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The energy of electron in the nth orbit of the hydrogen atom is given by
1 2 2m 4 e
En = 2 2
4 0 n h
(9 10 )
=
9 2
En
Therefore,
n 2 6.62 10 34
21 .76 10 19
J
n2
En =
But, 1.6 10 19
J =1eV
21 .76 10 19
13 .6
= 2 eV
2
19
n (1.6 10 )
n
En =
Energy associated with the first orbit of the hydrogen atom is given by-
E1 =
13 .6
= 13 .6eV
12
E2 =
13 .6
= 3.4eV
22
13 .6
= 1.51eV
32
13 .6
E 4 = 2 = 0.85 eV
4
E3 =
Therefore, as n increases, the energy associated with the state becomes less negative. The figure below shows the energy levels of hydrogen
atom.
Class XII/Physics
It explains the spectra of only hydrogen-like atoms, He+, Li++ etc. It could not explain the line spectrum of multi electron atoms.
Bohrs atomic model does not explain the fine structure of spectral lines.
It does not explain the splitting of a spectral line into a number of spectral lines under the effect of magnetic field (Zeeman effect)
and electric field (Stark effect).
The shapes of molecules arising out of directional bonding could not be explained.
The dual nature of electrons (both as wave and particle) and the path of motion of the electron in well defined orbits were not
correct.
Class XII/Physics
emitted in the form of X rays. The wavelength of the X rays produced is determined by the metal used for the target and the energy of the
electrons released from the cathode. X rays with higher frequencies and, therefore, higher penetrating power are known
as hard X rays. Those with lower frequencies and lower penetrating power are known as soft X rays.
X-ray spectrum:
The figure shows the graph of wavelengths of X-rays emitted from the Mo target by 3 KeV electrons against the relative intensity. Such a
graph is called the X-ray spectrum corresponding to the given element and energy of electrons.
1)
2)
3)
The continuous curve in the graph is called continuous spectrum. The peaks
obtained for certain wavelengths indicate line spectrum. This is the characteristic
curve of given element.
When any electron makes head on collision with an atom of the anti-cathode, its
total kinetic energy gets completely converted into X-rays of maximum frequency
(minimum wavelength).
Therefore,
1
c
mv 2 = eV = h max = h
2
min
min =
hc
eV
1
V
These rays are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields. It indicates that X-rays do not consist of charged particles.
They are, in fact, electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength and travel with a velocity of 3 x108m/s.
Class XII/Physics
Uses of X-rays
It can take pictures of fractures in bones and diagnose problems such as lung infection etc.
X rays can be used to kill cells. This is just what is done in some types of cancer therapy. X-radiation is directed against cancer
cells in the hope of destroying them while doing minimal damage to nearby normal cells.
New technique for using X rays in the field of medicine is called computerized axial tomography, producing what are called CAT
scans.
X-rays are used by Custom officials to screen the persons crossing the border.
In scientific research, to gather information regarding the properties and structure of atoms.