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Introduction
to Composite
MaterialsandStructures
NachiketaTiwari
Nachiketa
Tiwari
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur
Lecture17
BehaviorofUnidirectionalComposites
Lecture Overview
LectureOverview
Predictivemodelsfortransversestiffness
P di ti
d l f t
tiff
ShearmodulusandPoissonsratio
Estimatesfortransversestrength
Predictivemodelsforcoefficientofthermal
expansion
Thermalconductivityy
PredictingTransverseModulusofUnidirectionalLamina
Figure17.1showsasimplemodelforpredictingtransversemodulusof
unidirectionallamina.Here,themodelconstitutesoftwoslabsof
materials fiber and matrix of thicknesses tf andt
materials,fiberandmatrix,ofthicknessest
and tm,respectively.The
respectively The
overallthicknessofcompositeslabistc,whichissumoftf andtm.Itmay
benotedherethatthesethicknessesoffiberandmatrixaredirectly
proportionaltotheirrespectivevolumefractions.
ti
l t th i
ti
l
f ti
Fig.17.1:ASlabLike
ModelforPredicting
TransversePropertiesof
Unidirectional Composites
UnidirectionalComposites
IInsuchasystem,externallyimposedstressonthecomposite(
h
t
t
ll i
d t
th
it ( c)is
)i
assumedtobesameasthatseenbyfiber(f)andalsobymatrix(m).
Thisisincontrasttothemodeldevelopedforpredictinglongitudinal
modulus,wherewehadassumedthatstrains,andnotstresses,in
composite,fiberandmatrixareequal.
PredictingTransverseModulusofUnidirectionalLamina
Further,insuchamodel,whichisakintospringsinseries,theoverall
displacementincomposite(
d
sp ace e t co pos te ( c))intransversedirectionduetoexternalload
t a s e se d ect o due to e te a oad
isasumofdisplacementinfiber(f)anddisplacementinmatrix(m).
c =f +m
Further,recognizingtherelationbetweenstrainsineachconstituent,and
theirthicknesses,aboveequationcanberewrittenas:
c tc =m tm +f tf
Dividingaboveequationbythicknessofcomposite(tc),andrealizingthat
tf/t
/ c,andt
d m/t
/ c equalV
l f andV
d m,respectively,weget:
l
c =m Vm +f Vf
Inlinearelasticrange,strainisaratioofstressandthemodulus.Hence,
aboveequationcanbefurtherrewrittenas:
(c/Ec)=(m/Em)Vm +(f/Ef)Vf
PredictingTransverseModulusofUnidirectionalLamina
However,wehadearlierassumedthatexternallyappliedstressonthe
composite(c)issameasthatseenbyfiber(f)andalsobymatrix(m).
Thus previous equation can be rewritten as:
Thus,previousequationcanberewrittenas:
1/Ec=Vm/Em +Vf/Ef
(Eq.17.1a)
Oralternatively,
Ec =(EfEm)/([(1Vf)Ef +VfEm]
(Eq.17.1b)
Equation17.1givesusanestimatefortransversemodulusof
unidirectional lamina The relation shows that a significant increase in
unidirectionallamina.Therelationshowsthatasignificantincreasein
fibervolumefractionisrequiredtoraiseoveralltransversemodulusin
moderateamounts.Thisisinstarkcontrastwithlongitudinalmodulus,
which is linearly dependent on fiber volume fraction
whichislinearlydependentonfibervolumefraction.
q
,
g
p
,
Equation17.1,eventhoughbasedonasimplemodel,isnotborneout
wellbeexperimentaldata.TOaddressthisinconsistency,several
alternativemodelshavebeendeveloped.
PredictingTransverseModulusofUnidirectionalLamina
However,inthislecturewewillusesimpleandgeneralizedexpressionsfor
ttransversemodulusasdevelopedbyHalpin
a s e se odu us as de e oped by a p aandTsai.Thesearerelatively
d sa
ese a e e at e y
simplerelations,andhenceeasytouseindesignpractice.Theresults
fromHalpin andTsaiarealsoquiteaccurateespeciallyiffibervolume
fraction is not too close to unity
fractionisnottooclosetounity.
AsperHalpin andTsai,transversemodulus(ET)canbewrittenas:
ET/Em =(1+Vf)/(1 Vf)
(Eq.17.2)
where,
=[(E
[( f/E
/ m)
) 1]/[(E
] / [( f/E
/ m)+]
) ]
Here, isaparameterthataccountsforpackingandfibergeometry,and
Here
is a parameter that accounts for packing and fiber geometry and
loadingcondition.Itsvaluesaregivenbelowfordifferentfibergeometries.
=2forfiberswithsquareandroundcrosssections.
=2a/b
2a/b forfiberswithrectangularcrosssection.Herea
for fibers with rectangular cross section Here a isthecrosssectionaldimension
is the cross sectional dimension
offiberindirectionofloading,whileb istheotherdimensionoffiberscrosssection.
ShearModulusandPoissonsRatio
Aperfectlyisotropicmaterialhastwofundamentalelasticconstants,E and
.Itsshearmodulusandbulkmoduluscanbeexpressedintermsofthese
ts s ea odu us a d bu
odu us ca be e p essed te s o t ese
twoelasticconstants.
Likewise,atransverselyisotropiccompositeplyhasfourelasticconstants.
Theseare:
EL,, i.e.elasticmodulusinlongitudinaldirection.
ET i.e.elasticmodulusintransversedirection.
GLT i.e.longitudinalshearmodulus.
LT i.e.Poissonsratio
Adetaileddiscussiononthemathematicallogicunderlyingexistenceof
these four constants will be conducted in a subsequent lecture
thesefourconstantswillbeconductedinasubsequentlecture.
Tillsofar,wehavedevelopedrelationsforEL,andET.Nowwewilllearn
aboutsimilarrelationshipsforGLT andLT.
ShearModulusandPoissonsRatio
Halpin andTsaihavedevelopedrelationssimilartoEq.17.2whichcanbe
usedtopredictlongitudinalshearmodulus,G
used
to p ed ct o g tud a s ea odu us, GLT.Thisisshownbelow.
s s s o be o
GLT/Gm =(1+Vf)/(1 Vf)
where,
=[(Gf/Gm) 1]/[(Gf/Gm)+1]
(Eq.17.3)
ForpredictingPoissonsratioLT,weexploitthefactthatalongitudinal
tensilestraininfiberdirection,willgeneratePoissoncontractionin
transversedirectioninboth,matrixandfibermaterials.
Inthiscontext,wealsousethefactthatrelativestrainvaluesforsucha
contraction will be proportional to each constituent materialssvolume
contractionwillbeproportionaltoeachconstituentmaterial
volume
fraction.Thus,overallPoissonsratioLT forthecompositecanbewritten
as:
LT =fVf +fVm
(Eq.17.4)
TransverseStrength
Wehaveseenthataunidirectionalply,whenputtotensioninfiber
directiontendstobreakatstressvalueswhichexceedmatrixtensile
strength.ThisisparticularlytruewhenfibervolumefractionexceedsV
g
p
y
crit.
Similarly,fibersplayacentralroleinsignificantlyenhancingthestiffnessof
theplyinfiberdirection,andtheoverallstiffnessofthesystemtendsto
far surpass that of pure matrix.
farsurpassthatofpurematrix.
Thisoccursbecausefibers,whicharestrongerandstiffervisvismatrix,
carryamajorportionofexternalload,therebyenhancingcomposites
stiffnessandstrength.
However,thesamemaynotbesaidforaunidirectionalplyloadedin
tensioninthetransversedirection.Thisisbecauseloadsharingbetween
fib
fiberandmatrixinatransverselyloadedplyisveryless.Incontrast,the
d ti i t
l l d d l i
l
I
t t th
extentofloadsharingbetweenfiberandmatrixinalongitudinallyloaded
plyisverysignificant.
Whenaunidirectionalloadissubjectedtotransversetension,fiberswhich
arefarmorestiffvisvismatrix,acttoconstrainmatrixdeformation.
TransverseStrength
Suchaconstraintonmatrixdeformation,tendstoincreaseplystransverse
modulus,thoughonlymarginally(unlessfibervolumefractionishigh).
However,thestoryisevenmorestarklydifferentincaseoftransversestrength.
Thedeformationconstraintsimposedonmatrixbyfiberstendtogeneratestrain
andstressconcentrationsinmatrixmaterial.
Thesestressandstrainconcentrationscausethematrixtofailatmuchlesser
values of stress and strain, than a sample of matrix material which has no fibers at
valuesofstressandstrain,thanasampleofmatrixmaterialwhichhasnofibersat
all.Thus,unlikelongitudinalstrength,transversestrengthtendstogetreduced for
compositesduetopresenceoffibers.
Thisreductionintransversestrengthofaunidirectionalplyischaracterizedbya
factor,S,thestrengthreductionfactor.Theexactvalueofthisfactorcanbe
calculated by using a combination of advanced elasticity formulations and
calculatedbyusingacombinationofadvancedelasticityformulationsand
numericalsolutiontechniques.
Thestrengthofunidirectionalplyintransversedirection,
Th
t
th f idi ti
l l i t
di ti
b
itt
uT,canbewrittenas:
uT =uf /S
(Eq.17.5)
SomeOtherPropertiesofUnidirectionalPlies
Usingapproachesasdescribedearlier,thermalconductivityinL (kL)
d ect o ca be
directioncanbewrittenas:
tte as
kL =Vfkf +Vmkm
(Eq.17.6)
Similarly,transverseconductivity,kT,canbewrittenas:
kT/km =(1+Vf)/(1 Vf)
(Eq.17.7)
where,
where
=[(kf/km) 1]/[(kf/km)+], where,
log =1.732log(a/b)
Finally,longitudinalandtransversethermalexpansioncoefficientshave
beenshowninengineeringliteraturetobe:
L =(E
( fVf f +EmVm m)/E
)/ L
(
(Eq.17.8)
)
T =(1+
= (1+f)Vf
ff +(1+
+ (1+m)Vm
m LLT
(Eq 17 9)
(Eq.17.9)
R f
References
1.
2
2.
Mechanics
M
h i off Composite
C
i Materials,
M
i l Jones,
J
R M.,
R.
M McGraw
M G
Hill.
3.