Form House Design

DESIGN OF FARM HOUSE IN
SEISMIC REGION
SESSION 2003( F ) - 2007

Project Advisor:
ENGR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN

( ASSISTANT PROFESSOR )
Submitted By:
SAFEER ABBAS
MOHAMMAD AFZAL
ADNAN KHALID
MOHAMMAD AHSAN
2003(F)-CIVIL-988
2003(F)-CIVIL-982
2003(F)-CIVIL-976
2003(F)-CIVIL-987
Department Of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology

Lahore.
DESIGN OF FARMHOUSE
IN
SEISMIC REGION
This project is submitted to Department of Civil Engineering,

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore-Pakistan, for the partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelors of Science
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Approved on: _______________
Internal examiner:
(Project advisor)
Sign: ____________________________
Name: Engr. Muhammad Irfan-ul-Hassan
External examiner:
Sign: ____________________________
Name: ____________________________
Department of Civil Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology
Lahore-Pakistan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ARCHITECTURAL PLANS
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Earthquake
1.2 Old concepts about an earthquake
1.3 Causes of Earthquake
1.4 Types of Earthquakes
1.5 Earthquake Measuring Instruments
1.6 How does Earthquake affect Building
1.7 Complexity of Earthquake Ground motion
1.8 Effects of Earthquakes
1.9 Earthquakes in Pakistan
1.10 Scope of Seismic design of structure
11
1.11 Objectives of Project
11
1.12 Introduction of Project
12
CHAPTER 2:
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Codes
13
13
2.1.1 ACI CODE

2.1.2 UBC 97
2.2 Masonry Design
24
2.3 Related Terms
27
2.3.1 Beam
2.3.3 Column
2.3.4 Slab
2.3.5 Wall & Footing
2.4 Fundamental Assumptions for Reinforced Concrete
35
Behavior
2.5 Design Basis
35
2.6 Trend of making the earthquake resistant structures
36
2.6.1 Present Practices in Pakistan
CHAPTER 3:
SEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURE
38
3.1 Purpose
38
3.2 Minimum Seismic Design
38
3.3 Seismic and Wind Design
39
3.4 Some Related Terms
39
3.5 Construction Of Buildings In Seismic Region
43
3.5.1 Dead loads

3..5.2 Live loads
3.5.3 Dynamic / viberations loads
3.5.4 Wind loads
3.5.5 Seismic loads
3.5.6 Thermal loads
3.5.7 Shrinkage and creep
3.5.8 Snow loads
3.6 Structural systems
50
3.7 Expansion and separation joints
51
3.8 Foundations and substructures
51
3.9 Method of analysis
52
3.10 For single to two storey houses units
52
3.10.1 Materials
3.10.2 Structural forms and building cconfigurations
3.10.3 Horizontal reinforcement in walls
3.10.4 Plinth Band
3.10.5 Lintel Band

3.10.6 Roof Band
3.10.7 Vertical reinforcement in walls
3.10.8 Vertical joints between orthogonal walls
3.10.9 Dowels at corner and junctions
3.11 Guideline for multistory frame structure
57
3.11.1 Material types for wall

3.11.2 Foundations
3.11.3 Masonary shear walls
3.11.4 Reinforced concrete walls
3.11.5 Minimum beam , column and slab sizes
CHAPTER 4:
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
59
4.1 Two-Way Slabs.

4.1.2 Design by the coefficient method
4.2 For One way slab
60
4.2.1 Design procedure

4.3 Beams
62
4.3.1 Design of structural beams

4.3.1.1 Design procedure for simply
Supported beams
4.3.1.2 Design procedure for doubly
reinforced beams
4.3.1.3 Design procedure for continuous
Beam
4.4 Design of lintels
65
4.4.1 Wall load on lintel

4.5 Columns
4.5.1 Design procedure for the
66
Structural columns
4.6 Wall design and foundations
67
4.6.1 Design of masonary foundation

4.6.2 Thickness of wall
4.6.3 Design procedure for isolated footing
4.7 Design of stairs
69
4.8 Software used in design of

farm house as frame structure
69
4.8.1 Overview of ETABS program

4.8.2 Procedure for modeling in ETABS
STRUCTURAL PLANS
CHAPTER 5:
DESIGN OF FARMHOUSE
76
A ) Manual Calculations
5.1 Walls And Foundations
77
5.1.1 Exterior wall ( W1 )

5.1.3 Interior wall ( W2 )
5.1.4 Interior wall ( W2 )
5.1.6 Conclusions
5.2 Design of column ( C3 ) footing
84
5.3 Design of column ( C2 ) footing
90
5.4 Design of slabs
96
5.4.1 Design of ground floor slab system

5.4.2 Design of first floor slab system
5.5 Design of beams
5.5.1 Non structural beams
110
5.5.2 Structural beams

5.6 Design of lintels
115
5.7 Design of columns
118
5.8 Design of stairs
124
B ) Computer aided asnalysis and results
127
Drawings
CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
156
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
No natural event is more frightening than an earthquake

because earthquake strikes (damages) suddenly without giving any warning. The frame
and huge foundation of the earth shake like a coward. The destructive movements are all
over in less than a minute, leaving behind fallen dreams and broken structures.
Earthquake , like other natural disasters, have affected hundreds of thousands of persons
directly over the ages. Earthquake is a major problem for mankind, killing thousands
each year. Earthquake are causing death and destruction in a wide variety of ways, from
building collapse to conflagrations , tsunamis , landslides. In Pakistan earthquakes are not
so common compared to other part of the world but some areas of Pakistan (North and
South Himalayas) lies in the area of high seismic zone. Recently 8th October 2005
earthquake shakes the most part of Azad Kashmir and NWFP and causes huge
destruction and loss of life.
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1 . 1 EARTHQUAKE
An earthquake is a disturbance or vibration of earth by different types of natural and
human induced phenomenon e.g. meteoric impact, volcanic activity, under ground
nuclear explosion, rock stress changes due to large reservoirs, and movements of tectonic
plates. During an earthquake the earth's surface starts vibrating, and rumbling and roaring
noise come from underneath and the buildings start cracking and collapsing, and the
people get frightening.
1 . 2 OLD CONCEPTS ABOUT AN EARTHQUAKE

Mythological explanations for earthquakes have included the ox who carries the earth on
one shoulder [or in some versions, one horn] and causes earthquakes when shifting the
earth to the other shoulder or horn. According to some accounts, Pythagoras suggested
that earthquakes resulted from the multitudes of dead people fighting under the earth.
1 . 3 CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE
The sudden slip that is an earthquake results from a gradual build-up of stress inside the
earth. Basically, the rocks that make up the outer layers of the Earth, if subjected to
sufficient force, can be brought to a "breaking point". It is even easier for them to snap if
certain places are already weakened, much the way a sheet of paper will tear more readily
along a sharp crease. When the stress in a particular location is great enough to overcome
the forces holding together the rocks below us, something, effectively, "breaks" or "gives
way", and an earthquake begins. The forces needed to cause this stress and move such
large masses of rock are immense.
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Tectonics deals with structural ruptures at the plate boundaries. These plates drift very
slowly with relation to each other as they "float" on the more fluid material (the mantle)
beneath them. At their edges, they may be colliding, separating, or moving laterally past
each other. The nature of these plate to plate boundaries has a tremendous effect on the
geology, volcanic and seismic activity along the edges of each plate. Earthquakes are
therefore the result of tectonic movements. The crust of the earth consists of several very
thick plates, and at the boundaries of these plates as well as within each plate
geological discontinuities, known as faults, usually occur. The sudden relative movement
of plates at a fault engenders vertical and horizontal vibrations of the ground over a large
area, usually causing damage to structures and also loss of life.
Therefore earthquakes are the result of tectonic movements, Meteoric impact , Volcanic
activity, Under Ground nuclear explosions , Rock stresses change due to large reservoirs
1 . 4 TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES
1 ) Tectonic earthquakes
2 ) Interplate earthquakes
3 ) Deep focus earthquakes
4 ) Volcanoes
1 . 5 EARTHQUAKE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

There are different types of earthquakes measuring instruments e.g. accelerograph,
seismograph but the principle of working of these are almost same.These instruments are
used to measure ground shaking and structural vibration during an earthquake. The basic
element of vibration measuring instrument is a transducer.Three separate transducers are
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
required to measure the three components of motion i.e. two horizontal and one vertical.
The data can be obtained in the form of three acceleration components.
SEISMOGRAPH
Figure 1.1 Seismograph
SEISMOGRAM
Figure 1.2 Seismogram
1 . 6 HOW DO EARTHQUAKES AFFECT BUILDINGS

The dynamic response of the building to earthquake ground motion is the most important
cause of earthquake-induced damage to buildings. Failure of the ground and soil beneath
buildings is also a major cause of damage. Most earthquakes result from rapid movement
along the plane of faults within the earth's crust. This sudden movement of the fault
releases a great deal of energy, which then travels through the earth in the form of
seismic waves.
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
Figure 1.3showing the movement of seismic waves
The seismic waves travel for great distances before finally losing their energy.At some
time after their generation, these seismic waves will reach the earth's surface,and set it in
motion, which we not surprisingly refer to as earthquake ground motion. When this
earthquake ground motion occurs beneath a building and when it is strong enough, it sets
the building in motion, starting with the foundation, and transfers the motion throughout
the rest of the building in a very complex way. These motions in turn induce forces which
can produce damage. Ground motion at a building site is vastly more complicated than
the wave form. Compare the surface of the ground in an earthquake to the surface of a
small body of water. You can set the surface of a pond in motion--by throwing stones
into it. The firstfew stones create a series of circular waves, which soon begin to collide
with one another. After a while, interference patterns begin to predominate and the
originalwaves disappear. In an earthquake, the ground vibrates in a similar manner, as
waves of different frequencies and amplitude interact with one another
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
1 . 7 COMPLEXITY OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION

The complexity of earthquake ground motion is due to three factors:
1) SOURCE EFFECTS
The seismic waves generated at the time of earthquake fault movement are not all
uniform.
2) PATH EFFECTS
As seismic waves pass through the earth on their way from the fault to the building
site, they are modified by the soil and rock media through which they pass.
3) LOCAL SITE EFFECTS
Once the seismic waves reach the building site they undergo further modifications,
which are dependent upon the characteristics of the ground and soil beneath the building
1 . 8 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
There are many effects of earthquakes, these include, but are not limited to,
1)
Broken windows
2)
Collapse of buildings
3)
Fires
4)
Landslides
5)
Destabilizations of the base of some buildings which may lead to collapse in a

future earthquake
6)
Disease
7)
Lack of basic necessities
8)
Human loss of life
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
9)
Higher insurance premiums
Fault rupture tearing apart a building in Glck Naval Base
+
Figure 1.4 shows the broken windows
( Turkey )
Figure 1.6 shows that the building collapses

during an earthquake in
Ahmedabad (27-01-2001)
Figure 1.5 shows that the whole building tilted

on left side after the earthquake.
Figure 1.7 earthquake in Ahmedabad

(26-01-2001)
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Figure 1.8 shows that the building get inserted into the ground and tilted due to earthquake. ( Bhug )
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
1 . 9 EARTHQUAKES IN PAKISTAN
Major Earthquakes in Pakistan are,
Year
1935
1945
1974
1981
1997
2001
2002
2005
Location
Quetta (Balochistan)
Makran coast (Baluchistan)
NE of Malakhand, NWFP
Gilgit Wazarat (Jammu & Kashmir)
Near Harnai (Baluchistan),
Near Bhachau (Gujarat )
Gilgit
Ballakot , Muzzafarabd , Kashmir
Figure 1.9 ( Margala tower )
Figure 1.10 ( Margala tower )
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
Figure 1.11 ( Muzzaffarabad )
10
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
1 . 10 SCOPE OF SEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURE

After 8th October earthquake in Pakistan the importance of earthquake resistant structures
have increased. Now a day the scope of Seismic design of structures is increase because
peoples are more interested to construct earthquake resisting structures for their domestic
and commercial activity. Even if our structure is going to built at a site where there is a
minimum chances of earthquake, we have to consider the earthquake forces and then
design accordingly.
1 . 11 OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
In this project (
DESIGN OF FARM HOUSE IN SEISMIC REGION
the main objective is to
understand the whole design process of design practice , to under stand the special
provisions that are made to make the structure earth quake resistant according to the
seismic codes ( UBC 97 ).
In common study practice usually design of individual structural components is carried

out. The main purpose behind the project is to design the whole building by applying the
seismic provisions when only architectural drawings are given, while the engineer has to
determine the all the input data himself as many design parameters are required at
different design stages.
To understand the masonry construction of the houses in the seismic region is also the
one of the objective in this project. The objective is to get the knowledge of the different
techniques that are used in the masonry construction of the houses in the seismic regions.
11
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
The aim is to understand, what separate things (materials) that are used in the
construction of masonry wall in the seismic region.
The objective of this project is also to understand the Computer Aided analysis and
Design of the structures. The aim is to understand how seismic loads are applied on the
structures in the computer software.
1 . 12 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

In this project (design of farm house in seismic region) we have design the walls,
foundations, slab systems, beams, lintels and columns of the farm house. Some special
measures are adopted to make this masonry building as earthquake resistant.
In our project, first we manually design the structural components of the load bearing
farm house with some extra seismic provisions and then we convert our farm house in a
frame structure and then whole design is carried out through ETABS.
In chapter 2 of this project, we discuss the codes & related articles from the different
books. Seismic provisions and their implementation for the structures have been
discussed in 3rd chapter. Design methodologies are in chapter 4 and manual calculations
& computer aided results are done in chapter 5.
Different self made excel sheets are prepared for the design of different structural
components (beams, slabs, lintels).
12
CHAPTER
LITERATURE REVIEW
The code covers the design of structural concrete used in buildings and where
applicable in structures. ACI 318-05 was adopted as a standard of the American
Concrete Institute October 27, 2004 to supersede ACI 318-02 in accordance with the
Institutes standardization procedure.UBC-97 (Uniform building Code) is adopted for
the seismic design of structures.
2 . 1 CODES
2 . 1.1 ACI 318-05
ACI 7.6.1
The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be db but not less than
25mm.
ACI 7.6.2
Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more layers, bars in upper layers shall be
placed directly above bars in the bottom layers with clear distance between layers not less
than 25mm.
ACI 7.6.3
In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between
13
CHAPTER 2
literature review
longitudinal bars all not be less than 1.5db or 40mm.

ACI 7.6.5
In walls and slabs other than concrete joist Construction, primary flexural reinforcement
shall be spaced not farther than three times the wall thickness, nor 450mm.
ACI 7.10.5.2
Vertical Spacing of ties shall not exceed 16 longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie diameter or
lest dimension of compression member.
ACI 7.12.1
Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses normal to flexural reinforcement shall
be provided in structural slabs where the flexural reinforcement extends in one direction
only.
ACI 7.12.2.1
Area of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall provide at least the following ratios
of reinforcement area to the gross area, but not less than 0.0014,
a)
b)
Slabs where grade 40 or 50 deformed bars are used

Slabs where grade 60 deformed bars are used
0.0020
0.0018
ACI 7.12.2.2
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be placed not farther apart than five times
the slab thickness, nor farther apart than 450mm.
ACI 9.5.2.1
Minimum thickness in Table 9.5(a) shall apply for one-way construction not supporting or
attached to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections, unless
computation of deflection can be used without adverse effects.
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literature review
CHAPTER 2
ACI 9.5 (a) MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NON-PRESTRESSED BEAMS OR

ONE-WAY SLABS
Minimum thickness, h,
One
End Both
Ends
Cantilever
Continuous
Continuous
Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other likely to be damaged by
large deflections.
Simply Supported
Members
Construction
Solid
One-Way
Slabs
Beams Or Ribbed
One-Way Slabs
1/20
1/24
1/28
1/10
1/16
1/18.5
1/21
1/8
Table 2.1
ACI 9.3.2
Strength reduction factor shall as follows,
Tension controlled section
Compression controlled section
0.9
0.65
ACI 9.3.2.3
Shear and torsion
0.75
ACI 10.2.2
Strain in the reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportional to the
distance from the neutral axis.
ACI 10.2.3
Maximum usable strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed equal to
0.003.
ACI 10.2.5
Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural calculations of
reinforced concrete.
ACI 10.3.6
Design axial load strength Pn of the compression member shall not be taken greater than
the following:
15
CHAPTER 2
literature review
ACI 10.3.6.1
For non pre-stressed members with spiral reinforcement conforming to 7.10.4 or composite
members conforming to 10.14
Pn = 0.85 [0.85fc'(Ag Ast) + fy Ast]
ACI 10.3.6.2
For non pre-stressed members with tie reinforcement conforming to 7.10.5
Pn = 0.85 [0.85fc'(Ag Ast) + fy Ast]
ACI 10.5.4
For structural slabs of uniform thickness, minimum area and maximum spacing of
reinforcement in the direction of the span shall be as required for shrinkage and temperature
according to 7.12.
ACI 10.9.1
Area of longitudinal reinforcement for non composite compression members shall
not be less than 0.01 or more than 0.08 time's gross area Ag of the section.
ACI 10.9.2
Minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 4 for bars
within rectangular ties or circular ties, 3 for bars within triangular ties.
ACI 11.5.5.1
Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to the axis of the member shall
not exceed d/2 in non pre-stressed member.
CI 11.5.5.2
Inclined stirrups and bent longitudinal reinforcement shall be so spaced that every
45o line, extending toward the reaction from mid depth of member d/2 to longitudinal
tension reinforcement, shall be crossed by at least one line of shear reinforcement.
16
CHAPTER 2
literature review
ACI 11.5.7.1
When factored shear force Vu exceeds shear strength Vc shear reinforcement shall
be provided to satisfy eqs 11-1 & 11-2.
ACI 15.2.2
Base area of footing shall be determined from un-factored forces and moments
transmitted by footing to soil and permissible soil pressure selected through principles of
soil mechanics.
ACI 15.4.1
External moments on any section of a footing shall be determined by passing a
vertical plane through the footing, and computing the moment of the forces acting over
entire area of the footing on one side in that vertical plane.
ACI 15.4.2
Maximum factored moment for an isolated footing shall be computed as prescribed
in 15.4.1 at critical sections located as follows:
a)
At the face of column, pedestal, or wall, for footings supporting a concrete column,
pedestal or wall.
b)
Halfway between middle and edge of wall, for footings supporting a masonry wall.
ACI 15.4.3
In one-way footings, and two-way square footings, reinforcement shall be distributed
uniformly across entire width of footing.
ACI 15.4.4
In two-way rectangular footings, reinforcement shall be distributed as follows:
ACI 15.4.4.1
Reinforcement in long direction shall be distributed uniformly across entire width of

17
literature review
CHAPTER 2
the footing.
ACI 15.4.4.2
For reinforcement in short direction in a rectangular footing a portion of the total

reinforcement given by Eq.15-1 shall be distributed uniformly over a bandwidth equal to the
length of short side of the footing. Remainder of reinforcement required in short direction
shall be distributed uniformly outside centre bandwidth of the footing.
REINFORCEMENT IN BAND WIDTH

TOTAL REINFORCEMENT IN SHORT DIRECTION
2
+1
ACI 15.5.1
Shear strength of footings shall be in accordance with 11.12.
ACI 15.8.1
Forces and moments at base of the columns, wall, or pedestal shall be transferred to
supporting pedestal or footing by bearing on concrete and by reinforcement dowels and
mechanical connectors.
ACI 15.8.2
In cast in-situ construction, reinforcement required to satisfy 15.8.1. shall be
provided either by extending longitudinal bars into supporting pedestal, footing or by
dowels.
ACI 15.8.2.1
For cast in place columns area of reinforcement across interface shall be not less
than 0.005 times gross area of supported member.
ACI 15.7
Depth of footing above bottom reinforcement shall not be less than 150mm, for
footings on soil .
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literature review
CHAPTER 2
ACI 15.6.3
Critical sections for development of reinforcement shall be assumed at the same
location as defined in 15.4.2 for maximum factored moment.
ACI 21.2.1.4
In regions of high seismic risks or for structures assigned to high seismic
performance special moment frames special structural walls shall be used resists forces
induced by earthquake motion.
ACI 21.2.3
Strength reduction factor shall be as given in 9.3.4
ACI 21.2.4.1
Specified compressive strength of concrete shall not be less than 3000 Psi
ACI 21.3.1.1
Factored axial compressive force on the member, Pu shall not exceed Agfc' / 10
ACI 21.3.1.2
Clear spans for flexural members, ln shall not be less than four times its effective depth.
ACI 21.3.1.3
Width of flexural member, bw , shall not be less than the smaller of 0.3h & 250mm.
ACI 21.3.1.4
Width of flexural member, bw , shall not exceed the width of the supporting member plus
distance on each side of supporting member not exceeding three fourth of the depth the
flexural member.
ACI 21.3.2.1
At any section of flexural member for top as well as for bottom reinforcement, the amount
of reinforcement shall not be less than eq 10.3 and the reinforcement ratio shall not exceed
19
literature review
CHAPTER 2
0.025.Atleast 2 bars shall be provided continuously both top and bottom.

ACI 21.3.2.2
Positive moment strength at joint face shall not be less than one half of the negative moment
strength provided at back face of joint.
ACI 21.4.1.1
The shortest cross sectional dimension measured on a straight line passing through the
geometric centroid shall not be less than 300mm
ACI 21.4.3.1
Area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 0.01Ag or more than 0.06Ag.
ACI MOMENTS COEFFICIENT
o Positive moment End spans

Discontinuous end unrestrained............................... wuln 2/11
Discontinuous end integral with support ...................... wuln 2/14
Interior spans ................................................................. wuln 2/16
o Negative moments at exterior face of first interior support
Two spans ......................................... wuln 2/9
More than two spans...................... wuln 2/10
o
Negative moment at other faces of interior supports............. wuln 2/11
Negative moment at face of all supports for Slabs with spans not exceeding 10 ft;
and beams where ratio of sum of column stiffness to beam stiffness exceeds eight
at each end of the span.. wuln 2/12
o of exterior support for members built integrally with supports

Where support is spandrel beam ... wuln 2/24
Where support is a column .............. .wuln 2/16
20
literature review
CHAPTER 2
ACI 3 . 2 CEMENT
ACI 3 . 2.1 Cement shall conform to one of the following specifications:
(a) Specification for Portland Cement (ASTM C 150)

(b) Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements (ASTM C 595), excluding Types S
and SA which are not intended as principal cementing constituents of structural
concrete.
(c) Specification for Expansive Hydraulic Cement (ASTM C 845)
(d) Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement (ASTM C 1157)
ACI 3 . 3 AGGREGATE
ACI 3 . 3.1 Concrete aggregates shall conform to one of the following specifications:
(a) Specification for Concrete Aggregates (ASTM C 33)

(b) Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete (ASTM C 330)
ACI 3 . 3.2 Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate shall be not larger than:
(a) 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms, nor

(b) 1/3 the depth of slabs, nor
(c) 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or
wires, bundles of bars.
ACI 3 . 4 WATER
ACI 3 . 4.1
Water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious
amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials, or other substances

deleterious to concrete or reinforcement.
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literature review
CHAPTER 2
2 . 1.2 UBC 97
2 . 1.2.1
BASE SHEAR
According to UBC 97 1630.2.1
V = CV I x W
RT
W = Total weight of structure.

V = Design base shear at the base of structure.
Cv = Seismic coefficient based on acceleration& dependent on
soil condition & seismicity of the region
I = Seismic Importance Factor
= Its value is 1 , 1.25 , 1.5 for ordinary structure , Special & Essential structure .
R = Structural coefficient depending upon ductility and overstrength of the structure
T = Fundamental Time Period of the Structure.
Ta = Ct (hn ) ^3/4
Where
Ta = Approx. time period
Ct = 0.035 for steel structure
= 0 . 03 for concrete structure
= 0 . 02 for other structures
hn = Total height of structure.
TB = Tme period obtained by analysis
Max. value of V is = 2.5 Ca I x W
R
W = It include the dead load plus the partition load &floor finishes& cladding
In case of storage building 25% of the live load can be considered
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literature review
CHAPTER 2
In case of snow load 20% of the flat roof snow load can be considered.
If flat snow load > 30 lb/ft^2
P.L = 10lb/ft^2 = F.F = cladding
Vmin = 0. 11Ca I W
Ca = similar to Cv
= Constant Value of Ca Cv can be read from table.
For seismic zone :
V = 0.8 Z Nv I x W
R
Z = seismic coefficient = 0.4 for zone 4
(Balakot, Muzaffarbad, Bagh, Quetta, Chamman, Gilgit, Malakand)
Z = 0.3 for zone 3
( Rawalpindi , Islamabad , Peshawar )
Z = 0.2 for zone 2B
(Lahore Faisalbad, Jhang)
Z = 0.15 for zone 2A
Z = 0. 075 for zone 1
(Multan, D.G Khan, Bahawalpur )
Nv, Na = near source factor for zone 4 & in conjunction with soil type
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES

According to UBC 97 1630.5
Fx = ( P Ft ) Wxhx
wihi
Where
Fx = Story lateral force

V = Total base shear
Ft = Additional force at the top for the participation & higher mode in the large structures.
23
literature review
CHAPTER 2
Ft = 0.07 T V [ 0. 25 V IF T > 0.07 sec

Ft = 0 if T [ 0. 7sec.
Wx = Storey load
Hx = Storey height
Storey Shear is ,
Vx = Ft + Fi
DRIFT RATIO / DRIFT LIMITATION / ALLOWABLE STOREY

LATERAL DEFLECTION
According to UBC 97 1630.9.2
M = 0.7 R s
Where ,
M = Max. Deflection/max.inelastic response/max. inelastic deflection.
s = Horizontal Deflection at mid height under Factored Load
R = A constant
2 . 1.2.2 MASONARY DESIGN
SLENDERNESS RATIO
R = H or l = 18
t
t
For load bearing wall = 20
= 18 for non-loading bearing in case of exterior walls.
= 36 for interior wall ( non load bearing wall )
( See UBC table 21- O )
Where R = slenderness Ratio

H = Effective Storey Height
l = Length of wall
t = Thickness of wall
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( UBC-97 2107.3.3 )
ALLOWABLE COMRESSIVE STRESS
The allowable compressive stress Fb is given by

Fb = 0.33 f 'm 13.8 Mpa
ALLOWABLE AXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRESS ( UBC-97 2107.3.2 )
The allowable axial compressive stress Fa is given by
Fa = 0.25f 'm[1- (R/40) 2] ,
R 29
Fa = 0.25f 'm[20/R]2
R > 29 , R = slenderness Ratio
COMBINED AXIAL & COMPRESSIVE STRESS ( UBC-97 2107.3.4 )
fa / Fa + fb / Fb 1.0
fa , fb = applied stresses
Fa, Fb = allowable strength
ALLOWABLE TENSILE STRENGTH
( UBC-97 2107.3.5 )
The allowable tensile strength Ft is given by

Ft = 1 fm1/2 for tension perpendicular to bed joint
7
Ft = 1
15
fm1/2 for tension perpendicular to head joint
Where fm= compressive stress due to dead load only
ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRENGTH ( UBC-97 2107.3.6 )
The allowable shear strength Fv is given by

Fv = 1 fm1/2 345 Kpa
12
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ALLOWABLE BEARING STRESS
( UBC-97 2107.3.8 )
The allowable bearing stress Fbr is given by

Fbr = 0.26fm when full area is loaded
F'br= 0.38 f'm when 1/3 rd or less area is loaded.
TABLE UBC 19-I-CFOUNDATIONS FOR BEARING WALLS
NUMBER OF
FLOORS
SUPPORTED BY THE
FOUNDATION
1
2
3
WIDTH OF
FOOTING(inches)
THICKNESS OF
FOOTING(inches)
DEPTH BELOW
UNDISTURBED
GROUND
SURFACE(inches)
X 25.4 for mm
12
15
18
6
7
8
12
18
24
TABLE 2.2
BEAM DETAILS
According to UBC 1921.3.1 , 1921.3.2 , 1921.5.4
COLUMN DETAILS
According to UBC 1921.4 , 1921.4.3 , 1921.4.4.4 , 1921.4.4.6 , 1921.4.4.2.
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2 . 3 RELATED TERMS
2 . 3.1 BEAM
Beam are the structural member that is subjected to a transverse loading and resists
the bending moments.
When a beam is subjected to bending moments, bending strains are produced. These strains
produce stresses in the beam, compression in the top and tension in the bottom. Bending
members must, therefore, be able to resist both tensile and compressive stresses.By
embedding reinforcement in the tension zone, we create a reinforced concrete member. Such
members can resist bending sufficiently.
1.
TYPES OF CROSS SECTIONS W.R.T. FLEXURE AT ULTIMATE LOAD

LEVEL
TENSION CONTROLLED SECTION
A section in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel is greater than or
equal to 0.005 when the corresponding concrete strain at the compression face is 0.003.
2.
TRANSITION SECTION
The section in which net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel is greater than y
but less than 0.005 when corresponding concrete strain is 0.003.
3.
COMPRESSION CONTROLLED SECTION
The section in which net steel strain in the extreme tension steel is lesser than y
when corresponding concrete strain is 0.003.
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
A ) COVER
Concrete cover is provided to protect steel against fire and corrosion and to improve
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bond strength. It reduces the wear of steel and attack of chemicals especially in
factories.
B ). SELECTION OF STEEL BARS
1 ) When different diameters are selected the maximum difference can be a gap of
one size.
2 ) Minimum number of bars must be at least two, one in each corner.
3 ) Always Place the steel symmetrically.
4 ) Preferably steel may be placed in a single layer but it is allowed to use 2 to 3
layers.
5 ) Selected sizes should be easily available in market
6 ) Small diameter (as far as possible) bars are easy to cut and bend and place.
C ) SPACING BETWEEN STEEL BARS
Minimum spacing must be lesser of the following

1 ) Nominal diameter of bars
2 ) 25mm in beams & 40mm in columns
3 ) 1.33 times the maximum size of aggregate used.
We can also give an additional margin of 5 mm.

- A minimum clear gap of 25 mm is to be provided between different layers of steel
- The spacing between bars must not exceed a maximum value for crack control
CONCRETE
Mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate,

coarseaggregate, and water, with or without admixtures.
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT
Deformed reinforcement is defined as that meeting the deformed reinforcement

specifications of 3.5.3.1, or the specifications of 3.5.3.3, 3.5.3.4, 3.5.3.5, or 3.5.3.6. No
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literature review
other reinforcement qualifies. This definition permits accurate statement of anchorage

lengths. Bars or wire not meeting the deformation requirements or welded wire
reinforcement not meeting the spacing requirements are plain reinforcement, for code
purposes, and may be used only for spirals.
CONTRACTION JOINT
Formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a concrete structure to create a weakened plane

and regulate the location of cracking resulting from the dimensional change of
different parts of the structure.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
Length of embedded reinforcement, including pretension strand, required to develop

the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section. ( See 9.3.3.)
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION
Distance measured from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal tension

reinforcement.
EMBEDMENT LENGTH
Length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below
proportional limit of material. ( See 8.5.)
MOMENT FRAME
Frame in which members and joints resist forces through flexure, shear, and axial
force.
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SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT
Continuously wound reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix.
STIRRUP
Reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a structural member;

typically bars, wires, or welded wire reinforcement either single leg or bent into L, U,
or rectangular shapes and located perpendicular to or at an angle to longitudinal
reinforcement.
STRENGTH DESIGN
Nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor . ( See 9.3.)
STRENGTH, NOMINAL
Strength of a member or cross section calculated in accordance with provisions and

assumptions of the strength design method of this code before application of any
strength reduction factors. ( See 9.3.1.).The basic requirement for strength design may
be expressed as follows:
Design strength Required strength
Pn Pu, Mn Mu,, Vn Vu
STRUCTURAL WALLS
Walls proportioned to resist combinations of shears, moments, and axial forces

induced by earthquake motions.
TIE
Loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement. A continuously

wound bar or wire in the form of a circle, rectangle, or other polygon shape without reentrant corners is acceptable.
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YIELD STRENGTH
Specified minimum yield strength or yield point of reinforcement. Yield strength or

yield point shall be determined in tension according to applicable ASTM standards
as modified by 3.5 of ACI code.
2 . 3.3 COLUMN
They are classified as concentrically loaded and eccentrically loaded
columns, depending on their configuration of the structural frame and the loading to which
they are subjected.
2 . 3.4 SLAB
A reinforced slab is a broad, flat plate, usually horizontal, with top and bottom surfaces
parallel or nearly so.
It may be supported by reinforced concrete beams (and is usually cast monolithically with
such beams), by masonry or by reinforced concrete walls, by steel structural members,
directly by columns, or continuously by ground.
ONE-WAY SLAB
The slab which resists the entire/major part of applied load by bending only in one
direction
R=
Shorted Side
< 0.5
Longer Side
..
..
EFFECTIVE SPAN. ( L )
Lesser of the following:

L = Ln + h/2 + h/2
= Ln + h
h = depth of slab
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and
L = c/c distance between supports.
BAR SPACING FOR SLABS
smax will be lesser of following.

1.) 3 x h
(local practice is 2 x h) , for one way slabs
2.) 450 mm
(local practice is 300 mm)
3.) (158300/fy) -2.5Cc

4.) 12600/fy
Where , Cc = Clear Cover
DISTRIBUTION, TEMPERATURE & SHRINKAGE STEEL FOR SLABS
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement is required at right angle to main reinforcement to

minimize cracking and to tie the structure together to ensure its acting as assumed in design.
For Grade 300 0.2% of b x h = 0.002 As = 0.002bh
For Grade 420 0.18% of b x h = 0.0018 ..As = 0.0018bh
S max. will be lesser of following
1-
5xh
(field practice is 2 x h)
2-
450 mm
(field practice is 2 x h)
TWO-WAY SLAB
Slab resting on walls or sufficiently deep and rigid beams on all sides. Other
options are column supported slab e.g. Flat slab, waffle slab.
Two way slabs have two way bending.
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DESIGN METHODS
1 ). ACI co-efficient method
2 ). Direct design method
3 ). Equivalent frame method
4 ). Finite element method
MINIMUM DEPTH OF 2-WAY SLAB FOR DEFLECTION CONTROL
According to ACI-318-1963
hmin = (inner perimeter of slab panel)/180
90 mm
For fy = 300 MPa
h min =
2(L x + L y )
180
For fy = 420 Mpa

h min =
2(L x + L y )
165
According to ACI-318-2005
h min =
L n (0.8 + f y 1500 )
(36 m + 9)
m=
Lx
Ly
Ln = clear span in short direction

2 . 3.5 WALLS & FOOTINGS
FOUNDATION
Footings are structural members used to support columns and walls and to
transmit and distribute their loads to the soil in such a ay that the load bearing capacity of
the soil is not exceeded. Excessive settlement, differential settlement or rotations are
prevented and adequate safety against overturning or sliding is maintained
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TYPES OF FOOTINGS
Wall Footings
Isolated Footings
Combined Footings
Cantilever or Strap Footings
Continuous Footings
Raft or Mat Footing
Pile Caps
DESIGN OF MASONARY FOUNDATION
Load is distributed at 60 degree in case of bricks & 45 degree in case of plain concrete
(a)
If the width of footing is not sufficient to accommodate the 60 degree load

distribution it will be un safe
( b ) If the width of footing is sufficient to accommodate 60 degree load distribution

which is safe but may be uneconomical
ASSUMPTIONS
1 ) Load at the bottom of footing is uniformly distributed with out considering any voids
underneath the foundation.
2 ) That voids may be present due to the uneven surface or uneven compaction
3 ) The effect of intersections is also ignored which are from perpendicular wall
4 ) In case of boundary wall (property line wall) the resultant of soil pressure not coincide
with line of action of applied force that may result in over turning moment. In order to
avoid this footing is designed considering increased load by 35%.
5 ) Effect of beam is also ignored.
6 ) F.O.S for the bearing capacity is taken as 3 & for the backfill is 1.5.
STRENGTH OF BRICKS
Crushing strength of bricks ranges from 4.3 to 19.3 Mpa
Strength of first class brick in Punjab is 10.5 Mpa.
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CHAPTER 2
25% of the strength is reduced in case of saturated condition Also more strength is
shown by machine due to the end plates effect so normally design strength is taken
half of the strength obtained by compression testing of bricks in dry condition.
So design strength =10.5 / 2 = 5.25 Mpa.
Available design strength is 70% in case of (1:3) c/s mortar.

It is 65% in case of (1:4) c/s mortar.
It is 45% in case of (1:6) c/s mortar
It is 30% in case of (mud) mortar.
Table 2.3
Mortar
1:3
1:4
1:6
MUD
Compressive strength of brick

4 MPa
3.4 MPa
2.4 Mpa
1.6 Mpa
STOREY HEIGHT
Storey height can be defined as the distance between plinth level & first
lateral support (as slab)
(1)
EFFECTIVE STOREY HEIGHT (H)
If lateral support + superimposed compressive load then

H = 0.75 x Storey height
(2)
No lateral support + superimposed compressive load

H = 1.05 x storey height
(3)
No lateral support + no superimposed compressive load

H = 2 x Storey height
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2 . 4 FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE

BEHAVIOUR
The fundamental propositions on which the mechanics of reinforced concrete is
based are as follows:
The internal forces, such as bending moments, shear forces and normal, shear
stresses at any section of a member are in equilibrium with the effects of the
external loads at that section.
It is assumed that perfect bonding exists between concrete and steel at
the interface so that no slip can occur between the two materials. Hence, as the
one deforms, so must the other.
t is assumed that concrete is not capable of resisting any tension stress whatever.
2 . 5 DESIGN BASIS
The single most important characteristic of any structural member is its actual
strength, which must be large enough to resist, with some margin to spare, all
foreseeable loads that may act on it during the life of the structure, without failure or
other distress. It is logical, therefore, to proportion members, i.e., to select concrete
dimensions and reinforcement, so that member strengths are adequate to resist forces
resulting from certain hypothetical overload stages, significantly above loads
expected actually to occur in service. This design concept is known as STRENGTH
DESIGN.
2 . 6 TREND OF MAKING THE EARTH QUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES

2. 6.1 PRESENT PRACTICES IN PAKISTAN
Previously , in Pakistan there were no practices to make the structure earth quake
resistant and there were no consideration of the seismic forces but after the earth
quake of 8th October 2005 special provisions are made & more consideration are
given to make the structure earth quake resistant. Now a days special provisions are
applied on the structures to make the structure earth quake resistant
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CHAPTER 2
Figure 2.1 :
Columns and Beams are

provided in the masonary
structure to insure the box action
in the building of one or two
storey house and to give the
additional strength and stiffness
Figure 2.1
Figure2.2
Steel bars are provided at every

opening ( Window opening ) in
vertical directions
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
Columns are placed at each corner of

a building to insure the box action.
Shear stirrups
Special hook
Figure 2.3
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38
CHAPTER
SIESMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURE
In Seismic Design of structure , we apply some special provisions on the structures such
that it can resist the earthquake forces. The aim of designing the structures
earthquakeresistant is that , the structure should be undamaged during the moderate
earthquake and it should not collapse during the severe earthquake to safe the life and
property.
3 . 1 PURPOSE.
The purpose of the earthquake provision here in is primarily to safeguard against
major structural failures and loss of life, not to limit damage or maintain function.
3 . 2 MINIMUM SEISMIC DESIGN

Structures and portions thereof shall, as a minimum, be designed and constructed
to resist the effects of seismic ground motions as provided in this division
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Seismic Design of Structure
CHAPTER 3
3 . 3 SEISMIC AND WIND DESIGN.

When the code-prescribed wind design produces greater effects,the wind design
shall govern, but detailing requirements and limitations prescribed in this section
and referenced sections shall be followed.
3 . 4 SOME RELATED TERMS
BASE
Base is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to
the structure or the level at which the structure as a dynamic vibrator is supported.
BASE SHEAR
It is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of a structure.
BEARING WALL SYSTEM

It Is a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame.
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM

It is an essentially complete space frame that provides support for gravity loads.
COLLECTOR
It is a member or element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a
structure to vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system.
39
CHAPTER 3
CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME

It is a braced frame in which members are subjected primarily to axial forces.
DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION

It is that ground motion that has a 10 percent chances of being exceeded in 50
years as determined by a site specific hazard analysis or may be determined

from a hazard map
DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM

It is an elastic response spectrum for 5% equivalent viscous damping used to
represent the dynamic effect of the Design groundmotion for the design of
structure. This response spectrum may be either a site-specific spectrum based
on geologic,seismological and soil characteristics associated with aspecific site
or may be a spectrumconstructed in accordance with the spectral shape.
DIAPHRAGM
It is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to
the vertical resisting system.
ELASTIC RESPONSE PARAMETERS

Elastic response parameters are the forces and deformations determined
from an elastic dynamic analysis using an unreduced ground motion
representation.
40
CHAPTER 3
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES
Those structures which are necessary for emergency operations subsequent to
natural disaster.
LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM

It is the structural system designed to resist the Design Seismic Forces.
MOMENT RESISTING FRAME

It is the frames in which members and joints are capable of resist forces
primarily by flexure.
MOMENT RESISTING WALL FRAME

It is a masonry wall frame especially detailed to provide ductile behavior.
ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS
These are the earthquake load effects on structural system common to the
lateral force resisting systems along two orthogonal axes.
OVERSTRENGTH FACTOR
It is a characteristic of structures where the actual strength is larger than the
design strength. The degree of over strength is material and system-dependent.
41
CHAPTER 3
P EFFECT
It is the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and moments of
framemembers induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced

building system.
SHEAR WALL
It is wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall.
SHEAR WALL FRAME INTERACTIVE SYSTEM

Uses combination of shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral forces in
proportion to their relative rigidities, considering interaction between shear walls

and frames on all levels.
SPACE FRAME
It is a three dimensional structural system, without bearing walls, composed
of members interconnected so as to function as a self-contained unit with or

without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor bracing system.
STORY
It is the space between the levels. Story x is the story below level x.
STORY DRIFT
It is the lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or below.
42
CHAPTER 3
STORY DRIFT RATIO

It is the ratio of story drift to story height.
STORY SHEAR
It is the summation of design lateral forces above the story under
consideration.
STRENGTH
It is the capacity of an element or a member to resist factored loads.
STRUCTURE
It is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and
resist lateral forces.
3 . 5 CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS IN SEISMIC REGION

All structures and their components shall be analysed for all phases of construction for a
high degree of structural competence, reliability and ease of construction, as per the
various standards & codes
3 . 5.1 DEAD LOADS

Dead loads are the vertical loads due to the weight of all permanent structural and nonstructural components of a building, such as walls, built-in & moveable partitions, floors,
roofs, and finishes including all other permanent construction.
43
CHAPTER 3
Dead loads also include the weight of all fixed services equipments, such as
piping, heating & air-conditioning equipments, elevators and the weights of all
other fixed equipments.
The vertical and lateral pressures of liquids are also treated as dead loads.
Dead loads shall be calculated from the unit weights given in UBC or from
the actual known weights of the materials used.
To provide for partitions where their positions are not known on the plans, the
beams &the floor slabs (where these are capable of effective lateral distribution
of the loads) shall be designed to carry, in addition to other loads, a uniformly
distributed load per sqft of not less than one third of the weight per foot of the
2
finished partition but not less than 20 lb/ft (1 KPa), if the floor is to be used for
office purpose
DEAD LOADS
1 ). Roof Finishes including insulation
and water proofing treatment
55 psf. (2.75 KPa)
2 ). Floor Finishes:
i) Terrazzo/ Marble/ Local granite flooring
30 psf. (1.5 KPa)
ii) Ceramic/ Glazed/ Vinyl tiles flooring
30 psf. (1.5 KPa)
iii) Plain cement concrete flooring
20 psf. (1 KPa)
44
CHAPTER 3
3 ). Ceiling Finishes:
i) Plaster
5 psf. (0.25 KPa)
ii) False Ceiling including supporting structure
3 psf. (0.15 KPa)
4 ). Piping, Ducts, Cables:

5 ). Masonry Walls
6 ). Light Partitions for Office areas
10 psf. (0.5 KPa)

as per actual location and weight
25 psf. (1.25 KPa)
7 ). Wall Finishes:
i) Plaster
ii) Cladding with marble, granite etc.
5 psf. (0.25 KPa)

15 psf. (0.75 KPa)
8 ). Fixed Service Equipments Mechanical/Electrical As per actual loads equipments for

example elevators, pumps, fan according to manufacturer's
coil units compressors etc. information.
9 ). Facades including glazing tiles etc. As per actual weight
3 . 5 .2 LIVE LOADS
Live loads are the loads superimposed by the use and occupancy of the building
not including the wind, seismic and temperature loads or dead loads.
45
CHAPTER 3
Live loads include loads due to intended use and occupancy of an area, personnel,
moveable equipments, lateral earth pressures, vehicle and impact loadings.
Floor live loads as per occupancy and intended use requirements. Unit live loads
are the minimum live loads for the design of the listed areas. For any area not
listed, minimum design live loads shall be in accordance with UBC. For elevators
and other moving loads, equipment manufacturer information shall be used for
wheel loads, equipment loads, and weights of moving parts. If not otherwise
specified by the equipment manufacturer, impact and lateral forces shall be in
accordance with UBC.
The floor area live load may be omitted from areas occupied by equipment whose
weight is specifically included in dead load. Live load is not omitted under
equipment where access is provided.
LIVE LOADS
1 ). Monument Deck Levels
125 psf. (6.25 KPa)
2 ). Libraries
i) Reading
ii) Book storage area
60 psf. (3 KPa)
150 psf. (7.5 KPa)
3 ). Mosques, Stairs
100 psf. (5 KPa)
4 ). Museum
80 psf. (4 KPa)
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CHAPTER 3
5 ). Offices
i) Filling and storage space
100 psf. (5 KPa)
ii) Office for general use
50 psf. (2.5 KPa)
iii) Office with computing data
75 psf. (3.75 KPa)
processing and similar equipments.
6 ).
i) Corridors first floor
ii) Corridors above first floor
100 psf. (5 KPa)

80 psf. (4 KPa)
7 ). Roof
i) Accessible
40 psf. (2 KPa)
ii) Inaccessible
20 psf. (1 KPa)
3 . 5.3 DYNAMIC / VIBRATIONS LOADS

Dynamic effects caused by vibrating loads of equipment and
machinery such as pumps, fans, screens, and compressors shall be determined by
established analytical methods or design data from suppliers. It is intended to minimize
47
CHAPTER 3
the vibration effects as far as possible by the provision of shock absorbing materials in
accordance with supplier's Recommendations.
3 . 5.4 WIND LOAD

All loads due to the effect of wind pressure or suction shall be considered as wind
loads. The wind loads on the structure shall be calculated in accordance with
ANSI/ASCE 7 using the following formula:
2
qz = 0.00256 kz (IV)
Where
V = Basic wind speed = 100 miles/hour

Kz = Velocity pressure Exposure coefficient I = Importance factor
qz = Velocity Pressure at height Z in pounds per square foot.
2
qz = 0.613 kz (IV)
Where
V = Basic wind speed = 45 meter/sec

Kz = Velocity pressure Exposure coefficient I = Importance factor
2
qz = Velocity Pressure at height Z in N/m .
48
CHAPTER 3
3 . 5.5 SEISMIC LOADS

Earthquake load shall be computed using the ground motion values given in
Seismic Zoning Maps of the earthquake affected areas issued separately by NESPAK.
The seismic zoning maps show Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values for 10%
Probability of Exceedance in 50 years (500 years return period) and PGA values for 2%
Probability of Exceedance in 50 years (2500 years return period).
The PGA values shown on these maps are for firm-rock (shear wave velocity of 760
m/sec) site condition. For soil sites amplification of ground motion is introduced
therefore appropriate amplification factors should be used keeping in view the
geotechnical properties of the subsoil. Taking average shear wave velocity of 400m/sec
of the sub-soil in the earthquake affected areas, the average value of amplification factor
of 1.3 should be used.
3 . 5.6 THERMAL LOADS

The temperature effect will be investigated against a maximum differential
temperature of 20 degree centigrade for the frame structure.
In this project ( Design of farm house in seismic region ) we do not consider this load.
3 . 5.7 SHRINKAGE & CREEP

Shrinkage of reinforced concrete shall be considered as a
shortening of 0.04 inch per feet (3.33 mm per meter). This can be reduced to 0.02 inch
per feet (1.67 mm per meter), if effects of creep are included.
49
CHAPTER 3
3 . 5.8 SNOW LOADS

The roofs shall be designed for snow loads or live loads whichever is more
severe. Actual load due to snow will depend upon the shape of the roof and its capacity to
retain the snow; and each case shall be treated on its own merits. In the absence of any
specific information, the loading due to the collection of snow may be assumed to be 1.3
lbs/sq.ft per in (2.441 Pa per mm) depth of snow.( according to NESPAK )
3 . 6 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Structural elements e.g. slab, beams, columns, walls and footings are
combined in various ways to create structural systems for buildings. For the selection of a
suitable framing system for a building, the determining factors are:
a ) Appearance, functional & aesthetic requirements.
b ) Limitations on the size of structural members as imposed by architectural design
and practical constraints on the basis of structural considerations.
c ) Clear spans and height required.
d ) Loads, including special loads.
e ) Availability of materials, skilled labor and construction equipments.
f ) Integration of structure with respect to architectural details, mechanical
equipment, occupancy requirements etc.
50
CHAPTER 3
g ) Economy, not merely in structural system but also the overall economy in the
finished structure.
Except for the very simple and ordinary structure, study of several alternative systems,
materials and layouts shall be made, before the final scheme is set. From many
alternatives, the criteria for the selection of the best structural system for a building
would be its compliance with the functional and aesthetic requirements in an efficient and
in technically sound manner.
3 . 7 EXPANSION AND SEPARATION JOINTS

Arrangements of these joints shall be made on the following principles: Joints shall
be provided only to avoid extremely irregular plan shapes & to avoid excessively long
interconnected structures. In general, maximum interconnected length shall be limited to
about 150 feet (46 meter). This is acceptable only if the structure is temporarily separated
at about 65 feet (20 meter) long intervals or less by "shrinkage control pour strips" which
are left open for at least 30 days after placement of concrete on each side.
Width of joint will be at least 1 inch (25 mm).
Double columns shall be provided at isolation joints.
3 . 8 FOUNDATIONS AND SUBSTRUCTURE

The bearing capacity of the soils and other factors pertaining to foundation design
shall be evaluated as per recommendations laid down in the soil investigation report. In
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CHAPTER 3
case no soil investigations are carried out, an allowable bearing capacity of 0.75 t/ft (8.07
2
t/m ) may be adopted for small residential units.( Nespak )

The foundation and the substructure requirement depend on the soil type and the seismic
zone.
3 . 9 METHOD OF ANALYSIS
The analysis shall be carried out using computer aided methods of
analysis and design as listed below using well reputed compute software e.g..
a) SAP-2000 - Structural Analysis Programme (Static & Dynamic Finite element
Analysis of Structure).
b) STAAD-Pro - Structural Analysis and Design Program
c ) Etabs Extended three Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems
3 . 10
FOR SINGLE TO TWO STOREY HOUSING UNITS
3 . 10.1 MATERIALS (for construction of houses in earthquake prone areas)
MASONRY UNITS:
- Concrete block work
- Cut-stone masonry
- Burnt clay brick
52
CHAPTER 3
Avoid using random rubble masonry

The bricks shall be of standard shape, burnt red, hand formed or machine made and shall
2
have a minimum crushing strength of 1500 psi (10 N/mm ). The concrete block shall be
solid blocks of 12 x 8 x 6 (300mm x 200mm x 150mm) made with 1:2:4 mix
MORTAR:
Cement-sand mixes of 1:6 and 1:4 shall be adopted for one-brick and half- brick
thick walls, respectively. The addition of small quantities of freshly hydrated lime
to the mortar in a lime-cement ratio of 1/4:1 to 1/2:1 will increase its plasticity
greatly without reducing its strength. Where steel reinforcing bars are provided,
the bars shall be embedded in a cement-sand mortar not leaner than 1:4, or in a cement
concrete mix of 1:2:4
PLASTER:
All plasters shall have a cement-sand mix not leaner than 1:6 on outside or inside
2
faces. It shall have a minimum 28 days cube crushing strength of 450 psi (3 N/mm ) . A
minimum plaster thickness of 3/8 (10 mm) shall be adopted.
3 . 10.2 STRUCTURAL FORM AND BUILDING CONFIGURATION

A ) Avoid creating heavy concentrated masses, particularly at roof level (eg.
large water tanks).
B ) Make sure no heavy masses are located above stairwells etc.
53
CHAPTER 3
C ) Avoid irregular floor plan shapes to avoid torsional effects in earthquakes.

D ) Make sure columns and walls are continuous between floors.
E ) Make sure buildings do not have large openings (eg. for garages or shops) as
these can weaken structure and cause torsional effects.
F ) Make sure that buildings plan shape at any floor level, including ground
floor, is symmetrical.
G ) If shear walls are concentrated inside a building make sure it will not be
subject to torsional effects or design structure, to resist this.
H ) Make sure structure is not long in relation to its width (W). Avoid long
unsupported walls of longest length (L) does not exceed 3 W.
3 . 10.3 HORIZONTAL REINFORCEMENT IN WALLS

Horizontal reinforcing of walls is required in order to tie orthogonal walls
together. The most important horizontal reinforcing is by means of reinforced concrete
bands provided continuously through all load-bearing longitudinal and transverse walls at
plinth, lintel and roof-eave levels and also at the top of gables according to the
requirements stated below.
3 . 10.4 PLINTH BAND

This should be provided in those cases where the soil is soft or uneven in its properties. It
may also serve as damp-proof course.
54
CHAPTER 3
3 . 10.5 LINTEL BAND

A lintel band shall be incorporated in all openings and shall be continuous over all
interior and exterior walls. The reinforcement over the openings shall be provided in
addition to that of any other requirement.
3 . 10.6 ROOF BAND

This band shall be provided at the eave-level of trussed roofs and also below gable levels
on such floors which consist of joists and covering elements so as to integrate them
properly at their ends and fix them into the walls. This band is not required in case of
reinforced concrete or reinforced brick masonry slabs.
The width of the RC bands (at plinth and lintel) shall be the same as the thickness of the
wall. The minimum thickness of a load-bearing wall shall be 9 inches (225 mm). A cover
of one inch from the face of wall shall be maintained for all steel reinforcing.
The vertical thickness of the RC bands may be kept to a minimum of 6 (150 mm) with 4
(115 mm) bars as reinforcement. For economical reasons a minimum
thickness of 3 (75 mm) with 2 (65 mm) bars may be adopted.
The concrete mix is to be 1:2:4 by volume. Alternatively, it shall have a minimum
2
compressive cylinder strength of 2500 psi (17 N/mm ) at 28 days.

The longitudinal bars shall be held in position by steel stirrups 3/8 (10mm) placed 6
(150 mm) centre to centre.
55
CHAPTER 3
3 . 10.7 VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT IN WALLS

Steel bars shall be installed at the critical sections (i.e. the corners of walls, junctions of
walls, and jambs of doors) right from the foundation concrete. They shall be covered with
cement concrete in cavities made around them during the masonry construction. This
concrete mix should be kept to 1:2:4 by volume, or richer.
The vertical steel at openings may be stopped by embedding it into the lintel band, but
the vertical steel at the corners and junctions of walls must be taken into either the floor
and roof slabs or the roof band.
. 3 . 10.8 VERTICAL JOINTS BETWEEN ORTHOGONAL WALLS
For convenience of construction, builders prefer to make a toothed joint which is later
often left hollow and weak. To obtain full bond, it is necessary to make a sloped or
stepped joint. It should be constructed so as to obtain full bond by making the corners
first to a height of 24 inches (600 mm), and then building the wall in between them.
Alternatively, the toothed joint shall be made in both the walls in lifts of about 18 inches
(450 mm).
3 . 10.9 DOWELS AT CORNERS AND JUNCTIONS

Steel dowel bars shall be provided at corners and T-junctions to integrate box action of
the walls. Dowels are to be taken into the wall to sufficient length so as to provide their
full bond strength.
56
CHAPTER 3
3 . 11
GUIDELINES FOR MULTI-STOREY FRAME STRUCTURES
3 . 11.1 MATERIAL TYPES FOR WALLS

- Concrete block work units
- Cut-stone masonry units
- Reinforced Concrete walls (expensive alternative)
- Factory manufactured brick units
- Avoid using random rubble masonry
3 . 11.2 FOUNDATIONS
- Check soil type and water level.
- Use reinforced concrete strip footings under main load bearing walls and
columns.
- Soft clays and loose-medium dense sand, which is waterlogged, may liquefy
during an earthquakes. Seek specialist advice on piled foundations and
structural design.
3 . 11.3 MASONRY SHEAR WALLS

Masonry walls acting as non-structural shear walls to resist lateral shaking:
- Make sure walls are made with good strength
57
CHAPTER 3
- Make sure wall are build first and use shutters for columns to give strong
bonding between masonry walls and column.
- All masonry units to be bonded with mortar, of 1 part cement to 3 parts sand
- Make sure all walls are continuous from foundations to roof level.
- Make sure masonry buildings is tied to floors and columns at suitable intervals
3 . 11.4 REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS

-
These can be combined with columns to provide additional shear resistance

against earthquakes.
3 . 11.5 MINIMUM BEAM, COLUMN AND SLAB SIZES

10 ft (3 m) span concrete floor slabs, minimum depth 150 mm
15 ft (4.5 m) span beams, minimum 18 inch x 12 inch (450mm x 300mm)
Concrete columns average 12 inch x 12 inch (300mm x 300mm)
-
Make sure that all main reinforcing bars in concrete are high yield deformed bars,
not plain bars.
58
4
2
CHAPTER
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Over the past several decades the strength design method has largely displaced the older
service load design methods both in Pakistan and abroad because in this method, individual
load factors may be adjusted to represent different degree of uncertainty for the various
types of loads and strength reduction factors likewise may be adjusted to the precision with
which various types of strength (bending, shear, torsion, etc.) Therefore, throughout in the
design of this building, strength design is followed. In this project we design the farm house
first manually & we provide the plinth band , lintel band & roof band for making the
building earthquake resistant. Also the steel bars are provided in the masonary walls. We are
following the ACI 2005 & UBC-97 codes.We use the excel sheets for the manual
calculations.
Also the analysis and design results are taken from the ETABS by converting the load
bearing wall structure ( farm house ) into frame structure .
4 . 1 TWO-WAY SLABS
These are the slabs that are essentially supported on more than two faces. A term "aspect
ratio" is sometimes defined for the slab that is the ratio of shorter to longer span. For a slab
to be two-way, this ratio must lie between 0.5 and 1, both values included.
59
Design Methodology
CHAPTER 4
4 . 1.2 DESIGN BY THE COEFFICIENT METHOD

A unified method in the two way slab design was presented in 1963 ACI code. Its use
spread all over the world for the design of such slabs and its continued use is permissible
under the code provision .
The method makes use of tables of moment coefficients for variety of conditions.
Unit width strip is taken in both directions. The strip is designed separately for +ve and ve
moment
M u = C u L n
C = ACI co-efficient
u = Factored slab load
C depends upon the end conditions of slab and the aspect ratio.
Three tables are available for C
Dead load positive moment
Live load positive moment
-ve moment
4 . 2 FOR ONE-WAY SLAB
4 . 2.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE
1 ). Check whether the slab is one-way or two-way.
2 ). Calculate hmin and round it to higher 10mm multiple.
i. Not less than 110 mm for rooms
60
Design Methodology
CHAPTER 4
ii. Not less than 75 mm for sunshades.

3 ). Calculate dead load acting on the slab.
Dead Load = Load per unit area x 1m width.

4 ). Calculate live load acting on the slab.
Live load = Load per unit area x 1m width.

5 ). Calculate total factored load per unit strip. (kN/m)
6 ). Calculate the moments either directly (simply supported) or by using coefficient for
continuous slabs.
7 ). Calculate effective depth.
d = h (20 + ()db)
db = 10, 13, 15, generally used.
8 ). Check that
d dmin
9 ). Calculate As required for 1m width.
10 ). Calculate minimum/distribution/temperature & shrinkage steel.
11 ). Select diameter and spacing for main and steel.
12 ). Check the spacing for max. and min. spacing.
smin 90mm
if spacing is less than minimum increase the diameter of bar.
61
Design Methodology
CHAPTER 4
13 ). For continuous slabs, curtail or bend up the +ve steel. For -ve steel see how much steel
is already available. Provide remaining amount of steel.

14 ). Calculate the amount of distribution steel. Decide its dia. & spacing like main steel.
15 ). Check the slab for shear.
vVc Vu
16 ). Carry out detailing and show results on the drawings.
17 ). Prepare bar bending schedule, if required
4 . 3 BEAMS
All the Beams in a farm house are not a structural Beam as they are not provided to take the
transverse load (to resist the bending).They are provided to insure the box action. They are
provided to increase the ductile nature of the masonary structure. They give additional
strength and stiffness.
The minimum steel Area is provided on these Beams
min
= 0.0018
for Grade 420 MPa
As min. = 0.0018 x b x h
They are provided at the Plinth Level , at the Lintel Level , at the Roof Level
4 . 3.1 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL BEAMS

4 . 3.1.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
1 ) Calculate self weight of the beam
2 ) Calculate the Slab Load
62
Design Methodology
CHAPTER 4
3 ) Calculate the total factored load that is subjected to beam

4 ) Determine the clear span of the beam ln
5 ) Find the moment
M = wu ln2
8
6 ) Determine the dmin
7 ) Provide a clear cover of 40mm.
8 ) Calculate h.
9 ) Calculate
= w x [ 1- [ (1-0.216R/fc')]
w = 0.85 fc' / fy
R = Mu / ( bd2 )
10 ) Check against min
min = 1.4 / fy
11 ) Calculate the area of steel
12 ) Select the no of bars according to the calculated area of steel
4 . 3.1.2 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

1 ) Calculate self weight of the beam
2 ) Calculate the Slab Load
3 ) Calculate the total Factored load that is subjected to beam
4 ) Determine the clear span of the beam ln
5 ) Find the moment "M"
6 ) Calculate dmin
63
Design Methodology
CHAPTER 4
7 ) If dmin is greater than the h req then design the beam as a doubly reinforced.
8 ) Calcute d' / d
9 ) Determine ( 600 fy ) / 1600
If ( 600 fy ) / 1600 < d' / d so compression steel will be yielded.

10 ) max = 0.85 1x 3fc' / (8 fy)
11 ) Calculate As1 = max x b x h ( tension steel area )
12 ) Calcute a = 0.85 1 x 3d / 8
13 ) Determine M1
M1 = x As1 x fy x ( d - ( a / 2 ))
14 ) Determine M2
M2 = M - M 1
15 ) Calculate As' = M2 / ( x fy x ( d d' ))
( compression steel area )
16 ) As = As1 + As'
17 ) Calculate the no of bars for the tension steel area and also for the compression steel
area.
4 . 3.1.3 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR CONTINUOUS BEAM

1 ) Calculate self weight of beam
2 ) Calculate the slab load
3 ) Calculate the total Factored load that is subjected to beam.
4 ) Calculate the moments at the ;
Negative moment at the exterior face of exterior support
Negative moment at the exterior face of the first interior support
Negative moment at the interior face of first interior support

64
Design Methodology
CHAPTER 4
Exterior span positive moment
Interior span positive moment
5 ) From these moments find the corresponding area of steel and then the no of bars
corresponding to the steel area
4 . 4 DESIGN OF LINTELS
4 . 4.1 WALL LOAD ON THE LINTEL
Equivalent UDL on lintel if height of slab above lintel is greater than 0.866L
UDL = 0.11 x tw x L
tw = wall thickness in "mm"
L = opening size in "m"
If the height of slab above lintel is less than 0.866L
Total Wall Load + Load from slab incase of load bearing wall
UDL = ( Equivalent width of slab supported ) x ( Slab Load per unit area )
= m x KN / m2 = KN / m
After the calculation of the load the rest of the design is same as the beam
4 . 5 COLUMNS
The minimum area of steel is provided is provided in the columns of a farm house which are
provided for the purpose to insure the box action & to give additional strength to the
masonary design of a farm house. These columns are not for the purpose to take the axial
loads and moments.( Non Structural columns )
Special provisions are applied for the detailing ( Seismic provisions ).e.g Lap is provided at
the centre of the columns.
65
Design Methodology
CHAPTER 4
4 . 5.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR THE STRUCTURAL COLUMNS

( AXIAL LOAD + MOMENTS )
1 ) Find the PD , PL , Mux , Muy
2 ) Calculate the size of the Column using the following formula
Ag
Pu +2Mux+2Muy
0.5fc' + 0.01 fy
3 ) Calculate the " "

4)
Calculate ex , ey & eox

ey = Mux / Pu
ex = Muy / Pu
eox = ex + ey x b
h
5 ) Use interaction curves and charts to determine

6 ) From these value find the area of steel for the longitudinal bars and then decide the no
of bars.
7 ) Check the provided
0.01 < provided < 0.03

8 ) Transverse reinforcement
9 ) Spacing of shear stirrups
10 ) Calculate the lap length
l = 0.093 fy d b
4 . 6 WALL DESIGN & FOUNDATIONS

4 . 6.1 DESIGN OF MASONARY FOUNDATION
W = Load per unit length of wall.
W = li 385 + ( hi ti ) x1920 + ( qi li )0.5
L = Width of the footing =
(kg/m)
W 10 F
(qa-10D)
66
Design Methodology
CHAPTER 4
Li = Clear span of each slab or the panel ( m )

hi = Height of each floor ( m )
ti = Thickness of wall of each storey (m).
Qi = Allowable partition load (kg/m^2)
L = Width of footing in mm
qa = Allowable bearing capacity in KPa.
F = 1.0 for interior footing
F = 1.35 for exterior footing
D = Depth of bottom footing from plinth level (m)
No of Steps = L 2h t
114
4 . 6.2 THICKNESS OF WALL
If the load W is divided by compressive strength of brick it will give us wall thickness at the
section. Normally thickness of wall is expressed in no. of half bricks.
No of half bricks = W 2 / 2
4500
Where
2
1 for interior wall
2 = 1.5 for exterior wall

(Only for 1:6 mortar)
67
CHAPTER 4
Design Methodology
4 . 6.3 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR ISOLATED FOOTING

1 ) Collect all the required information i.e allowable bearing capacity , depth of footing ,
type of load coming and decide type of footing.

2 ) For service DL , LL and net allowable bearing capacity find the size of footing.
3 ) Select or assume a suitable depth of footing satisfying two way punching shear.
4 ) Calculate the net factored contact pressure "qnu" at the interface of soil and concrete
surface.
5 ) Calculate one way shear in longer direction and check for its capacity.
6 ) Calculate the moment in shorter and longer direction.
7 ) Calculate the total amount of steel in shorter and longer direction and find the spacing.
8 ) Check the bearing pressure at the bottom of column.
9 ) Check the development length for the steel provided.
4 . 7 DESIGN OF STAIRS
1 ) Calculation of span of slab
2 ) Depth of slab
3 ) Loads calculation
4 ) Calculation of Moments
5 ) Steel calculations & spacing
6 ) Check for maximum spacing.
7 ) Shear check.
8 ) Detailing.
68
Design Methodology
CHAPTER 4
4 . 8
SOFTWARES USED IN DESIGN OF FARM HOUSE AS FRAME

STRUCTURES
We use the software ETABS for the design of farm house as frame structure.
4 . 8.1 OVERVIEW OF ETABS PROGRAM

ETABS ( Extended Three dimentional Analysis of Building System ) is a stand-alone finiteelement-based structural analysis program with special purpose features for structural design
and analysis of building systems. The analysis methods include a wide variety of Static and
Dynamic Analysis Options. We can import our file ( Plan of a complex building ) from the
AUTOCAD to the ETABS.
4 . 8 .2 PROCEDURE FOR MODELING IN ETABS

Step 1
Begin a New Model
In this Step, the dimensions and story height are set. Then a list of sections that fit the
parameters set by the architect for the design are defined.
Figue 4.1: ETABS user interface

69
Design Methodology
CHAPTER 4
A.
Change the units in the lower right corner in the drop down box according to our
desired units.
B.
Click the File menu > New Model command or the New Model button.
Figue 4.2:The New Model Initilization form
C.
Select the No button on that form and the form. The Building Plan Grid System and
Story Data form is used to specify horizontal grid line spacing, story data, and, in
some cases, template models. Template models provide a quick, easy way of starting
your model. They automatically add structural objects with appropriate properties to
your model. It is highly recommend to start models using templates whenever
possible. However, in this project , we import the drawing from the AUTOCAD .
D.
Set the number of stories.
E.
Type 11 ft in the bottom storey height.
F.
Then click grid only
G.
Click the OK button to accept your changes. When you click the OK button, your
model appears on screen in the main ETABS window with two view windows tiled
vertically, a Plan View on the left and a 3-D View on the right.The number of view
windows can be changed using the Options menu > Windows command. Note that
the Plan View is active.When the window active, the display title bar is highlighted.
Set a view active by clicking its window. If you change the views, return to the
70
Design Methodology
CHAPTER 4
default described in the previous paragraph, with the Plan View active, before
continuing with the next step.
Figue 4.3:The Building plan gird system and storey data definition form
Figue 4.4:The Building plan gird system and storey data definition form
71
Design Methodology
CHAPTER 4
Figue 4.5:Storey Data
Step 2
In this step we define the frame section , material properties , and the slab thickness.
Step 3
Define Static Load Cases
The static loads used in this example consist of the dead, live, earthquake applies a UBC97
static earthquake load to the building and wind loads acting on the building. Define menu >
Static Load Cases command or click the Define Static Load Cases button
Figue 4.6:The define Static Load Cases Name form after all static load cases have been defined
72
Design Methodology
CHAPTER 4
Figure 4.7: UBC 97 Seismic Loading form
Step 4
Assign Gravity Loads
For Super dead and Live load click the Assign > Shell/Area Loads > Uniform
For Application of line load Click the Assign > Frame/Line Loads > Distributed
Step 5
Define a Developed Elevation
In this Step, a Developed Elevation View of the right-hand side of the building will be
defined so that the horizontal load can be assigned to it.
Step 6
Review Database Display of Input Data
Click the Display menu > Set Input Table Mode command to bring up the Database Input
Tables form.
73
CHAPTER 4
Design Methodology
Step 7
Click on Analysis > command Set Analysis options
Check Model
Run the Analysis
Click the Analyze menu > Run Analysis command and click the Run button on the Run
Options form.
Step 8
Design
Design
Click the Design > Concrete frame design command and click the Start Design/Check of
structure.
Click the Design > Concrete frame design command and click the Verify Analysis Vs
Design results
Step 9
Click Dislay > Set output table > Reactions >ok
Calculate the total reactions and base shear manually and then compare it with the ETABS
calculations.
74
5
2
CHAPTER
DESIGN OF FARM HOUSE
There are two approaches for the design of structures (i) Manual design (ii) Computer Aided
Design. Both methods are applicable for Load Bearing Wall System and Frame Structures. In
this project we design whole Farm House considering load bearing wall system (Manual Design)
with some seismic provisions. For this different seismic codes (UBC & ACI) and design
procedures from different books have been followed (detail in reference). And different excel
worksheets are developed for the design of different structural components (Beams ,Columns ,
Lintels, Slabs etc).Then Farm House is converted to frame structure and analyzed and designed
by using computer aided approach (ETABS). The results of computer aided design are given in
this chapter. Detail work of manual and computer aided approach is given as:
ASSUMED VALUES
fc`= 21 MPa
fy= 420 MPa
Depth of Footing = 1.2 m
Partition Load =100 kg/m2
Allowable Bearing Capacity = 100 KPa
76
Design of Farm House
CHAPTER 5
A ) MANUAL CALCULATIONS
5 . 1 WALLS AND FOUNDATIONS
5 . 1.1 EXTERIOR WALL ( W 1 )
Depth of footing =
Partition Load =
qa =
1.2 m
100 Kg / m2
100 Kpa
3.05 m
6.1
3.05m
Wall & Footing To be Designed
3.35m
1.2m
W = li x 385 + (hi xti)x1920 + (qi x li)x0.5

W=
((6.1+3.05)x385)+((.228x3.35)+(.228x3.05)) x1920 +((100x6.1)x0.5)
W=
6629.41 Kg / m
No. of Half Bricks =

Wall Thickness
Now Width of Footing =

L=
W xY
4500
6629.41x 1.5
4500
2.20
342 mm
L
x 10F
qa - 10D
L=
6629.41
x 10(1..35)
100 - (10x1.2)
L=
1017 mm
L=
1017 mm
Now no. of Steps = n

n=
n=
n=
L-2h-t
114
1017-(2x175)-342
114
2.85
77
CHAPTER 5
No. of Steps = 3
Final adjusted Width is ,
=
=
L' =
n x 114 + 2h + t
( 3x 114 ) + ( 2x 175 ) + 342
1034 mm

Depth of footing =
Partition Load =
qa
1.2 m
100 Kg / m2
3.35m
100 Kpa
4.88m
6.71m
3.05m
1.2m

W=
((6.71+6.71)x385)+((.228x3.35)+(.228x3.05))x1920 +((100x(6.71)x0.5))
W=
8303.86 Kg / m

Wall Thickness

L=
W xY
4500
Wall & Footing To be

Designed
Y = 1.5
8303.86 x 1.5
4500
2.76
342 mm
L
x 10F
qa - 10D
L=
8303.86 x10 x 1.35

100 - (10x1.2)
L=
1274 mm
L=
1274 mm
Now no. of Steps =
F=1.35
78
CHAPTER 5
n=
n=
n=
L-2h-t
114
1274-(2x175)-342
114
5.10
No. of Steps = 6
=
=
L' =
n x 114 + 2h + t
( 6x 114 ) + ( 2x 175 ) + 342
1376 mm
5 . 1.3 INTERIOR WALL ( W 2 )

Depth of footing =
Partition Load =
qa
1.2 m
100 Kg / m2
2.44 m
2.172m
3.05m
100 Kpa
3.35m
1.2m
Designed
W=
((2.44+2.172)x2x385)+((.228x3.35)+(.228x3.05))x1920 +((100x(2.44+2.172)x0.5))
W=
6583.504 Kg / m

Wall Thickness

L=
W xY
4500
6583.504 x (1.0)
4500
1.5
228 mm
L
x 10F
qa - 10D
L=
6583.504 . x 10
100 - (10x1.2)
79
CHAPTER 5
L=
748.125 mm
L=
748.125 mm
Now no. of Steps =
n=
n=
n=
L-2h-t
114
748-(2x175)-228
114
1.5
No. of Steps = 3
=
=
L' =
n x 114 + 2h + t
( 3x 114 ) + ( 2x 175 ) + 228
920 mm
5 . 1.4 INTERIOR WALL ( W 2 )

Depth of footing =
Partition Load =
qa
1.2 m
100 Kg / m2
4.573m
3.35m
100 Kpa
3.35m
6.1m
4.5m
1.2m

W=
((6.1+4.5)x385)+((.228x3.35))x1920 +((100x(6.1+4.5))x0.5)
W=
6077.49 Kg / m

Wall Thickness
Wall &
Footing
To be
Designed
W xY
4500
6077.49
4500
1.35
228 mm
80
CHAPTER 5

W
L=
x 10F
F=1.0
qa - 10D
L=
6077.49 x10
100 - (10x1.2)
L=
691 mm
L=
691 mm
Now no. of Steps = n

n=
n=
L-2h-t
114
691-(2x175)-228
114
n=
No. of Steps = 3
=
=
L' =
n x 114 + 2h + t
( 3x 114 ) + ( 2x 175 ) + 228
920 mm

Depth of footing =
Partition Load =
qa
1.2 m
100 Kg / m2
4.573m
3.05m
100 Kpa
Section 4
6.1m
4.5m
3.05m
1.2m

Designed
W=
((6.1+4.573)x385)+((.228x3.35)+(.228x3.05))x1920 +((100x(6.1)x0.5)
W=
7215.769 Kg / m
81
CHAPTER 5

Wall Thickness

L=
W xY
4500
7215.79 x 1.5
4500
2.40
342 mm
L
x 10F
F=1.35
qa - 10D
L=
7215.79 x10 x 1.35

100 - (10x1.2)
L=
1107 mm
L=
1107 mm
Now no. of Steps =
n=
n=
n=
L-2h-t
114
1107-(2x175)-342
114
3.64
No. of Steps = 4
=
=
L' =
n x 114 + 2h + t
( 4x 114 ) + ( 2x 175 ) + 342
1148 mm
82
CHAPTER 5
5 . 1.6 CONCLUSIONS
EXTERIOR WALL
Wall thickness = 342 mm

No of Steps = 6
Width of footing = 1376 mm
INTERIOR WALL
Wall thickness = 228 mm

No of Steps = 3
Width of footing = 920 mm
83
CHAPTER 5
5 . 2 DESIGN OF COLUMN (C3) FOOTING

F 3:
DATA
qa = 100 Kpa
PD = 650 KN
PL = 300 KN
fc = 21 MPa
fy = 420 Mpa for foundation slab
= 420 MPa
Depth of footing = 1.2 m
Surcharge = 0.5 m
Avg backfill density = 2100 Kg/m3
Avg surcharge density = 1800 Kg/m3
Column size = 450 mm
Column steel = 6- #25
SOLUTION:
Size of footing:
Total service load = DL + L.L
= 650 + 300
= 950 KN
qa,n = 100 (1.2 x 2100 + 0.5 x 1800) x 9.81/1000
= 66.44 Kpa
84
CHAPTER 5
Area of footing = total service load

qanet
= 950/ 66.44
= 14.3 m2
For square footing
L=B
A = L X B = L2 = 14.3
L = 3.78m
= 3.8 m
W = 3.8 m
Apro = 3.8 x 3.8
= 14.44 m2
Trial depth of footing
H = (P + 1.5 Mx + 1.5My/0.01s fc')1/2 + 90
= (950 x1000+1.5x41.477 +1.5x70.1 / .01 x 30 x21) 1/2 + 90
(s = 30)
= 478.5 mm
H = 500 mm
D = 500- 60
= 440 mm
Calculation of qu,n
qu,n = factored load
Apro
= (1.2 x 650) + (1.6 x 350)/14.44
85
CHAPTER 5
qu,n = 92.8 KPa

Check depth of two way shear
bo = 2 [C1 + C2 + 2d]
= 2 [450 + 450 + 2 x 440]
= 3560 mm
b1 = C1 + d = 450 + 440 = 890 mm
b2 = C2 + d = 450 + 440 = 890 mm
Vu = qu,n (L x B b1 x b2)
= 92.8 x [(3.8 x 3.8) 890/1000 x 890/1000]
Vu = 1267 KN
Shear capacity is lesser of the following ,
1 ) v Vc = v 1/3 fc' bo d
= 0.75 x 1/3 21 x 3560 x 440
= 1794.5 KN
2 ) v Vc = x 1/2 [ 2 + 4/c ] fc' bo d
= 0.75 x 1/12 [2+4/1] 21 x 3560 x 440
= 2691.8 KN
3 ) v Vc = v
X 1/12
[ 2 + s d/bo ] fc' bo d
= 0.75 x 1/12 [2 + 30 x 440/3560] 21 x 3560 x 440

= 1794.5KN > Vu
So depth is satisfied against two way shear.
86
CHAPTER 5
Check depth for one-way shear:

Applied one-way shear is given as
Vu = qu [(L- C1 - d) x B]
2
= 92.8 x[( 3.8 0.45) 0.44]x 3.8
2
= 435.51 KN
One-way shear capacity
v Vc = v x 1/6 x fc' Bd
= 0.75 x 1/6 x 21 x 3800 x 440
= 982.96 KN > Vu
(O.K)
Design of reinforcement:
As it is a square footing so calculate the reinforcement in one direction & provide same in
the other direction.
Mu = qu x (L1 C1) 2 / 8
= 92.8 x (3.8 0.45) 2 / 8
= 130.181 KN-M
= 0.85fc'/fy[1 (1 2.614Mu/fcbd2)1/2]
= 0.85 x 21/420 [ 1 ( 1 2.614 x 130.181 x 106 /21 x 1000 x 4402 ]
= .00191
As = bd = .00191 x 1000 x 440
= 842.13 mm2
As min = 0.0018 x bh
= 900 mm2
87
CHAPTER 5
As = 900 mm2
Use #16 @ 200 mm c/c
S max is lesser of
1 ) 3h = 3 x 500 = 1500 mm
2 ) 450
(OK)
Check development of flexural reinforcement:
ld in tension for #16 bar
ld = 0.624 x fy/fc' x db for db 19 mm
= 0.624 x 420/21 x 16
= 915.048 mm
Available embedment length in both directions = L C - 60
2
1000
= 1.125 m
= 1125 mm > ld
(OK)
Design of column footing joint:

Total factored load applied on the column = Pu = 1340 KN
Bearing strength of column, Pn = (0.85 fc' A1)
= 0.65(0.85 x 21 x 4502/ 4 x 3.14)
= 1844.36 KN > Pu
(OK)
Bearing strength provided by footing:

Pn = (0.85 fc A1) (A2/A1)
(A2/A1) =
( 1330 X 1330)
/4 x 4502
88
CHAPTER 5
3.33
2 (it can not be greater than 2)
Pn = 2 x 1844.36
= 3688.72 KN > Pu
(OK)
So no dowels are required but according to ACI 15.8.2.1 provide min dowels.
Min area of dowels = 0.005Ag
= .005 x /4 x 4502
= 794.8 mm2
Provide 6- #16 dowels each dowel as corner bar
Development of dowel reinforcement:
ldc = 0.04 fy db
= .04 x 420 x 16
ldc
= 268.8 mm
Available length for dowel development = 500 60 16 x 2 = 408 mm > ldc (OK)
Splice length:
L = 0.093 fy db
= .093 x 420 x 16
= 625 mm
89
CHAPTER 5
5 . 3 DESIGN OF COLUMN (C2) FOOTING

F 2:
DATA
qa = 100 Kpa
PD = 450 KN
PL = 300 KN
fc = 21 MPa
fy = 420 Mpa for foundation slab
= 420 MPa
Depth of footing = 1.2 m
Surcharge = 0.5 m
Avg backfill density = 2100 Kg/m3
Avg surcharge density = 1800 Kg/m3
Column size = 300 mm
Column steel = 3- #16 + 3-# 13
SOLUTION:
Size of footing:
Total service load = DL + L.L
= 450 + 300
= 750 KN
q a,n = 100 (1.2 x 2100 + 0.5 x 1800) x 9.81/1000
= 66.44 Kpa
90
CHAPTER 5
Area of footing = total service load

qanet
= 750/ 66.44
= 11.29 m2
For square footing
L=B
A = L X B = L2 = 11.29 m2
L = 3.36m
= 3.4 m
W = 3.4 m
Apro = 3.4 x 3.4
= 11.56 m2
Trial depth of footing
H = (P + 1.5 Mx + 1.5My/0.01s fc)1/2 + 90
= (750 x1000 / .01 x 30 x 21) 1/2 + 90
(s = 30)
= 435 mm
H = 450 mm
D = 450- 60
= 390 mm
Calculation of qu,n
qu,n = factored load
Apro
= (1.2 x 450) + (1.6 x 300)/ 11.56
91
CHAPTER 5
qu,n = 95.16 Kpa

Check depth of two way shear
bo = 2 [C1 + C2 + 2d]
= 2 [300 + 300 + 2 x 390]
= 2760 mm
b1 = C1 + d = 300 + 390 = 690 mm
b2 = C2 + d = 300+390 = 690 mm
Vu = qu,n (L x B b1 x b2)
= 95.16 x [(3.4 x 3.4) 690/1000 x 690/1000]
Vu = 1054.74 KN
Shear capacity is lesser of the following ,
1 ) v Vc = v 1/3 fc' bo d
= 0.75 x 1/3 21 x 2760 x 390
= 1233.17 KN
2 ) v Vc = x 1/2 [ 2 + 4/c ] fc' bo d
= 0.75 x 1/12 [2+4/1] 21 x 2760 x 390
= 1849.8 KN
3 ) v Vc = v
X 1/12
[ 2 + s d/bo ] fc' bo d
= 0.75 x 1/12 [2 + 30 x 390/2760] 21 x 2760 x 390

= 1923.5 KN > Vu
So depth is satisfied against two way shear.
Check depth for one-way shear:
Applied one-way shear is given as
92
CHAPTER 5
Vu = qu [(L- C1 - d) x B]
2
= 95.16 x[( 3.4 0.30) 0.39]x 3.4
2
= 375.31 KN
One-way shear capacity
v Vc = v x 1/6 x fc' Bd
= 0.75 x 1/6 x 21 x 3400 x 0390
= 759.56 KN > Vu
(O.K)
Design of reinforcement:
As it is a square footing so calculate the reinforcement in one direction & provide same in
the other direction.
Mu = qu x (L1 C1) 2 / 8
= 95.16 x (3.4 0.30) 2 / 8
= 114.31 KN-m
= 0.85fc'/fy[1 (1 2.614Mu/fcbd2)1/2]
= 0.85 x 21/420 [ 1 ( 1 2.614 x 114.31 x 106 /21 x 1000 x 3902 ]
= .002037
As = bd = .002037 x 1000 x 390
= 794.32 mm2
As min = 0.0018 x bh
=810 mm2
As = 810 mm2
Use #16 @ 240 mm c/c
S max is lesser of
93
CHAPTER 5
1 ) 3h = 3 x 450 = 1350 mm
2 ) 450
(OK)
Check development of flexural reinforcement:
ld in tension for #16 bar
ld = 0.624 x fy/fc' x db for db 19 mm
= 0.624 x 420/21 x 16
= 915.048 mm
Available embedment length in both directions = L C - 60
2
1000
= 1.49 m
= 1.49 mm > ld
(OK)
Design of column footing joint:

Total factored load applied on the column = Pu = 1100 KN
Bearing strength of column, Pn = (0.85 fc' A1)
= 0.65(0.85 x 21 x 4502/ 4 x 3.14)
= 819.71 KN < Pu
(OK)
So the area of steel for dowel bar is

As = Pu - Pn
fy
As =667.341 mm2
According to ACI 15.8.2.1 min dowels dowel bars are
Min area of dowels = 0.005Ag
= .005 x /4 x 3002
94
CHAPTER 5
= 353.25 mm2
So provide area of dowel steel = 667.341 mm2
Provide 6- #13 dowels each dowel as corner bar
Development of dowel reinforcement:
ldc = 0.04 fy db
= 0.04 x 420 x 16
ldc
= 268.8 mm
Available length for dowel development = 450 60 16 x 2 = 358 mm > ldc (OK)
Splice length:
L = 0.093 fy db
= .093 x 420 x 16
= 625 mm
95
CHAPTER 5
5 . 4 DESIGN OF SLABS
5 . 4.1 DESIGN OF GROUND FLOOR SLAB SYSTEM
TWO WAY SLABS
Screed ( Brick ballast + 25 % sand ) = 75 . x 1800 x 9.81

1000
1000
P. C.C = 40 . x 2300 x 9.81
1000
1000
= 1.324 KN / m2
= 0.902 KN / m2
Terrazzo = 20 . x 2300 x 9.81 = 0.451 KN / m2

1000
1000
Live load = wL = 250 x 9.81 = 2.452 KN / m2
1000
SLABS
lx
ly
(m)
(m)
S3
4.495
6.154
S5
2.67
S6
hmin
hsel.
1.2 wD
1.6 wL
wu
( mm )
( mm )
( KN / m )
( KN / m )
( KN / m )
0.73
137.5432
150
7.451676
3.924
11.3757
5.123
0.521
103.86694
150
7.451676
3.924
11.3757
3.94
4.17
0.945
98.925038
150
7.451676
3.924
11.3757
S8
5.105
5.715
0.893
133.95864
150
7.451676
3.924
11.3757
S10
2.515
2.972
0.846
68.826703
150
7.451676
3.924
11.3757
S11
6.934
8.86
0.783
201.44903
225
9.570636
3.924
13.4946
S13
4.8
6.553
0.732
146.56654
150
7.451676
3.924
11.3757
S16
4.496
6.096
0.738
136.5828
150
7.451676
3.924
11.3757
S17
4.496
5.639
0.797
128.78776
150
7.451676
3.924
11.3757
S18
4.764
6.934
0.687
152.52132
225
9.570636
3.924
13.4946
S19
6.1
7.735
0.789
176.1948
225
9.570636
3.924
13.4946
S20
4.8
4.93
0.974
117.68255
150
7.451676
3.924
11.3757
S21
5.03
6.02
0.836
139.00811
150
7.451676
3.924
11.3757
S22
4.572
6.934
0.659
150.83141
225
9.570636
3.924
13.4946
S24
2.936
5.675
0.517
114.78363
150
7.451676
3.924
11.3757
S25
2.972
5.123
0.58
107.40502
150
7.451676
3.924
11.3757
S26
3.276
3.6
0.91
84.724138
150
7.451676
3.924
11.3757
96
CHAPTER 5
Along Shorter Direction ( X Direction )
SLABS
C+x DL
M+DL
C+x LL
( KN-m)
M+LL
M+u
( KN-m)
( KN-m)
( mm )
S3
0.048
7.22694
0.066
5.23278
12.4597
123
S5
0.068
3.61231
0.09
2.51764
6.12996
123
S6
0.038
4.39572
0.044
2.68024
7.07596
123
S8
0.031
6.02015
0.044
4.49959
10.5197
123
S10
0.03
1.41401
0.046
1.14173
2.55573
123
S11
0.04
18.4064
0.06
11.32
29.7264
198
S13
0.045
7.7259
0.061
5.51495
13.2408
123
S16
0.035
5.27199
0.066
5.23511
10.5071
123
S17
0.033
4.97073
0.051
4.04531
9.01604
123
S18
0.038
8.25407
0.056
4.98724
13.2413
198
S19
0.033
11.7521
0.051
7.44661
19.1987
198
S20
0.036
6.18072
0.042
3.79718
9.97789
123
S21
0.03
5.65602
0.046
4.56691
10.2229
123
S22
0.04
8.00227
0.066
5.41359
13.4159
198
S24
0.111
7.12999
0.095
3.2134
10.3434
123
S25
0.046
3.02768
0.074
2.56483
5.5925
123
S26
0.033
2.6391
0.045
1.89509
4.53419
123
97
CHAPTER 5
SLABS
A+s
Asmin.
( mm )
( mm )
Aprov
Spacing
Sprov
( mm )
( mm )
#10 @
C-x
M-u
( KNm)
A-s
( mm2 )
S3
0.0022
275.19
270
275.19
258.0035
250
0.059
13.5609
0.0024
300.25
S5
0.0011
133.53
270
270
262.963
250
0.078
6.32549
0.0011
137.847
S6
0.0013
154.45
270
270
262.963
250
0.05
8.82957
0.0016
193.46
S8
0.0019
231.35
270
270
262.963
250
0.039
11.562
0.0021
254.854
S10
0.0004
55.253
270
270
262.963
250
0.054
3.8855
0.0007
84.2365
S11
0.0021
406.96
405
406.96
174.4637
150
0.069
44.7691
0.0031
620.991
S13
0.0024
292.95
270
292.95
242.3593
225
0.055
14.4153
0.0026
319.782
S16
0.0019
231.06
270
270
262.963
250
0.062
14.2568
0.0026
316.153
S17
0.0016
197.63
270
270
262.963
250
0.059
13.5669
0.0024
300.388
S18
0.0009
178.79
405
405
175.3086
150
0.015
4.59405
0.0003
61.5983
S19
0.0013
260.51
405
405
175.3086
150
0.059
29.626
0.002
405.552
S20
0.0018
219.17
270
270
262.963
250
0.047
12.3185
0.0022
271.985
S21
0.0018
224.67
270
270
262.963
250
0.054
15.542
0.0028
345.659
S22
0.0009
181.18
405
405
175.3086
150
0.069
19.4636
0.0013
264.164
S24
0.0018
227.38
270
270
262.963
250
0.08
7.84475
0.0014
171.515
S25
0.001
121.68
270
270
262.963
250
0.077
7.73687
0.0014
169.117
S26
0.0008
98.435
270
270
262.963
250
0.061
7.44723
0.0013
162.684
98
CHAPTER 5
Along Longer Direction ( Y Direction )
SLABS
C+x DL
M+DL
C+x LL
( KN-m)
M+LL
M+u
( KN-m)
( KN-m)
( mm )
S3
0.015
4.233116
0.019
2.823564
7.05668
112
0.00152
S5
0.0055
1.075636
0.063
6.488111
7.56375
112
0.00163
S6
0.03
3.887293
0.036
2.456426
6.34372
112
0.00136
S8
0.024
5.841141
0.03
3.844879
9.68602
112
0.00209
S10
0.015
0.987286
0.024
0.831836
1.81912
112
0.00039
S11
0.016
12.02066
0.013
4.004422
16.0251
187
0.00123
S13
0.016
5.119815
0.02
3.370073
8.48989
112
0.00183
S16
0.011
3.046047
0.02
2.916412
5.96246
112
0.00128
S17
0.014
3.317311
0.021
2.620309
5.93762
112
0.00127
S18
0.02
9.203192
0.015
2.83001
12.0332
187
0.00092
S19
0.014
8.016586
0.021
4.93025
12.9468
187
0.00099
S20
0.032
5.795592
0.038
3.624152
9.41974
112
0.00204
S21
0.015
4.050776
0.024
3.412976
7.46375
112
0.0016
S22
0.008
3.681277
0.013
2.452675
6.13395
187
0.00047
S24
0.005
1.199929
0.063
7.961617
9.16155
112
0.00198
S25
0.005
0.977851
0.009
0.926873
1.90472
112
0.0004
S26
0.019
1.834901
0.028
1.423941
3.25884
112
0.00069
99
CHAPTER 5
SLABS
A+s
Asmin
Asel.
Spacing
Sprov
C-x
( mm )
M-u
( KN-m)
A-s
( mm2 )
S3
169.683
270
270
262.96296
250
0.029
12.4937
0.002722
304.825
S5
182.118
270
270
262.96296
250
0.013
3.88123
0.000826
92.5635
S6
152.256
270
270
262.96296
250
0.041
8.11023
0.001746
195.557
S8
234.534
270
270
262.96296
250
0.047
17.4625
0.003857
432.02
S10
43.1581
270
270
262.96296
150
0.028
2.81341
0.000597
66.915
S11
230.003
405
405
175.30864
250
0.013
13.7712
0.001055
197.242
S13
204.918
270
270
262.96296
250
0.032
15.6317
0.003435
384.725
S16
142.963
270
270
262.96296
250
0.018
7.60921
0.001636
183.235
S17
142.358
270
270
262.96296
250
0.024
8.68146
0.001872
209.648
S18
172.073
405
405
175.30864
150
0.015
9.7324
0.000743
138.878
S19
185.293
405
405
175.30864
150
0.024
19.3773
0.001492
278.989
S20
227.924
270
270
262.96296
250
0.043
11.8888
0.002586
289.589
S21
179.663
270
270
262.96296
250
0.028
11.5433
0.002508
280.907
S22
87.2437
405
405
175.30864
150
0.013
8.43475
0.000643
120.219
S24
221.524
270
270
262.96296
250
0.009
3.29725
0.000701
78.5191
S25
45.1987
270
270
262.96296
250
0.005
1.49278
0.000316
35.3867
S26
77.597
270
270
262.96296
250
0.023
3.39086
0.000721
80.7677
100
CHAPTER 5
ONE WAY SLABS

= 1.324 KN / m2
Screed ( Brick ballast + 25 % sand ) = 75 . x 1800 x 9.81

1000
1000
P. C.C = 40 . x 2300 x 9.81 = 0.902 KN / m2
1000
1000
Terrazzo = 20 . x 2300 x 9.81 = 0.451 KN / m2
1000
1000
SLABS
lx
ly
(m)
(m)
S1
2.67
6.15
S2
2.287
S4
hsel.
1.2 wD
1.6 wL
wu
( mm )
( KN / m )
( KN / m )
( KN / m )
( mm )
0.434
150
7.534
3.924
11.458
123
6.154
0.372
150
7.534
3.924
11.458
123
3.622
8.46
0.428
150
7.534
3.924
11.458
123
S12
4.65
10.21
0.455
150
7.534
3.924
11.458
123
S14
2.726
6.082
0.448
150
7.534
3.924
11.458
123
S15
2.287
6.096
0.375
150
7.534
3.924
11.458
123
S23
1.506
3.92
0.384
150
7.534
3.924
11.458
123
SLABS
Moments
Ext M
S1
Ext M
Int M
( KN - m )
( KN - m )
( KN - m )
5.834
3.403
8.168
5.993
6.406
3.746
22.522
15.484
6.562
3.746
10.737
6.263
6.082
3.548
S15
S23
Int M
( KN - m )
15.031
S12
S14
( KN - m )
S2
S4
Ext. face of first int M
8.514
5.993
1.856
1.083
2.599
101
CHAPTER 5
SLABS
A+s
2
A-s.
2
Asmin
2
A+s
A-s
pro
prov
2
S+
Sprov
S-
Sprov
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
S1
0.001033
0.001453
127.01
178.71
270
270
270
262.96
250
262.96
250
S2
0.000660
0.001135
81.18
139.63
270
270
270
262.96
250
262.96
250
S4
0.001921
0.002715
236.23
333.91
270
270
333.91
262.96
250
212.63
S12
0.002799
0.004139
344.33
509.14
270
344.33
509.14
206.20
200
139.45
125
S14
0.001077
0.001516
132.46
186.43
270
270
270
262.96
250
262.96
250
S15
0.000660
0.001163
81.18
143.08
270
270
270
262.96
250
262.96
250
S23
0.000326
0.000457
40.07
56.19
270
270
270
262.96
250
262.96
250
200
102
CHAPTER 5
5 . 4.2 DESIGN OF FIRST FLOOR SLAB SYSTEM
TWO WAY SLABS
Earth Filling = 100 x 1800 x 9.81 = 1.7658 KN / m2

1000
1000
Brick Tiles =
SLABS
38 x 1930 x 9.81 = 0.719 KN / m2

1000
1000
lx
ly
(m)
(m)
S3
4.495
6.154
S5
2.67
S6
hmin
hsel.
1.2 wD
1.6 wL
wu
( mm )
( mm )
( KN / m )
( KN / m )
( KN / m )
0.73
137.5432
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
5.123
0.521
103.86694
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
3.94
4.17
0.945
98.925038
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
S8
5.105
5.715
0.893
133.95864
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
S9
5.943
7.105
0.836
164.10279
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
S10
2.515
2.972
0.846
68.826703
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
S11
6.934
8.86
0.783
201.44903
225
9.33888
3.924
13.2629
S13
4.8
6.553
0.732
146.56654
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
S16
4.496
6.096
0.738
136.5828
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
S17
4.496
5.639
0.797
128.78776
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
S18
4.764
6.934
0.687
152.52132
225
9.33888
3.924
13.2629
S19
6.1
7.735
0.789
176.1948
225
9.33888
3.924
13.2629
S20
4.8
4.93
0.974
117.68255
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
S21
5.03
6.02
0.836
139.00811
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
S22
4.572
6.934
0.659
150.83141
225
9.33888
3.924
13.2629
S23
2.936
5.675
0.517
114.78363
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
S24
2.972
5.123
0.58
107.40502
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
S25
2.972
5.123
0.58
107.40502
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
S26
3.276
3.6
0.91
84.724138
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
S27
6.1
9.66
0.631
207.60775
225
9.33888
3.924
13.2629
S28
5.64
6.1
0.925
144.05024
150
7.21992
3.924
11.1439
103
CHAPTER 5
Along Shorter Direction ( X Direstion )

SLABS
C+x DL
M+DL
C+x LL
( KN-m)
M+LL
M+u
( KN-m)
( KN-m)
( mm )
S3
0.048
7.002176
0.066
5.23278
12.235
123
0.002195858
S5
0.068
3.499966
0.09
2.51764
6.01761
123
0.00106546
S6
0.038
4.259008
0.044
2.68024
6.93925
123
0.001231072
S8
0.033
6.209231
0.045
4.60186
10.8111
123
0.001934198
S9
0.031
7.905067
0.044
6.09808
14.0031
123
0.002523177
S10
0.03
1.370029
0.046
1.14173
2.51176
123
0.000441442
S11
0.04
17.96067
0.06
11.32
29.2807
198
0.002023772
S13
0.045
7.485613
0.061
5.51495
13.0006
123
0.002337255
S16
0.035
5.108025
0.066
5.23511
10.3431
123
0.001848572
S17
0.033
4.816138
0.051
4.04531
8.86145
123
0.001578633
S18
0.038
8.05419
0.056
4.98724
13.0414
198
0.000889216
S19
0.033
11.46749
0.051
7.44661
18.9141
198
0.001295904
S20
0.036
5.98849
0.042
3.79718
9.78567
123
0.001746801
S21
0.03
5.480114
0.046
4.56691
10.047
123
0.001794483
S22
0.04
7.808493
0.066
5.41359
13.2221
198
0.000901667
S23
0.111
6.908241
0.095
3.2134
10.1216
123
0.001808106
S24
0.046
2.933512
0.074
2.56483
5.49834
123
0.000972442
S25
0.033
2.104476
0.045
1.55969
3.66417
123
0.000645537
S26
0.033
2.55702
0.045
1.89509
4.45211
123
0.000785658
S27
0.04
13.89999
0.066
9.63679
23.5368
198
0.001618874
S28
0.0265
6.086063
0.041
5.11766
11.2037
123
0.002006182
104
CHAPTER 5
A+s
Asmin.
( mm )
( mm )
S3
270.091
270
S5
131.052
S6
SLABS
Aprov
C- x
M-u
Sprov
( mm )
#10@
270.091
262.87485
250
0.059
13.2846
0.0024
293.951
270
270
262.96296
250
0.078
6.19662
0.0011
135.002
151.422
270
270
262.96296
250
0.05
8.64969
0.0015
189.445
S8
237.906
270
270
262.96296
250
0.061
17.7157
0.0032
395.975
S9
310.351
270
310.351
228.77343
250
0.039
15.3502
0.0028
341.245
S10
54.2974
270
270
262.96296
250
0.054
3.80634
0.0007
82.5066
S11
400.707
405
405
175.30864
150
0.069
44.0002
0.0031
609.91
S13
287.482
270
287.482
246.97164
225
0.055
14.1216
0.0025
313.059
S16
227.374
270
270
262.96296
250
0.062
13.9663
0.0025
309.509
S17
194.172
270
270
262.96296
250
0.059
13.2905
0.0024
294.086
S18
176.065
405
405
175.30864
150
0.015
4.51515
0.0003
60.5365
S19
256.589
405
405
175.30864
150
0.059
29.1172
0.002
398.414
S20
214.857
270
270
262.96296
250
0.047
12.0675
0.0022
266.295
S21
220.721
270
270
262.96296
250
0.054
15.2254
0.0028
338.373
S22
178.53
405
405
175.30864
150
0.069
19.1293
0.0013
259.555
S23
222.397
270
270
262.96296
250
0.08
7.68493
0.0014
167.963
S24
119.61
270
270
262.96296
250
0.077
7.57925
0.0013
165.616
S25
79.4011
270
270
262.96296
250
0.061
6.00434
0.0011
130.759
S26
96.6359
270
270
262.96296
250
0.061
7.29551
0.0013
159.318
S27
320.537
405
405
175.30864
150
0.069
34.0523
0.0024
467.921
S28
246.76
270
270
262.96296
250
0.047
16.6607
0.003
371.489
A-s
Spacing
( KN-m)
( mm2 )
105
CHAPTER 5
Along Longer Direction ( Y Direstion )

SLABS
C+x DL
M+DL
C+x LL
( KN-m)
M+LL
M+u
( KN-m)
( KN-m)
( mm )
S3
0.015
4.101461
0.019
2.823564
6.92503
112
0.00149
S5
0.0055
1.042183
0.063
6.488111
7.53029
112
0.00162
S6
0.03
3.766394
0.036
2.456426
6.22282
112
0.00133
S8
0.019
4.480417
0.028
3.588554
8.06897
112
0.00174
S9
0.024
8.747255
0.03
5.942626
14.6899
112
0.00322
S10
0.015
0.95658
0.024
0.831836
1.78842
112
0.00038
S11
0.016
11.72957
0.013
4.004422
15.734
187
0.00121
S13
0.016
4.960583
0.02
3.370073
8.33066
112
0.00179
S16
0.011
2.951311
0.02
2.916412
5.86772
112
0.00126
S17
0.014
3.214139
0.021
2.620309
5.83445
112
0.00125
S18
0.02
8.980334
0.015
2.83001
11.8103
187
0.0009
S19
0.014
7.822462
0.021
4.93025
12.7527
187
0.00098
S20
0.032
5.615342
0.038
3.624152
9.23949
112
0.002
S21
0.015
3.924792
0.024
3.412976
7.33777
112
0.00158
S22
0.008
3.592133
0.013
2.452675
6.04481
187
0.00046
S23
0.005
1.16261
0.063
7.961617
9.12423
112
0.00197
S24
0.005
0.947439
0.009
0.926873
1.87431
112
0.0004
S25
0.019
3.600267
0.028
2.883605
6.48387
112
0.00139
S26
0.016
1.497123
0.028
1.423941
2.92106
112
0.00062
S27
0.008
6.971706
0.013
4.760215
11.7319
187
0.0009
S28
0.019
5.104411
0.03
4.380361
9.48477
112
0.00205
106
CHAPTER 5
SLABS
A+s
Asmin
Asel.
Spacing
Sprov
C-x
( mm )
M-u
( KN-m)
A-s
( mm2 )
S3
166.46
270
270
262.96296
250
0.029
12.2391
0.002664
298.407
S5
181.297
270
270
262.96296
250
0.013
3.80216
0.000809
90.6594
S6
149.307
270
270
262.96296
250
0.041
7.945
0.00171
191.49
S8
194.541
270
270
262.96296
250
0.023
8.3714
0.001804
201.994
S9
360.591
270
360.591
196.89893
250
0.047
26.4402
0.005999
671.856
S10
42.4263
270
270
262.96296
150
0.028
2.75609
0.000585
65.5422
S11
225.764
405
405
175.30864
250
0.013
13.5347
0.001036
193.812
S13
200.99
270
270
262.96296
250
0.032
15.3133
0.003362
376.55
S16
140.657
270
270
262.96296
250
0.018
7.45419
0.001602
179.428
S17
139.847
270
270
262.96296
250
0.024
8.50459
0.001833
205.281
S18
168.851
405
405
175.30864
150
0.015
9.56526
0.00073
136.473
S19
182.482
405
405
175.30864
150
0.024
19.0445
0.001466
274.112
S20
223.455
270
270
262.96296
250
0.043
11.6466
0.002531
283.503
S21
176.572
270
270
262.96296
250
0.028
11.3081
0.002455
275.009
S22
85.9689
405
405
175.30864
150
0.013
8.28989
0.000632
118.139
S23
220.6
270
270
262.96296
250
0.009
3.23007
0.000687
76.9063
S24
44.4736
270
270
262.96296
250
0.005
1.46237
0.000309
34.6632
S25
155.676
270
270
262.96296
250
0.023
6.72689
0.001443
161.614
S26
69.4945
270
270
262.96296
250
0.023
3.32178
0.000706
79.1083
S27
167.718
405
405
175.30864
150
0.013
16.0892
0.001235
230.938
S28
229.538
270
270
262.96296
250
0.035
14.5133
0.003179
356.081
107
CHAPTER 5
ONE WAY SLABS
Earth Filling = 100 x 1800 x 9.81 = 1.7658 KN / m2

1000
1000
Brick Tiles =
SLABS
38 x 1930 x 9.81 = 0.719 KN / m2

1000
1000
lx
ly
hsel.
1.2 wD
1.6 wL
wu
(m)
(m)
( mm )
( KN / m )
( KN / m )
( KN / m )
( mm )
S1
2.67
6.15
0.434
150
7.302
3.924
11.226
123
S2
2.287
6.154
0.372
150
7.302
3.924
11.226
123
S4
3.622
8.46
0.428
150
7.302
3.924
11.226
123
S12
4.65
10.21
0.455
150
7.302
3.924
11.226
123
S14
2.726
6.082
0.448
150
7.302
3.924
11.226
123
S15
2.287
6.096
0.375
150
7.302
3.924
11.226
123
S23
1.506
3.92
0.384
150
7.302
3.924
11.226
123
SLABS
S1
Moments
Ext M+
Ext M-
Ext. face of first int M-
Int M-
Int M+
( KN - m )
( KN - m )
( KN - m )
( KN - m )
( KN - m )
5.716
3.335
8.003
6.277
3.670
22.067
15.171
6.430
3.670
S2
S4
5.872
10.519
6.136
14.727
S12
S14
5.959
3.476
S15
S23
8.342
5.872
1.819
1.061
2.546
108
CHAPTER 5
SLABS
A+s
A-s.
Asmin
A+s pro
( mm2 )
( mm2 )
( mm2 )
( mm2 )
A-s
S+
Sprov
S-
Sprov
( mm2 )
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
prov
S1
0.00101
0.0014
124.41
175.03
270
270
270
262.96
250
262.96
250
S2
0.00065
0.0011
79.523
136.77
270
270
270
262.96
250
262.96
250
S4
0.00188
0.0027
231.34
326.93
270
270
326.93
262.96
250
217.17
200
S12
0.00274
0.0041
337.12
498.30
270
337.12
498.30
210.61
200
142.49
125
S14
0.00105
0.0015
129.75
182.59
270
270
270
262.96
250
262.96
250
S15
0.00065
0.0011
79.523
140.15
270
270
270
262.96
250
262.96
250
S23
0.00032
0.0004
39.257
55.04
270
270
270
262.96
250
262.96
250
109
CHAPTER 5
5 . 5 DESIGN OF BEAMS
5 . 5.1 NON STRUCTURAL BEAMS
Beams at the Roof Level and at Plinth Level
B 1 : At Exterior Wall
Size
342 x 375 mm
Asmin. = .0018 x 342 x 375 = 230.85 mm2

Reinforcement
(Steel Bar)
Use, 2 # 13 for bottom steel

& 2 # 10 for top steel
Clear Cover
40 mm
B 2 : At Interior Wall
Size
228 x 375 mm
Asmin. = .0018 x 229 x 375 = 154 mm2
Reinforcement
(Steel Bar )
Use , 3 # 10 for bottom steel

&
2 # 10 for top steel
Clear Cover
40 mm
5. 5.2 STRUCTURAL BEAMS

Design of B3:
Beam
B3
Span
Beam
Load
Slab
Load
wu
ln
dmin
(m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
(m)
( KN - m)
( mm )
( mm )
5.06
1.791696
5.576
7.3677
4.76
20.8668
139.24
350
min
As
_#_
2
( mm )
0.002983
0.0033
218.2
110
1#13+
2-#10
CHAPTER 5
Shear Check
Reaction of Beam Vu = 18.64 KN
Vc = .75 x fc' x b x d
6
= 37.84 KN > Vu
ok
Shear Check is satisfied

There fore, b = 228 mm
& h = 350 mm
Design of B4
Beam
B4
Span
Beam
Load
Slab
Load
wu
ln
dmin
(m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
(m)
( KN - m)
( mm )
( mm )
5.105
1.816
5.41643
4.876
16.0972
122.3
350
3.6
min
As
_#_
2
( mm )
0.00283
0.0033
218.2
Shear Check
6
= 37.84 KN > Vu
ok

& h = 350 mm
111
1-#13+
2-#10
CHAPTER 5
Design of Concealed Beam

B5
Span
Beam
Load
Wall
Load
wu
ln
dmin
(m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
(m)
( KN - m)
( mm )
6.32
2.712
15.788
18.5
6.095
85.90712
282.525
Beam
B5
( 600-fy )/1600
As1
max
M1
M2
A's
( mm ) ( mm ) ( KN - m) ( KN - m) ( mm )
0.1125
As
d' / d
225
0.2162162
Tension Steel Compression Steel
( mm )
0.0135469 626.543 58.97 36.831 49.0759 895.381 1521.92
hreq.
_#_
_#_
2-#19+2-#16
3 - # 22 +4 - #16
Therefore, b = 250 mm
h = 225 mm
Design of B6
Beam
B6
Span
Self Load
Beam
Load
wu
ln
dmin
hreq.
(m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
(m)
( KN - m)
( mm )
( mm )
6.93
3.69
9.25
12.94
6.6
70.48
255.90
225
As
Tension
Steel
Compression
Steel
( 600-fy )/1600
max
As1
0.0135
0.2162
M1
M2
A's
( mm )
( mm )
( KN m)
( KN - m)
( mm )
( mm )
_#_
_#_
751.852
58.969
44.198
26.280
479.48
1231.33
2-#19+2-#13
3-#19+2-#16
0.1125
d' / d
112
CHAPTER 5

h = 225 mm
Design of B7: (Continuous Beam)

Beam
B7
Span
Beam Load
Slab load
wu
ln
(m)
(KN / m )
(KN / m )
(KN / m )
(m)
6.1
3.78
61
64.78
5.63
Ext. M
Ext. M-
dmin
(KN - m )
( mm )
128.33282
291.84232
min
As
2
( mm )
0.0144585
0.0033333
525
M for Exterior face of first Int. support
M-
dmin
(KN - m )
( mm )
228.14724
389.1231
max
Asmax
0.0103214
1354.6875
( mm )
(KN - m )
91.071429
168.709
M for interior face of 1st int. support
dmin
(KN - m )
( mm )
186.67
351.98
0.02453552
2054.850
Ext M
(KN - m )
As
( mm )
dmin
( mm )
bE
( mm )
a
( mm )
As
a
2
( mm )
( mm )
113
CHAPTER 5
146.66608
311.99257
1525
127.5
1430.4351
Int. M
dmin
bE
22.070358
As
a
2
(KN - m )
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
128.33282
291.84232
1525
127.5
1251.6307
19.311563
So provide a beam having
b = 350 mm
h = 450 mm
Design of B8
Beam
B8
Span
Beam Load
Slab Load
wu
ln
(m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
(m)
5.37
2.142
11.88
14.022
5.11
dmin
( KN - m) ( mm )
45.77
206.22
min
_#_
( mm )
350
As
( mm )
0.00998 0.0033
724
4- #16
Shear Check
6
= 41.55 KN > Vu
ok

Therefore, b = 250 mm
h = 350 mm
114
CHAPTER 5
5 . 6 DESIGN OF LINTELS
Length
Self wt
Wall load
*
Extra load
Wu
(m)
( KN / m )
( KN / m )
( KN / m )
( KN / m )
( KN - m )
L1
3.05
1.62
6.29
11.38
19.28
22.42
L2
1.143
0.61
6.29
11.38
18.27
2.98
L4
2.29
1.21
6.29
11.38
18.88
12.38
L5
0.46
0.24
6.29
6.53
0.17
L6
1.83
0.97
6.29
11.38
18.64
7.80
L7
2.134
1.13
6.29
11.38
18.80
10.70
L9
2.745
1.45
6.29
11.38
19.12
18.01
L10
1.22
0.65
6.29
11.38
18.31
3.41
L11
2.44
1.29
6.29
11.38
18.96
14.11
L12
3.66
1.94
6.29
11.38
19.61
32.83
Description
dmin
dsel
Rho
Rho min
As
Bar No.
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
152.15
225.00
200
2.49
0.0071998
0.0033
323.99
2-#13+1-#10
55.50
225.00
200
0.33
0.0008862
0.0033
150.00
2-#13
113.04
225.00
200
1.38
0.003808
0.0033
171.36
2-#13
13.35
225.00
200
0.02
5.08E-05
0.0033
150.00
2-#13
89.74
225.00
200
0.87
0.0023583
0.0033
150.00
2-#13
105.10
225.00
200
1.19
0.0032707
0.0033
150.00
2-#13
( mm2 )
115
CHAPTER 5
136.36
225.00
200
2.00
0.0056716
0.0033
255.22
2-#13
59.31
225.00
200
0.38
0.0010135
0.0033
150.00
2-#13
120.69
225.00
200
1.57
0.0043717
0.0033
196.73
2-#13
184.10
225
200
3.65
0.0110974
0.0033
499.38
4-#13
* Extra Load is considered due to the unavailability of the space above the lintel level
Doubly Reinforced Lintels

Span
Beam Load
Wall Load
*
Extra load
wu
d min
hreq.
(m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
( KN - m)
( mm )
( mm )
L3
4.27
2.26
6.29
11.38
19.93
45.42
205.44
225
0.13
L8
4.88
2.59
6.29
11.38
20.26
60.31
236.72
225
0.13
Lintel
( 600-fy )/1600
max
As1
( mm )
( mm )
M1
M2
( KN - m) ( KN - m)
A's
As
d' / d
Tension Steel
Compression Steel
( mm )
( mm )
_#_
_#_
0.11
0.014
609.61
63.75
38.74
6.68
101.00
710.61
2-#16+2-#13
2-#10
0.11
0.014
609.61
63.75
38.74
21.57
326.05
935.66
2-#16+2-#13
3-#13
Corner window Lintels

Simply supported part
Description
Length
Self wt
Wall load
Extra load
(m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
CL1
2.134
1.130
CL2
1.22
CL3
2.744
D min
Wu
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
( KN - m)
6.287
11.14
18.56
10.56
0.646
6.287
11.14
18.07
3.36
1.454
6.287
11.14
18.88
17.77
min
As
Bar No.
116
CHAPTER 5
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
104.43
225
200
1.174
0.003
0.0033
150
2-#13
58.92
225
200
0.374
0.001
0.0033
150
2-#13
135.45
225
200
1.974
0.006
0.0033
251.6
2-#13
Cantilever part
Length
Self wt
Wall load
*
Extra load
Wu
(m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
( KN / m)
( KN - m)
CL1
2.134
1.13
6.29
29.7
37.12
84.52
CL2
1.22
0.65
6.29
29.7
36.63
27.26
CL3
2.744
1.45
6.29
29.7
37.44
140.96
Description
d min
min
As
Bar No.
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
295.39
325
300
4.174
0.013
0.003
880.22
2-#19+2-#16
167.77
225
200
3.029
0.009
0.003
403.03
2-#16+1-#10
381.47
425
400
3.92
0.012
0.003
1086.4
4-#19
( mm )
RESULT:
We run the continuous Lintel Band through out along the wall having h = 250 mm
117
CHAPTER 5
5 . 7 DESIGN OF COLUMNS
C4:
The Column C4 is not a structural column (these columns do not take any axial load or
(moment) , they are provided at each corner in the masonry design of farm house to
insure the box action. We provide the minimum area of steel in it
min = 0.01
As min = 0.01 x b x h
Size of C 4 = 342 x 342 mm
There fore , As min = 0.01 x 342 x 342
As min = 1169.64 mm2
So Provide , 4 - # 16 + 4 - # 13
C1:
The Column C 1 is also not a structural column ( these columns do not take any axial load
or ( moment ) , they are provided at each corner in the masonry design of farm house to
insure the box action.We provide the minimum area of steel in it
min = 0.01
As min = 0.01 x b x h
Size of C 1 = 225 x 225 mm
118
CHAPTER 5
There fore, As min = 0.01 x 225 x 225

As min = 506.25 mm2
So Provide, 4 - # 13
Design of C 3
DATA
Load of beam = 57.65 + 325.4

Load of slab
= 2400 x 9.81 x 0.150 x 20/3.20 x 14.5/3.28

= 129.39 KN
PD =129.39 +325.4 + 57.65

= 512.44
PL = 1.6 (500) = 800 KN
Pu = 512.44 +800 = 1312.44 KN
Moment from perpendicular Beam (B8), Muy = 70.1 KN-m
Moment from parallel Beam (B7),
Mux = 41.477 KN-m
SOLUTION:
Step I
Ag
=
Pu +2Mux+2Muy
0.5fc + 0.01 fy
1312.44 x 1000+ (2x41.477 x 106 +2x70.1 x 106) .
0.43 x 21 + 0.008 x 300
= 142184.67 mm2
119
CHAPTER 5
d 2 = 142184.67 mm2
4
d
= 425.6
dsel = 450 mm
Step II
#25 bars are used as longitudinal reinforcement & #10 bars as lateral reinforcement.
= 450-2 x40- 2 x10-25
450
= 0.72
Step III
Calculate ex , ey & eox
ey = Mux / Pu
= 31.603 mm
ex = Muy / Pu
=53.44 mm
eox = ex + ey x b
h
= 55.12 mm +
Moy = Pu x eox
= 72.34 KN-m
= 0.744
Step IV
Use interaction curves and charts to determine
Pu/Ag = 8.256 MPa
Moy/Ag x h =1.44
120
CHAPTER 5
For = 0.6
= 0.010
For = 0.75
= 0.012
Interpolating values to get corresponding to = 0.72
= 0.011
Step V
Compute Ast & select steel bars
Ast = 1748.56 mm2
Use 6 - # 25 bars
provided =
6 x 510 . = 0.0192
3.14 x 4502
4
So,
0.01 < provided < 0.03
Shear Stirrups
According to UBC 1921.4.4.2 the spacing of the confinement reinforcement is
S = h min / 4 = 110 mm
According to UBC 1921.4.4.4 confinement reinforcement is required over a distance of lo
From each joint face is given by,
lo = hn / 6
( hn = Column height )
lo = 1270 mm
So provide a shear stirrup # 10 @ 110mm C / C at a distance of 1270 mm from the top
and the bottom joint face.
Lap length
l = 0.093 fy d b
= 0.093 x 300 x 25
= 700 mm
121
CHAPTER 5
Lap is provide in the centre of the column height and there provide a shear stirrups
# 10 @ 110 mm C / C
Design of C 2
DATA
Load of beam = 37.28 + 18.64

Load of slab
= 2400 x 9.81 x 0.150 x 5.06 x 5.06/2

= 45.21 KN
PD =45.21 +37.28 + 18.64

= 101.13
PL = 1.6 (500) = 800 KN
Pu = 101.13 +800 = 901.13 KN
SOLUTION:
Ag
=
Pu +2Mx+2My
0.5fc' + 0.01 fy
901.13 x 1000
.
0.5 x 21 + 0.01 x 300
= 66750.4 mm2
d 2 = 66750.4 mm2
4
d
= 291.6 mm
dsel = 300 mm
122
CHAPTER 5
Pu = [(0.85 fc' Ag) + (fy 0.85fc') Ast]

901.13 x 1000 = 0.595 [(0.85 x 21x 3002 x /4) + (300 0.85 x 21) Ast]
Ast = 898.11 mm2
So provide 3 # 16 + 3 # 13
Shear Stirrups
According to UBC 1921.4.4.2 the spacing of the confinement reinforcement is
S = h min / 4 = 75 mm
According to UBC 1921.4.4.4 confinement reinforcement is required over a distance of lo
From each joint face is given by,
lo = hn / 6
( hn = Column height )
lo =4573.2/6
lo = 763 mm
So provide shear stirrups # 10 @ 75mm C / C at a distance of 763 mm from the top

And the bottom joint face.
Lap length
l = 0.093 fy d b
= 0.093 x 300 x 16
= 450 mm
Lap is provide in the centre of the column height and there provide a shear stirrups
# 10 @ 75 mm C / C
123
CHAPTER 5
5 . 8 DESIGN OF STAIRS
fc' = 17.25 MPa
fy = 420 Mpa
Riser = 150 mm
Tread = 300 mm
Landing = 1.52 m
l = 1.52 + (10 x 0.3)
l = 4.52 m
h min = l / 30
= 4520 / 30
= 150.6 mm
= 160 mm
d = 160 27
= 133 mm
Load of waist of slab =160/1000 x 2400 = 384 Kg/m2
Load of steps = x (0.150 x 0.3) x 2400
= 54 Kg/m
124
CHAPTER 5
54/0.3 = 180 Kg/m

Weight of plaster = 15/1000 x 2300
= 34.5 Kg/m2
Load of waist = 360 x (0.152 x 0.32)1/2
0.3
= 402.5 Kg/m2
Total dead load = 402.5 + 34.5 + 180
= 617 Kg/m2
Wu = [(1.2 x 617) + (1.6 x 300)] x 9.81/1000
= 11.972 KN/m2
= 12 KN/m
ln = 4.52 0.3 / 2
= 4.37 m
M = w ln2
10
= 12 x 4.372 /10
= 23 KN- m
d = 160 27 = 133 mm
d min = (Mu/ 0.205 fc' b)1/2
= (23 x 106/0.205 x 17.25 x 1000)
= 80.64 mm
= w [1 (1 2.614R/fc') 1/2]
= 0.85 x 17.25/420 x [1 (1 2.614 x 23 x 106 /1000 x 1332 x 21) 1/2]
125
CHAPTER 5
= 0.0030
As = b d
= 0.003 x 1000 x 133
= 399 mm2
Provide ,
#10 @ 150 mm c/c
Check for Smax:

Lesser of
1 ) 2h = 2 x 160 = 320 mm
2 ) 300
3 ) 158300 / fy 2.5 C.C = 326.904 mm
4 ) 12600 / fy = 300 mm
Ther fore , Smax = 300 mm
Check for shear:
Vu = wu ( ln / 2 d )
= 12 (4.37 / 2 0.133)
= 24.624 KN
Vc = 0.75 x 1/ 6 x fc' x b x d
= 0.75/6 x 21 x 1000 x 133
= 76.185 KN > Vu
( OK )
126
CHAPTER 5
B)
COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS & RESULTS ( ETABS )
INPUT DATA :
STOREY DATA
Story
Height
Elevation
( mm )
( mm )
STOREY2
3048
7620
STOREY1
3352.8
4572
NSL
1219.2
1219.2
BASE
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
( N mm )
Material
Type
Mass
Weight
Dir
Plane
CONC21
Isotropic
2.40E-09
2.36E-05
All
All
21538.11
Poisson
ThermCoeff
DesignType
ConcFc
Long Fy
Shear Fy
0.2
5.50E-06
8974.2
Concrete
21
420
420
FRAME SECTION
BEAM SECTIONS
Width
Depth
Top Cover
Bottom Cover
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
( mm )
B 300X450
300
450
40
40
B 225X300
225
300
30
30
B 375X600
375
600
40
40
B 300X375
300
375
40
40
B 400X600
400
600
40
40
B 375X500
375
500
40
40
Section Name
127
CHAPTER 5
COLUMN SECTIONS
Type
SectionName
Shear reinforcement
Cover
( mm )
C450X450
Rectangular
Ties
40
C300X300
Rectangular
Ties
40
CS300
Circular
Ties
30
CS375
Circular
Ties
40
C500X500
Rectangular
Ties
60
AUTO SEISMIC UBC-97
Case
Direction
EccRatio
Ct
TopStory
BotStory
SoilType
EQX
0.05
0.03
STOREY2
BASE
8.5
SD
0.4
EQY
0.05
0.03
STOREY2
BASE
8.5
SD
0.4
Source Type
Case
Ca
Cv
EQX
0.44
0.64
Na
Nv
TUsed
WeightUsed
BaseShear
0.2879
26135.19
3382.2
0.2987
26135.19
3382.2
B
EQY
0.44
0.64
128
CHAPTER 5
ETABS LOAD COMBINATIONS

DCON1 = 1.4 Dead load + 1.4 Floor Finishes + 1.4 Wall load
DCON2 =1.4 D.L + 1.4 F.L + 1.4 W.L+ 1.7 L.L
DCON3 = 1.33 D.L + 1.4EQX + 1.33F.L+ 1.27 L.L+ 1.33W.L
DCON4 = 1.33 D.L +1.3 F.F + 1.33 W.L + 1.27 L.L 1.4QX
DCON5 = 1.33 D.L + 1.33 F.F + 1.33 W.L + 1.27 L.L + 1.4 EQY
DCON6 = 1.33 D.L + 1.33 F.F + 1.33 W.L + 1.27 L.L 1.43EQY
DCON7 =0 .614 D.L + 0.614 F.F + 0.614 W.L + 1.43 EQX
DCON8 = 0.614 D.L + 0.614 F.F + 0.614 W.L 1.43 EQX
DCON9 =0 .614 D.L + 0.614 F.F +0 .614 W.L +1.43 EQY
DCON10 = 0.614 D.L + 0.614 F.F+ 0.614 W.L -1.43 EQY
SELF DEFINED LOAD COMBINATIONS

SERVICE = DEAD LOAD + FLOOR FINISHES+WALL LOAD + LIVE LOAD
FACTORED = 1.2 D.L + 1.2 F.F + 1.2 W.L + 1.6 L.L
RESULTS
BASE REACTION
Total
Story
Point
Load
FX
FY
FZ
MX
MY
MZ
( KN )
( KN )
( KN )
( KN-m )
( KN-m )
( KN-m )
0, 0, Base
DEAD
0.01
27550.22
622578295.9
-57484066.8
-113.47
0, 0, Base
LIVE
8406.94
189979644.8
-17540324.01
-5.841
0, 0, Base
FLOORFINISHES
8858.18
200176670.2
-18481879.33
-5.058
0, 0, Base
WALLLOAD
20077.96
453749425.6
-41886626.1
-106.193
0, 0, Base
EQX
-3381.03
-0.01
0.04
-20690.559
76404086
0, 0, Base
EQY
0.01
-3381.84
20696.065
0.084
-7056488.5
129
CHAPTER 5
STOREY SHEAR
Story
Load / Comb
DEAD
LIVE
Loc
VX
VY
MX
MY
( KN )
( KN )
( KN )
( KN-m )
( KN-m )
( KN-m )
Top
8990.26
-88.725
203160544 -18758245
Bottom
11068.36
-88.725
250120613 -23094087
Top
4239.5
-2.824
95803973
-8844138
Bottom
4239.5
-2.824
95803973
Top
4307.33
-2.287
97336836
Bottom
4307.33
-2.287
97336836
Top
-76.355
-8844138
8985644.2
8985644.2
0
Bottom
-76.355
-0.001
0.01
Top
-1847.95
41759655
Bottom
-1847.95
41759655
0.012
-5632.563
FLOOR FINISHES
WALL LOAD
EQX
EQY
STOREY 2
SERVICE
FACTORED
DCON1
DCON2
DCON3
DCON4
DCON5
DCON6
DCON7
DCON8
DCON9
DCON10
Top
0.01
-1848.55
-3857307.9
Bottom
0.01
-1848.55
-3857307.9
5634.393
0.031
Top
17537.1
0.01
-170.192
396301353 -36588027
Bottom
19615.19
0.01
-170.192
443261422 -40923869
Top
22740.32
0.01
-205.36
513883213 -47443288
Bottom
25234.03
0.01
-205.36
570235296 -52646298
Top
18616.64
0.01
-234.314
420696332 -38841445
Bottom
21525.97
0.01
-234.314
486440429 -44911623
Top
25823.79
0.01
-239.116
583563086 -53876479
Bottom
28733.12
0.01
-239.116
649307183 -59946658
Top
23097.82
-2591.74
58567690
521961830 -48189520
Bottom
25862.72
-2591.74
58567690
584442202 -53966258
Top
23097.82
2591.76
0.01
-58568143
521961830 -48189520
Bottom
25862.72
2591.76
0.01
-58568143
584442202 -53950458
Top
23097.82
0.02
-2592.6
-5410100.6 521961830 -48189520
Bottom
25862.72
0.02
-2592.6
-5410100.6 584450104 -53958358
Top
23097.82
2592.6
5409648.1
521961830 -48189520
Bottom
25862.72
2592.6
5409648.1
584434300 -53958358
Top
8164.72
-2642.57
-0.01
59716204
184505391 -17034748
Bottom
9440.67
-2642.57
-0.01
59716204
213338874 -19705009
Top
8164.72
2642.58
0.01
-59716410
184505391 -17034748
Bottom
9440.67
2642.58
0.01
-59716410
213338874 -19688900
Top
8164.72
0.02
-2643.43
-5516053.1 184505391 -17034748
Bottom
9440.67
0.02
-2643.43
-5516053.1 213346931 -19696955
Top
8164.72
-0.01
2643.43
5515847.6
184505391 -17034748
Bottom
9440.67
-0.01
2643.43
5515847.6
213330817 -19696955
130
CHAPTER 5
DEAD
LIVE
FLOORFINISHES
WALLLOAD
EQX
EQY
STOREY 1
SERVICE
FACTORED
DCON1
DCON2
DCON3
DCON4
DCON5
DCON6
DCON7
DCON8
DCON9
DCON10
Top
21773.59
0.01
-113.47
492037624
-45428964
Bottom
24059.5
0.01
-113.47
543693701
-50198390
Top
8406.94
-5.841
189979645
-17540324
Bottom
8406.94
-5.841
189979645
-17540324
Top
8858.18
-5.058
200176670
-18481879
Bottom
8858.18
-5.058
200176670
-18481879
Top
9663.36
-106.193
218384821
-20159515
Bottom
9663.36
-106.193
218384821
-20159515
Top
-3261.7
-0.01
73707440
0.012
-5632.563
Bottom
-3261.7
-0.01
73707440
0.033
-16568.402
Top
0.01
-3262.51
-6807437.2
5634.393
0.031
Bottom
0.01
-3262.51
-6807437.2
16572.928
0.07
Top
48702.08
0.01
-230.562
1.101E+09 -101610682
Bottom
50987.98
0.01
-230.562
1.152E+09 -106380109
Top
61805.27
0.01
-279.011
1.397E+09 -128948948
Bottom
64548.36
0.01
-279.011
1.459E+09 -134672260
Top
56413.19
0.01
-314.61
1.275E+09 -117698502
Bottom
59613.46
0.01
-314.61
1.347E+09 -124375698
Top
70705
0.01
-324.539
1.598E+09 -147517053
Bottom
73905.26
0.01
-324.539
1.67E+09
Top
64331.53
-4574.53
-0.01
103374378
1.454E+09 -134227425
Bottom
67372.93
-4574.53
-0.01
103374378
1.523E+09 -140588484
Top
64331.53
4574.55
0.01
-103374991 1.454E+09 -134211625
Bottom
67372.93
4574.55
0.01
-103374991 1.523E+09 -140542009
Top
64331.53
0.03
-4575.67
-9547737.1
1.454E+09 -134219525
Bottom
67372.93
0.03
-4575.67
-9547737.1
1.523E+09 -140565246
Top
64331.53
4575.67
9547124.2
1.454E+09 -134219525
Bottom
67372.93
4575.67
9547124.2
1.522E+09 -140565247
Top
24741.21
-4664.23
-0.01
105401501
559107857
-51627255
Bottom
26144.76
-4664.23
-0.01
105401501
590824688
-54571321
Top
24741.21
4664.24
0.01
-105401777 559107857
-51611146
Bottom
26144.76
4664.24
0.01
-105401777 590824688
-54523935
-154194249
Top
24741.21
0.02
-4665.39
-9734773.1
559115914
-51619200
Bottom
26144.76
0.02
-4665.39
-9734773.1
590848387
-54547628
Top
24741.21
-0.01
4665.39
9734497.2
559099800
-51619200
Bottom
26144.76
-0.01
4665.39
9734497.2
590800989
-54547628
131
CHAPTER 5
DEAD
LIVE
FLOORFINISHES
WALLLOAD
EQX
EQY
SERVICE
NSL
FACTORED
DCON1
DCON2
DCON3
DCON4
DCON5
DCON6
DCON7
DCON8
DCON9
DCON10
Top
26721.01
0.01
-113.47
603840124
-55753916
Bottom
27550.22
0.01
-113.47
622578296
-57484067
Top
8406.94
-5.841
189979645
-17540324
Bottom
8406.94
-5.841
189979645
-17540324
Top
8858.18
-5.058
200176670
-18481879
Bottom
8858.18
-5.058
200176670
-18481879
Top
20077.96
-106.193
453749426
-41886626
Bottom
20077.96
-106.193
453749426
-41886626
Top
-3381.03
-0.01
76404086
0.033
-16568.402
Bottom
-3381.03
-0.01
76404086
0.04
-20690.559
Top
0.01
-3381.84
-7056488.5
16572.928
0.07
Bottom
0.01
-3381.84
-7056488.5
20696.065
0.084
Top
64064.09
0.01
-230.562
1.448E+09 -133662745
Bottom
64893.3
0.01
-230.562
1.466E+09 -135392896
Top
80239.69
0.01
-279.011
1.813E+09 -167411424
Bottom
81234.74
0.01
-279.011
1.836E+09 -169487605
Top
77920.01
0.01
-314.61
1.761E+09 -162571390
Bottom
79080.9
0.01
-314.61
1.787E+09 -164993601
Top
92211.81
0.01
-324.539
2.084E+09 -192389940
Bottom
93372.71
0.01
-324.539
2.11E+09
Top
84770.69
-4741.89
-0.01
107156424
1.916E+09 -176888032
Bottom
85873.95
-4741.89
-0.01
107156424
1.941E+09 -179195779
Top
84770.69
4741.91
0.01
-107157037 1.916E+09 -176841557
Bottom
85873.95
4741.91
0.01
-107157037 1.941E+09 -179137742
Top
84770.69
0.03
-4743.03
-9897031.6
1.916E+09 -176864794
Bottom
85873.95
0.03
-4743.03
-9897031.6
1.941E+09 -179166760
Top
84770.69
4743.03
9896418.7
1.916E+09 -176864795
Bottom
85873.95
4743.03
9896418.7
1.941E+09 -179166761
Top
34173.49
-4834.87
-0.01
109257705
772268459
-71322859
Bottom
34682.62
-4834.87
-0.01
109257705
783773697
-72391067
Top
34173.49
4834.88
0.01
-109257981 772268459
-71275474
Bottom
34682.62
4834.88
0.01
-109257981 783773696
-72331892
Top
34173.49
0.02
-4836.03
-10090917
772292158
-71299167
Bottom
34682.62
0.02
-4836.03
-10090917
783803292
-72361479
-194812152
Top
34173.49
-0.01
4836.03
10090641
772244759
-71299167
Bottom
34682.62
-0.01
4836.03
10090641
783744101
-72361480
132
CHAPTER 5
BEAM FORCES
Storey
Beam
B32
B32
B32
STOREY 2
B32
B32
B32
B32
B32
B32
Load / Comb
DEAD
LIVE
FLOOR FINISHES
WALL LOAD
EQX
EQY
SERVICE
FACTORED
DCON1
Location
V2
V3
M2
M3
( mm )
( KN )
( KN )
( KN )
150
-4.65
-31.05
0.01
3011.77
-4.65
3.2
0.01
0.424
-8.679
32712
5873.54
-4.65
38.26
0.01
0.424
-43.703
-33934.723
( KN-mm ) ( KN-mm ) ( KN-mm )

0.424
26.346
-14942.298
150
-2.35
-15.76
0.01
0.205
12.87
-7846.186
3011.77
-2.35
1.68
0.01
0.205
-4.847
17708.003
5873.54
-2.35
19.69
0.01
0.205
-22.564
-17961.921
150
-2.44
-16.02
0.01
0.209
13.417
-8040.72
3011.77
-2.44
1.71
0.01
0.209
-5.077
17925.16
5873.54
-2.44
20.01
0.01
0.209
-23.571
-18312.66
150
-1.08
-0.02
0.045
4.305
-1445.106
3011.77
-1.08
-0.02
0.045
-2.063
-1392.183
5873.54
-1.08
-0.02
0.045
-8.431
-1339.259
150
1.85
3.55
0.01
-0.159
10.083
8718.575
3011.77
1.85
3.55
0.01
-0.159
-8.841
-1442.249
5873.54
1.85
3.55
0.01
-0.159
-27.765
-11603.072
150
2.9
0.06
0.05
-0.822
91.956
123.49
3011.77
2.9
0.06
0.05
-0.822
-36.859
-45.492
5873.54
2.9
0.06
0.05
-0.822
-165.673
-214.474
150
-10.52
-62.85
0.03
0.883
56.938
-32274.309
3011.77
-10.52
6.57
0.03
0.883
-20.666
66952.98
5873.54
-10.52
77.94
0.03
0.883
-98.269
-71548.563
150
-13.57
-81.72
0.04
1.142
73.473
-41867.646
3011.77
-13.57
8.56
0.04
1.142
-26.738
87426.778
5873.54
-13.57
101.41
0.04
1.142
-126.949
-93043.044
150
-11.44
-65.92
0.03
0.949
61.694
-34199.373
3011.77
-11.44
6.84
0.03
0.949
-22.146
68942.968
5873.54
-11.44
81.55
0.03
0.949
-105.987
-75021.298
133
CHAPTER 5
B32
B32
B32
STOREY 2
B32
B32
B32
B32
B32
B32
DCON2
DCON3
DCON4
DCON5
DCON6
DCON7
DCON8
DCON9
DCON10
150
-15.44
-92.72
0.04
1.298
83.574
-47537.889
3011.77
-15.44
9.7
0.04
1.298
-30.386
99046.574
5873.54
-15.44
115.02
0.04
1.298
-144.346
-105556.57
150
-11.27
-77.77
0.05
0.941
89.182
-30277.703
3011.77
-11.27
13.63
0.05
0.941
-39.626
86075.393
5873.54
-11.27
107.59
0.05
0.941
-168.435
-110471.79
150
-16.46
-87.72
0.03
1.387
60.9
-54733.307
3011.77
-16.46
3.67
0.03
1.387
-14.827
90120.9
5873.54
-16.46
97.63
0.03
1.387
-90.555
-77925.168
150
-9.8
-82.66
0.1
0.011
204.009
-42332.31
3011.77
-9.8
8.73
0.1
0.011
-78.921
88034.344
5873.54
-9.8
102.69
0.1
0.011
-361.852
-94499.276
150
-17.94
-82.83
-0.03
2.316
-53.927
-42678.701
3011.77
-17.94
8.56
-0.03
2.316
24.468
88161.948
5873.54
-17.94
102.52
-0.03
2.316
102.862
-93897.677
150
-2.37
-23.83
0.02
0.189
41.476
-2531.305
3011.77
-2.37
8.08
0.02
0.189
-22.355
28174.001
5873.54
-2.37
40.84
0.02
0.189
-86.186
-49494.592
150
-7.66
-33.99
0.644
12.639
-27466.431
3011.77
-7.66
-2.08
0.644
2.93
32298.831
5873.54
-7.66
30.69
0.644
-6.779
-16309.804
150
-0.87
-28.83
0.08
-0.759
158.554
-14822.277
3011.77
-0.87
3.08
0.08
-0.759
-62.421
30171.363
5873.54
-0.87
35.85
0.08
-0.759
-283.396
-33208.895
150
-9.17
-29
-0.05
1.592
-104.44
-15175.459
3011.77
-9.17
2.92
-0.05
1.592
42.995
30301.469
5873.54
-9.17
35.68
-0.05
1.592
190.43
-32595.501
134
CHAPTER 5
B32
B32
B32
STOREY 1
B32
B32
B32
B32
B32
B32
DEAD
LIVE
FLOOR FINISHES
WALL LOAD
EQX
EQY
SERVICE
FACTORED
DCON1
150
5.13
-37.6
-0.02
0.783
-44.549
-15954.108
3011.77
5.13
3.72
-0.02
0.783
8.817
40316.94
5873.54
5.13
45.87
-0.02
0.783
62.183
-37972.78
150
2.83
-15.78
-0.01
0.327
-32.07
-7403.132
3011.77
2.83
1.66
-0.01
0.327
10.093
18210.092
5873.54
2.83
19.67
-0.01
0.327
52.256
-17400.797
150
2.87
-17.23
-0.02
0.355
-33.048
-7872.125
3011.77
2.87
1.82
-0.02
0.355
10.462
20095.621
5873.54
2.87
21.48
-0.02
0.355
53.971
-18793.365
150
-1.87
-34.64
0.02
0.734
46.852
-10594.06
3011.77
-1.87
3.14
0.02
0.734
-16.652
34478.34
5873.54
-1.87
40.91
0.02
0.734
-80.156
-28553.663
150
-1.72
10.53
-0.02
-0.35
-52.578
21859.617
3011.77
-1.72
10.53
-0.02
-0.35
1.558
-8276.105
5873.54
-1.72
10.53
-0.02
-0.35
55.695
-38411.827
150
-0.6
0.11
-0.01
-2.077
-0.589
218.076
3011.77
-0.6
0.11
-0.01
-2.077
29.064
-98.087
5873.54
-0.6
0.11
-0.01
-2.077
58.716
-414.251
150
8.97
-105.26
-0.03
2.199
-62.814
-41823.426
3011.77
8.97
10.34
-0.03
2.199
12.72
113100.99
5873.54
8.97
127.94
-0.03
2.199
88.254
-102720.61
150
11.9
-132.62
-0.04
2.77
-88.205
-53149.364
3011.77
11.9
13.07
-0.04
2.77
19.301
143005.23
5873.54
11.9
161.39
-0.04
2.77
126.807
-130225.04
150
8.59
-125.26
-0.02
2.621
-43.042
-48188.411
3011.77
8.59
12.15
-0.02
2.621
3.678
132847.26
5873.54
8.59
151.57
-0.02
2.621
50.398
-119447.73
135
CHAPTER 5
B32
B32
B32
STOREY 1
B32
B32
B32
B32
B32
B32
DCON2
DCON3
DCON4
DCON5
DCON6
DCON7
DCON8
DCON9
DCON10
150
13.41
-152.1
-0.04
3.177
-97.561
-60773.736
3011.77
13.41
14.98
-0.04
3.177
20.836
163804.42
5873.54
13.41
185.01
-0.04
3.177
139.232
-149029.09
150
9.36
-124.4
-0.06
2.418
-155.535
-24577.081
3011.77
9.36
28.43
-0.06
2.418
18.549
137862.98
5873.54
9.36
183.89
-0.06
2.418
192.634
-189576.61
150
14.19
-153.94
-0.01
3.399
-8.054
-85893.308
3011.77
14.19
-1.1
-0.01
3.399
14.178
161077.45
5873.54
14.19
154.36
-0.01
3.399
36.41
-81831.433
150
10.94
-139.01
-0.05
-0.005
-82.62
-54929.343
3011.77
10.94
13.82
-0.05
-0.005
57.125
149332.64
5873.54
10.94
169.28
-0.05
-0.005
196.871
-136285.01
150
12.61
-139.32
-0.02
5.821
-80.969
-55541.046
3011.77
12.61
13.51
-0.02
5.821
-24.398
149607.78
5873.54
12.61
168.97
-0.02
5.821
32.172
-135123.03
150
1.3
-39.88
-0.03
0.649
-94.064
10125.192
3011.77
1.3
20.39
-0.03
0.649
3.842
46428.183
5873.54
1.3
81.53
-0.03
0.649
101.747
-107315.28
150
6.23
-70
0.02
1.65
56.31
-52393.313
3011.77
6.23
-9.73
0.02
1.65
-0.615
70097.843
5873.54
6.23
51.41
0.02
1.65
-57.541
2542.551
150
2.91
-54.78
-0.02
-1.82
-19.719
-20822.212
3011.77
2.91
5.49
-0.02
-1.82
43.174
58122.748
5873.54
2.91
66.63
-0.02
-1.82
106.067
-52978.741
150
4.62
-55.1
0.01
4.12
-18.035
-21445.909
3011.77
4.62
5.17
0.01
4.12
-39.948
58403.278
5873.54
4.62
66.32
0.01
4.12
-61.861
-51793.983
136
CHAPTER 5
B32
B32
B32
NSL
B32
B32
B32
B32
B32
B32
DEAD
LIVE
FLOOR FINISHES
WALL LOAD
EQX
EQY
SERVICE
FACTORED
DCON1
150
0.73
-8.55
-0.02
0.02
-72.189
-5829.503
3011.77
0.73
0.55
-0.02
0.02
-15.603
5614.306
5873.54
0.73
9.65
-0.02
0.02
40.984
-8990.131
150
2.34
0.05
-0.01
-0.002
-18.59
-114.608
3011.77
2.34
0.05
-0.01
-0.002
-2.366
-267.061
5873.54
2.34
0.05
-0.01
-0.002
13.857
-419.515
150
2.63
0.06
-0.01
-0.002
-21.362
-130.629
3011.77
2.63
0.06
-0.01
-0.002
-2.796
-300.468
5873.54
2.63
0.06
-0.01
-0.002
15.771
-470.306
150
-15.88
-39.35
-0.04
0.166
-163.809
-25460.979
3011.77
-15.88
2.14
-0.04
0.166
-51.368
27785.981
5873.54
-15.88
43.64
-0.04
0.166
61.074
-37718.108
150
2.67
5.16
-0.04
-0.055
-150.418
13856.663
3011.77
2.67
5.16
-0.04
-0.055
-49.295
-906.264
5873.54
2.67
5.16
-0.04
-0.055
51.828
-15669.19
150
-0.15
0.05
-0.02
-0.891
-59.073
125.692
3011.77
-0.15
0.05
-0.02
-0.891
-1.543
-4.394
5873.54
-0.15
0.05
-0.02
-0.891
55.987
-134.48
150
-10.18
-47.79
-0.07
0.183
-275.951
-31535.72
3011.77
-10.18
2.81
-0.07
0.183
-72.132
32832.758
5873.54
-10.18
53.4
-0.07
0.183
131.686
-47598.06
150
-11.28
-57.33
-0.09
0.218
-338.577
-37888.707
3011.77
-11.28
3.39
-0.09
0.218
-87.505
39292.486
5873.54
-11.28
64.11
-0.09
0.218
163.566
-57285.478
150
-17.52
-66.98
-0.09
0.258
-360.305
-43989.557
3011.77
-17.52
3.85
-0.09
0.258
-97.672
46339.748
5873.54
-17.52
74.69
-0.09
0.258
164.961
-66049.963
137
CHAPTER 5
B32
B32
B32
NSL
B32
B32
B32
B32
B32
B32
DCON2
DCON3
DCON4
DCON5
DCON6
DCON7
DCON8
DCON9
DCON10
150
-13.55
-66.89
-0.1
0.255
-391.908
-44184.39
3011.77
-13.55
3.94
-0.1
0.255
-101.695
45885.744
5873.54
-13.55
74.78
-0.1
0.255
188.518
-66763.138
150
-9.93
-56.35
-0.14
0.165
-577.083
-22517.945
3011.77
-9.93
10.97
-0.14
0.165
-164.977
42427.772
5873.54
-9.93
78.29
-0.14
0.165
247.128
-85281.975
150
-17.41
-70.82
-0.04
0.321
-155.159
-61385.884
3011.77
-17.41
-3.5
-0.04
0.321
-26.704
44969.842
5873.54
-17.41
63.82
-0.04
0.321
101.75
-41329.897
150
-13.89
-63.53
-0.12
-1.007
-448.97
-41775.631
3011.77
-13.89
3.79
-0.12
-1.007
-98.005
43692.644
5873.54
-13.89
71.12
-0.12
-1.007
252.961
-63494.544
150
-13.45
-63.65
-0.07
1.493
-283.271
-42128.198
3011.77
-13.45
3.67
-0.07
1.493
-93.677
43704.97
5873.54
-13.45
70.99
-0.07
1.493
95.918
-63117.327
150
-3.87
-22
-0.09
0.034
-373.118
522.465
3011.77
-3.87
9.07
-0.09
0.034
-113.328
19027.332
5873.54
-3.87
40.13
-0.09
0.034
146.461
-51374.568
150
-11.5
-36.75
0.01
0.192
57.079
-39107.59
3011.77
-11.5
-5.69
0.01
0.192
27.656
21619.246
5873.54
-11.5
25.38
0.01
0.192
-1.767
-6560.685
150
-7.9
-29.31
-0.07
-1.161
-242.494
-19112.823
3011.77
-7.9
1.76
-0.07
-1.161
-45.043
20317.006
5873.54
-7.9
32.82
-0.07
-1.161
152.408
-29159.934
150
-7.46
-29.44
-0.01
1.387
-73.545
-19472.302
3011.77
-7.46
1.63
-0.01
1.387
-40.63
20329.573
5873.54
-7.46
32.69
-0.01
1.387
-7.714
-28775.32
138
CHAPTER 5
COLUMN FORCES
Story
Column
C 25
C 25
STOREY 2
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
Load / Comb
DEAD
LIVE
FLOOR FINISHES
WALL LOAD
EQX
EQY
SERVICE
FACTORED
DCON1
Location
V2
V3
( KN )
( KN )
( KN )
M2
M3
-75.45
24.65
8.22
0.21
12177.882 32493.786
1299
-69.26
24.65
8.22
0.21
1504.124
2598
-63.06
24.65
8.22
0.21
-9169.635 -31554.352
-27.45
12.51
3.72
0.107
5465.357
15729.073
1299
-27.45
12.51
3.72
0.107
634.242
-525.106
2598
-27.45
12.51
3.72
0.107
-4196.873 -16779.284
-27.83
12.98
3.87
0.111
5721.315
16720.279
1299
-27.83
12.98
3.87
0.111
699.346
-136.059
2598
-27.83
12.98
3.87
0.111
-4322.623 -16992.398
1.74
5.38
1.97
0.01
4060.877
15068.056
1299
1.74
5.38
1.97
0.01
1505.615
8077.159
2598
1.74
5.38
1.97
0.01
-1049.646
1086.263
469.717
-2.96
7.18
3.42
0.156
5499.505
9468.85
1299
-2.96
7.18
3.42
0.156
1055.484
147.813
2598
-2.96
7.18
3.42
0.156
-3388.536 -9173.224
10.43
0.14
28.32
0.274
44372.31
205.131
1299
10.43
0.14
28.32
0.274
7590.069
20.63
2598
10.43
0.14
28.32
0.274
-29192.172 -163.872
-128.98
55.52
17.77
0.439
27425.431 80011.193
1299
-122.78
55.52
17.77
0.439
2598
-116.59
55.52
17.77
0.439
-165.76
71.63
22.81
0.569
4343.327
7885.711
-18738.777 -64239.771
35096.66
102305.06
5465.689
9252.811
1299
-158.32
71.63
22.81
0.569
2598
-150.88
71.63
22.81
0.569
-24165.282 -83799.439
-142.15
60.22
19.67
0.464
30744.104 89994.969
1299
-133.47
60.22
19.67
0.464
5192.719
2598
-124.8
60.22
19.67
0.464
11775.143
-20358.666 -66444.682
139
CHAPTER 5
C 25
C 25
C 25
STOREY 2
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
DCON2
DCON3
DCON4
DCON5
DCON6
DCON7
DCON8
DCON9
DCON10
-188.81
81.49
25.99
0.646
40035.211
116734.39
1299
-180.13
81.49
25.99
0.646
6270.93
10882.464
2598
-171.46
81.49
25.99
0.646
-27493.35
-94969.465
-174.24
83.24
28.23
0.796
43899.264
118861.99
1299
-166
83.24
28.23
0.796
7223.913
10728.39
2598
-157.75
83.24
28.23
0.796
-29451.439
-97405.212
-165.93
63.12
18.64
0.359
28473.154
92301.867
1299
-157.69
63.12
18.64
0.359
4263.28
10313.774
2598
-149.44
63.12
18.64
0.359
-19946.594
-71674.318
-155.46
73.38
63.15
0.961
98418.373
105869.63
1299
-147.22
73.38
63.15
0.961
16388.668
10550.015
2598
-138.97
73.38
63.15
0.961
-65641.038
-84769.596
-184.71
72.98
-16.28
0.194
-26045.955
105294.23
1299
-176.47
72.98
-16.28
0.194
-4901.475
10492.149
2598
-168.22
72.98
-16.28
0.194
16243.005
-84309.935
-66.58
36.67
13.52
0.426
21347.777
53009.677
1299
-62.77
36.67
13.52
0.426
3786.72
5375.614
2598
-58.97
36.67
13.52
0.426
-13774.336
-42258.45
-58.11
16.15
3.73
-0.019
5619.194
25928.766
1299
-54.3
16.15
3.73
-0.019
768.036
4952.869
2598
-50.5
16.15
3.73
-0.019
-4083.122
-16023.028
-47.43
26.61
49.12
0.595
76935.888
39762.559
1299
-43.63
26.61
49.12
0.595
13131.176
5193.742
2598
-39.82
26.61
49.12
0.595
-50673.535
-29375.076
-77.26
26.21
-31.86
-0.188
-49968.917
39175.884
1299
-73.45
26.21
-31.86
-0.188
-8576.42
5134.741
2598
-69.65
26.21
-31.86
-0.188
32816.077
-28906.402
140
CHAPTER 5
C 25
C 25
C 25
STOREY 1
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
DEAD
LIVE
-167.89
6.93
3.38
0.041
5213.114
7263.157
1376.4
-161.32
6.93
3.38
0.041
565.707
-2272.966
2752.8
-154.75
6.93
3.38
0.041
-4081.7
-11809.088
1537.274
-54.06
2.28
0.73
0.001
1058.357
1376.4
-54.06
2.28
0.73
0.001
58.306
-1604.19
2752.8
-54.06
2.28
0.73
0.001
-941.746
-4745.655
FLOOR
FINISHES
-57.02
2.58
0.8
0.003
1156.999
1730.343
1376.4
-57.02
2.58
0.8
0.003
53.272
-1822.991
2752.8
-57.02
2.58
0.8
0.003
-1050.455
-5376.324
-89.16
13.07
6.53
0.078
10727.283
20788.154
WALL LOAD
1376.4
-89.16
13.07
6.53
0.078
1733.961
2802.908
2752.8
-89.16
13.07
6.53
0.078
-7259.362
-15182.338
30878.111
EQX
EQY
SERVICE
FACTORED
DCON1
DCON2
DCON3
-13.13
18.55
1.45
-0.005
2340.143
1376.4
-13.13
18.55
1.45
-0.005
344.542
5346.851
2752.8
-13.13
18.55
1.45
-0.005
-1651.059
-20184.409
30.71
0.02
33.96
-0.005
53957.016
-173.593
1376.4
30.71
0.02
33.96
-0.005
7213.363
-198.374
2752.8
30.71
0.02
33.96
-0.005
-39530.289
-223.154
-368.13
24.86
11.44
0.122
18155.753
31318.928
1376.4
-361.56
24.86
11.44
0.122
2411.245
-2897.239
2752.8
-355
24.86
11.44
0.122
-13333.264
-37113.406
-463.38
30.74
14.02
0.147
22210.246
38197.623
1376.4
-455.5
30.74
14.02
0.147
2916.816
-4118.363
2752.8
-447.62
30.74
14.02
0.147
-16376.615
-46434.349
41694.315
-439.7
31.61
15
0.17
23936.354
1376.4
-430.5
31.61
15
0.17
3294.115
-1810.268
2752.8
-421.31
31.61
15
0.17
-17348.125
-45314.851
44307.681
-531.6
35.49
16.23
0.171
25735.561
1376.4
-522.41
35.49
16.23
0.171
3393.234
-4537.392
2752.8
-513.22
35.49
16.23
0.171
-18949.093
-53382.465
-505.21
58.96
17.21
0.156
27379.541
84891.066
1376.4
-496.47
58.96
17.21
0.156
3688.145
3733.215
2752.8
-487.74
58.96
17.21
0.156
-20003.251
-77424.636
141
CHAPTER 5
C 25
C 25
STOREY 1
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
DCON4
DCON5
DCON6
DCON7
DCON8
DCON9
DCON10
-468.38
6.93
13.15
0.169
20815.44
-1722.036
1376.4
-459.65
6.93
13.15
0.169
2752.8
-450.91
6.93
13.15
0.169
-443.72
32.97
62.81
0.156
99772.205 41341.051
1376.4
-434.98
32.97
62.81
0.156
13321.667
-4043.963
2752.8
-426.25
32.97
62.81
0.156
-73128.871
49428.976
-529.88
32.92
-32.45
0.169
-51577.224 41827.979
1376.4
-521.14
32.92
-32.45
0.169
-6911.817
-3487.525
2752.8
-512.4
32.92
-32.45
0.169
37753.59
48803.029
-211.61
40.39
8.65
0.068
13844.205 62441.634
1376.4
-207.58
40.39
8.65
0.068
1937.399
6852.065
2752.8
-203.55
40.39
8.65
0.068
-9969.407
48737.503
-174.06
-12.66
4.5
0.081
7151.396
25869.764
1376.4
-170.03
-12.66
4.5
0.081
952.01
-8439.929
2752.8
-166
-12.66
4.5
0.081
-5247.377
8989.906
-148.92
13.89
55.14
0.068
87656.333 18037.697
1376.4
-144.88
13.89
55.14
0.068
11759.814
-1077.606
2752.8
-140.85
13.89
55.14
0.068
-64136.705
20192.909
11264.703
-15372.029
20807.369
2721.705
-236.76
13.84
-41.99
0.081
-66660.732 18534.173
1376.4
-232.73
13.84
-41.99
0.081
-8870.405
-510.257
2752.8
-228.7
13.84
-41.99
0.081
48919.921
19554.688
142
CHAPTER 5
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
NSL
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
DEAD
LIVE
FLOORFINISHES
WALLLOAD
EQX
EQY
SERVICE
FACTORED
DCON1
DCON2
DCON3
-193.77
6.15
3.52
-0.008
2873.141
3514.977
384.6
-191.93
6.15
3.52
-0.008
1517.657
1150.739
769.2
-190.1
6.15
3.52
-0.008
162.173
-1213.498
-53.59
-0.08
0.09
-0.018
368.778
1005.739
384.6
-53.59
-0.08
0.09
-0.018
335.731
1037.259
769.2
-53.59
-0.08
0.09
-0.018
302.683
1068.78
-56.52
-0.08
0.09
-0.02
398.732
1146.865
384.6
-56.52
-0.08
0.09
-0.02
365.302
1178.312
769.2
-56.52
-0.08
0.09
-0.02
331.871
1209.76
-186.05
28.91
13.08
0.1
7147.886
8128.673
384.6
-186.05
28.91
13.08
0.1
2116.072
-2988.948
769.2
-186.05
28.91
13.08
0.1
-2915.743 -14106.569
-17.75
16.65
1.38
0.094
1563.8
34347.045
384.6
-17.75
16.65
1.38
0.094
1032.615
27943.626
769.2
-17.75
16.65
1.38
0.094
501.431
21540.207
48.31
0.26
36.97
0.166 42046.482
384.6
48.31
0.26
36.97
0.166 27829.568
-98.96
769.2
48.31
0.26
36.97
0.166 13612.654
-200.043
-489.93
34.89
16.78
0.054 10788.538 13796.254
2.123
384.6
-488.09
34.89
16.78
0.054
4334.761
769.2
-486.26
34.89
16.78
0.054
-2119.015 -13041.528
377.363
-609.35
41.84
20.17
0.057 13093.757 16957.801
384.6
-607.15
41.84
20.17
0.057
5336.006
769.2
-604.95
41.84
20.17
0.057
-2421.745 -15222.321
867.74
-610.87
48.96
23.37
0.101 14587.664 17906.721
384.6
-608.3
48.96
23.37
0.101
5598.643
769.2
-605.73
48.96
23.37
0.101
-3390.378 -19754.431
-923.855
-701.98
48.82
23.52
0.07
15214.587 19616.477
384.6
-699.41
48.82
23.52
0.07
6169.385
769.2
-696.84
48.82
23.52
0.07
-2875.816 -17937.505
839.486
-673.77
69.78
24.26
0.205 16526.912 66471.827
384.6
-671.32
69.78
24.26
0.205
7197.01
39635.449
769.2
-668.88
69.78
24.26
0.205
-2132.892
12799.07
143
CHAPTER 5
C 25
C 25
NSL
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
C 25
DCON4
DCON5
DCON6
DCON7
DCON8
DCON9
DCON10
-623.99
23.08
20.38
-0.06
12140.453 -29871.633
384.6
-621.55
23.08
20.38
-0.06
4300.524 -38746.421
769.2
-619.1
23.08
20.38
-0.06
-3539.405 -47621.21
-581.12
46.79
74.17
0.305
73303.874 18303.074
384.6
-578.68
46.79
74.17
0.305
44779.736
769.2
-576.24
46.79
74.17
0.305
16255.598 -17691.63
-716.63
46.06
-29.52
-0.16
-44636.509 18297.121
384.6
-714.19
46.06
-29.52
-0.16
-33282.202
769.2
-711.75
46.06
-29.52
-0.16
-21927.896 -17130.51
-293.29
45.28
12.23
0.179
8633.966
56969.65
384.6
-292.16
45.28
12.23
0.179
3932.045
39554.208
769.2
-291.03
45.28
12.23
0.179
-769.877
22138.767
-242.53
-2.34
8.28
-0.091
4161.499 -41262.898
384.6
-241.41
-2.34
8.28
-0.091
978.765
769.2
-240.28
-2.34
8.28
-0.091
-2203.969 -39466.224
-198.83
21.85
63.11
0.281
66524.202
7856.411
384.6
-197.7
21.85
63.11
0.281
42251.687
-546.689
769.2
-196.57
21.85
63.11
0.281
17979.172
-8949.79
-336.99
21.1
-42.61
-0.193
-53728.737 7850.341
384.6
-335.87
21.1
-42.61
-0.193
-37340.877 -263.663
769.2
-334.74
21.1
-42.61
-0.193
-20953.018 -8377.667
305.722
583.305
-40364.561
144
CHAPTER 5
Story
Column
C 102
C 102
Load / Comb
DEAD
LIVE
STOREY 2
C 102 FLOOR FINISHES
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
WALL LOAD
EQX
EQY
SERVICE
FACTORED
DCON1
Location
V2
V3
M2
M3
( KN )
( KN )
( KN )
-59.1
-11.32
-0.37
0.03
1299
-56.34
-11.32
-0.37
0.03
89.039
-158.258
2598
-53.59
-11.32
-0.37
0.03
570.079
14540.763

-392.001 -14857.279
-26.76
-5.74
-0.18
0.013
-170.379
-7289.798
1299
-26.76
-5.74
-0.18
0.013
58.872
168.255
2598
-26.76
-5.74
-0.18
0.013
288.123
7626.308
-27.11
-5.94
-0.18
0.014
-183.047
-7669.408
1299
-27.11
-5.94
-0.18
0.014
56.074
49.54
2598
-27.11
-5.94
-0.18
0.014
295.194
7768.487
2.57
-2.31
-0.39
0.005
-636.05
-5599.256
1299
2.57
-2.31
-0.39
0.005
-132.084
-2595.447
2598
2.57
-2.31
-0.39
0.005
371.882
408.361
0.22
6.33
1.18
0.022
1795.842 10055.037
1299
0.22
6.33
1.18
0.022
257.021
1827.85
2598
0.22
6.33
1.18
0.022
-1281.8
-6399.336
-6.78
0.08
9.55
0.009
14577.575
109.345
1299
-6.78
0.08
9.55
0.009
2165.986
6.475
2598
-6.78
0.08
9.55
0.009
-10245.603
-96.396
-1381.477 -35415.74
-110.4
-25.31
-1.12
0.062
1299
-107.65
-25.31
-1.12
0.062
2598
-104.89
-25.31
-1.12
0.062
1525.277 30343.921
-143.18
-32.67
-1.41
0.08
-1725.924 -45414.807
1299
-139.88
-32.67
-1.41
0.08
109.829
2598
-136.57
-32.67
-1.41
0.08
1945.581 39463.228
-117.1
-27.4
-1.32
0.069
-1695.536 -39376.319
1299
-113.24
-27.4
-1.32
0.069
2598
-109.39
-27.4
-1.32
0.069
71.9
18.24
-2535.91
-2975.789
-3785.831
1732.016 31804.657
145
CHAPTER 5
C 102
C 102
C 102
STOREY 2
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
DCON2
DCON3
DCON4
DCON5
DCON6
DCON7
DCON8
DCON9
DCON10
-162.59
-37.16
-1.62
0.091
-1985.181 -51768.976
1299
-158.73
-37.16
-1.62
0.091
118.321
2598
-154.87
-37.16
-1.62
0.091
2221.824 44769.382
-145.1
-24.48
0.18
0.112
690.07
-32613.87
1299
-141.43
-24.48
0.18
0.112
452.868
-819.806
2598
-137.77
-24.48
0.18
0.112
215.666
30974.258
-145.71
-42.24
-3.14
0.052
-4347.267 -60818.247
1299
-142.04
-42.24
-3.14
0.052
-268.077
2598
-138.38
-42.24
-3.14
0.052
3811.114 48924.395
-154.91
-33.25
11.92
0.095
18616.45 -46562.702
1299
-151.24
-33.25
11.92
0.095
3130.191
2598
-147.58
-33.25
11.92
0.095
-12356.069 39814.132
-135.9
-33.47
-14.88
0.069
-22273.647 -46869.415
1299
-132.23
-33.47
-14.88
0.069
-2945.399 -3392.447
2598
-128.57
-33.47
-14.88
0.069
16382.848 40084.521
-51.04
-2.96
1.12
0.061
1824.44
-2890.626
1299
-49.35
-2.96
1.12
0.061
375.54
953.469
2598
-47.66
-2.96
1.12
0.061
-1073.361
4797.564
-51.67
-21.07
-2.27
-0.001
-3311.668 -31648.031
1299
-49.98
-21.07
-2.27
-0.001
-359.541
2598
-48.29
-21.07
-2.27
-0.001
2592.586 23099.664
-61.05
-11.9
13.08
0.043
20102.318 -17112.965
1299
-59.36
-11.9
13.08
0.043
3105.359
-1651.098
2598
-57.66
-11.9
13.08
0.043
-13891.6
13810.768
-41.66
-12.13
-14.24
0.017
1299
-39.97
-12.13
-14.24
0.017
2598
-38.28
-12.13
-14.24
0.017
-3499.797
-5946.926
-3374.285
-4274.183
-21589.545 -17425.692
-3089.36
-1669.616
15410.825 14086.46
146
CHAPTER 5
C 102
C 102
DEAD
LIVE
STOREY 1
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
WALL LOAD
EQX
EQY
SERVICE
FACTORED
DCON1
DCON2
DCON3
-124.71
-3.37
0.02
0.023
222.295
-4503.442
1376.4
-121.79
-3.37
0.02
0.023
198.495
134.628
2752.8
-118.88
-3.37
0.02
0.023
174.695
4772.698
-50.35
-1.06
-0.09
0.005
-56.354
-1059.134
1376.4
-50.35
-1.06
-0.09
0.005
71.115
393.682
2752.8
-50.35
-1.06
-0.09
0.005
198.585
1846.497
-53.09
-1.19
-0.1
0.006
-57.122
-1192.716
1376.4
-53.09
-1.19
-0.1
0.006
76.348
440.896
2752.8
-53.09
-1.19
-0.1
0.006
209.819
2074.508
-56.31
-6.56
0.34
0.053
599.998
-11660.557
1376.4
-56.31
-6.56
0.34
0.053
137.945
-2634.512
2752.8
-56.31
-6.56
0.34
0.053
-324.107
6391.532
11518.195
3.14
7.42
0.59
0.041
904.102
1376.4
3.14
7.42
0.59
0.041
90.841
1298.494
2752.8
3.14
7.42
0.59
0.041
-722.42
-8921.208
-22.55
0.04
10.29
0.008
16952.807
15.38
1376.4
-22.55
0.04
10.29
0.008
2789.305
-41.911
2752.8
-22.55
0.04
10.29
0.008
-11374.198
-99.202
-284.47
-12.17
0.16
0.087
708.816
-18415.848
1376.4
-281.55
-12.17
0.16
0.087
483.904
-1665.307
2752.8
-278.63
-12.17
0.16
0.087
258.991
15085.235
-361.5
-15.03
0.16
0.107
828.038
-22522.672
1376.4
-358
-15.03
0.16
0.107
609.131
-1840.895
2752.8
-354.5
-15.03
0.16
0.107
390.223
18840.881
-327.76
-15.56
0.36
0.115
1071.239
-24299.4
1376.4
-323.68
-15.56
0.36
0.115
577.904
-2882.583
2752.8
-319.59
-15.56
0.36
0.115
84.569
18534.233
-413.36
-17.35
0.2
0.124
975.436
-26099.928
1376.4
-409.27
-17.35
0.2
0.124
698.8
-2213.325
2752.8
-405.19
-17.35
0.2
0.124
422.163
21673.279
-371.28
-5.72
1.05
0.173
2214.211
-8289.235
1376.4
-367.39
-5.72
1.05
0.173
767.292
-416.402
2752.8
-363.51
-5.72
1.05
0.173
-679.628
7456.431
147
CHAPTER 5
C 102
C 102
STOREY 1
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
DCON4
DCON5
DCON6
DCON7
DCON8
DCON9
DCON10
-380.1
-26.55
-0.61
0.059
-321.795 -40597.773
1376.4
-376.22
-26.55
-0.61
0.059
512.483
2752.8
-372.33
-26.55
-0.61
0.059
1346.761 32480.419
-407.31
-16.07
14.65
0.126
24722.52 -24421.933
1376.4
-403.43
-16.07
14.65
0.126
4551.887
2752.8
-399.55
-16.07
14.65
0.126
-15618.746 19829.294
-344.06
-16.19
-14.21
0.105
-22830.104 -24465.075
1376.4
-340.18
-16.19
-14.21
0.105
-3272.113
2752.8
-336.3
-16.19
-14.21
0.105
16285.879 20107.556
-139.25
3.79
0.109
1762.681
5813.997
1376.4
-137.46
3.79
0.109
383.355
592.628
2752.8
-135.67
3.79
0.109
-995.971
-4628.742
-148.24
-17.44
-0.69
-0.008
-823.051 -27128.042
1376.4
-146.45
-17.44
-0.69
-0.008
123.55
-3121.065
2752.8
-144.66
-17.44
-0.69
-0.008
1070.15
20885.912
-175.99
-6.76
14.87
0.061
24712.329 -10635.028
1376.4
-174.2
-6.76
14.87
0.061
4242.158
2752.8
-172.41
-6.76
14.87
0.061
-111.5
-6.88
-14.56
0.04
-23772.7 -10679.017
1376.4
-109.71
-6.88
-14.56
0.04
-3735.253 -1204.286
2752.8
-107.92
-6.88
-14.56
0.04
16302.193 8270.444
-4058.677
-2296.319
-2178.76
-1324.151
-16228.014 7986.727
148
CHAPTER 5
C 102
C 102
DEAD
LIVE
C 102
EQX
NSL
C 102
WALL LOAD
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
EQY
SERVICE
FACTORED
DCON1
DCON2
-141.98
-2.8
0.25
-0.036
365.942
-771.579
384.6
-141.16
-2.8
0.25
-0.036
269.351
305.702
769.2
-140.35
-2.8
0.25
-0.036
172.76
1382.983
-49.52
1.25
-0.009
59.042
571.831
384.6
-49.52
1.25
-0.009
57.602
91.037
769.2
-49.52
1.25
-0.009
56.161
-389.757
-52.22
1.41
0.01
-0.01
66.228
646.288
384.6
-52.22
1.41
0.01
-0.01
62.271
104.642
769.2
-52.22
1.41
0.01
-0.01
58.314
-437.004
-129.33
-22.95
0.18
-0.097
515.591
-8122.774
384.6
-129.33
-22.95
0.18
-0.097
444.65
704.772
769.2
-129.33
-22.95
0.18
-0.097
373.71
9532.319
6.96
10.27
0.83
-0.094
459.139
9411.036
384.6
6.96
10.27
0.83
-0.094
140.272
5460.828
769.2
6.96
10.27
0.83
-0.094
-178.595
1510.62
-35.87
0.13
18.05
0.031
11820.941
36.572
384.6
-35.87
0.13
18.05
0.031
4878.422
-11.907
769.2
-35.87
0.13
18.05
0.031
-2064.096
-60.385
-373.04
-23.1
0.45
-0.152
1006.804
-7676.234
384.6
-372.23
-23.1
0.45
-0.152
833.874
1206.153
769.2
-371.41
-23.1
0.45
-0.152
660.944
10088.54
-467.46
-27.21
0.54
-0.186
1231.781
-8982.749
384.6
-466.48
-27.21
0.54
-0.186
1023.689
1483.798
769.2
-465.5
-27.21
0.54
-0.186
815.598
11950.346
-452.93
-34.08
0.62
-0.201
1326.865 -11547.291
384.6
-451.79
-34.08
0.62
-0.201
1086.781
1561.163
769.2
-450.65
-34.08
0.62
-0.201
846.697
14669.616
-537.12
-31.96
0.63
-0.216
1427.238 -10575.179
384.6
-535.97
-31.96
0.63
-0.216
1184.704
1715.925
769.2
-534.83
-31.96
0.63
-0.216
942.171
14007.029
149
CHAPTER 5
C 102
C 102
C 102
DCON4
DCON5
DCON6
NSL
C 102
DCON3
C 102
C 102
C 102
C 102
DCON7
DCON8
DCON9
DCON10
-483.82
-16.39
1.76
-0.334
1980.218
2954.012
384.6
-482.73
-16.39
1.76
-0.334
1303.004
9258.546
769.2
-481.65
-16.39
1.76
-0.334
625.791
15563.079
-503.35
-45.2
-0.56
-0.071
692.333
-23443.945
384.6
-502.27
-45.2
-0.56
-0.071
909.541
-6059.077
769.2
-501.18
-45.2
-0.56
-0.071
1126.749
11325.79
-543.9
-30.62
25.91
-0.159
17915.144 -10193.674
384.6
-542.81
-30.62
25.91
-0.159
769.2
-541.73
-30.62
25.91
-0.159
-2018.625 13359.744
-443.27
-30.97
-24.72
-0.246
-15242.594 -10296.258
384.6
-442.19
-30.97
-24.72
-0.246
-5735.715
769.2
-441.1
-30.97
-24.72
-0.246
3771.165 13529.124
-188.68
-0.26
1.46
-0.223
1238.494
8393.47
384.6
-188.18
-0.26
1.46
-0.223
677.22
8493.666
769.2
-187.68
-0.26
1.46
-0.223
115.947
8593.861
-208.6
-29.64
-0.91
0.046
-74.644
-18522.094
384.6
-208.1
-29.64
-0.91
0.046
276.042
-7124.303
769.2
-207.6
-29.64
-0.91
0.046
626.728
4273.488
-249.94
-14.77
26.09
-0.044
17485.87
-5012.014
384.6
-249.44
-14.77
26.09
-0.044
7452.775
667.655
769.2
-248.94
-14.77
26.09
-0.044
-2580.32
6347.324
-147.34
-15.13
-25.54
-0.133
-16322.02 -5116.609
384.6
-146.84
-15.13
-25.54
-0.133
-6499.513
701.708
769.2
-146.34
-15.13
-25.54
-0.133
3322.995
6520.025
7948.26
1583.035
1616.433
150
CHAPTER 5
SUPPORTS REACTIONS
BASE
Story
Point
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
Load / Comb
FX
FY
FZ
MX
MY
MZ
( KN )
( KN )
( KN )
( KN-m )
( KN-m )
( KN-m )
DEAD
-6.15
-3.52
193.77
2.873
-3.515
LIVE
0.08
-0.09
53.59
0.369
-1.006
FLOORFINISHES
0.08
-0.09
56.52
0.399
-1.147
WALLLOAD
-28.91
-13.08
186.05
7.148
-8.129
EQX
-16.65
-1.38
17.75
1.564
-34.347
EQY
-0.26
-36.97
-48.31
42.046
-0.002
SERVICE
-34.89
-16.78
489.93
10.789
-13.796
FACTORED
-41.84
-20.17
609.35
13.094
-16.958
DCON1
-48.96
-23.37
610.87
14.588
-17.907
DCON2
-48.82
-23.52
701.98
15.215
-19.616
DCON3
-69.78
-24.26
673.77
16.527
-66.472
DCON4
-23.08
-20.38
623.99
12.14
29.872
DCON5
-46.79
-74.17
581.12
73.304
-18.303
DCON6
-46.06
29.52
716.63
-44.637
-18.297
DCON7
-45.28
-12.23
293.29
8.634
-56.97
DCON8
2.34
-8.28
242.53
4.161
41.263
DCON9
-21.85
-63.11
198.83
66.524
-7.856
DCON10
-21.1
42.61
336.99
-53.729
-7.85
DEAD
2.8
-0.25
141.98
0.366
0.772
LIVE
-1.25
49.52
0.059
-0.572
FLOORFINISHES
-1.41
-0.01
52.22
0.066
-0.646
WALLLOAD
22.95
-0.18
129.33
0.516
8.123
EQX
-10.27
-0.83
-6.96
0.459
-9.411
EQY
-0.13
-18.05
35.87
11.821
-0.037
SERVICE
23.1
-0.45
373.04
1.007
7.676
FACTORED
27.21
-0.54
467.46
1.232
8.983
DCON1
34.08
-0.62
452.93
1.327
11.547
DCON2
31.96
-0.63
537.12
1.427
10.575
DCON3
16.39
-1.76
483.82
1.98
-2.954
DCON4
45.2
0.56
503.35
0.692
23.444
DCON5
30.62
-25.91
543.9
17.915
10.194
DCON6
30.97
24.72
443.27
-15.243
10.296
DCON7
0.26
-1.46
188.68
1.238
-8.393
DCON8
29.64
0.91
208.6
-0.075
18.522
DCON9
14.77
-26.09
249.94
17.486
5.012
DCON10
15.13
25.54
147.34
-16.322
5.117
151
CHAPTER 5
Point
Load
UX
UY
UZ
RX
RY
RZ
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
DEAD
-0.1153
0.4078
-0.2239
0.00002
-0.00041
0.00001
LIVE
-0.0523
0.1492
-0.0757
0.00001
-0.00023
0.00001
FLOOR FINISHES
-0.0551
0.1571
-0.0791
0.00001
-0.00023
0.00001
STOREY 1
Story
STOREY 2
POINT DISPLACEMENT ( mm )
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
WALL LOAD
-0.057
0.32
-0.1193
-0.00002
0.00008
0.00001
EQX
3.7953
0.268
-0.0171
-0.00002
0.00033
0.00001
EQY
-0.0565
4.2975
0.0444
-0.00024
-0.00001
0.00002
SERVICE
-0.2797
1.034
-0.498
0.00002
-0.00079
0.00003
FACTORED
-0.3565
1.3005
-0.6279
0.00003
-0.00103
0.00004
DCON1
-0.3184
1.2387
-0.5913
0.00002
-0.00079
0.00004
DCON2
-0.4072
1.4924
-0.72
0.00004
-0.00117
0.00005
DCON3
4.9537
1.7433
-0.6825
-0.00057
0.00006
DCON4
-5.6921
0.9916
-0.6344
0.00006
-0.0015
0.00003
DCON5
-0.4485
7.3948
-0.5962
-0.0003
-0.00105
0.00007
DCON6
-0.2899
-4.6598
-0.7207
0.00036
-0.00102
0.00002
DCON7
5.2876
0.9265
-0.2838
-0.00002
0.00013
0.00003
DCON8
-5.5669
0.16
-0.2348
0.00004
-0.00082
DCON9
-0.2205
6.6888
-0.1958
-0.00033
-0.00036
0.00005
DCON10
-0.0588
-5.6022
-0.3228
0.00035
-0.00033
-0.00001
DEAD
-0.019
0.175
-0.1763
0.00001
-0.0002
LIVE
-0.0033
0.0414
-0.0565
-0.00009
FLOOR FINISHES
-0.0042
0.0446
-0.0596
-0.0001
WALL LOAD
-0.0393
0.2591
-0.1205
0.00002
-0.00021
0.00001
EQX
2.4518
0.1095
-0.0151
-0.00001
0.00039
EQY
-0.0244
2.6836
0.0371
-0.00019
-0.00001
SERVICE
-0.0657
0.5202
-0.413
0.00004
-0.0006
0.00001
FACTORED
-0.0802
0.6408
-0.5182
0.00005
-0.00075
0.00001
DCON1
-0.0874
0.6703
-0.499
0.00005
-0.00071
0.00001
DCON2
-0.093
0.7407
-0.5951
0.00005
-0.00086
0.00001
DCON3
3.3514
0.8434
-0.5675
0.00004
-0.00024
0.00001
DCON4
-3.526
0.5362
-0.5252
0.00006
-0.00134
0.00001
DCON5
-0.1215
4.4536
-0.4943
-0.00021
-0.0008
0.00002
DCON6
-0.0531
-3.074
-0.5984
0.00031
-0.00077
0.00001
DCON7
3.4678
0.4505
-0.2404
0.00001
0.00025
0.00001
DCON8
-3.5445
0.1374
-0.1973
0.00003
-0.00087
DCON9
-0.0732
4.1315
-0.1658
-0.00025
-0.00033
0.00001
DCON10
-0.0035
-3.5436
-0.2719
0.00029
-0.0003
152
BASE
NSL
CHAPTER 5
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
DEAD
0.0152
0.0174
-0.0534
-0.00001
LIVE
0.0104
0.0034
-0.015
-0.00001
0.00002
FLOOR FINISHES
0.0119
0.0037
-0.0158
-0.00001
0.00002
WALL LOAD
-0.0133
0.029
-0.052
0.00001
-0.00016
EQX
0.2919
0.0112
-0.005
-0.00001
0.0004
EQY
-0.0008
0.3027
0.0135
-0.00032
SERVICE
0.0242
0.0536
-0.1361
-0.00001
-0.00012
FACTORED
0.0332
0.0657
-0.1694
-0.00001
-0.00014
DCON1
0.0193
0.0702
-0.1696
-0.00001
-0.0002
DCON2
0.037
0.0761
-0.1951
-0.00001
-0.00017
DCON3
0.4411
0.0869
-0.1873
-0.00003
0.0004
DCON4
-0.3778
0.0554
-0.1733
-0.00073
DCON5
0.0305
0.4956
-0.1614
-0.00047
-0.00017
0.00001
DCON6
0.0328
-0.3534
-0.1992
0.00044
-0.00016
DCON7
0.4259
0.0469
-0.0815
-0.00002
0.00049
DCON8
-0.409
0.0147
-0.0673
0.00001
-0.00066
DCON9
0.0073
0.4636
-0.0551
-0.00046
-0.00009
0.00001
DCON10
0.0097
-0.402
-0.0937
0.00046
-0.00008
DEAD
LIVE
FLOOR FINISHES
WALL LOAD
EQX
EQY
SERVICE
FACTORED
DCON1
DCON2
DCON3
DCON4
DCON5
DCON6
DCON7
DCON8
DCON9
DCON10
153
STOREY 1
STOREY 2
CHAPTER 5
32
32
DEAD
-0.1056
0.3359
-0.3859
-0.0001
0.00084
0.00001
LIVE
-0.0473
0.1228
-0.1603
-0.00005
0.00045
32
FLOOR FINISHES
-0.05
0.1293
-0.1673
-0.00005
0.00046
32
WALL LOAD
-0.0547
0.275
-0.1747
-0.00003
-0.0001
0.00001
32
EQX
3.7914
0.2139
0.0102
0.00003
0.00013
0.00001
32
EQY
-0.0626
4.2497
-0.0722
-0.00002
0.00001
32
32
SERVICE
-0.2576
0.8629
-0.8882
-0.00023
0.00166
0.00003
FACTORED
-0.3281
1.0846
-1.13
-0.00029
0.00217
0.00004
32
DCON1
-0.2944
1.0362
-1.0191
-0.00025
0.00168
0.00003
32
DCON2
-0.3749
1.2449
-1.2916
-0.00034
0.00246
0.00004
32
DCON3
4.9773
1.4414
-1.1586
-0.00027
0.00237
0.00005
32
DCON4
-5.6576
0.8412
-1.1871
-0.00034
0.00199
0.00003
32
32
DCON5
-0.4279
7.1015
-1.2742
-0.00031
0.00215
0.00005
DCON6
-0.2523
-4.8189
-1.0716
-0.0003
0.00221
0.00003
32
DCON7
5.2926
0.7604
-0.4324
-0.00007
0.00093
0.00003
32
DCON8
-5.5508
0.1485
-0.4615
-0.00015
0.00055
32
DCON9
-0.2187
6.5315
-0.5502
-0.00012
0.00071
0.00003
32
DCON10
-0.0396
-5.6226
-0.3436
-0.00011
0.00076
32
DEAD
-0.0251
0.1523
-0.298
-0.00006
0.00034
32
LIVE
-0.0066
0.0367
-0.1182
-0.00003
0.00015
32
FLOOR FINISHES
-0.0076
0.0394
-0.1247
-0.00003
0.00017
32
WALL LOAD
-0.0371
0.2248
-0.1787
-0.00004
0.00034
0.00001
32
EQX
2.4539
0.0919
0.0098
0.00002
0.00005
32
32
EQY
-0.0237
2.6509
-0.0616
-0.00002
0.00001
SERVICE
-0.0763
0.4532
-0.7197
-0.00016
0.00099
0.00001
32
FACTORED
-0.0942
0.5585
-0.9109
-0.00021
0.00125
0.00001
32
DCON1
-0.0976
0.5831
-0.842
-0.00019
0.00119
0.00001
32
DCON2
-0.1088
0.6455
-1.043
-0.00023
0.00144
0.00001
32
DCON3
3.3404
0.7299
-0.9372
-0.00018
0.00139
0.00002
32
32
DCON4
-3.5427
0.472
-0.9648
-0.00025
0.00125
0.00001
DCON5
-0.1344
4.3188
-1.0373
-0.00021
0.00129
0.00002
32
DCON6
-0.068
-3.1169
-0.8646
-0.00021
0.00134
0.00001
32
DCON7
3.4663
0.3872
-0.3553
-0.00005
0.00059
0.00001
32
DCON8
-3.5518
0.1243
-0.3833
-0.00012
0.00045
32
DCON9
-0.0766
4.0465
-0.4573
-0.00008
0.0005
0.00001
32
DCON10
-0.0089
-3.535
-0.2813
-0.00008
0.00054
154
BASE
NSL
CHAPTER 5
32
DEAD
0.0137
0.0139
-0.0885
-0.00002
0.00008
32
LIVE
0.0055
0.0029
-0.0311
-0.00002
32
FLOOR FINISHES
0.0063
0.0032
-0.0328
-0.00001
-0.00002
32
WALL LOAD
0.02
0.0229
-0.0813
-0.00003
0.00049
-0.00001
32
EQX
0.2863
0.0077
0.0044
0.00026
-0.00001
32
EQY
-0.0005
0.262
-0.0226
-0.00007
32
SERVICE
0.0456
0.0429
-0.2338
-0.00006
0.00054
-0.00002
32
FACTORED
0.0569
0.0527
-0.293
-0.00008
0.00064
-0.00002
32
DCON1
0.0561
0.056
-0.2837
-0.00008
0.00077
-0.00002
32
DCON2
0.0654
0.061
-0.3367
-0.00009
0.00075
-0.00003
32
DCON3
0.4619
0.0678
-0.3032
-0.00008
0.00109
-0.00004
32
DCON4
-0.3413
0.0461
-0.3155
-0.00009
0.00034
-0.00001
32
DCON5
0.0596
0.4244
-0.341
-0.00018
0.00071
-0.00002
32
DCON6
0.061
-0.3104
-0.2777
0.00001
0.00072
-0.00003
32
DCON7
0.434
0.0356
-0.1182
-0.00003
0.00072
-0.00003
32
DCON8
-0.3849
0.0135
-0.1307
-0.00004
-0.00004
0.00001
32
DCON9
0.0238
0.3992
-0.1567
-0.00013
0.00033
-0.00001
32
DCON10
0.0253
-0.3501
-0.0922
0.00006
0.00034
-0.00002
32
DEAD
32
LIVE
32
FLOOR FINISHES
32
WALL LOAD
32
EQX
32
EQY
32
SERVICE
32
FACTORED
32
DCON1
32
DCON2
32
DCON3
32
DCON4
32
DCON5
32
DCON6
32
DCON7
32
DCON8
32
DCON9
32
DCON10
155
Conclusions and Recommendations
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions:
All the design work carried out in the project is based on the seismic code
provisions given by UBC-97 and ACI-318-05 so, the conclusions regarding theproject are
also based on the seismic design provisions. Some design procedures and theory have
been taken from different books (Detail in References). There are some conclusions
discussed below from the project.
The application of seismic provisions on the structure makes the structure

uneconomical but always safety is given first preference and then the
economy.
Different techniques are used in the masonry construction but choose the one
which is equally economical.
Unsymmetrical plans are avoided in the earth quake prone areas.
Joints (e.g. joint between beam and column) must be so strong that it can
resists the earth quake forces because it is seen that cracks are always
developed at the joints when an earth quake comes.
We cannot access the direction of earthquake waves so we must strengthen the
structure in both the direction
156
Openings in buildings must be small and less in number as far as possible in

the earthquake resistant structures.
We used various cracked versions of SAP and ETABS, due to problem in
these cracked versions several times we had to carry out modeling from the
beginning.
It was observed that the some features to show the results of analysis and
Design disabled after the analysis has been carried out.
Many times it happened that the program gave RUN TIME ERROR and the
whole effort was ruined
Computer results cannot be blindly relied upon rather some manual checks
should be applied before finalization of the computer aided results.
An effort has been made in this project to collect and arrange the relative
design information for the design of farm house in the seismic region.
The difference in analysis result by manual and computer aided design is

obviously due to number of reasons
9 Redistribution of negative moments

9 Approximate analysis (ACI) and FEM
9 2-D & 3-D model difference especially in EQ loading
9 Meshing of slab panels etc.
157
Recommendations :
The following points must be considered while designing the structures ( especially in the
earthquake areas )
Safety is given first preference rather than the economy.

Some engineers lack in knowledge of Design Code, even some of them
carry design without going through the Code. This practice should be
avoided.
Seismic detailing must be used in the earth quake areas.e.g in the
columns lap must be provided at the centre of the column heights.
Box action must be insured in the structures.
Seismic provisions must be applied on the structures according to the
codes and also according to the zone in which we are constructing our
building.
Discontinuous shear walls are avoided in the seismic regions.
Low torsional stiffness buildings are avoided so it is preferably to
provide a shear wall along the four sides of the structures ( N , S , E ,
W)
There should not be vertical and horizontal geometrical irregularities in
the buildings.
Avoid large water tanks on the roof.
158
Avoid long cantilever balconies

It is not preferable to provide unreinforced parapets at roof level.
Avoid free standing walls which fall under lateral loading.
Avoid having canopy structures in the earthquake prone areas.
Do not place services through corners of buildings inside masonry units
as these can weaken corners. Equally do not put rain water pipes into
the corner walls.
Purchased versions of the design software should be used. Use of crack
version is strongly discouraged. Cracked versions of softwares may be
non-reliable.
The students are less familiar with fps units because most of the time
they are using SI units, but persons in field are following all types of
units.so it is recommended that students should be well familiar with
both system of units.
Some Structural engineering software are inter related like SAP,
ETABS and SAFE. AUTOCAD is also linked with programming as
well as structural engineering softwares. So they should be learned
from mutual interaction point of view.
All the computer-aided results should be verified manually to ensure
the reliability of results in computer aided design.
159
A very import step is to keep in mind the construction practice, so it is

also advised that the structural engineer should also familiarize him
with local construction practice where the project is to be executed
rather all time following the international standards.
160

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DESIGN OF FARM HOUSE IN

SESSION 2003( F ) - 2007

ENGR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN-UL-HASSAN

Department Of Civil Engineering

University of Engineering & Technology

This project is submitted to Department of Civil Engineering,

Approved on: _______________

Department of Civil Engineering

1.2 Old concepts about an earthquake

1.3 Causes of Earthquake

1.4 Types of Earthquakes

1.5 Earthquake Measuring Instruments

1.6 How does Earthquake affect Building

1.7 Complexity of Earthquake Ground motion

1.8 Effects of Earthquakes

1.9 Earthquakes in Pakistan

1.10 Scope of Seismic design of structure

1.11 Objectives of Project

1.12 Introduction of Project

2.1.1 ACI CODE

2.3 Related Terms

2.4 Fundamental Assumptions for Reinforced Concrete

2.6 Trend of making the earthquake resistant structures

2.6.1 Present Practices in Pakistan

SEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURE

3.2 Minimum Seismic Design

3.3 Seismic and Wind Design

3.4 Some Related Terms

3.5 Construction Of Buildings In Seismic Region

3.5.1 Dead loads

3.7 Expansion and separation joints

3.8 Foundations and substructures

3.9 Method of analysis

3.10 For single to two storey houses units

3.10.5 Lintel Band

3.11.1 Material types for wall

4.1 Two-Way Slabs.

4.2.1 Design procedure

4.3.1 Design of structural beams

4.4.1 Wall load on lintel

4.5.1 Design procedure for the

4.6.1 Design of masonary foundation

4.8 Software used in design of

4.8.1 Overview of ETABS program

5.1 Walls And Foundations

5.1.1 Exterior wall ( W1 )

5.3 Design of column ( C2 ) footing

5.4 Design of slabs

5.4.1 Design of ground floor slab system

5.5.2 Structural beams

5.7 Design of columns

5.8 Design of stairs

B ) Computer aided asnalysis and results

No natural event is more frightening than an earthquake

1 . 2 OLD CONCEPTS ABOUT AN EARTHQUAKE

1 . 5 EARTHQUAKE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Figure 1.1 Seismograph

Figure 1.2 Seismogram

1 . 6 HOW DO EARTHQUAKES AFFECT BUILDINGS

Figure 1.3showing the movement of seismic waves

1 . 7 COMPLEXITY OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION

3) LOCAL SITE EFFECTS

Destabilizations of the base of some buildings which may lead to collapse in a

Lack of basic necessities