General Troubleshooting

ffi#'Nn
a Socper$urgical Cornpny
GENERAL
TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
November 2003
General Troubleshooting Guide
TABLE OF CONTENTS
RESPONSE...................
-NO/ABNORMALARMMOVEMENT
powERING UP TFIE SCANNER

DRIVEMOTORS
NO
..............................3
..........4
W8..................
.............5
.....................
.................5
Board................ .................. 5
............................7
QG26)...
388A006.........
...........................8
Scanners
.....................9
XR36).............
.................. I I
No Ann Movernent - Excell, XR46, Excell

No Ann Movement One Direction / LIMIT SWITCHES
No Ann Movement -- 387A017 High Speed Stepper Motor Driver
No Ann Movement
388A006 Motor Driver Board
Abnormal Movement One Direction: 387A017 I
Abnormal movement - All
Replacernent Motors QKR26, Eclipse,
LOW/HIGHENE
YELLOW LINES APPEAR DURING A
SCAN..............
SCANNER SHUTS DOWNINTERMTTENTLY/NO
SOURCEFAN
SOI.}RCE STABILITY RUN DOES NOT PASS VOLTAGE
ORPRINTED
DISPI.AYED..
98....................
LORAD X-RAY SOURCE MODEL DG.-26...........

NORLAND X-RAY SO[.]RCE MODEL 39lA05l
Norland Source Low Count Rate Trouble Shootine Guide.............
Norland, a Coopersurgical Company
................21
AND CURRENT SP8CIFIC4TIONS......................22
NO REF'ERENCE GRAPH DISPLAYED

NO PERCENT C}IANGE OR TRENDING
COMPUTER WILL NOT BOOT INTO WINDOWS
................... 19
..................27
..,-....,.......27
......................28
.........................29
....... . .. ................ 35
...................35
Page 2
POWERING UP THE SCANNER -- NO RESPONSE

Note: When power is on the arm should not move freely, and the source fan should tum
on.
1.
Check fuses.
? Power Entry Module
XR26, Eclipse
XR36
Excell, XR46
And Excell WEI
U.S.:
Europe:
U.S.:
Europe:
U.S.:
Europe:
Oty. 1, 6k Amp Slo Blo
Qty.2,4.0 Amp Slo Blo

Qty.2, 10 Amp Slo Blo (u'x1u')
Qty. 2, 5.0 Amp Slo Blo (5 x 20mm)
Qty. 2, 10 Amp Slow Blo (r4" x1r<")
Qty.2, 3.15 Amp Slo Blo (5 x 20mm)
NOTE: One reason the fuses might blow is a defective Power Tray. Check for
cold solder joints on the power tray.
Power Tray Assembly
Power Supply Board

All
XR26, Eclipse, XR36

F3, F4: 6l< Amp
Excell, XR46, & ExcellWB
F4 & F5: 2 Amp
(Refer to the 4348109 Wiring Diagram, Power Schematic)
Scanners
F1, F2: 2'a Amp,

F3: 15 Amp
2. Check for proper line voltage and the conect line voltage setting in the Power Entry
Module.
3.
Check for 5 Volts

Ground: TP1 on Power Supply Board
+5 Volts: R4 on Power Supply Board
4. Check outputs of the main transformer

Voltage across large blue capacitor (C2) on powertray: 29.5 - 42.0 VDC (this
supplies power to the source.)
For XR26, Eclipse,and XR36 measure voltage across small blue capacitors (C1,
C3) on power tray: 31.0 - 35.0 VDC (supplies motor power).
Voltage at F1 and F2 on Power Supply Board: 20 VAC Nominal off center tap
(orange striped wire on 4-pin connector on Power Supply Board)
NOTE: Voltages will vary slightly depending on if the x-ray source is on or off, and
also depending on surges and dips in line voltages
5.
Check the regulated voltages on the Main Board:

+12VDC ? 0.5V across C25
3884004 (2-Channel)
- 12VDC ? 0.5V across C27
+1SVDC ? 0.5V across CR2
Norland, a CooperSurgical Company
Page 3
Gencral Troubleshooting Guide
+1 1.2VDC ? 0.7V across C59
+SVDC ? 0.5V across C18

398A001 (4-channel) : Ground TP1
+12VDC ? 0.5V (+ lead of C166)
- 12VDC ? 0.5V (- lead of C167)
+1SVDC ? 0.5V (cathode of CR7)
+11.2VDC ? 0.7V (+lead of C59)
+12.2 VDC ? 0.8V (+ lead of C181)
DRIVE MOTORS .. NO / ABNORMAL ARM MOVEMENT

r$,
i !\
REFER TO THE 900SOO7
type
Motor Signal
Flow- select the appropriate scanner
Control of arm movement

When checking the motor circuitry, it is possible to initialize the scanner without the
computer and control the arm movement using the control buttons on the arm. To do
this, turn the scanner off. Press and hold the left and right directional arow keys on the
front panel while powering up the scanner. You should now have control of the scanner
using the front panel control buttons. Veriff the front panel control by turning on the laser.
lf the laser functions, the motors should also function when using the directional anow
keys.
Overview:
Excell, XR46, ExcellWB
The motor modules attached to the arm base plate replace the motor driver board
that is in the other models.
The modules and motors are not
a matched set and can be changed
independently
387A.017 (XR26, Eclipse, XR36)
The 3874017 High Speed Motor DriverAssembly was developed to meet the
voltage and current requirements imposed on the stepper motor by high-speed
scanning (up to 180 mnVsec). Despite its origin as a driver system for HighSpeed scanners, the 387A017 may be used to replace the 388A006 assembly in
Low Speed scanners.
The 387A017 are composed of four identical motor-phase driver circuits; two
drive the x-axis motor, and two drive the y-axis motor.
Unregulated DC power enters the 387A017 HS Stepper Motor Main Board at the
S-pin header, P2. This power comes directly from the power tray.
The stepper motors connect to the HS Stepper Motor Main Board at the 8-pin
header, P1, from the arm, via the lower cable assembly.
Page 4
The control signals from the scanner Main Board enter at the 1O-pin header, P3
(the ribbon cable).
3884006 - XR26
XR-Series scanners were originally designed with the 388A006 Motor Driver
Board. The 388A006 board is composed of four identical motor-phase driver
circuits; two drive the x-axis motor, two drive the y-axis motor.
As with the HS Motor Driver Board, unregulated DC power enters at connector

P2, pins #1 and #2.The stepper motors are connected to this board at connector
P1, pins #1-4 or the X-Phase, and pins #5-8 for the Y-Phase. The control signals
from the Main Board enter at connector P3.
There are two disadvantages to using the 388A006 Motor Driver Board:
1.
2.
lt cannot be used for HS scanners
Under certain high temperature conditions, the Op-Amps U1-U4 may go into
thermal shutdown. ln this situation, allow the system to cool and the scanner will
resume normal operation.
The 3884006 Motor Driver Board can be replaced with the 387A017 HS Motor
DriverAssembly. Retrofit Kits are available from Norland.
No Arm Movement
- Excell, XR46, Excell
WB
Check the fuses, F4 & F5 on the power tray.
No Arm Movement One Direction
/ LIMIT SWITCHES
It may be a problem with a limit switch.
1.
2.
Verify the proper operation of ALL 4 limit switches with an ohmmeter. The switches
are in a normally open position. \Mren activated, they are closed.
lf the sWtches are not defective, check the cabling. Veriff the switch signals are
reaching connector P8 on the Main Board.
a. Pin 1 - X Back limit switch

b. Pin 2 - X Front limit switch
c. Pin 3 - Y Left limit switch
d. Pin 4 - Y Right limit switch
e. Pin5-Ground
3.
lf the signals are good, the Main Board is possibly defective.
No Arm Movement -- 387AOl7 High Speed Stepper Motor Driver

Board
Although open-circuit protection circuitry has been added to the HS Stepper Motor Driver
Board, before applying power to the scanner make sure the arm junction plate
Page 5
connectors are installed. The 3874017 HS Stepper MotorDriver Board can be damaged
by application of DC power while one or more stepper motor windings are disconnected.
Zener diodes CR6 and CR7 have been added since the original board design to limit the
output swing of the Op-Amp U2 OL081) to approximately ? 7V. There is one U2 on each
of the 4 PWM boards. lf you have a HS Stepper Motor Driver Board which was produced
before the addition of the Zener diodes, the board may be damaged immediately by
applying power to the scanner without the connectors in the arm junction plate being
properly connected. As the output voltage reaches several hundred volts, QA4 generally
becomes damaged.
rt.,
r--i.:"WARNINGI
The open circuit protection circuitry (CR6, CR7) serves only to prevent immediate
catastrophic failures. Sustained open-circuit operation of the HS Stepper Motor Driver
Board will eventually result in damage to the board.
When checking the motor circuitry, it is handy to control arm movement using the control
buttons on the arm. To gain control of the arm using these buttons:
Turn the scanner off.
Press and hold the right and left directional anow keys on the front panel while
applying power to the scanner. You should now have control of the scanner
using the front panel control buttons.
Veriff you have control of the arm with the front panel buttons by tuming on the laser.
lf the laser functions, the motors should also function when using the anow buttons
unless they are damaged.
B. lf the laser light does not come on, see the XR
Series Trouble Shooting Guide,
"Powering up the Scanner- No response."
C. lf the motors still do not function, veriff all wire connections are good and properly
orientated from the HS Stepper Motor Driver Board to the motors.
HINT: lf P2 is one pin off, there will be no movement. lf P2 is reversed, the arm will not move
and the fuses on the power tray will blow.
D.
Verify the computer is at Level 1: Type SERVICE and then LEVEL 1.
E. lf the wiring and connectors appear good, verify the proper voltages on the Motor
Driver Board. Unregulated DC power enters the HS Stepper Motor Driver Board at the
S-pin header P2.
4:
1:
Pin2:
Pins 3,
Pin
Ground
+33VDC nominal
-33VDC nominal
All voltages originate from the Power Tray assembly. Check fuses F3 and F4 on
the Power Tray.
F. lf all the voltages and fuses are good, check the voltages on R64 and R84 on the
Main Board:
R64: OVAC when Y-Motor off; 0.8VAC when Y motor on
R84: OVAC when X-Motor off: 0.7VAC when X motor on
lf the voltages are not present, replace the Main Board and retry the procedure.
Page 6
G.
387A017: lf the voltages in step D are present, butthere is no movement, assume the
387A017 HS Motor Driver board is defective. The polyswitches R19 and R20 are
circuit protection devices that may be physically checked to determine if they are in
their high-resistance state. When these devices are at room temperature, they
display a very low resistance. At approximately 80?C, there is an abrupt transition to a
high resistance state.
lf R19 is abnormally hot, suspect a defective N-FET.
lf R20 is abnormally hot, suspect a defective P-FET.
Verify the following voltages are present:
TP1 AGND
TP2 MGND
TP7 MOTOR POWER, +33VDC
TP8 MOTOR POWER, -33VDC
TP3 +1SVDC
TP4 -15VDC
TP5 +19VDC
Replace the HS Stepper Motor Driver Board if:
?
?
voltages are present in Step D, but you suspect

resistance mode.
a polyswitch is in
high
the test point voltages are not present.
No Arm Movement -- 388AOOG Motor Driver Board (XR26)

Turn on the scanner holding the two front panel buttons to enable motion without the
computer. Verify you have control of arm movement with the front panel buttons by
turning on the laser. lf the laser functions, the motors should also function when using the
directional arrows.
lf the laser light does not come on, see the XR Series Trouble Shooting Guide,
'Powering up the Scanner - No response.'
B. lf the motors still do not function, verifu
all wire connections are good and properly
oriented from the HS Stepper Motor Driver Board to the motors.
HINT: lf P2 is one pin off, there will be no movement. lf P2 is reversed, the arm will not move
but the fuses on the Power Tray will blow.
C. lf the wiring and connectors appear
good, verify the proper voltages on the Motor
Driver Board. Unregulated DC power enters at the 5-pin header P2.
3,4:
1:
Pin2:
Pin
pin
Ground
+33VDC
-33VDC
All voltages originate from the Power Tray Assembly. Check fuses F3 and F4 on the
power tray. Make sure the scanner is set to LEVEL
1.
D. lf all voltages and fuses are good, check the voltages on the Main Board,
3884004,
using a multimeter at the following points:
PT,PinB
YMotoroff,OVAC
Page 7
P7, Pin
Y Motor on. .7VAC

XMotoroff,0VAC
X Motoron, .7VAC
lf the voltages are not present, replace the Main Board and retry.
Abnormal Movement One Direction: 387AOl7
3aSAOOG
Actual Failure - Scanner only fails in the X direction and only when they push the button to
move in small increments. Then it grinds like it is hitting a limit. lt works ine in the Y
direction. Replacing the lower cable repaired this scanner.
General Troubleshooting:
Reverse the blue ribbon cable (P3). lt can be reversed on either the Motor Driver
Board or the Faraday Cage.
NOTE: lt is not necessary to tum off the scanner during the reversal.
This procedure switches the X and Y motors. Reversing P1 also does this.
B. lf the problem still occurs with the same
motor, check the continuity of the wiring refer to the appropriate wiring diagram. Check for continuity between pins 1-8 on
connector P1 on the Motor Driver board with pins 1-4 to both the X and Y motors. lf
the cables prove to be good, replace the defective motor.
C. lf the problem occurs
with the other motor after this, then reverse connector P7 on

the Main Board. lf the problem persists, replace the Motor Driver Board.
D. lf the problem
still occurs with the originally bad motor, then replace the Main Board.
This is the source of the drive signals for the Motor Driver board.
NOTE: We have experienced cases where a defective limit switch in either the X or Y
direction is engaged due to a wiring problem, a defective switch, or the positioning. ln
these cases, there is no movement in either the X or Y direction. The problem appears to
be a defective drive motor driver board. The problem is actually related to one of the limit
switches.
Page 8
I('l(nt
rotlnilt,Ci
Erto
tltl
-
lo.
SCHEI1ATIC PRESENTATION OF PROCEDURES 3.A. THROUGH 3.C
E. 3884006 Only:
The 388A006 Motor Driver Boards may become over-heated and experience thermal
shutdown. Placing additional heat sink caps on the LMl2CLK OpAmps U1-U4 has
rectified this problem. These may be interchanged to isolate a suspected phase.
lf a Motor Driver Board is experiencing thermal shutdown, it may be necessary to

disassemble the Op-Amps from the board to install the proper heat sink caps. New
hardware, thermal pads, and nylon shoulder washers must also be replaced. The CChannel is not replaced. Mounting torque is critical - it is only 6 in-lbs. Overtightening of the screws may cause damage to the thermal pads and cause shorting.
Contact Norland Customer Service for drawings and instructions to perform this
retrofit.
NOTE: Due to availability and lead times on the LMI2CLKs and the fact that these
components are operating at or near their thermal limitations, a more effective
solution is to bring the unit up to current revision by installing the 3874017 Motor
Driver Board Assembly.
Abnormal movement - All Scanners
Check for the correct line voltage setting in the Power Entry Module.
B. All scanners: Excessive rail friction may also cause problems. \Mth the
system
powered off, you should be able to move the arm on the rails easily. Manually move
the arm in all directions and feel for any riction areas. Visually check the rails for a
dark colored residue. A light machine oil (.e 3in1 oil) , may have to be applied to the
rails.
rit,
l^ij
Oo not use any lubricants with degreaser, such as WD40 because it will adversely
affect the bearings.
Page 9
General Troublcshooting Guide
C. Initialize the scanner
by holding down the left and right anow keys on the front panel
scanner. lf the motors still do not function, verify all wire
turning
on
the
and
connections are good and properly oriented between the Main Board, the Motor Driver
Board, and the motors.
D. Remove the tabletop. Use the directional buttons on the front panel to position the
source all the way forward and allthe way back on the scanner. Verify the source can
also move freely from side to side.
XR26: Check to ensure the source has clearance from any panel mounting bolts. Check
to see if the source has clearance under the back riser. (The desiccator bracket may
be restricting movement on Lorads; the source cover may be restricting a Norland
source.) lf the source has problems with clearance under the back riser of the XR26,
shims may be needed to separate the pedestalfrom the table frame.
E. All Scanners:
lf the source comes in contact at any location, adjust the limit switches
accordingly.
F.
XR26, Eclipse, or XR36: Check to make sure the cable retractor on the middle of the
cable (to the x-ray source) is functioning properly. Make sure it has not frayed and
broken off, allowing the cable to interfere with movement.
G. XR26: Listen for a scraping noise when moving the arm in the X direction. Check the
top arm cover. On occasion this cover can slide down and come in contact with the
PMT High Voltage Supply Board. To rectiff this problem, loosen the back mounting
screws and slide the cover up. Re-tighten the mounting screws securely.
Adjustments can also be made on the Front Panel bezel. This bezel has four slotted
mounting holes and can be raised to increase the clearance of the arm cover.
H.
l.
Use the SKIPTEST to determine if there are any X or Y Stepper Motor problems. lf the
scanner fails to return to its start position, replace the failing motor. Refer to the
3885631 Repair Procedure for detailed instructions for performing the Skiptest.
Check allwiring and connectors.
HINT: In many cases the 387A017 HS Motor Driver Board is used in conjunction with a
Faraday Cage. By pass the Faraday board and connect directly to the motor driver board.
Check the connectors at both the Motor Driver Board and Faraday Cage. lt is often
difficult to ensure the ribbon cable is connected properly to the HS Motor Driver Board
when it is within the Faraday Cage.
J. Current Sense Resistors -- 387A017
Verify the Rx1, Rx100, and Rx101 (x = A, B, C, D) are installed properly.
Background: Each 387A015 P\l/M Module contains an active feedback loop which
adjusts the widths of the drive pulses to the switch FETs of the circuitry which makes
the voltage across a current-sense resistance equal to the reference voltage from the
Main Board.
The current-sense resistance can have two different values, depending on whether the
zero-ohm jumper R[AJB/C/D]101 is installed. \Mren installed, the cunent-sense
resistance is composed of Rx1 and Rx100 in parallel. This conesponds to a lower
current-sense resistance and higher output current. lt is the proper configuration used
with High Speed motors (4 Amp motors).
Page 10
NOTE: The 387A017 HS Motor Driver Board can be used with both 2A and 4A motors.
Resistors RA101, R8101, RC101, and RD101 on the HS MotorDriverBoard should be
installed ore removed according to which stepper motors are being utilized.
Stepper Motor
2A
4A
R.AO, RBlO
RC0, RD101
Cut and Remove
Cut and Remove

lnstall
lnstall
K. Additional HS Stepper Motor Driver Board Trouble Shooting -3874017
PWM Boards
There are 4 identical PWM boards located on the HS Stepper Motor Driver Board (P!\4Vl
1-4)
Channel: XPhase0 XPhasel YPhase0

P\ /I\4 4
P\ AI 1
PWM 2
PWIt/l:
Components: BADC
YPhasel
PWM 3
Mark each board as PWM1, PWM2, PWM3, and PWM4. lnterchange PWM boards to
isolate a defective channel on the HS Stepper Motor Driver board or a suspect PWM. lf a
problem is detected with either board, replace the 387A017 HS Motor Driver Assembly. lf
the problem still exists after trouble shooting and replacing the assembly, replace the
Main Board 388A004.
Current Sense Resistors

When Rx101 is removed, Rx100 is isolated from Rx1. In this case, the cunent-sense
resistance is just Rx1. This is a larger sense resistance and lower output current than
when the jumpers are installed. This is the coniguration for use with low speed (24)
motors.
NOTE: The output cunent is higher with the jumper installed than when removed. (Rx101
is removed to limit the output cunent.) The higher cunent is used with 4A HS motors,
while the lower current is used in conjunction with the 2A motors.
l a 2A motor in either the X or Y direction seems to be functioning properly but the

system is audibly noisier than acceptable in either direction, the 2A motor can be
replaced with a 4A motor. An alternative suggestion, for the case of a 2A motor used in
conjunction with an early revision board, would be to replace the .75 and 1.5 Ohm
resistors with two 1-Ohm resistors.
Early revision
board: Rx1 = .75 Ohm

Rx100 = 1.5 Ohm
Rx101 = Removed for2A: Installed for4A
Later revision
board: Rx1 = 1 Ohm

Rx100= 1 Ohm
Rx101 = Removed or2A; Installed for4A
Replacement Motors (XRZ6, Eclipse, XR36)

The pulley along the motor shaft varies, depending on whether it is to be used in the X or
Y direction. Special tooling, primer, and retaining compounds are used to assemble the
pulleys on the shaft, thereby prohibiting this subassembly in the ield. Therefore when
ordering replacement motors, it is important to specify whether it will be used as an X or
Y motor.
Page
11
3874017 HS STEPPER MOTOR DRIVER BOARD TAYOUT
Page 12
LASER
....,
C;:
REFER TO THE 9005007 -Laser Signal Flow
type
l.
A
Laser on, indicator light
select the appropriate scanner
off
lf the other indicator lights function, either the laser indicator light is defective or there
is a cabling problem. To check the laser retum, check for continuity between Power
Supply Board connector P3, pin 1 to the Yellow dot connector on the arm base plate,
pin 8 (male pin). Also check for continuity from the female pin on the Yellow dot
connector, pin 8 to the Front Panel Board, P1, pin 8 (violet wire).
B. Check the voltage to connector
P1, pin 1 (black wire) on the Front Panel Board. Verify

2BVDC between pin 1 and ground. The 28VDC originates from P3 on the Power
Supply Board, pin 2.
lf the voltage is good, the problem is either with the LED, the cabling, or the Main
Board.
2, Laser does not function

A Check the manual laser shutoff lever on the scanner arm.
B. Check to see if there is a
collet taped into the lower aperture plate of the PMT
assembly.
C. Turn on the laser and verify +28VDC at the connector to the Laser Power
Supply
Board, checking each pin with the ground (pin 1 +, chassis -; pin 2 +, chassis -).
lf the voltage is present at the laser power supply, but the laser is still ofi after verifying
points A, B, and C, suspect the laser power supply or the laser diode as being
defective.
D. lf the voltage is not present
at the power supply connector, check the following points

on the Power Supply Board connector P3.
1.
Pins 1, 4 -- laser retum lines; with laser off, 28VDC; with laser on, 0VDC
2. Pins 2,3,5 -- 28VDC

3. Pin6-Ground
4. f voltage at pin 5 but not at pins 2 or 3, suspect Power Supply Board
5. lf the voltage on Pins 1 and 4 of the Power Supply Board does not drop to 0 VDC
f
when the laser is turned on, check if the signal from the Laser On-Off button is
getting to the Main Board. Check for continuity between P5, pin 7 on the Main Board
and P1, pin 7 on the front panel. lf the signal is getting to the Main Board, the Main
Board may be defective.
FRONT PANEL
1. Verify the scanner has been initialized.
Front Panel operations will not function unless the scanner has been initialized.
Norland, a CooperSurgical
Conpany
Page 13
To initialize the scannerwith service software:

? 4-channel scanners: Enter XSST at the C:tr prompt and select lnitScnr.
? 2-channel scanners: Enter SERVICE at the C:tr prompt. At the C:\BDXRAY>
prompt, type lS. You should now have control of the scanner with the Front Panel
buttons.
To initialize the scanner with the front panel buttons:
1. Tum off the scanner
2. Press and hold the left and right buttons simultaneously
3. Turn the scanner back on
4. Veriff Front Paneloperation
2.
Check cabling and connectors associated with the Front Panel and Main Board
Connector P1 on the Front Panel Board
Red dot connectors on the Arm Junction Plate
Connector P5 on the Main Board
Connector P3 on the Power Supply Board
3. Check the signals on the Main Board

The following pins on P5 on the Main Board should be shorted with the pins of P1 on the
front panel.
P5, Main
Board
2
2
2
3
3
3
4.
P1, Front
Panel
7
6
5
7
6
5
Button
Mark
Back Motion
Right Motion
Laser
Forward Motion
Left Motion
lf all signals appeargood, the Main Board may have problems.
Page 14
NO COUNTS
.i li: REFER TO THE 9005007

type
Xray Signal Flow
- select the appropriate
scanner
1. Use the Source Count Rate check in the 3885631 Repair procedure to verify there are
no counts being detected.
The Low Energy (lnitial) tube is detecting the greatest number of counts. The Low and
High (Final) energy tubes are located in tandem, one above the other, directly above the
aperture of the source. The Low Energy PMT is positioned below the High Energy PMT.
Photons are first detected by the Low Energy tube. Photons that pass through the lowenergy tube go to the high-energy tube located above it. In general, the high-energy count
rate is approximately 65% of the low energy count rate.
2. ls the source functioning?

2.1 .ls the fan on or the green led?
2.1.1. lf it is not then check the voltage on the big blue capacitor on the power
tray, it should be approximately 29.5 - 42.0 VDC.
2.1.2. lf the voltage is not present then veriff the thermistor on the power
tray is nol open.
2.1.3. lf there is power on the capacitor veriff there is the 29.5 - 42.0 VDC on
P10 (between the red/black and green/white wires) of the source
control board.
2.1.4. lf there is not then check the wiring, from main board to the arm base
plate and then from the arm base plate to the source.
2.1.5. lf the source green led is on and the fan is running veriff that no other
fault leds on the source control board are on. Refer to the Enor LED
Description in this procedure.
2.1.6. lf the source green led is on, with no led fault lights on, verify the
current and voltage coming from the main board is correct to the red
connector P11 on the source control board.
2.1.6.1. Bring the source to full power.
2.1.6.2. Measure the voltage at the top pin, pin 5 (red wire) on the red
connector on the source control board, it should be 5 VDC.
Use the green ground wire on the source as the ground. This
is the voltage control to the source. Refer to the DC Voltage
Test Point in the Norland X-ray Source Model 3914051
section in this procedure.
2.1.6.3. Measure the voltage at pin 3, green wire, to verify the voltage
is 4vdc. This is the current control to the source.
3. Check the source output. The easiest way is with a radiation meter or material that is
sensitive to x-ray.
To do this, bring the source up to full power, open the shutter and set the filter to 0:
4-channel: Select Src_Pow from page 2 of the XSST menu, and enter F for Full,
then select Scom and enter SFO (set filter 0) and then OS (open shutter).
2-channel: Enter SERVICE and then FULL. Then type COMM OS to open the
shutter. and COMM SFO to set the filter to 0.
?
?
Page 15
/1,
,.I\'.
CAUTION: EXERCISE CARE \A-IENEVER WORKING AROUND X-RAY

DEVICES. DO NOT PERMIT THE BEAM TO IMPINGE ON ANY PART OF YOUR
BODY AT ANY TIME. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT YOU WEAR A RADIATION
DOSE BADGE TO MONITOR ANY RADIATION EXPOSURE.
Hold the radiation meter above the ilter casting to check for counts coming from the
source. After you have verified it does or does not work, type to close the filter casting
shutter:
4-channel: while in Scom enter CS.
2-channel: enter COMM CS.
?
?
lf you did not get a reading on the meter, assume the x-ray source is not
working
properly.
Check for LED's on the source control board. For additional information, refer to
the section X-RAY SOURCE in this troubleshooting guide.
4. lf there is output from the source then check the high voltage supplied to the PMT's.
XR26, Eclipse, and XR36: check for voltage on the PMT HV Board. Connector P2, Pin 2
(black wire) and ground should be approximately -650VDC.
Excell: Check for voltage on the high voltage/laser power supply board. There should be
approximately 600vdc, between Pin 3 and 4 of TP1. Also measure between Pin 4 and Pin
2 for the High Energy PMT voltage. Measure between Pin 4 and Pin 1 for the voltage to
the Low Energy PMT.
XR46: Connect the ground to TP1 on the PMT AutoSet Board. The high-energy detector
voltage is measured at TP2, and the low-energy detector voltage at TP3.
5. Check wiring
Using the appropriate wiring diagram verify continuity from the upper arm assembly to the
main board. Disconnect the connectors from the boards when measure ohms, so the
measurement is through the wiring and not the PC board.
?
?
?
XR26, Eclipse, and XR36 refer to 3888189 Xr-Series VUiring Diagram.

Excell with S/N less than 1600 (non autoset) refer to 4338174 Excell \Mring
Diagram.
Excell with S/N greater than 1600 (autoset hardware) and XR46 refer to
434b1 01 Wiring Diagrams.
6. Check to see if the Low and High Energy signals are being detected at the Main Board.
Use the instructions in the 3885631 Set PMT Gain, Procedure for 2-Channel Scanners,
to verify the signals are present on the Main Board.
lf the signals are present, the Main Board and/or cabling is defective. lf the signals are not
present at the Main Board, verify the signals are present at the Charge Amp Board.
7. lf the count rate appear in one PMT and not the other, check the wiring. lt may also be
a defective board or PMT. On the XR26, Eclipse and XR36 it may be the Bias or Charge
Amplifier board. [|-he high voltage board affects both PMT simultaneously.) For Excell
without autoset hardware it may be the high voltage, charge amp, or bias board. For
Page 16
Excell scanner with autoset and XR46 scanners it may the PMT Autoset board or photon
integrator board.
7. For XR26, Eclipse, XR36, and Excell scanners with SiN <1600, verify the Low and
High Energy signals are present at the Charge Amp Board
Use the oscilloscope to verify the signals at connector P1, pins
1
Pin 3
Pin 4
Pin 5
Pin 6
Pin 7
Pin 8
Pin
Pin2
and 8.
Low Energy (use chassis ground)

Ground
Ground
Ground
-Unregulated
+Unregulated
Ground
High Energy (use chassis ground)
lf the signals are not present at pins 1 and 8, suspect the Charge Amp Board. lf the
signals are present here but not at the Main Board, suspect the cabling or Main Board.
8.
Veriff the shutter and filters are working propedy. Refer to the Shutter Failure and
Filter Tests sections of this guide.
LOW COUNTS
1. Use the Source Count Rate Check (refer to the 3885631) to verify the count rate for
the low energy is between 550,000 and 750,000 at full power.
2. Verify the source is correctly aligned.
3. Verify the red connector on the source control board is plugged in with the red wire
on top.
4. Verify the correct voltages are present at the red connector, P11on the source
5.
control board.
4.1. Bring the source to fullpower.
4.2. Measure the voltage at the top pin, pin 5 (red wre) on the red connector on the
source control board, it should be 5 VDC. Use the green ground wire on the
source as the ground. This is the voltage control to the source. Refer to the DC
Voltage Test Point in the Norland X-ray Source Model 391A051 section in this
procedure.
4.3. Measure the voltage at pin 3, green wire, to verify the voltage is 4vdc. This is
the cunent control to the source.
Verify the filters are working correctly - refer to the Filter Assembly section of this
document.
LOW / HIGH ENERGY COUNTS
1.
Use the Source Count Rate Check of the 3885631 procedure to check for the
correct count rate. The count rate should be between 550,000 and 750,000 for the
initial (low energy) PMT. The count rate for the final (high energy) PMT should be
approximatelv 65% of the initialtube.
1.1. For 2-channel scanner the count rate represents the total count rate from each
PMT.
1.2.For 4-channel scanners the total count rate for each PMT is displayed as well
as the high and low count rate for each PMT. Final refers to the top PMT (high
Page 17
energy), and lnitial refers to the bottom PMT (low energy). On the Count Rate
Printout, FH1=Final High which is the high energy counts in the final (top) tube,
FL1=Final Lowwhich is the lowenergy counts of the inal(top) tube, lH1=lnitial
High which is the high energy counts of the initial (bottom) tube, lL1=lnitial Low
which is the low energy counts of the initial (bottom) tube.
The lnitl= lHl+1L1, vvhich is the totalcount rate of the initial (bottom) tube. The
Finall=FH1+FL1, vvhich is the totalcount rate of the final (top) tube.
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,.
lf the high energy counts are too high (higher than the low energy) it could be a
defective source. Measure TP20 (+HV Monitor) on the source control board. lt
should be between 3.92 and 4.08 volts. lf it is too high then the source spectrum is
shifted towards more high energy and K-edge filter still divides it at 48.6 KEV which
shifts more counts to the high energy. Also measure Pins 2 and 3 of U21 this should
Page 18
be 2 volts, which is the (+ and, high voltage feed back from inside the source. To
verify it is the source and not external voltages, measure across Pin 1 and Pin 3 of
P10 for the input voltage of 24-40 volts. Bring the source to FULL power and
measure TP32 for 5 V and TP33 for 4 V on the source eontrol board. These are the
voltage and current control respectively from the main board. These voltages can
also be measured at P11 pin 5 and 3 respectively. Refer to the DC Voltage Test
Points in this TS Guide.
3.
Use the CR program to veriff Low and High Energy counts for any filter 0-8.
In general, the amount of High Energy counts detected for a particular filter will be on
half of the Low Energy counts received from the same filter. Review count data
starting with filter 8 and decreasing the amount of iltration down to filter 0. The
amount of counts detected will increase with less filtration.
As the amount of filtration is decreased, it is suggested that the test be performed
through attenuating material in an effort to NOT saturate the PMT tubes.
4.
FOR XR26 SCANNERS ONLY:

Replace the Low Energy PMT if Low Energy counts are under 400,000 on the
POLY6.TRC file for Mark I scanners or the POLYT.TRC file for Mark ll scanners.
There is a difference in tube length between the original Low Energy PMT (p/n
4909700) and the cunently used LE tube (p/n 4909051). To assist you in Low
Energy Tube replacements, Norland provides a Mark I to Mark ll upgrade kit (p/n
388A61 1) which contains both Low and High Energy tubes. This upgrade kit is
essentially the complete Photomultiplier Tube assembly.
Norland can also ship Low and High Energy tubes, and supply threaded rods which
will allow you to replace both the Low and High Energy tubes in the field. lt is also
possible to simply replace an existing 4909700 LE tube with a new 4909051 LE tube,
using the existing rods and tube housing.
5.
Verify the shutters and filters are working properly

section of this document.
refer to the Filter Assembly
YELLOW LINES APPEAR DURING A SCAN
1.
An intermittent open circuit in the lower cable may cause this error. As the arm
moves to a particular location in the Y-axis the signal from the PMT's is not reaching
the main board. The image will appear as yellow lines because the count rates are
very low Check the continuity between the upper assembly and the main board,
using the appropriate wiring diagram.
2.
Situations have occuned with an intermittent problem of shutter filter motor wiring
causing the shutter to be in the beam path during a scan. Verify the shutter is
working properly - refer to Shutter Failure section of this troubleshooting guide. Veriff
the shutter wiring is correct by refening to the appropriate wiring diagram.
Page 19
ALIGNMENT PROGRAM
No or Low Counts
Use the instructions in the 3885631 Repair procedure to align the source.
1.
lf the counts are half the normal amount wtrich is approximately 90,000 to 150,000
then verify the red connector on the source control board is on conectly. The red
wire should be at the top.
2.
Verify the conect collet is used.
3. 2- Channel
Was the proper scanner serial number entered?
On entering the Count Graph program, the user is asked to enter the in,Max Count
Rate:' (0,200000) and then enter "Y' if the scanner serial number is 600 or higher, 'N' if
otherwise.
lf these questions are answered inconectly, the wrong filter will be selected and this will
directly affect the amount of counts seen during the CG program. Answering Y to this
question corresponds to indicating the system is High Intensity. Answering N corresponds to Low Intensity.
Due to hardware upgrades, it is possible to have a High lntensity, High Speed scanner
with a serial number below 600. In this case, the user would respond Y to the question 'ls
the scanner serial number 600 or higher?' to indicate a high intensity system.
4. Check the source / filter alignment. Severe misalignment results in counts not
being detected. Use the laser or a plumb bob to position the photomultiplier tubes directly
over the aperture in the ilter casting on the source. This can act as a rough alignment
technique to detect counts.
5. Refer to the section NO COUNTS for additional trouble shooting suggestions.
NO COMMUNICATION
There are only 3 items in the communication path, the computer, interface cables, and
the main board.
1.
ls the scanner powered up? lf the arm can move freely there is no power to the
motors. lf not then, refer to the Power Up the Scanner - No Response section of this
troubleshooting guide.
2.
3.
Reboot the computer and scanner and try again.

Check cabling:
3.1.ls the interface RS232 or Fiber Optic cable attached to the computer and the
scanner? The Fiber Optics cable is fragile and should be handled with care.
The fiber optic ends must be completely seated into the connectors.
RS232 Wiring Pattem: The first number is for the 9-Pin connector to the
computer and the second number corresponds to the 25-pin connector on the
scanner power entry module:
9-Pin to
Pin #3 to
Pin#2 to
Pin #5 to
25-Pin
Pin#2
Pin #3
Pin#7
Page 20
3.2. Verify the interface cable is attached to the
corect comm port of the computer
and that no other devices (such as a serial mouse) are configured for that port.
Use the SET command to view what XCOM is cunently set to. Verify this
matches the port that the RS232 cable is connected to. Com 1= 4,38
Com 3 = 9,3e8.
On the newer systems, you can set the communication port using
the
SETCOM command. Example: SETCOM 1 or SETCOM 3. (Note: Check the
XCOM.BAT file to see what communication port is being set. lf necessary edit
this file so the right port is set. Some computers may have a problem where
the XCOM.BAT file is not getting called out during the boot up sequence. In
some cases it will work if they exit out and go back into the software, it will then
work. The XCUSTOM.BAT file may not be conect. Mostly likely in cases were
it is calling out the MENU.BAT and thus not allowing the XCOM to be set until
you exited from XR Host. They fix is as follows: Modify or Delete the
XCUSTOM.BAT file. Edit the DXASTART.BAT file. Have it call out MENU.BAT
instead of XR.BAT. This will allow them their options to run DXA Writer or the
XR Host Software.)
3.3.
The 4-Pin connector between the Main Board and the side panel of the
scanner.
4.
Verify the serial board on the computer is a 16550 UART for all QS (4-Channel)
systems.
5.
The host computer serial port may be defective.
6.
Check the communication in the service mode and the host software to see if the
program or files cause it. Example: When trying to initialize in the host software a no
communication error was displayed and it was a comrpted setup.il.
7.
Check for 5 volts:
Ground: TP1 on PowerSupply Board

+SVDC: C4 on Power Supply Board
+SVDC: Measured across C18 on a 3884004 Main Board or across C160 on a
3984001 Main Board.
8.
9.
Verity that the screw and nut is still installed and tight on the T1 transformer.
The Main Board or the EPROMS on the Main Board may be defective. Make sure the
Eproms are secure in their sockets.
SCANNER SHUTS DOWN INTERMITTENTLY / NO SOURCE FAN

The shutter micro-switch on the filter assembly may be intermittent. lf the micro-switch
opens unexpectedly it will send an interrupts to main board. lf the reset button on the
main board is pressed, sometimes the source fan comes on, sometimes the front panel
lights all come on, and shut off one by one, the scannerwill initialize intermittently, ind
table origin, and find table dimensions. Measure the X-ray Enable which is P2, pin I of
the Power Supply board. High (24v) = X-r?y source power disabled and the power supply
board relay will not turn on, 0 v = X-r3y source power enable. There other reasons for an
interrupt, such as the emergency off switch on the front panel. To verify it is working
conectly ohm out the connections to the main board using the appropriate wiring
Page 21
General Troubleshootins Guide
diagram. To verify an interrupt is the problem measure U99 pin 4 on the Main Board.
High (5v) = interrupt, low (0v) = working conectly. To verify the shutter switch was the
problem short pins 1 and 2 on the filter assembly connector. The scanner did not turn off
unexpectedly.
COMMAND TIMED OUT

ERROR CODE ROUTINE / MODULE ERROR MESSAGE:
found Command timed out

This enor may be encountered during an Initialize or Find Origin after tuming on the
8300 8300 Code not
scanner.
1.
Shutting down the scanner and rebooting the computer may temporarily fix the
problem.
2.
3.
4.
The EPROM(s) on the Main Board may be defective.

The Main Board may be defective.
The microswitch located on the filtercasting could be defective.
SOURCE STABILITY RUN DOES NOT PASS VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

SPECIFICATIONS
1.
Verify the correct collimator was used during the stability run (High Intensity systems
only).
2.
(LORAD only) Verify the chip U15 was installed properly during hardware installation.
U15 is removed from the source control board to allow the source pump to run
approximately 10 seconds before applying power to the X-Ray tube. This circulates
the oilto prevent arcs due to air bubbles caused by shipping.
4.
lf the X-Ray source s/n is less than 372, additionalshimming may be required.
Sources with serial numbers higher than 372 have a thick top plate; these sources
did not require additional shimming under the mounting bar of the source control
board. Contact Norland Customer Service if you are unsure if your source needs to
be shimmed.
5.
Review the CALDRIFT.TRC file data on an existing system
to determine if
samarium pellet filter casting assembly has negative thermal characteristics.
lf so, replace the samarium pellet filter casting assembly with one produced with
samarium foil. For additional information on the CALDRIFT.TRC file and the XDRIFT
utility, a program used to view CALDRIFT data, refer to the Trouble Shooting Guide
for Calibration Failures.
6.
Verify proper operation of the X-Ray source pump (LORAD only).

See the section on the X-Ray source in this Trouble Shooting Guide.
7.
Realign the source.
Page 22
Realign the source according to the procedure listed in the section SOURCE /
FILTER ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE of the On-Site Assembly Procedure. Make sure
the source is at ambient room temperature before repeating the Beam Stability test.
SHUTTER FAILURE
1.
Remove the source cover and the filter assembly lead ilter cover.
ri
J;:
CAUTIoN: MAKE SURE THE X-RAY lS oFF.
Verify the shutter arm is moving by entering the commands below.
4-channel- select Scom from page 2 of the XSST menu. Enter OS to open
the shutter and CS to close the shutter
2-channel - enter the Service softryare by typing SERVICE at the C:tr prompt.
Use the following commands to verify proper operation of the shutter.
COMM OS (open shutter)
COMM CS (close shutter)
2.
Make sure the micro sWtch is detecting a change in shutter state. \Mren the shutter
is open the front panel led should be one.
3.
Verify allwiring and cabling.
4.
lf wiring appears good, suspect the Main Board or a communication problem.
FILTER ASSEMBLY
Refer to the 3885631 Repair Procedure to perform the filter test. lf the filter test fails
veriff the board and filter assembly are a matched set. The are calibrated in production
and are given the same serial number. lt may be a defective filter assembly or board.
Verify the ilter arms are moving. Remove the source cover and the filter assembly lead
cover.
,:ll-li
Make sure no x-rays are being generated. Check to the front panel ready light to
make sure it is off before removing the lead cover.
? 4-channel: Select Scom from the second page of the XSST menu. Enter SFO
to move all the arms out of the beam path. Check the arm position. Enter
SF7 to move all the arms in the beam path. Check the arm position and
make sure it has moved to the opposite direction. To check the arms
individually enter SF1, SF2, or SF4.
? 2-channel: Enter SERVICE to access the BDXRAY directory. Enter COMM
SFO to move all the arms out of the beam path. Check the arm position.
Enter COMM SF7 to move all the arms in the beam path. Check the arm
position and make sure it has moved to the opposite direction. To check the
arms individually enter COMMSFl, COMMSF2, or COMMSF4.
Measure the voltage on the filter assembly connector to veriff there is power to the filter
arms. Refer to the appropriate wiring diagram to select the correct pins.
Page 23
Gene
ral Troubleshooting Guide
Veriff there is approximately 28 VDC on P1 of the filter motor driver board

connector. measure across the red and vvhite wires.
- 2 pin
SYSTEM NOISE
1.
Check all grounds.
For Excell check the ground wire in the upper arm by measuring the resistance
between the PMT assembly and the scanner arm. lt should be shorted.
For all scanners check the ground wires in the bottom of the scanner arm. Make sure
there is a star washer on the bottom to make a good ground.
Check the ground wire on the Charge Amp Board. There should be a washer
between this ground and the nut which holds the board in place.
2.
Verify the Capacitor Updates, C601 and C6OO, have been installed on the 387A017
board.
3.
Check the characteristics of the PMT tubes.
For 4-channel scanners print a peak graph and veriff there are no spikes or high
background noise.
For 2-channel, use the program SNPEAK to possibly isolate a defective PMT tube.
For additional information consult the Trouble Shooting Guide for Calibration Failures.
4. Check for Radiation leakage.
Use a radiation meter with the source at full power to check for radiation
leaks.
B. Run the Source Shielding test; see instructions in the appendixes of the
Trouble Shooting Guide for Calibration Failures to determine if background
radiation is above specifications.
6. Check the PMT Gain settings:

For4-channel make sure the peaks are set to2250 and 1 150.
For 2-channel use an oscilloscope to set the gain so they are matched and to the
conect voltage. Mismatched voltage between the Low Energy and High Energy
channels can cause excessive noise in the low energy channel.
(For all scanners refer to the 3885631 Repair Procedure for details on setting the
gains.)
RAIL / TABLE TEST FAILURE

WARNING: lf the rail alignment or table stressing is changed, an initial calibration
is required. Do not make any adjustments to the X or Y rails or the levelness of
the scanner unless necessary.
Refer to the Table Test section of the 388S631 Repair procedure for an example of a
good table test.
Page 24
In general if there is a red or green line the length of the table it is usually a problem with
the movement in the X-axis. As the source moves front to back the count rates are
changing. lf there is a red or green line the width of the table then the problem is with the
Y-axis. As the arm moves left to right the count rates are changing.
1.
Verify all collets have been removed.
2. Veriff the source/detectors have been properly aligned.

3. Verify the belts are tightened.
4. Verify the source retaining bolts are not too tight. This will cause the source to
rock back and forth.
5. Disconnect the connectors in the arm base plate and reconnect them. A loose
connector will make the table test fail.
6.
Also with the xray source moved to the back of the arm, verify both cam followers
make positive contact with the front Y rail as the arm is moved from one end of
the table to the other. lf one of the cam followers is not making positive contact,
adjustment is required. Loosen the locking nuts on the adjustment screw that is
on the same side as the cam follower at fault. Back off the adjusting screw until
the cam follower makes positive contact with the rail. Tighten the locking nuts
and re-verify the cam follower operation.
7.
Verify the arm is parallel. Tum on the laser, veriff it is aligned to the center of the
filter assembly when the xray source the front of the table. Move the source to the
back of the arm and veriff the laser is still aligned. Also measure the distance
between the bottom rail and the top rail in the front and back of the arm. The
distance must be the same.
8.
For XR26, Eclipse and XR36, check the position of the brackets on the Main
Cable. Can they be re-adjusted to allow full movement of the scanner arm without
stressing the Main Cable?
9.
Rail test integral results do not meet specifications:
a.
Review the Rail Test High and Low energy images. Are there any red
pixels (above spec) or green pixels (below spec)? Do these red or green
areas correspond to physical locations on the table such as at a comer or
above a rail standoff? lf so, check the levelness of the scanner. Refer to
the Level Scanner section in the 388563 Repair procedure for
instructions on leveling the scanner. lf these areas of above or below spec
correspond to an area above a front rail standoff the rail can be raised or
lowered by making an adjustment to the position of the rail with respect to
the bracket.
,s
Ji:WARNING: Rail alignment adjustments are very sensitive. Do not make any
rail
alignment adjustments before contacting Norland Customer Service.
b.
Large areas of above and below spec (red and green) on the Rail
Alignment graph can also be caused by the scanner arm encountering a
limit switch during the RailAlignment test.
Was the command TL issued before starting the RailAlignment test?
Page 25
ls it routed
check the Main cable in the bottom of the scanner'
able to
physically
pr"p"rrvi Manuaily move the arm. ls the Main cable
|imit
the
adjust
not,
reach the far comers of the scanner table? |f
switchbracketintowardsthecenterofthescanner.
10.|fthedifferentia|resu|tsdonotmeetspecifications
NoTE:lntegralresultsmustbewithinspeciicationbeforejtcanbedeterminedif
there is a prbblem with Differential results'
a'|nmostcases,ifthe|ntegra|resu|tsarewithinspecification,the
lf the lntegral results
oinerntiaii"rrtr wi[ als b within specification.
are;witnin specs
feuefei'aOjuittntt
and the Differential results are not, try making some

to lower the lntegral results' This may be enough to
bring the Differential results within specs'
b.
Energy
lf the Differential results are still out of spec, replacing the Low
PMT will usually solve the problem'

not meet specification:
1 1. Table correction verification does
I
a.
imptements
l-
l-
release of Host
The Table Test (Table mapping) was eliminated with the
lnstead, ot sonware supplies a file, TABLE FIL' which
version 2.2 software.
-a
point on the
stanOarA Table Correction Valub' of 1.0 at each
table.
b.
have run a Table test

lf you are using an early version of Host software and
proper
Filter / source
for
check
which does not meet specifications'
alignment.Anychangetothea|ignmentofthefilteringsystemwould
neessitate an Initial Calibration'
ERROR MESSAGES
software an eror dump will
When an error occurs while using or initializing the host
be printed o-r recorded by
ne9!s.t9
occur and exit the host software. The enor mtsrg"
ile. This ile can be
the user. These.*o-. itoreo in the C:XR26\ERRORS.LOG
SFT revision 1'3'0
\Mth
"type errors'log"'
viewed with any DOS editor or the command
page
2'
inig"t it can be printed with "erllog'command on
"Limit Encountered"
dump is the patient bumped the
The most common reason for a limit encountered error
because of the limited arm
scanner arm. This is most common on an Excell scanner
from the limit switch' tum the
travel. Turn the scanner off, manually move the arm away
origin' and.then'Find rable
scanner back on, ur tne"mmandi "Find rabre
jn the service software will
Dimensions" in the host software. (Finding table dimnsions
software and host have
not affect or ix the .ttt in the host'softwaie. The service
independent iles.)
"Incorrect File Id Found"
is displayed'
\Mren booting the computer the error "lncorrect File lD found"
82a28230fm-set-read/fm.set.read|ncorrectFile|DFound
Norland, a CooPerSurgical ComPanY
Page 26
Init_fm
8C02 8C04 X26_iniVmain
8602
82a2
8604
Init_fm /
8230 fm_set_read/fm_set_read
fm_set file failed

Error lntializing File Manager
lnonect File lD Found
Rename the Setup.fil, and reenter all the setup values, including the Service Setup, OAC
codes, customer preferences, and Final Factors.
NO REFERENCE GRAPH DISPLAYED OR PRINTED
1. Verify
the gender, birth date, and ethnic group has been entered for the patient. This
information is displayed on the top of the printout and at the top of the screen wfien
the scan is displayed.
2.
Verify that Reference and not Trending is selected under Results of the Analysis
menu.
3.
Verify that referenced data exists. Click on Reference Data under Setup on the main
menu. Click on Edit. lf edit is not an active option then reference data is not loaded
on the system.
NO PERCENT CHANGE OR TRENDING DISPLAYED

The percent change for long and short is displayed after the same patient has more than
one scan of the same type. The long percent change is the current scan compared to
the first scan and the short percent change is the current scan compared to the previous
scan.
lf the percent change values are not displayed, veriff the scans are the same type, i.e.
two right hips and not a right and a left hip.
lf it is a spine scan verify the scans have been analyzed the same way, i.e. angulated vs
non-an gulated cursors.
lf it is a forearm make sure the two analysis modes "Comac and Hydroryapatite" are the
same. Hydroxyapatite is recommended forTable Scanners.
PRINTER
1.
SELECTING A PRINTER:
All HP Deskjet, which have a parallel port, PCL3 Language, and both ink cartridges
can be installed at the same time should work with Norland software.
lnstall the latest version of GEM in order to select the proper driver for the newest
800 series printers.
NO PRINTOUT:
1.
Make sure the parallel cable is securely fastened to the printer and the computer.
Page 27
General Troublesbooting Guide
1.1. Use a program other than Norland Host software to send text to the printer (i.e.
print screen from DOS, or use Windows to print a document) to verify the
printer is working.
1.2.Pertorm a self-test on the printer- using the manufacture/s instructions.

PRINTING GARBAGE OR LARGE TEXT:
1. Make sure that a Norland recommended printer is attached.

2. Empty the print queue by entering XEMPWQ at the DOS prompt.
3. Verify the conect printer was selected during the GEM, SST, and SFT software
installation.
TEXT MISSING - Replace the printer cartridges.

LINES THROUGH TEXT OR PRINTOUT - Replace cartridge and use a Q-tip to clean
the metal bar under the cartridges. (Refer to printer user guide provided by printer
manufacturer.)
ONLY PRINTING ONE PAGE
Verify the print setup in the host softurare is conect.
PRINTED REPORT IS DIFFERENT THAN THE ONE LAST YEAR FOR THE SAME
PATIENT - Verify the same report has been printed, Detailed Results vs SBMD Report.
COMPUTER WILL NOT BOOT INTO WINDOWS 98

With Revision 1.2.0 Gem Host Application Disk the computer must reboot to run the host
or Tools programs.
lf the computer will not boot into \Mndows or if the computer locks up follow the steps
below to correct the Config.sys and Autoexec.bat:
1.
2.
Hold down the shift key when booting the computer, until the \Nindows Safe Mode
shows up, then release the shift key.
Click OK at the Safe Mode message. Click Start, then
Run. In the box,
type
COMMAND and click OK. Click Yes at the DOS-Mode warning message.
3. Type
4.
"CD\", with no quotes, to get to the C:\> prompt.
Edit the CONFIG.SYS file (type "EDIT CONFIG.SYS", press Enter) and completely
remove the line "DOS=SlNGLE". Save and exit the editor.
5. Type "COPY AUTOREAL.BAT AUTOEXEC.BAT", with no quotes, and press enter.

6. Type "Exit", and press enter, to return to Windows. Click Start, then Shut Down. Click
Restart, then OK.
7.
The computer should now boot back into \Mndows. The customer can then run
backups or go back to the Host software.
Page 28
LORAD X.RAY SOURCE MODEL TXR.26

WARNING!I
Do Not Interchange the Control Board with one from another
sourc.
Adjustments must be made at the factory with special equipment.
Parts on the control board should not be replaced without first contacting
Norland Customer Service. Do not adjust any potentiometers. The source must
be recalibrated after replacing any components. This CANNOT be done in the
field. lt must be shipped back to Norland for re-testing. Any change will effect the
calibration of the source and will effect the precision and accuracy of the source.
The top plate of the source should never be removed to examine the interior of
the source. This will cause oil contamination and will cause arcing of the source.
When contacting Norland Customer Service about a source problem, have all
trouble shooting results on hand. Test points and components of the source
control board layouts are provided in this manual.
Arcing problems
In most cases, the cause of arcing is oil related. Either the oil dialectic value has become
too low due to contamination or a leak has caused the oil level to drop. There is also the
possibility of an internal electronic problem. The following arcing cases are the only
situations that may be rectified in the field. Any other problems have to be repaired at the
Norland Medical Systems plant. The address is in the front cover of this manual.
A. lf arcing occurs when the system is first powered on, and the arcing stops after a
short period of time, there is a possibility that air is leaking into the oil through one of
the hose connectors.
As the X-Ray source heats, oil in the source expands. When the oil expands, air is
forced out of the source. As the source cools, a vacuum is created in the source and
air is taken in through the connections between the oil pump and the radiator. This will
sometimes cause the source to arc for as long as 20 minutes after it is brought to full
power. Eventually the pump works the air out of the system.
To prevent the source from taking in air through the connectors, cable ties should be
added to the oil lines as a prevention against arcing. There is a total of eight (8)
places that you should attach cable ties on sources without desiccator tubes, and
thirteen (13) places with the desiccator tube kit. Place four on the radiator, two on the
oil pump, one on each inlet / outlet to the source tank, and five on the desiccator
tubes if so equipped.
After the cable ties have been added, the excess air that has entered the tank must
be released. Loosen the oil plug to allow the excess air to escape the tank, then retighten the oil plug.
NOTE: The source must be at ambient room temperature when performing this
procedure.
B. A low oil level
in the source can also lead to arcing problems. Generally, the oil level
remains constant. However, if you suspect a leak, check the oil level. This is
important. Arcing can occur if the oil level is too low.
To check the oil level:
Page 29
?
?
Make sure the oil level is measured with the source in a level position.
Remove the oil plug or valve from the top of the source, depending if a desiccator
kit is installed.
?
?
The oil level should be approximately one inch, 2.54 crn, from the top of the oil fill
hole on sources with a raised oil ill hole. On newer sources with a thck top plate
(S/N over 372) the oil level should be approximately 5i8"-3l4", or 1.6-1.9 cm from
the top.
lf the oil level is too high, excessive pressure can build up and cause movement
of the X-Ray beam and leak oil because of this.
NOTE: lf the oil level is too high, you may see oil in the desiccator tubes, if so
equipped.
Excess oil can be removed from the source. Oil may not be added in the field.
\Mten replacing the oil plug or valve, remember to use some type of silicon sealer or
teflon tape around the threads to prevent oil leakage.
NOTE: Normally, the oil level will not recede unless there is a leak somewlrere. lf
possible, try to locate the origin of the leak. For instance, if it is coming from a screw
on the top plate, remove the screw, place a seal on the threads, and re-insert the
screw. lf you discover a more serious leak, contact Norland Customer Service.
C.
Constant arcing may be caused by contaminated oil or intemal electrical failures.

These problems cannot be repaired in the field. The oil must be changed at Norland
and the tank must be thoroughly cleaned to prevent the new oil from being contarninated. All electrical problems must be handled by Norland.
2. No counts / Other suspected problems
A.
Power down the source (type OFF in the Service Software) and take the following
measurements. The signals should be seen with power applied to the scanner, but
with the source power off. All of the test points are on the Lorad Source Control
Board.
Test point
TP1
TP3
P4
TP1 1
TP1 5
rP20
rP21
Q3 Gate*
TP13
TP26
Signal (see Waveform Diagram 104 for signal examples)

26 - 33 VDC
6.6 - 7.3 VDC
15 - 16 VDC
4.95 - 5.25 VDC
4.95 - 5.25 VDC
4.95 - 5.25 VDC
3.0 V sawtooth wave, 8.75 ?s
14.0 V square wave, 17.5 ?s
* lf these signals are not present, 1C3825 (U7)

may be defective.
Check FETs Q3 and Q4 and diodes D14 and D18 for possible opens or shorts. Always
replace both Q3 and Q4 if one appears defective. Verifo the wires in TB2 are tightened
down. lf the connector is melted, solder the wires directly to the board.
Check the signals in the table below at IDLE power.
Page 30
SIGML
TEST POINT
Q3 Gate
TP6
TP7
? 16.5 ?s
45V, half sine-wav, 16.5?s
Same as TP6, but outofphase WTP6
The following components may be defective: Q3, Q4, D14, D18, C26, C27, C86, C87. lf
the signals at TPG and TP7 are not present and the above mentioned are not defective,
internal components mav be defective. Contact Norland Customer Service.
TPs
26 - 33 V, square wave, 8?s
lf the signal does not appear, Q1 or Q2 may be defective. Check the output of U4, pins 1
and 14. The signal should be a 15 V square wave. lf the signaldoes not appear, U4 may
be defective.
TP14
TP18
14V square wave, 16.5 ?s

SOVwave form, 16.5 ?s, no oscillation
lf these signals do not appear, V10, U12, or Q7 may be defective. An intemal electrical
oroblem mav also exisl.
TPlO
TP17
3. Red LED (D52)
7.0 - 8.0
.48
vDc
-.52 VDC
is on
This indicates an over-voltage condition. Over voltage conditions are caused by

intemal malfunctions with the X-Ray source. Retum the source to Norland for repair.
4. Yellow LED (D51) is on
This indicates an over-cuTent or excessive arcing problem. lf arcing is suspected,

see the section on arcing problems in this trouble shooting guide.
lf there is an over-current problem, check the signals at TP17 and TP18 with the
source at IDLE. lf arcing does not exist and the signals at TP17 and TP18 appear
normal, suspect an internal electrical problem. Contact Norland Customer Service.
Verify TB2 on the Source Control Board is not melted. lf it is, then solder the wires
directly to the board. Strip the wires back enough so new wire is exposed to solder
with.
5. Red LED D53
lf this LED is on, this indicates an over-temperature problem. Verify the pump and
source fan are working properly. See the following sections on Source Fan and
Source Pump.
6.
Source Fan problems

Check the voltage to the fan. lt should be approximately 28VDC. This voltage is
supplied by the High Voltage Control Board at J3, Pins 2 and 4.
B.
lf the voltage is present, check for the output of the regulator on the fan modification
board attached to the side of the radiator. lf there is no output at pin 2, replace the
board. lf the output is present, replace the fan.
Page 31
C.
lf the 28VDC is not at J3, Pin 2, check F1, the 10A fuse on the Source Control Board.
The voltage originates from the Power Supply Board.
7. Oil Pump failure

NOTE: This pump trouble shooting procedure can only be used when the X-Ray source
is operating properly. The pump will not work if the source is not working. Therefore,
veriff proper source operation before trying to trouble shoot the pumP circuitry.
A The oil pump turns on when the source reaches approximately 90KeV. lf the oil pump
does not tum on, check the following signals with the source voltage at 100KeV and
cunent at .1mA (FULL Power).
Test Point
J3, Pin 1
J3, Pin 3
TPlO
Signal
Approx.30VDC
Approx. 16VDC
lOVDC
B.
lf any of these voltages are not present, Q16, Q18, U5, or U15 may be defective.
c.
lf all voltages are present, the pump is likely to be defective.
D.
\Mren a pump is replaced, it may need to be primed. lf you notice a high-pitched

whine coming from the pump, there is no oil in it, and you must prime it.
Use either of the below methods to prime the pump:
1.
\Nith the source set to FULL, tilt the source from side to side until oil reaches the
pump intake.
2.
lf the first method fails, you must tum the source off and detach the hose from the
pump to the radiator, on the radiator side. Apply a suction to the host to pull the oil
through the pump. Re-attach the hose and power up the source to verify the
pump works properly.
NOTE: lf you have moved the X-Ray source, you must realign the source and
perform an lnitial (12 h0 Calibration to reverify the source position.
Diagram 104
Waveforms - Source Voltage = 0, Cunent = 0 (VC 0 0)
I/
/
#l 1V / Div. 5?s/Div. (TP21)

Ch.#2 lV / Div. 5?VDiv. (TPl3, TP26)
Ch.
i.---
/_
1 T v
tv 1
:l v I
/
V.
t'
#l 5V i Div. 5?s/Div. (Q3 Gate)

Ch.#2 5V lDiv. 5?VDiv. (Q4 Gate
Ch.
Page 32
General Trou bleshooting Guide
Diagram 108
Waveforms - Source Voltage = 70 Kev and Cunent = 0 mA (VC 70 0)
r]
I
\
-l
1
Div.
Div.
5? s
5? s
.A
Ch #l. 20V I
Ch #1. 20V I
'
IL =l
/ Div. (TP6)
/ Div. TP7
"f
'l
/Div.
5?s
Ch#2. I0V /Div.
5?s
Ch#I.
20V
1
/ Div. (TPl8)
/ Div. (TP16)
Diagram 10C
Source Cooling System
X.RYSOURCE
Page 33
-TPI
-TP?
-TP3
_TP4
_P5
souRcE Bg,B0ARD lEsr P0l^/T5

' r00
\
--TPls-5.1v
JPZ?-.,'M^1:g
- zBVDC
_TPB -44ffiero
trv,rqts.
flfLl-L
Pl6
- 6ND
J?9.4V
:J
-C
- 695 VDC
JP23- jt\Al\?x,ai
JPI7.sVDC
-qfffi}rv,re,s JP24 - sVX.
- 16 VDC
'
_TWs -hrowme
-zBV rvvr-l -Pll
JPl? - $f,!(rursrmu)' -TPb - GND
_
.\,\^.,\'il_
-TPlg
JP26:Futr mrerr)
JPZO_ 5.|VDC
nnnn'J'.' _TPf3
4-5V
KEV
5.1V
-TP6-&V
- B4Y unA,'1'*^"
-TP7
'
JPZI'
- f,it,Laov,s,r s _TPZ7 -(wtn.rs)6VDC
Page 34
NORLAND X-RAY SOURCE MODEL 394051

An occasional problem you may run into when switching to a Norland source is low
counts. Often times this is a result of installation enors, which can be easily corrected.
The following list was assembled to give technicians simple suggestions of what they
can look for when low or no counts are received. After these suggestions, you will find
more detailed trouble shooting techniques, a list explaining the enor detection LEDs, and
a list of test points with the conect voltages needed at these points.
It is possible to just replace the source control board. Refer to Replacing the Source
Control Board section of the 3885631 Repair Procedure to veriff the replacement board
will not be damaged.
Norland Source Low Count Rate Trouble Shooting Guide

1. Lead plate not removed
\Mren switching from a Lorad OXR-26) to a Norland (3914051) source, it
is
necessary to remove the lead plate from under the filter casting.
2. lmproper wire connections

Always check the connection of P11 on the source control board. Make sure the red
wire is the top wire and the black is the bottom. You can tell the connection is on
correctly by looking at the clip on the connector and board which holds the wire on.
Note that putting the connector on backwards is a common problem because it is
sometimes easier to plug it in this way.
3. Rocking sources
Some of the older Norland sources had a problem of "rocking" on the arm plate.
\Mrile aligning the source, the alignment bolts may force the plat up and off the arm
plate when they are tightened. Do not overtighten the alignment screws. You can
check this by manually trying to move the source after it has been aligned. The
source should not move or rock in any direction.
4. lmproper alignment
The source must always be realigned following factor procedure if the possibility of
movement from the original position has occurred.
5. Alignment collet not removed

Always make sure the alignment collet has been removed from the upper scanner
arm after alignments.
6. Oil in the well

Oil in the well is a rare but possible problem. lt should be the last thing to check for.
To check this you must first remove the filter casting. Once the filter casting is out of
the way you will be able to see the O-Ring (snap ring) that holds the canister in place.
Remove the O-Ring and canister, being careful not to damage them. After these are
removed you can take a cotton swab and clean any oil that may be in the well. Don't
Be alarmed by a small amount of oil in the well; this is normal. lf oil is dripping from
the cotton swab when cleaning out the well, you have a leak and should contact
Norland Customer Service.
Page 35
Error Led Description

CR32 -- UNDER TEMPERATURE
This condition will occur if the intemal temperature of the source drops below 9.5
degrees Celsius. lt witl then restart after the temperature rises to 10 degrees Celsius.
This condition may occur if:
bad.
1.
(Factory serviceable only)

The temperature circuit in the tank is
Header P12 on the control board is plugged one pin off.
The cable harness is unplugged.
Internal cable hamess has an open
2.
3.
wire.
4.
CR33 - OVER TEMPERATURE

This condition will occur if the intemal temperature of the source goes above 70.5
degrees Celsius. lt will then restart after the temperature drops to 59.9 degrees
Celsius. This condition may occur if:
bad.
1.

The temperature circuit in the tank is
Header P12 on the control board is plugged one pin off.
2.
CR34 -. OVER DRIVE
This condition will occur if the primary winding of the High Voltage transformer is
driven unusually hard. This may occur if:
circuit.
board.
1.
Shorted capacitor in the multiplier

Open secondary on HV transformer
2.
CR35

OVER VOLTAGE
This condition will occur if the negative HV supply raises to an unacceptable level.
This may be caused by a bad HV transformer board (Factory serviceable only).
OVER CURRENT, NEGATIVE SIDE
This condition will occur if unusually high cunent is being drawn on the negative HV
supply. Possible causes include:
CR36
1.
2.
3.
board.
transformer.
Shorted capacitor in the multiplier

Shorted X-Ray tube. Usually accompanied by
Shorted filament

(Factory
CR37
serviceable only)
CR37 - OVER CURRENT, POSITIVE SIDE

This condition will occur if unusually high cunent is being drawn on the positive HV
supply. Possible causes include:
1.
2.
board.
Shorted capacitor on the multiplier

Shorted X-Ray tube. Usually accompanied by
CR36

- POWER ON
This LED should remain on wheneverthe scanner is on. lf this is off, check:
CR38
1.
2.
3.
No power to the source

Defective LED
Something wrong with 15V power supply.
Page 36
DC Voltage Test Points

The following source control board test points are DC voltages measured with
voltmeter. The source control board jumper must be on J4
medium position.
NOTE: The following voltages without ranges are actual measurements and may vary
from source to source by a few millivolts.
TP DESCRIPTION
1 INPUT VOLTAGE
2 HIGH VOLTAGE P\AJ\4 OUTPUT
3 CENTER TAP DRIVE FOR HVTRANSFORMER
4 HV INVERTER DRIVE A
5 HV INVERTER GATE DRIVEA
6 HV INVERTER DRIVE B
7 HV INVERTER GATE DRIVE B
8 HV P\AA4 CURRENT SENSE FEEDBACK
9 +/- 15V FLYBACK DRAIN
1O HV PWM OUTPUT DRIVE A
11 HV P\^/I\,I OUTPUT DRIVE B
12
FREQUENCY CONTROL
.I3 SWTCHING
CLOCK SYNCHRONOUS DRIVER
14 FILAMENT TRANSFORMER GATE B
15 FILAMENT GATE DRIVE B
16 FILAMENT GATE DRIVE C
17 +/- 15V FLYBACK GATE DRIVE
18 FILAMENT TRANSFORMER DRIVE A
19 +10V
20 +HV MONITOR
2't +15V
22 +CURRENT RETURN
23 -CURRENT RETURN
24 -CURRENT MONTTOR
25 -HV MONTTOR
26 +5V REFERENCE
27 -10V
28 +CURRENT SENSE
29 +CURRENT MONTTOR
30 TEMPERATURE SENSE -- SEE BELO\^r'
3 -15V
32 VOLTAGE CONTROL
33 CURRENT CONTROL
RANGE
IDLE
FULL
1.733
2.285
2.798
3.92 - 4.08
-.610
.658
.658
-2.923
-4.855 - -5.49
4.886 - 5.177
4.877 -5.187
-.610
.614
-4.855 - -5.233
24 - 40
9-11
14.9 - 15.1
4.98 - 5.02
-9 --1 I
-14 - -16
2.798
.381
-3.6 -
4.4
4.771-5.233
5.OO
4.OO
**TP30 This is the temperature sense test point. The voltage at this test point multiplied by ten will give the
internal temperature in degrees Celsius. Normal operating temperature is about 50 degrees Celsius (?
5?), or 5V at P30. Normal operating temperature is achieved after about one hour or more of operating at
full power.
Page 37

General Troubleshooting

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General Troubleshooting

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ffi#'Nn

General Troubleshooting Guide

powERING UP TFIE SCANNER

No Ann Movernent - Excell, XR46, Excell

SCANNER SHUTS DOWNINTERMTTENTLY/NO

SOI.}RCE STABILITY RUN DOES NOT PASS VOLTAGE

LORAD X-RAY SOURCE MODEL DG.-26...........

Norland, a Coopersurgical Company

AND CURRENT SP8CIFIC4TIONS......................22

NO REF'ERENCE GRAPH DISPLAYED

COMPUTER WILL NOT BOOT INTO WINDOWS

General Troubleshooting Guide

POWERING UP THE SCANNER -- NO RESPONSE

Oty. 1, 6k Amp Slo Blo

Qty.2,4.0 Amp Slo Blo

Power Tray Assembly

Power Supply Board

XR26, Eclipse, XR36

F1, F2: 2'a Amp,

Check for 5 Volts

4. Check outputs of the main transformer

Check the regulated voltages on the Main Board:

Norland, a CooperSurgical Company

Gencral Troubleshooting Guide

+1 1.2VDC ? 0.7V across C59

+SVDC ? 0.5V across C18

DRIVE MOTORS .. NO / ABNORMAL ARM MOVEMENT

REFER TO THE 900SOO7

Flow- select the appropriate scanner

Control of arm movement

The modules and motors are not

a matched set and can be changed

Norland, a CooperSurgical Company

General Troubleshooting Guide

As with the HS Motor Driver Board, unregulated DC power enters at connector

lt cannot be used for HS scanners

- Excell, XR46, Excell

Check the fuses, F4 & F5 on the power tray.

No Arm Movement One Direction

It may be a problem with a limit switch.

a. Pin 1 - X Back limit switch

lf the signals are good, the Main Board is possibly defective.

No Arm Movement -- 387AOl7 High Speed Stepper Motor Driver

Norland, a CooperSurgical Company

General Troubleshooting Guide

B. lf the laser light does not come on, see the XR

Series Trouble Shooting Guide,

"Powering up the Scanner- No response."

Verify the computer is at Level 1: Type SERVICE and then LEVEL 1.

Norland, a CooperSurgical Company

General Troubleshooting Guide

Replace the HS Stepper Motor Driver Board if:

voltages are present in Step D, but you suspect

the test point voltages are not present.

No Arm Movement -- 388AOOG Motor Driver Board (XR26)

B. lf the motors still do not function, verifu

all wire connections are good and properly

oriented from the HS Stepper Motor Driver Board to the motors.

C. lf the wiring and connectors appear

good, verify the proper voltages on the Motor

Driver Board. Unregulated DC power enters at the 5-pin header P2.

using a multimeter at the following points:

Norland, a CooperSurgical Company

General Troubleshooting Guide

+:rfr+),, {i}i.i oi.^+jraii{. ii4i