
196,4
72
2,72 cm

115

KERN / GALIH / INTI

Picture of KERN limits :
1,28 cm

2,72 cm
y
2 cm
16

5,46 cm
x

5,46 cm

2
10
3,2

116

Modul 4
Torsion
Torsi
on

117

TORSION (Puntiran )
30 N-m

Section Plane
30 N-m
10 N-m
10 N-m
20 N-m

INNER TORSION MOMENT equal with OUTTER TORSION MOMENT

Torsion that is learned in this Mechanics of Materials

subject was limited in rounded section only.
118

TORSION (Puntiran )
M

Torsion
T
i Moment
M
t att
both end of the bar

M(x)

Torsion Moment
distributed along the
bar

119

TORSION (Puntiran )

C
C

max

max

AC

max . dA . = T

Stress
Area
Forces

Or can be written as:

max
C

Distance

Torsion Moment

. dA = T
A
2

. dA = IP = Polar Inertia Moment

120

Example of Polar Inertia Moment for CIRCLE

C
3
2 . . d = 2 .

. dA =
0

=
0

C
2

32

Torsion of the CIRCLE can be determined with

this equation:
T=

max

max

. IP

T.C
=
IP

TORSION MOMENT
TORSION STRESS

121

For Circle Hollow Section:

Section:

122

TWIST ANGLE OF CIRCULAR BAR

With determine small angle of DAB in this following

picture.
i t
The
Th maximum
i
stress
t
off its
it geometry
t iis:

123

If :

Then:

So general statement of the twist angle of a section from

the bar with linier elastic material is:

124

PROBLEM EXERCISE - 1
See a tiered bar that shown in this following picture, its outboard in
the wall (p
(point E),
) determine rotain of p
point A if torsion moment in B
and D was given. Assume that the shear modulus (G) is 80 x 109
N/m2.

125

Polar Inertia Moment:

Moment:

Bar AB = BC

Bar CD = DE

Considering its left section, torsion moment in every part will be:
TAB = 0,
0 TBD = TBC = TCD = 150 N.m,
N m, TDE = 1150 N.m
N.m
Nm

126

To get rotation of edge A, can be done with add up every

integration limit:

Value of T and Ip are constant,

constant so the equation will be:
be:

127

EXERCISE - 2

Calculate maximum torsion shear stress of AC bar (as

seen in
i AC b
bar exercise
i 1)
1).. Assume
A
th
thatt bar
b diameter
di
t
from A C is 10 mm.

Answer::
Answer

128

Modul 5
STRESS COMBINATION

129

E
Equation
ti that
th t have
h
learned
l
db
before
f
about
b t lilinier
i elastic
l ti
material, can be simplified as:
Normal Stress
Stress::
a. Due to axial load

P
A
b. Due to flexure

My

I

130

Shear Stress:
Stress:
a. Due to torsion
T

Ip

b. Due to shear force of beam

VQ

It
Superposition of the stress, only considered in
elastic problem when deformation that
happened is small.
131

EXERCISE:

A bar 50x75 mm that is 1.5 meter of length, selfweight is

not considered, was loaded as seen in this following
picture.
i t
( ) Determine
(a).
D t
i maximum
i
ttension
i and
d
compression stress that work pependicularly of beam
section assume that it is an elastic material
section,
material..

132

ANSWER
Using superposition method
method, so it can be solved in two
steps.. In Picture (b)
steps
(b),, it shows that the bar only take axial
load only.
y Then In Picture (c), it shows that the bar onlyy
take transversal load only

Axial Load
Load,, normal stress that the bar have along its length
is:

133

Normal stress due to tranversal load depends on flexure

moment value and the maximum flexure moment is in
force that use:

St
Stress
superposition
iti woks
k perpendicularly
di l l off beam
b
section and linearly decreased to the neutral axis as
seen in picture (g)

134

135

STRESS COMBINATION ON COLUMN

Similar equation can be done to assymetric

section:

P M zz y M yy z
x

A
I zz
I yy

When:
When:
Flexure Moment Myy
yy = +P z0 that works of yy--axis
Flexure Moment Mzz = -P y0 that works of zz--axis
A is cross section area of frame
I and
Izz
d Iyy
I iis inertia
i ti momentt off the
th section
ti to
t each
h their
th i
principal axis
Positive symbol (+) is tension stress
stress, and Negati
Negative
ve
symbol (-) is compression stress.

136

Example
Determine stress distribution of ABCD section of the
beam as seen on this following picture
picture. if P = 64 kN
kN.
Beams weight is not considered.

137

Answer:
Answer:
Forces that work in ABCD section
section,, on the picture (c), is
P = -64 kN,
kN,
Myy = -640 (0.15) = -9,6 kN.m,
kN.m, and
Mzz = -64 (0.075 + 0.075) = -9,6 kN.m.
kN.m.
Cross section area of the beam A = (0.15)(0.3) = 0,045 m,

And its Inertia moment is:

is:

138

Jadi dengan menggunakan hubungan yang setara dapat

diperoleh tegangan normal majemuk untuk elemenelemenelemen sudut :

Bila tanda huruf tegangan menandakan letaknya

letaknya,, maka
tegangan normal sudut adalah :

139

140

THE END
141

6.1. STRESS
A. EQUATION OF PLANE STRESS TRANFORMATION

142

143

- Normal tension stress is positive(+)

- Normal compression stress is negative(-)
Using equation of static equilibrium:

144

With changing an elements orientation, was determined by angle of

an element,
element so it can be determined stress status of a certain point
with so many unlimited ways, thats all similar.

145

In this case, stress transformations law from a point will be

developed,
p , there are equations
q
that will be derived to transformate
stress that is equally work of plane trough a certain point. A plane
where stress reach maximum intensity will be determined. With
similar ways
ways, the shear stress will be:

Note :
1st and 2nd equation are general expression for normal and shear
stress, with in angle.

x, y and xy are stress that was assumed or known before.

146

Example

Answer

147

148

B. PRINCIPAL STRESS
Principal stress is maximum and minimum stress that work on
principal plane.
In pricipal plane, where maximum and minimum normal stress are
working, there will not be shear stresses.
To get principal plane location, equation that will be used is:

149

 mempunyai 2 harga yang berbeda 180o

150

151

Value of cos2 dan sin2 were included to equation of

transformation, stress will be:

C MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM SHEAR STRESS

C.
Maximum and minimum shear stresss location will be
known by deriving stress equation to angle be zero
value.
152

153

With similar ways with determine the principal stress

stress, so the shear
stress are:

When in principal stress condition, shear stress will be zero.

But when in maximum shear stress condition, normal stress will not
be zero.
If value of shear stresss sinus and cosinus were included to
equation of transformation, normal stress will be:
154

So a maximum stress will always works together with normal

stress, except if x = y = 0.
If x and y are the principal stress, then xy = 0 , and the maximum
shear
s
ea st
stress
ess is:
s

155

D. MOHR CIRLE OF STRESS

To calculate stress that work in plane of an element, in
addition to equation of transformation, there is mohr
circle method. Equation of transfornation -1 and 2 will
be written as:

156