O LEVEL CHEMISTRY

Chapter 2: Matter
a) Define matter.
b) Describe kinetic particle theory of solid.
c) By reference to diagram below, explain why liquids cannot be compressed
while gas can?

d) Fill the

following table.
Solid

Liquid

Gas

Arrangement of
particles
Attractive forces
Kinetic energy
Particle motion
e) In terms of kinetic particle theory, explain why liquids have fixed volumes
but not fixed shape?
f) Explain why ice has higher density than water vapour based on kinetic
particle theory?
g) What happens to the particles of a solid that is heated until it melts?
h) The following set-up is to measure the melting point of Naphthalene.
Naphthalene is a white solid with a very strong smell. It is used in
mothballs to keep insect away from clothes. The temperature of
naphthalene is recorded at half-minute intervals until the naphthalene has
melted.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

(v)

(I)

Define heating curve (1 M)

Draw and describe a heating curve of above experiment. (Note: M.P
of naphthalene is 80C) (5 M)
Why water bath is used to heat naphthalene instead of heating it
directly under heat? (Bonus **5 marks)
Glucose has a melting point of 142C. Why do you think it is NOT
possible to determine the melting point of glucose using the above
set-up? (Bonus **4 marks)
Water bath and heat were removed allowing naphthalene to cool
down in which throughout the process the temperature was
recorded at half-minute intervals until all naphthalene has solidified.
By an aid of cooling curve, describe how does the temperature
changes when it cools? (5 M)

What happens to the particles of a liquid that is heated until it boils? (2

M)

(J) How boiling and evaporation are differed from each other? (3 M)
(K) During rainy season, when weather is mostly cloudy and damp, to hang
laundry outside to dry could be a waste of an effort. People would resort to
hang their clothes inside their houses. Even without the aid of sun inside of
the house, clothes are fortunately dried enough by fanning them.
(i) Name this process and explain why they are dried enough even
without SUN (3 M)
(ii) Why does fanning the clothes would help them to dry faster (2 M)

(L) Read the following passage:

Charles Darwin's The Voyage of the Beagle (chapter XV, March 21, 1835 books.google):

Having crossed the Peuquenes [Piuquenes], we descended into a mountainous country, intermediate
between the two main ranges, and then took up our quarters for the night. We were now in the republic of
Mendoza. The elevation was probably not under 11,000 feet [...]. At the place where we slept water
necessarily boiled, from the diminished pressure of the atmosphere, at a lower temperature than it does in
a less lofty country; the case being the converse of that of a Papin's digester. Hence the potatoes, after
remaining for some hours in the boiling water, were nearly as hard as ever. The pot was left on the fire all
night, and next morning it was boiled again, but yet the potatoes were not cooked

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

The water was boiled long enough (left all night) but why the potatoes
were not cooked?
Based from this, deduce the effect of pressure on boiling point?
One method to the potatoes cook is to allow more time (hours or even
days) for it to cook, however it may not be possible for some
ingredients (like potatoes) that would take several days to fully cooked.
Climbers resorted to cook their food using pressure cooker to not only
minimize the duration of cooking but ensure that ingredients are fully
cooked even that high altitude. Based from your understanding,
describe the principle behind this pressure cooker.

O LEVEL Chemistry
Chapter 3: Measurement and Experimental Techniques
Structured Questions
1. Fill the following table with the SI units
SI units
3

Time
Temperature
Mass
Volumes
2. Complete the following table
Apparatus
Beaker
Measuring
Cylinder
Burette
Pipette

Accuracy

3. Below shows the 3 methods of collecting gases and on each method is

given examples of some gases that can be measured using the method.
Based from the experiment and each named gas, deduced the properties
of each gas and complete the table.

Example: Chlorine
Hydrogen chloride,
sulphur dioxide
Gas
Ammonia
Carbon Dioxide
Chlorine
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
chloride
Oxygen
Sulphur dioxide

Example:
Ammonia

Solubility in
water

Example: Carbon
dioxide, hydrogen,
oxygen

Density compared to air

4. a) Sketch 3 different methods of collecting dry gases using these drying

agent
(i)
Concentrated Sulphuric Acid
(ii)
Quicklime
(iii)
Fused calcium chloride
b) Methane is insoluble in water and is less dense than air. Suggest which
set-up from your sketches (i-iii) is most suitable for this collection and what
other additional set-up you would employ on your sketch that could be
used to measure the volume of the gas collected.
5. Define PURE substance and how is it different from MIXTURE.
6. Benzoic acid (Solid) is found naturally in plums, cinnamon and apples. It can
kill bacteria and is artificially produces for use as preservative in cosmetics and
products as well as some toothpaste and heat-sterilised food. The melting point
of benzoic acid is
122C. The
diagram below
indicates an
experiment to
determine
whether a sample of
benzoic acid is
pure or not.

(a) The melting point of benzoic acid was recorded and found to be less than
122C. What can it tells you about the purity?
(b) What can you conclude about the effect of impurities on melting point?
7. How does impurities affect boiling point of a liquid?
8. What happen to the boiling point of a liquid when pressure is raised?
9. An unidentified substance, Y was thought to be one of the following three
compound, A, B, or C.
Mixture
Melting point

A
132

B
133
5

C
134

Y was mixed with each of the above compounds and the melting point of each
mixture was determined. The following results were obtained.
Mixture
Melting point

Y+A
114 - 129

Y+B
132 -133

Y+C
86 - 99

Deduce the identity of Y. Explain your answer.

10. An unknown substance, X, has a melting point of about 15C and a boiling
point of about 121C. Based only on the data given in the table below, suggest
what X might be. Briefly explain you answer.
Acid
Methanoic Acid
Ethanoic Acid

Melting
Point (C)
8
17

Boiling Point
(C)
101
118

O LEVEL Chemistry
Chapter 4: Separation Techniques
Structured Questions
1. Define chromatography
2. State 4 purposes of chromatography.
3. Describe how you would use chromatography to check whether a coloured
liquid is a pure substance.
4. Define separation techniques
5. Name two ways of separating insoluble solids from a liquid.
6. Define filtration
7. A white precipitate (insoluble solid) of lead (II) sulphate is produced when
we add aqueous sodium sulphate solution to aqueous lead (II) nitrate
solution. By an aid of a diagram, show how the suspension is separated?
Name the process and clearly labelled each parts.
8. Name to ways of separating solute (soluble solids) from a liquid. Describe
how both of the techniques carried out.
9. The easiest way to obtain a solute from a solution is by evaporating all the
solvent. Give two reasons why chemist often avoid using this method.
10.How do you use filtration to seprate two solids?
11.The diagram below shows simple distillation of salt solution.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)

Define simple distillation

What are the uses of simple distillation?
Describe the processes that happen during the simple distillation.
What is the distillate obtained by the end of the experiment?
What is the purpose of the condenser and why does the condenser
have water Inlet at the bottom while the water outlet at the top?
What is the condenser placed at a slope downward?
Often boiling chips are added to the distillation flask while the mixtures
are boiled?
What is the other name of above process?

12.Fractional distillation as depicted in diagram below is another type of

distillation which is too, to separate liquids.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

(iv)

State two conditions in which simple distillation cannot separate two

liquids thus fractional distillation technique has to be employed.
Describe what happen in fractional distillation in order to obtain the
end-product (distillate)
One major difference found in fractional distillation than simple
distillation is that there is a fractionating column which can be either
filled with glass beads, plates or spiral. What is the purpose of this
fractionating column?
Name two industrial applications of fractional distillation

13.Name the method you would use to obtain

(i)
Pure water from a mixture of ink and water
(ii)
Petrol from a mixture of petrol kerosene (B.P range of petrol is 30-70
C, B.P range of kerosene is 160 250 C)

O LEVEL Chemistry
8

Chapter Atomic structure and Valency

1.
Why do atoms form ions?
2.
Write the chemical symbol and the charge of the respective ion in
the table :
Element Name
Chemical Symbol
Charge of ion
Fluorine
Sulphur
Aluminium
Calcium
Potassium
Sodium
3.

An atom X has proton number 8 and nucleon number of 18.

(a)
How many electrons, protons, neutrons does X
have? (b)
What are the charge and valency of an ion of X?
(c)
Write the symbol for the ion of X.

4.
An element X has a mass number of 108 and an atomic number of 53. X
is in the same group as fluorine in the Periodic Table. Which of the following
is an isotopic ion of X?
53
108

109
53

108
52

110
53

2--

5.
Which ion has the least shells that contain the least number of
electrons?
+
K

A
B
Al

3+

Cl
D

2-

6.
The elements L, M and N in the Periodic Table have consecutive
increasing atomic numbers. If N is in Group VII, then the symbol for the
ion of element L is

1
0

7.

W, X and Y are consecutive elements in the Periodic Table. Element W

forms ions in compounds with a charge of +3.
(a)
(b)
Y.
(c)
(d)

Write the valencies of X and Y.

Write the symbol for the ion of
Is W likely to be a metal or non-metal?
Which group in the Periodic Table does W belong to?

8.
An atom of element Z does not form an ion in common
laboratory conditions. Which group is Z likely to be in the Periodic
Table?
9.
The proton number and nucleon number of elements M, N and P
are as follows:
Element
M
N
P

Proton number
13
8
5

Nucleon Number
27
16
11

N forms a molecule that is common in air.

M is a metal that is light and shiny; it is used to make cooking
pots. P is a metal that is in the same group as aluminium.
Name the elements M, N and P. Write the chemical symbols of M, N and P

10. Which of the following does NOT have the same number of electrons as a
sulfide ion,
A
Ar
2B
S ?
Cl
3
C
Al
D
+
3P

Revision
12.

Is P4 an atom, molecule, ion, or an ionic compound?

13.
14.

Is sugar an element or compound?

A substance can be electrolysed into a gas and a solid. Is it likely to
be an element or a compound?
15.
How can air be separated to obtain nitrogen and oxygen gases?
16.
Which of the instruments is the most accurate in measuring the
volume of a solution?
A Beaker
B Burette
C Measuring Cylinder
D Conical Flask
o
17.
If Corinnes body temperature reads 40 C, what is her temperature
in Kelvins?
18.

It is known that potassium iodide solid is soluble in water and

barium sulphate solid is insoluble in water. If you have a
mixture of the 2 solids, how would you separate them into
pure solid substances?

19.

How would you separate a mixture of ethanol (which is an alcohol)

and water?

20.

A magician claims that he has a special magic ink. How can

you separate the ink into its individual components?

21.
Rice bran oil, a new type of oil sold in NTUC supermarkets, has a
wide and differing boiling point. Is this oil likely to be pure?
22.

I spilled some water in the kitchen table. The water later

disappears after 1 hour. What is this phenomenon called?

23.

Hydrogen gas + oxygen gas ??

24.

Sulfur + oxygen ??

25.

magnesium + oxygen ??

26.

sodium hydroxide (NaOH) + hydrochloric acid (HCl) ??

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