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ABSORPTION TEST:

Stone is immersed in water for 24 hours.


Let,
Before immersion is a
After immersion is b
So, absorption=(ba) / a100%
Good stone should not absorp more than 5% of water of its own weight.
AGGREGATE:
Definition:
Accumulation of non metallic minerals in particular form which may be
processed & used in civil engineering construction is called aggregate.
CLASSIFICATION:
1. Normal weight
2. light weight
3. Heavy weight
Depending on source:
Natural= gravels, shingle, pebbles, clay, sand etc.
Artificial= snassnade
Crushedstone, gashed brick, gashed stay,light weight aggregate,PFA,synthetic
aggregate etc.
PETROGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION:
Depending upon impartant mineral in aggregate.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

silica
carbonate
miscesus
sulphate
feldspar

SURFACE TEXTURE:
1. glassy
2. smsath
3. raugh
4. crystalline
SHAPE:
Rounded=naturally rounded.-sea sanil,river sand
=worn in water.
Irreguler/partially rounded=naturally irregular
=pit sand
Angular=heaving shape edge,formed by intersection of faces.
=all crushed rocks.
Flaky=angular but thickness is small resistive
COARSE AGG= 1. Reaction on #4 seive (4.75mn) according to ASTM
2. should be clean,hard durable.
3. should noa contain iron acids,irapite,organic matter

4. should not contain any deleterious,naticial.


Fineness Modulus :
-

F.M. 5-8

Wear percentage not more than 35 %

Impact value not more than 35 %

Water absorption should not more than 2.5 %

Should be non-reactive.

Fine Aggregate :
- Passes through #4 seive.
-

Should be sound , clean, durable.

F.M. 1.5-3

Should not contain organic matter, salt, other impurities.

Naturally occurring particle.

Silt and Clay :


- Passes through # 200 seive.
-

Fine dust.

GRADING :
Particle size distribution I any batch of concrete aggregate is known as grading.
Importance :
If all particle are of same size ,more avoids will be left. On the other hand, if due to
grading minimum void is left in batch of aggregate. smaller size fill up the voids among longer
size.
Again grading determines workability of mixture which controls bleeding, segregation, w/c
ratio etc. These effects on strength, volume change and durability of hardened concrete .So,
grading is very important.
Grading Curve :
Grading customarily represented by curve .This curve
can be defined by a equation P= (d/D)n ,where
P= Total % passing.
d = Particle size.
% retained
D = maximum size.
passing
N = exponent representing curve.
in n = 0.5 .Then it will be Thomson-Fuller curve.
By grading curve , it can be seen at the grading of a
Sample is as specified or two line or two curve or

100

100
Total % retained
% passing
Total %

Seive size (m.m)

deficient in particle size.


Grading Type :
It may be different types such as
- Continuous
-

Well graded

Skip

Uniformly

Single grading.

Y: f(d)

F.M. :
F.M. is obtained by adding the percentages of an aggregate sample retained on each of a
specified .Tyler sieve series and dividing the sum by 100.
Sieve ,3/4 8/4 #4,#8, #16, #30,#50, #100.

F.M. (Fineness Modulus)


It is the sum of cumulative % retained on
sieve, divided by 100.
F.M. constant be a single description of
grading.
F.M. does not show distribution.
It can measure slight variation in particles
of same source.
G.C. cannot be found from this.
It shows fineness or coarseness.
F.M. is a number.

G.C. (Grading Curve)


It is particle size distribution in a batch of
aggregate.
G.C. can describe whether grading id as per
specification or not.
It show distribution.
It can not be used in case.
F.M. can be found from this.
It cannot show it.
G.C. is not a number.

Blending of Aggregate :
Every CE construction has an specified grading of aggregate .But ideal grading cannot
be obtained sometimes. So, in that as it is durable to preparation the materials in such a way that
the grading curve of combined aggregate I similar to a specific curve or lies between given
limits. This procedure is known as Blending of aggregate.
Importance :
Concrete is a heterogeneous mixture .The absorption of CA is higher than FA .Again bulking of
FA is higher absorption may increase it. So, % of FA and CA must be specified and hence
blending is necessary.
Procedure :
- Equation method
-

Graphical method

Trail and error method.

Source of Aggregate in Bangladesh :


In Bangladesh widely used CA is crushed brick. It is sharp and easily available. There is a
shortage in natural stone. A substantial amount is found in Sylhet and Dinajpur. In Dinajpur ,ther

are beds of rocks of various types igneous rocks ,granite ,Basalt, quartzite, sand stone etc aare
used in Bangladesh.
Sand is the only FA used all over Bangladesh .Of some types, Syhlet sand is superior quality.
Test of Aggregate performed in BUET :
- Absorption (C-127,C-128)
-

Angularity number

Mica content

Has angle absorption (C-131) and Impact value .

Bulking of sand.

Clay lump and friable particle.

Seive analysis (CA) (C-136)

Seive analysis (FA) (C- 136)

Wash sieve analysis.

Vocal rate (C-24)

Soundness by Mg2SO4.

Unit Weight (C-24).

Test for brick:


- Absorption (c-67)
-

Size and shape.

Crushing strength (c-67).

Unit weight.

Test for cement concrete :


- Concrete cylinder (c-34)
-

Concrete cube (6x 6 x 6 ) (BST 1881)

Impact hammer.

Specification for Chittagong Airport Development Project (CADP) :


FA characteristic
Aggregate
CA characteristic
Maximum Size
25 m. m.
20 m. m.

Limit
4 % of dry wet.
5% of dry wet.

Testing of Aggregate
Water Should be clean and free from organic matter.
- Should not contain more than 1000 m.m. chloride.
Test for aggregate for Jamuna Bridge Project :
In BUET wt + relative density bulk density A total acid soluble soundness by 5 cycles of
Mg2SO4 Gel-pat test.
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT:
It is occur due to:
Human utilization
Utility and comfort
Economy
Competition / war etc.
Standard:
It is a document hat has been developed and established when the consensus principles of a
society and that needs approved requirements of the society is regulation procedure.
Standard is used by:- *individuals
*companies
*agencies
*govt. recognitions
*Scientists and engineers
*architects and designers
Specification:
It is a precise statement of asset of requirements to be satisfied by a product, material, system or
service that indicates the procedures for determining whether each of the requirements is
satisfied.
Requirements:- Appropriate unit
Limits
Tolerances
Numerical
Specification agencies:- National (LGED,BSTI,BSSCR)
International (ASTM,BSI,AASTHO,ISI)
Test method:
A definite procedure for the identifications, measurement and evolution of one or more qualities,
characteristics or properties of a material, product, system or service that produces a test result is
known as Test method.
CONCRETE:
Concrete is a artificial mixture made by mixing cementing material with coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate and water.
It is a mixture of aggregate bound by hydrated cement paste.
Concrete- cement+ coarse agg.+ fine agg.+water.
For structural and none-structural concrete.

USE OF CONCRETE:
*It literally forms the basis of modern society.
*We study, work, play, enjoy, concrete structure.
*We live on using utility of concrete structure.
*We move in our living world on concrete structure.
SECTORWISE USE OF CONCRETE:
*Housing and commercial sector .
*Transportation -railway
tube line
airport
sea port
road
*Industrial sector.
*Irrigation, Flood control and hydraulic structures.
*Public health -water supply
sanitation
treatment plant
*Sports and culture -stadium
monument, tower
swimming pool
recreation centre
*Fuel and energy sector -erection of microwave tower
gas transmission facility
*miscellaneous
##Concrete when prepared by following a technical knowhow should meet two overall criteria
(1) It should be satisfactory in its fresh state
*workability *placeability *compatibility
(2) It should be satisfactory in its harden state
*strength *durability *low shrinkage
Knowhow- techniques and engineering inside concrete.
CONCRETE TYPES:
*plane concrete
*simply reinforced concrete
*multiple reinforced concrete
*mass
*heavy weight concrete
*light weight concrete
*semi light weight concrete

Mix Function of Concrete Component:


Aggregate -giving volume
-rendering adhering surface of its binding material
-filling up voids

Binding material -filing up voids in Fine Aggregate


-holding together units of agg. to form solid sulistence
Water -important workability
-makes plastic mixture
-helps hydration of cement
INFLUENCE OF SHAPE AND SIGE OF AGG IN CONCRETE :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Shape and angular particle gives good interlooking.


Smaller particle with large surface area reguires more water and more cement.
larger particles refuire less water and strength increases.
larger particles reduces band area and concrete becomes heterogenous .
Raugh teatured agg. here large surface area to wet and refuire more water.
Max size of agg depends upon-size of member spacing of reinforcement.

SEGREGATION:
It means separation of components of fresh concrete resulting in non-uniform
mixture.
In general it means separation of CA.
CAUSES:
1.Bad proportioning.
2.Change in particle size.
3.Insufficient mix.
4.Displaced from light.
5.Discharged from bad mixer.
6.High sp.gr.of CA.
REMEDY:
1.Well proportioning
2.Proper handling,planning,compacting.
3.Remixing when segregation noticed .
4.Using air-entraining admixture.
BLEEDING:
It is refined as the appearance of water on top surface of concrete.
It results in non-uniform, weak concrete.
It is unused due to inability of aggregates to hold all water.
It can be prevented by proper proportioning, using fine cement using airentrained admixture.
SLUMP TEST:
Concrete is placed in 3 layers.
Each layer is tamped by 25 strakes.
Mold is slowly and vertically removed and concrete is allowed to subside.
This subsidence is referred as slump.
When other parameters are const then slump is a function of W/C rates.

In general 2-4 slump is high workability.


For a given W/C rates increase in slump indicates
1.increase in moisture content.
2.change in grading of agg.

Moisture content:
FA 8-33%
CA8-11%
Quality of cement,sand,water:
cementfine,not very.
sandfree from imparty.
waterfresh drinking water.
Method of mixing,placing,compacting:

Softly place
Machin compactian

FACTOR AFFECTING WORKABILITY:


Water content: water Workability
Segregation
Bleeding
Strength
Aggregate prapartion : Agg/cement ratio workability
Fine agg workability
Fine agg workability
Aggregate property : roundedworkability
wellgraded //

angular
//

porsus
//

Time & Temp:


Upto 40 C and humidity 20%-70%,no effect. If temp>40 C and humidity <20%
then workability .
Air entrainment:
Air entrinment workability
Admixture:
Effect on various way.

METHODS OF CURING3 methods*Water curingTo add additional moisture and prevention of moisture
Done by spruces , sprinkle etc
*Membrane curing-

-When water is mat available


-Polythene ,Wallis proofing papers are used.
*Steam curing-done in a close cylinder
-thus precuts comrade
MIX DESINE
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determine their relative
quantity to produce as economically as possible concrete of section minimum properties such as
durability, strength, consistency etc.
REQUIREMENR-To lave certain minimum properties.
-To produce contrite economically
LIMITING VALUESWhile mix designing same limits are provided these are limiting values.
-Minimum compressive strength
-Minimum cement content
-Maximum w/c ratio
-Minimum density
MAX DENSIGN METHOD1) Old method
2) New method
OLD MERHODa) Thinness modulus method
b) Minimum void method
c) Obituary method
d) Trial and mix method
e) Rand mate #4 method
f) IRC44 method
NEW METHODa) ACI
b) British
CONCEPT OF MINIMUM VOID METHOD AND INFORMATIONBasic concept is fine agg. Fill up voids of CA and cement fill up voids of FA. Water will
snack from clump as consistency requirement.
The information that should be reseeded for this methods is
*Voids in CA
*Voids in FA
*Size of CA
*Size of FA
*Type of cement
*% excess of cement and and FA

ADVANTAGE IN NEW METHODIn old method all calculations are done by volume. But FA like sand has bulking mature
due to moisture. Left sand may show 1.3cft. so, mix design by this method is not absolute.
In new method we use cut of ingredients bulking phenomenon has no effect on it and
hence it gurus accurate mix design.
-F.M method in 99-00
-Void method in 00-01
PURPOSES OF MIX DESIGN1) It is an approximate design for
*Estimating cost
*Preparing trial mix
*Checking submitted design
2) it is a safe design for instant use
3)it is an accurate design for safety and economy
*for single-single specification
*for multiple specification
*its meet quality assurance requirements
4) comparisons of performances of different materials of mixes

METHOD THAT SUIT PURPOSE OF MIX DESIGN1)


2)
3)
4)

laboratory trial mix


full scale trial mix
previous production data bank
ready to use standard data

5) simplified methods of design


6) comprehensive method of design
ASPECTS TO BE COVERED BY MIX DESIGN
-strength
-durability parameters
-workability
-cohesion
-plastic density and yield
-mix proportion
-batch affinities
-special properties i-e surface finish

-air content
Variable facton for normal structure concrete :
w/c ratio
cement content
agg. / cement ratio
workability
consistency
gradation of agg.
MIX RATIO :
Real mix ratio : on the basis of dry materials by weight.
Field mix ratio
: real mix ratio is modified to suit field condition
Normal mix ratio
: ratio expressed to distinguish between different type of
orks as 1:1.5:3, 1:3:6, 1:2:4.
Ratio are always in cement : FA : CA.
Choosing max. size of agg.- why??
Large nominal maximum size of well graded aggregate here fewer void than smaller
size.If large size agg. is used , but requires less mortar and produce an economic concrete. So,
large size is chosen.
Limitation choosing max. size :
Max. size of agg. should be chosen such that at should not
Exceed 1/5 of the narrowest dimension of sides of
forms
Exceed 1/3 of the depth of slab.
Exceed of the minimum clean cover of between
individual reinforcing bars.
Basic factors in mix design :
i.
weight of ingredients per batch.
ii.
Mix. Proportion
iii.
Capacity of mixer.
iv.
Proportion of each size fraction.
v.
Overall grading of agg.
vi.
Agg./ cement ratio.
vii.
w/c ratio
viii. mix. size of agg.
ix.
Agg. Shap and texture.
x.
Type of cement
xi.
Mean strength and minimum strength.
xii.
Age at which strength is regulated
xiii. Durability
xiv.
Required workability
xv.
Method of section and spacing of reinforcing bars.
xvi. Quality control.
xvii. Level to chemical attack.
BACKGROUND DATA FOR MIX DESIGN :
Sieve analysis of FA and CA.
unit weight of CA

Bulk sp. gr. and absorption of agg.


Water requirement for concrete
Relationship between strength and w/c ratio or water
cementations ratio and aggregate.
Sp. gr. of OPC and other cementations material, if wed.
Blending of agg.

JOB SPECIFICATION/ REQUIREMENT FOR MIX DESIGN :


Maximum w/c ratio.
Minimum cement content.
Ails content.
Slump or V-B
Max. size of agg.
Max. volume of FA and CA
Strength target mean strength,characteristics strength
Basis of mix. Design batch wt. basis volume basis
In ACI toes considerations are taken
non air entrained concrete air is trapped inside
concrete during job
air entrained concrete air bubble is in concrete
durability.
There are 3 burls of air entrained concretMild exposure: concrete is completely protected against weather and
aggressive condition except for a brief period of exposure to normal
and white construction.
Moderate exposure: concrete is protected against serer rainfall and moisture for a
long time but freezing is allowed.
Example: exterior beam, column, slob, which are not in contend
with wet soil.
Seven exposures: - concrete is exposed to aggressive sand
- structure in contact with sea wets, rain etc.

comparison of British and aci method :


BRITISE

SSD cand is used

Based on strength and durability.

Air content is not considered

ACI

OD cand
is used

Based on
balance between economy and requirements
for strength , place ability, durability , density
etc.

Air

Volume basis calculation can not be


done. Only but basis calculation.

Water content is found in stp 2 and


in kg/m3.

w/c ratio is found in step 1

content is considered.

Batch
volume and wt. basis calculation can be done

Water
content is found in step 3 and in lb/yd3

w/c ratio is
found in step 4

PROCEDURE OF BRITISH METHOD :


i.
Selection of w/c ratio
L target mean strength = characteristics strength + std.
desuation * R
ii.
iii.

Slection of free water content in kg/m3


Determination of cement content
Free water content
------------------------free w/c ratio
iv.
Determination of total agg. Content
Total agg.= wet density of concret cement content water content

iSelection of FA and CA content


FA = tail agg. % of FA
CA = total agg. FA
All are in SSD continios
Procedure of ACI METHOD :
i. choice of slump .
ii choice of mace size agg.
iii Estimation of mixing water and
iv Selection of w/c ratio.
v Estimation of cement content.
vi Estimation of CA
vii Estimation of FA
viii Adjustment of agg. Moisture
ix Adjustment of trial batch
MARGIN :

It is the increased portion of maximum strength. Strength is variable quantity. There


should he stability in strength in every part of strength. So a mean strength is aimed which is
higher then minimum strength. This snaring makes concrete mare eatable.
In the figure, the curve lies in between +_ 3s. suppose min. strength is 21 map and max.
strength is 30ma. This difference (30-21 = 9)is margin which makes decagon mare accurate.
fm = fc + ks
fm = mean strength
fc = characteristics strength.
k = himsuorth
s = std. deviation
Margin depends upon k and s. k margin contrite because economic.
Standard deviation :
It is defined as the root mean square of all result. It is defined by
S=
When S = std. derivation
X = particular value for abbreviation
_
X = avgas value
n = no. of specimen
std discussion increases when viability increases. It depends upon quality control. The curses
characteristics us defined by avgas value and std deviation. Spreading of curve also horizontal
axis is governed by avg. value.
K defeaters
SD construction good
It increases strength of concrete
LWA :
Aggregate having low apparent specific gravity (<2.6) and higher absorption capacity is
known as LWA.
Type :
Natural pumice, scoria, volcanic, cinders etc.
Artificial crushed brick, clinker agg, clay etc. expanded clay, vermiculite
METHOD OF MAKING LWA CONCRETE MIX :
i.
By using LWA ( sp. gr. <2.6)
ii.
By introducing asides [ some admixtures when mad. used in normal concrete
are used]
iii.
By omitting FA [FA fill up usids of CA. If it is removed used remain
From the mix to have large no of intestinals remain]
METHOD OF DESIGNING LWC :
i.
Cement content strength
(for LW and semi LW can)
ii.
Mass method
(for only LW can)
LWC :
i.
ii.

Unit wet < normal concrete


High strength

iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

Contain usid
Void is filled up by cement. So strength increase
Cement content > normal
Water content > normal

Concrete having mass of


Concrete having mass of
Concrete having mass of

300 1850 kg/m3 LWC


1850 2350 kg/m3 semi LWC
> 2350kg/m3 normal can

ADVANTAGES OF LWC :
Density is less.
As section in smaller
So foundation is smaller
Formwork can wasteland again law pressure
Better thermal insulator.
Easy to handles.
ADJUSMENT OF WATER WHEN :
i.
Partially saturated
ii.
Over saturated
Partially saturated :
Abdarption capacity > moisture
For C-D basis :
Tree moisture should be reduced and aseptic. should be added
Let x = amount of water lb/yd3
Af = absorption of FA
Ac = absorption of CA
Mf = moisture of FA
Mc = moisture of CA
Water = x + Af % of FA + Ac % of CA mf % of FA mc % CA
= x +(Af mf )% of FA +(Ac mc)% CA
or Af > mf and Ac >mc
So , water added to batch
For SSD basis :
Thirst aggregated have to be louvered into O. D basis.
Water = x + (Af mf )% of FA + (Ac mc )% of CA
This water added to batch increases
Over saturated :
Surface moisture > absortion capacity
For basis :
Water = x + (Af mf )% of FA + (Ac mc )% of CA ( as mc >Ac, mf >Af)
Water added to batch decreases :
For S-SD basis :
Water = x + (Af mf )% of FA + (Ac mc )% of CA
Water decreases
Geometric shape :

Top surface of Cycles is round


Top surface of cub is square
Cyle has no edges . so it`s strength is less than clues clue edger.
Loading direction
Cycles friction is less
cub friction is move as strength high .

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