of Bituminous Mixtures Using

T11issmndard has >?enopprov~d/orm by agencies o/ rhe Depunmenr of D c k n . ~ .Comirlr fhr BoD In<lr.\ dS,~pci/icnrin~t.v
ond
S ~ ~ n d m r h ~IIW
deCi/iC
r
u u r d m u r w l i i i has b m adopred by r k Depanlnenr qiDcfrnsr

l. Scope

Two compaction hammcrs are recomrncnded.

1.1 This test method cc~vers the measurcment of the

mistance to plastic flow of :ylindric$ specimens of bituminous paving mixtiire loaded on the lateral surface by means
olthe Marshall apparatus. .'bis test method is for use with
mixtures containing asphalt cement, asphalt cut-back or tar,
and aggregate up to 1-in. (2: .4-mm) maximum size.
1.2 This standard muy in ~olvehazardous materials, opern~iotis,and eqztipment. Thii standard does not purport to
nddress al1 of the safetyprobt ems associated wi(h its use. It is
iiir responsibi1it.v o/ the usc r. of ~ h i sstandard lo establish
oppropriafe safet,v and heal h practice.~and determine /he
opplicabilitv qj'regitlatory /ir iitations prior to use.

NOTE1-The compaction hammer may lx cquipped with

safety guard as shown in Fig. 2.

l. Significance and Use

2.1 This test method is u d in the laboratory mix design
tfbituminoiis rnixtures. Sp imens are prepared in accordance with the method and ested for maximum load and
Row. Density and voids pro erties may also be drtermined
m specimens prepared in ac ordance with the test method.
The testing section of this m hod can also be used to obtain
ntaximum load and low foi bituminous paving specimens
mied from pavements or pr ared by other methods. These
raults may differ from valu s obtained on specimens prec~~~by this test method.
1. Apparatus

1 1

ITIIIS 1

1
I

s t m e t h d ir under the ~ u r i d

iMianical Tests of Bitumtnous Mwcs

OI'ASTM

C O ~ I I I ~~4
I ~ on
~ C~oad

finger

3.4 Companion Pede.s/al-Thc compaction pedestal shall

consist of an 8 by 8 by 18-in. (203.2 by 203.2 by 457.2-mm)
wooden post capped with a 12 by 12 by 1-in. (304.8 by 304.8
by 25.4-mm) steel plate. The wooden pos1 shall be oak. pine.
or other wood having an average dry weight of 42 to 48 Ib/ft3
(0.67 to 0.77 @m"). The wooden post shall be secured by
four angle brackets to a solid concrete slab. The steel cap
shall be firmly fastened to tlie post. The pedestal assembly
shall be installed so that the post is plumb and tlie cap is
level.
3.5 Specim~nMold Holder, mounted on the compaction
pedestal so as to center the compactioii mold over the center
of the post. It shall hold the compaction mold, collar, and
base plate securely in position during compaction of the
specimen.
3.6 Brealcing Head-The breaking head (Fig. 3) shall
consist of upper and lower cylindrical segments or test heads
having an inside radius of curvature of 2 in. (50.8 mm)
accurately machined. The lowcr segment shall be mounted
on a base having two perpendicular guide rods or posts
extending upward. Guide sleeves in the upper segment shall
be in such a position as to direct the two segments together
without appreciable binding or loose motion on the guide
rods.
3.7 Loading Jack-The loading jack (Fig. 4) shall consist
of a screw jack.mounted in a testing frame and sliall produce
a uniform vertical movement of 2 in. (50.8 mm)/min. An
electric motor may be attached to the jacking mcchanism.

ring dynamometer to the testing fraine and transmitting the

10ad 10 the breaking head.
NOTE3-Instead of the nng dynamometer assembly. any siiitabls
load-measunngdevicemay be uscd provided the capacity and sensiiivity
meet the above requirements

1
1

!
!

E--:
$1.
I

.. -

iii.

L
7

cenie.-.

'-m

t
Owcmv -0

m-0
COiLLR LM) LU5C R L T L
.m-UIIUR.m

L5

Table of Equivalents for Figa 1 and 3

InchPound MIS.

in.
0.005
'132
%a
'/S

%S

l/r
9/32

Va
0.496
0.499
%
9/76

Meth Equi la-

Imh-Powid

lents. mn

Unils. in.

0.11
0.8
1.6
3.2
4.8
6.4
7.1
9.5
12.6
12.67
12.7
14.3
15.9

'%6

V6

'/a
<%S

1
1/S'
1%
1%
1'/n
1%
1V4

2
2%

Melrk E q u ~ a lents. mm

Inch-PowKI Lhlfs.
m.

17.5
19.0
22.2
23.8
25.4

2%
2%
23/4
Z'/B
3

28.6

3%

31.8
34.9
38.1
41.3
44.4
50.8
57.2

3'/~
3%
3%
3.990
3.995
4
4.005

MelriC Equivalents.
mm

Ind-Pwnd Wts.

Mevic E*

in.

58.7
63.5
69.8
73.0
762
82.6
87.3
98.4
101.2
101.35
101.47
101.6
101.73

4%
4%
. %4
4th
4Ys

4%
5 % ~
5%
5%
6
6%
7%
27

104.8

L_

114.3
117.5
120.6
128.6

..l

152.4 '
158.8
193.7
685.8

.. CEI!~::

.,

y;

FIG. 1 Compactlon Mold

head when e;

the breaking
gage shall be
NOTE4-In
worder gtadu;
IOW

F I W E R GUIRD
I

-&-

3.10 Oven
xovided for
men molds,
he required
mended that

;O
2.8-C)
as toSuits
m;
>sed on the t
~verheating.
3.1 1 Mixb
r
nended. An
$
xovided it
L
emperature
nixture of tl
'urther provi
FIG. 2 Compaction Hamrner
.ecovered. A
iand mixing
resistance. The guide sleeve shall slide freely over thegi 3.12 Wate
rod of the breaking head. Tlie flowmeter gage shaU 152.4 mm)(
adjusted to zero when placed in position on the brealisto maintai

134

----I

'--Reme
CO?"*,$

GUIDE POST

&

.oso0 pmm

'
-m

Slsdinp F S I
e" No 5

SLEEVE

6)

TEST HEAO UPP R @

ADAPTER

.-a-.-

'

,.. .
.-Flof Heod Mmhnc

scioi

1420 TP,-

"

ASSEMBLY
,

BASE

VaMe o1 Equivaienis samB as for Fig. 1.)

F1G. 3

1 I
;

Breakimg Head

head when each individua test specimen is inseried between

ihc breaking head segme s. Graduations of the flowmeter

gge shall be in 0.01-in. (O 25-mm) divisions.
Nm 4-lnstead of the flow meter, a micrometer diai or stress-strain
m-urder graduated in 0.001 in (0.025 mm) may be,used to measure
h.

3.10 Ovens or Hor Plaf ?S-Ovens or hot plates shall be

provided for heating aggre ;ates, bituminous material, specimen molds, compaction hammers, and other equipment to
ihe required mixing and molding temperatures. It is recommended that the heating ur its be thermostatically controlled
so as to maintain the rcquired temperature within 5'F
(2.8'C). Suitable shields, b: me plates or sand baths shall be
used on the surfaces of the hot plates to minimize localized
overheating.
3.1 1 Mixing Apparafus--Mechanical mixing is recommended. Any type of rrechanical mixer may be used
provided it can be mairtained at the required mixing
iemperature and will prov de a well-coated, homogeneous
mixture of the required a n ount in the allowable time, and
; iuriher provided that esseitially al1 of the batch can be
rtcovered. A metal pan or bowl of suficient capacity and
hand mixing mayohlso be u;ed.
3.12 Water Bath-The igater bath .shall be at least 6 in.
er the &de
ige 'si-alS be (152.4 mm) deep and shall ,e thermostatically controlled so
he br:aking ato maintain the bath at 1,,0 I 1.8"F (60 I I.O'C) or 100 2
;

1.8'F (37.8
1C). The 'tank shall have a perforated false
bottom or be equipped with a shelf for supporting specimens
2 jn. (50.8 mm) above the bottom of the bath.
3.13 Air Bath-The air bath for asphalt cut-back mixtiires
shall be thermostatically controlled and shall maintain the
air temperature at 77F I 1.8"F (25 -c 1 .O"C).
3.14 Miscellaneozis Equipment:
3.14.1 Conlainers for heating aggregates, lat-bottom
metal pans-sr other suitable containers.
3.14.2 Conlainers for heating bituminous material, either
gill-type tins, beakers, pouring pots, or saucepans may be
used.
3.14.3 Mixing Tool, either a steel trowel (garden type) or
spatula, for spading and hand mixing.
3.14.4 Thermomefers for determining temperatures of
aggregates, bitumen, and bituminous mixtures. Armoredglass or dial-type thermometers with metal stems are recommended. A range from 50 to 40VF (9.9 to,2D4"C), with
sensitivity of 5F (2.8"C) is required.
3.14.5 Thermomefers for water and air bathi with a range
from 68 to 158'F (20 to 70'C) sensitive to 0.4"F (0.2-C).
3.14.6 Balance, 2-kg capacity, sensitive to 0.1 g, for
weighing moldcd specimens.
3.14.7 Balance, 5-kg capacity, sensitive to 1.0 g, for
batching mixturcs.
3.14.8 G/oves for handling hot equipment.

IM

-W-!TZ.>RRI
ELECT MOTOR

10% of the
intervals o
the weight
4.5 Cor.
4.5.1 TI
the face of
boiling wa
200 and :
paper or p
before the
the mold.
Or trowel
the inteno
mix with i
of the mi:
within the
in 4.3.

4.5.2 R

3.14.9 Rirhher Gloves f

bath.
3.14.10 Murking Cruy
3.14.1 1 Scoop, flat bott
3.14.12 Spoon, large,
specimen molds.
4. Test Specimens

content.

I to % m. (25.0 lo 19.0 mm)

lo '1s in. (19.0 10 9.5 nim)
J/8 in. lo No. 4 (9.5 rnm lo 4.7
No. 4 lo No. 8 (4.75 mrn io 2.
Pdsing No. 8 (2.36 mm)
314

compactio
wise specil
with a free
SEC'IION .A.A.
operator s
hand as I
.sien Testing Machine
assembly s
reverse ani
r removing specimens from water
after it has lost 50 % of its solvent. The temperarocom~actio
determined from the viscosity temperature chart to whrcom~acti0
s for identifying specimens.
the asphalt cut-back must be heated to produce a viscosi~extractor (
m, for batching aggregates.
280 + 30 cSt after a loss of 50 % of the original solawith
e
or placing the mixture in the
content shall be the compacting temperature.
pressure tc
4.3.4 The temperature to which, tar must be heated force the
produce Eiigler specific viscosities of 25 ir 3 and 40 + 5 shfrom the
be respectively the mixing and compacting temperature. Smooth, n:
temperatu
4.4 Preparation of Mixfures:
4.4.1 Weigh into separate pans for each test specimeni NOTE5amount of each size fraction required to produce a batch Forn.paaion
will result in a compacted specimen 2.5 f 0.05 in.
1.27 mm) in height (about 1200 g). Place the pans on the&ompaction
plate or in the oven and heai to a temperature not exce&esirable k n
the mixing temperature established in 4.3 by more tthigher densi
approximately 50F (28C) for asphalt cement and tar midevice of an:
and 25'F (14'C) for cut-back asphalt mixes. Charge f n
mixing bowl with the heated aggregate and dry mix ibhen
oughly. Form a crater in the dry blended aggregate and W~hatlack sun
the preheated pqpired amount of bituminous material rremovai rror
the mixture." For mixes prepared with cutback as@e mold in
introduce the mixing blade in the mixing bowl and dt?"pe'cy'ini
mine the total weight of the rnix components plus bowl5. Procedi
blade before proceeding with mixing. &re must be exem
to prevent l o s of the mix diiring mixing and subseqx 5.1 Brin
handling. At this point, the temperature of the aggregaterar to the
bituminous material shall be within the lirnits of the mifath 30
temperature established in 4.3. Mix the aggregate
bath
bituminous material rapidly until thoroughly coated. ,he
4.4.2 Following mixing, cure asphalt cutback m i x t u d . m ) for
a ventilated oven maintained at appyoximately 20.F (1 l . ~ ~ ~
above the compaction temperature. Curing is to be [)ath temp
tinued in the mixing bowl until the precalculated weighlean the
50 % solvent loss or more has been obtained. The rnix t' .
mor to m;
be stirred in a mixing bowl dunng curing to acceleralehe upper,
solvent loss. However, care should be exercised to pm

(63.1:hF:.,y,":

!he

Ch

Vol 14.02.

mix dunng cunng in successive

and less than 10 min intervals as

o size in the bottom of the mold

temperature shall be maintained between 70 to IOWF (21.1

to 37.8"C) using a water bath when required. Remove the
specimen from the water bath, oven, or air bath, and place in
the lower segment of the breaking head. Place the upper
segment of the breaking head on the specimen, and place the
complete assembly in position on the testing machine. Place
the flowmeter, where used, in position over one of the guide
rods and adjust the flowmeter to zero while holding the
sleeve firmly against the upper segment of the breaking head.
Hold the flowmeter sleeve firmly against the upper segment
of the breaking head while the test load is being applied.
5.2 Apply the load to the specimen by means of the
constant rate of movement of the load jack or testingmachine head of 2 in. (50.8 mm)/min until the maximum
load is reached and the load decreases as indicated by the
dial. Record the maximum load noted on the testing
machine or converted from the maximum micrometer dial
reading. Releaie tbe flowmeter sleeve or note the micrometer
dial reading, where used, the instant the maximum load
begins to decrease. Note and record the indicated flow value
or equivalent units jn hundredths of an inch (twenty-five
hundredths of a millimetre) if a micrometer dial is used to
measure the flow. The elapsed time for the test from removal
of the test specimen from the water bath to the maximum
load determination shall not exceed 30 s.

TABLE 1
Vol-

S. ,,rocedure

us bowl and

5.1 Bring the specimens prepared with asphalt cement or

su sequent
Erekate and br to (he specified tempe ture by immersing in the water
f the mixing balh 30 to 40 min or plac g in the oven for 2 h. Maintain
lhe bath or oven temperat e at 140 f 1.8"F(60 f I .O"C)for
greg te
the asphalt cement specir ens and 100 f 1.8"F (37.8 +
; i s e d
tures ,, - I.(PC)for tar specimens. 'ng the specimens prepared with
11 loC) asphalt cut-back to the s ecified temperature by placing
; to he 'con- lhem in the air bath for a
inimum of 2 h. Maintain the air
h temperature -?t 77 f 1.8"F (25 2 1 .O'C). Thoroughly
cd ejght of hl
dan lhe guide rods and t inside suof the test heads
ix,mg
maki,ng the test, a lubncate the guide iads so that
CC" rate the theupper test head slides f eely over them. The testing-head
d to preven1

of Spedmen.
cm3

2%

57.2

471 lo 4 8 2

25/18
2%

58.7

2%~
2%

61.9
63.5

2%

65.1
66.7
M1.3
69.8
71.4
73.0
74.6

523 to 535
538 t0 546
547 lo 559
560 to 573
574 10 5.95
586 to 598
699
61 1 to
lo 610
625
0""

mm

Conelatim Ratio

Soecimen.

457 10 470
483 10 495
496 to 508
509 lo 522

Stability Correlation Ratios A

;Eg"'d

251~

2'%s

m,
2 1 ~ ~ 8

2vs

32*s/,.

1.19

1.14

60.3

76.2

l.W
1.M
1.M)
0.96

0.93

."

0.89
0.86
0.83
0.81
0.78

0.76

staHnv
Of a
mdliWed
lhe
tat(ofwthethickness
specimen eguals
m m t e d stamty for a P'h-in. (63.5-mm) SPectmen.

BVolume-thickness rslationship is based on a spedmen diameter of 4

(ro1.6 mm).

in.

..

NOTE 8-For

core specimens, c rrect the load when thickneu is

in. (63.5 rnm) by u tng the proper multiplying factor

specimcns, the height of each test specirnen a

inches (or millimetres) shall be reported.

6.1 The r e ~ o r shall

t
include the following information:
6.1.1
of sample tested (laboratory k m p l e or pavement core specimen).

6.1.2 Average maximum load in pounds-force (a

newtons) of at least three specimens, corrected when rc
"''*
quired.
6.1.3 Average flow value, in hundredths of an inch
twentv-five hundredths of a millimetre, of three specimem
and
6.1.4 Test temperature.

NOTE 7-For
other than 2'/2
from Table l .

6 . Rcpori

T~G

WR

for Tesrlng and Maferials rakes no position respecfing rhe velidlly olany paren! Nghts assefiad ni connection
Ni lhis slandard. Usen o1 lhis standard ate expressly advissd lhaf delerminatlon o1 rhe vaiidlty o1 any such
k o1 inlringement o1 such righls, are enlirely lheir own responsibillly.

,.

%
.

1. Scope

1.1 These
resistance to
by measurin;
vertical load
the cohesior
sunng the fc
cantilever be
1.2 This J
safefy prohlc
responsibili,
prime safery
bility of regu
1.3 The vi
regarded as t

2. Reference~
2.1 ASTM
D I 5 6 1 Pr;
Test Sp,
Compaci
D 3666 Pr;
Testing a
2.2 Calihr
Test 306
Test 366

3. Significan<
3.1 The re:
be used for s
poses, or botl
specification
They can also
the mix. The .
such as sand 1
pf major or p
sometimes us
emulsified asp

'

Wese melhod!
and Psving Materia

Mechanical Tesis o
Curreni edition ;
published as D I5M
A more deiaili
available on reques
Blvd., Sacramento.
re8arding the apent
!he stabilometer dia

'Annual Book o,