Superclass Agnatha

Approximately 84 species divided into 2 classes; Myxini (hagfishes)

and Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys).
Lack jaws, internal ossification, scales, and paired fins, and both
groups share porelike gill openings and an eel-like body form.
Biting mouth with two rows of eversible teeth in hagfishes;
suckerlike oral disc with well-developed teeth in lampreys.
Heart with one atrium and one ventricle; hagfishes with three
accessory hearts; aortic arches in gill region
Five to 16 pairs of gills and a single pair of gill apertures in
hagfishes; 7 pairs of gills in lampreys.
Dorsal nerve cord with differentiated brain; 8 to 10 pairs of cranial
nerves
Digestive system without stomach; intestine with spiral valve and
cilia in lampreys; both lacking in intestine of hagfishes
Sense organs of taste, smell, hearing; eyes poorly developed in
hagfishes but moderately well developed in lampreys.
Class Cephalaspidomorphi
(Lampreys)
Marine, some freshwater.
Parasitic and prey on other fish
Larval stage present
Oviporous
e.g of genera is Petromyzon

Class Myxini (Hagfish) marine and feed on dead

organisms.
Body Fluids is in osmotic equilibrium with seawater
Hermaphroditic; no larval stage growth is direct.

 Oviporous (egg laying)

e.g of genera is Myxine

Cartilaginous fishes: Class Chondrichtyes

850 Species with well-developed sense organs, powerful jaws,
swimming musculature, most predators at the last trophic level in
food web and a distinct cartilagenous skeleton (bone absent
throughout the class).
Body covered with triangular Placoid scales (for protection and
streamlining) and mucous glands; teeth of modified placoid scales.
Large caudal fin with the dorsal section larger than the ventral one.
Circulatory system of several pairs of aortic arches; two-chambered
heart.
Respiration by means of 5 to 7 pairs of gills with separate and
exposed gill slits, no operculum, hence must keep moving to
breathe.
No swim bladder or lung
Lateral line
Internal fertilization. Ovoviviparous ( developing egg kept inside the
female for protection and does not live off of the parent). Have live
birth.
Two Subclass; Elasmobranchii and Halocephali

Class Osteichtyes (bony fishes)

Over 20 000 species (include Salmon, Carp, Tuna)

Skeleton made of bone.

Paired fins made of rays and spines,or lobed fins lacking the rays
and spines.

Various types of scales (ctenoid,ganoid, or cycloid).

Lateral line

Two chambered heart

Operculum covering the gills.

Swim bladder

Mouth terminal with many teeth (some toothless); jaws present;

olfactory sacs paired and may or may not open into mouth.

Nervous system of brain; 10 pairs of cranial nerves

Sexes separate (some hermaphroditic), gonads paired; fertilization

usually external; larval forms may differ greatly from adults.

characteristics of class reptilia

1. Body varied in shape, compact in some, elongated in others; body covered with an exoskeleton
of horny epidermal scales with the addition sometimes of bony dermal plates; integument with
few glands
2. Limbs paired, usually with five toes, and adapted for climbing, running, or paddling; absent in
snakes and some lizards
3. Skeleton well ossified; ribs with sternum (sternum absent in snakes) forming a complete thoracic
basket; skull with one occipital condyle
4. Respiration by lungs; no gills; cloaca used for respiration by some; branchial arches in embryonic
life
5. Three-chambered heart; crocodilians with fourchambered heart; usually one pair of aortic
arches; systemic and pulmonary circuits functionallymseparated
6. Ectothermic;many thermoregulate behaviorally
7. Metanephric kidney (paired); uric acid main nitrogenous waste
8. Nervous system with the optic lobes on the dorsal side of brain; 12 pairs of cranial nerves in
addition to nervus terminalis
9. Sexes separate; fertilization internal
10. Eggs covered with calcareous or leathery shells; extraembryonic membranes (amnion,
chorion, and allantois) present during embryonic life; no larval stages

characteristics of class aves

1. Body usually spindle shaped, with four divisions: head,neck, trunk, and tail;neck
disproportionately
long for balancing and food gathering
2. Limbs paired with the forelimbs usually modified for flying; posterior pair variously adapted for
perching,walking, and swimming; foot with four toes (two or three toes in some)

3. Epidermal covering of feathers and leg scales; thin integument of epidermis and dermis; no
sweat glands; oil or preen gland at base of tail; pinna of ear rudimentary
4. Fully ossified skeleton with air cavities; skull bones fused with one occipital condyle; each
jaw covered with a horny sheath, forming a beak; no teeth; ribs with strengthening processes; tail
not elongate; sternum well developed with keel or reduced with no keel; single bone in middle ear
5. Nervous system well developed, with brain and 12 pairs of cranial nerves
6. Circulatory system of four-chambered heart, with the right aortic arch persisting; reduced
renal portal system; nucleated red blood cells
7. Endothermic
8. Respiration by slightly expansible lungs, with thin air sacs among the visceral organs and skeleton;
syrinx (voice box) near junction of trachea and bronchi
9. Excretory system of metanephric kidney; ureters open into cloaca; no bladder; semisolid urine;
uric acid main nitrogenous waste
10. Sexes separate; testes paired, with the vas deferens opening into the cloaca; females with left
ovary and oviduct only; copulatory organ in ducks, geese, paleognathids, and a few others
11. Fertilization internal; amniotic eggs with much yolk and hard calcareous shells; embryonic
membranes in egg during development; incubation external; young active at hatching (precocial)
or helpless and naked (altricial); sex determination by females (females heterogametic)

Class Mammalia
Body mostly covered with hair, but reduced in some
2. Integument with sweat, scent, sebaceous, and mammary glands
3. Skull with two occipital condyles and secondary bony palate; middle ear with three ossicles
(malleus, incus, stapes); seven cervical vertebrae (except some xenarthrans [edentates] and
manatees); pelvic bones fused
4. Mouth with diphyodont teeth (milk, or deciduous, teeth replaced by a permanent set of teeth);
teeth heterodont
in most (varying in structure and function); lower jaw a single enlarged bone (dentary)
5. Movable eyelids and fleshy external ears (pinnae)
6. Four limbs (reduced or absent in some) adapted for many forms of locomotion
7. Circulatory system of a four-chambered heart, persistent left aorta, and nonnucleated,
biconcave red
blood corpuscles
Respiratory system of lungs with alveoli, and voice box (larynx); secondary palate (anterior bony
palate and posterior continuation of soft tissue, the soft palate) separates air and food passages (figure
20.4); muscular diaphragm for air exchange separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
9. Excretory system of metanephros kidneys and ureters that usually open into a bladder
10. Brain highly developed, especially neocerebrum;12 pairs of cranial nerves
11. Endothermic and homeothermic
12. Separate sexes

13. Internal fertilization; embryos develop in a uterus with placental attachment (placenta
rudimentary in marsupials and absent in monotremes); fetal membranes (amnion, chorion,
allantois)
14. Young nourished by milk from mammary glands