MAT 3310 (2009-2010, Second Term)

Suggested Solution for Assignment 2

1. We formulate the problem

Min (P ) = (4y1 + 4y2 )
s.t.
y12 + 4y22 = 1,

(1)

y1 0,

(2)

y2 0.

(3)

Define the Lagrange multiplier,

L = (4y1 + 4y2 ) + (y12 + 4y22 1)
The stationary point should satisfy
L

y1 = 4 + 2y1 = 0
L
y = 4 + 2y1 = 0

L1
2
2
= y1 + 4y2 1 = 0
Solve the system, y1 =

2 5
5 ,

y2 =

5
10 ,

5.

The maximum perimeter is P = 4y1 + 4y2 = 4

2 5
5

(4)

+4

5
10

= 2 5.

2. For point A (y1 , y2 , y3 ) on the plane, if the distance from the point P (1, 1, 1) to A is

minimal, then the vector AP = (1 y1 , 1 y2 , 1 y3 ) must be multiple of the normal

vector ~r = (1, 2, 3), so we have

(
(1 y1 ) : (1 y2 ) : (1 y3 ) = 1 : 2 : 3
(5)
y1 + 2y2 + 3y3 = 18
Let 1 y1 = t, 1 y2 = 2t, 1 y3 = 3t, then y1 = 1 t, y2 = 1 2t, y3 = 1 3t, and
25
substitute it into y1 + 2y2 + 3y3 = 18, we get t = 76 , y1 = 13
, y2 = 19
7 , y3 = 7 ,
q
7
~ k = ( 6 )2 + ( 12 )2 + ( 18 )2 = 6 14 .
the minimal distance is kAP
7

Please email to the tutors if there are mistakes: xmdeng@math.cuhk.edu.hk.

3. (a) Let A = (1, 2, 3)T , Ax and ~y are projections of vector ~a = (1, 1, 1)T on the line
y1 = y22 = y33 and its vertical line respectively, then
~a = Ax + ~y

(6)

(Ax) ~y = 0

(7)

Since x is a nonzero scalar, AT ~y = 0 by equation (7), and we can reformulate it into

the following matrix form:

I A
~y
~a
=
AT 0
x
0
solve the system, we get ~y = ( 47 , 17 , 27 )T , x = 73 .
the minimum distance from point (1, 1, 1) to the line is k~y k =

21
7 .

(b) The projection matrix P onto the line is :

1 2 3
1
2 4 6
P = A(AT A)1 AT =
14
3 6 9
(c) By the definition of P , P T = A(AT A)1 AT = P ;
and P 2 = P P = A(AT A)1 AT A(AT A)1 AT = A(AT A)1 (AT A)(AT A)1 AT =
A(AT A)1 AT = P .
For any vector ~b,
kP bk2 = (P b)T (P b) = bT P T P b = bT P P b = bT P b
2

k(I P )bk = kb P bk = (b P b) (b P b)
= bT b 2bT P b + (P b)T (P b)
2

(8)
(9)
(10)

= kbk 2b P b + kP bk

(11)

= kbk2 2kP bk2 + kP bk2

(12)

= kbk kP bk

(13)

The identity kP bk2 + k(I P )bk2 = kbk2 is thus proved.

4. (a) At the equilibrium state where K~u = f~, Pmin is achieved.
1
Pmin = (K~u, ~u) (f~, ~u)
2
1
= (K~u, ~u) (K~u, ~u)
2
1
= (K~u, ~u)
2
The strain energy U ,

1
U = (K~u, ~u) = Pmin
2
2

(14)
(15)
(16)

By w = CA~u, K = AT CA,
1
Qmin = (C 1 w, w),
2
1
= (A~u, CA~u)
2
1
= (AT CA~u, ~u)
2
1
= (K~u, ~u) = U
2

(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)

(b) At equilibrium,

1
1
U = (K~u, ~u) = (f~, ~u)
2
2
U is NOT equal to the external potential energy (f~, ~u)!
If they are equal, then U = (f~, ~u) = 0, which means U = 21 (K~u, ~u) = 0 by (a).
Since K is positive symmetric matrix, ~u = ~0 and f~ = K~u = ~0, which means the bar
is not stretched, and there are no external force, it is impossible when the f~ is the
gravitational forces on the masses.

5. (a)
"

#
d(u + tv) 2
dx
dx
0
2 #
2
Z "
1 1 d2 u
du dv
dv
d2 v
du
dx
=
+ 2t

+ t2
+t 2 +
2
2 0 dx
dx
dx
dx dx
dx

Z
Z
t2 1 dv 2
t 1 d2 v
du dv
= P (u) +
dx +
+
2

dx
2 0
dx
2 0 dx2
dx dx

1
P (u + tv) =
2

d2 (u + tv)
+
dx2

(21)
(22)
(23)

For fixed u and v, we can treat P (u + tv) as a quadratic function on t. The first
variation P
u is achieved at
P (u + tv) P (u)
1
P (u) v = lim
=
t0
t
2

(b) Functions satisfying

1 2
d v

du dv
+2

dx
dx2
dx dx

u00 (x) = 3
u(0) = 1

are u(x) = 1.5x2 + c1 x + 1. c1 is to be determined.

We know u(x) that can minimize P (u) satisfies:

Z 1 2
du dv
d v
0
+2

dx = 0
2P (u) v =
dx2
dx dx
0
Z 1
(v 00 + 2u0 v 0 )dx = 0
0

(24)

(25)

(26)
(27)

Integration by part,
Z
Z

(v 00 2uv 00 )dx + 2uv 0 |10 = 0

(28)

(1 2u)v 00 dx + 2u(1)v 0 (1) 2u(0)v 0 (0) = 0

(29)

0
1

for any candidate (u + tv), from (u + tv)00 (x) = 3, and u00 (x) = 3, we know v 00 (x) = 0,
then v 0 (x) C, C is some constant. The above equation now become:
0 + 2C(u(1) u(0)) = 0

(30)

u(1) = u(0) = 1

(31)

Substitute x = 1 into u(1) = 1.5 + c1 + 1 = 1, c1 = 1.5,

and u(x) = 1.5x2 1.5x + 1.