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silica
carbonate
miscesus
sulphate
feldspar
SURFACE TEXTURE:
1. glassy
2. smsath
3. raugh
4. crystalline
SHAPE:
Rounded=naturally rounded.-sea sanil,river sand
=worn in water.
Irreguler/partially rounded=naturally irregular
=pit sand
Angular=heaving shape edge,formed by intersection of faces.
=all crushed rocks.
Flaky=angular but thickness is small resistive
COARSE AGG= 1. Reaction on #4 seive (4.75mn) according to ASTM
2. should be clean,hard durable.
3. should noa contain iron acids,irapite,organic matter
F.M. 5-8
Should be non-reactive.
Fine Aggregate :
- Passes through #4 seive.
-
F.M. 1.5-3
Fine dust.
GRADING :
Particle size distribution I any batch of concrete aggregate is known as grading.
Importance :
If all particle are of same size ,more avoids will be left. On the other hand, if due to
grading minimum void is left in batch of aggregate. smaller size fill up the voids among longer
size.
Again grading determines workability of mixture which controls bleeding, segregation, w/c
ratio etc. These effects on strength, volume change and durability of hardened concrete .So,
grading is very important.
Grading Curve :
Grading customarily represented by curve .This curve
can be defined by a equation P= (d/D)n ,where
P= Total % passing.
d = Particle size.
% retained
D = maximum size.
passing
N = exponent representing curve.
in n = 0.5 .Then it will be Thomson-Fuller curve.
By grading curve , it can be seen at the grading of a
Sample is as specified or two line or two curve or
100
100
Total % retained
% passing
Total %
Well graded
Skip
Uniformly
Single grading.
Y: f(d)
F.M. :
F.M. is obtained by adding the percentages of an aggregate sample retained on each of a
specified .Tyler sieve series and dividing the sum by 100.
Sieve ,3/4 8/4 #4,#8, #16, #30,#50, #100.
Blending of Aggregate :
Every CE construction has an specified grading of aggregate .But ideal grading cannot
be obtained sometimes. So, in that as it is durable to preparation the materials in such a way that
the grading curve of combined aggregate I similar to a specific curve or lies between given
limits. This procedure is known as Blending of aggregate.
Importance :
Concrete is a heterogeneous mixture .The absorption of CA is higher than FA .Again bulking of
FA is higher absorption may increase it. So, % of FA and CA must be specified and hence
blending is necessary.
Procedure :
- Equation method
-
Graphical method
are beds of rocks of various types igneous rocks ,granite ,Basalt, quartzite, sand stone etc aare
used in Bangladesh.
Sand is the only FA used all over Bangladesh .Of some types, Syhlet sand is superior quality.
Test of Aggregate performed in BUET :
- Absorption (C-127,C-128)
-
Angularity number
Mica content
Bulking of sand.
Soundness by Mg2SO4.
Unit weight.
Impact hammer.
Limit
4 % of dry wet.
5% of dry wet.
Testing of Aggregate
Water Should be clean and free from organic matter.
- Should not contain more than 1000 m.m. chloride.
Test for aggregate for Jamuna Bridge Project :
In BUET wt + relative density bulk density A total acid soluble soundness by 5 cycles of
Mg2SO4 Gel-pat test.
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT:
It is occur due to:
Human utilization
Utility and comfort
Economy
Competition / war etc.
Standard:
It is a document hat has been developed and established when the consensus principles of a
society and that needs approved requirements of the society is regulation procedure.
Standard is used by:- *individuals
*companies
*agencies
*govt. recognitions
*Scientists and engineers
*architects and designers
Specification:
It is a precise statement of asset of requirements to be satisfied by a product, material, system or
service that indicates the procedures for determining whether each of the requirements is
satisfied.
Requirements:- Appropriate unit
Limits
Tolerances
Numerical
Specification agencies:- National (LGED,BSTI,BSSCR)
International (ASTM,BSI,AASTHO,ISI)
Test method:
A definite procedure for the identifications, measurement and evolution of one or more qualities,
characteristics or properties of a material, product, system or service that produces a test result is
known as Test method.
CONCRETE:
Concrete is a artificial mixture made by mixing cementing material with coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate and water.
It is a mixture of aggregate bound by hydrated cement paste.
Concrete- cement+ coarse agg.+ fine agg.+water.
For structural and none-structural concrete.
USE OF CONCRETE:
*It literally forms the basis of modern society.
*We study, work, play, enjoy, concrete structure.
*We live on using utility of concrete structure.
*We move in our living world on concrete structure.
SECTORWISE USE OF CONCRETE:
*Housing and commercial sector .
*Transportation -railway
tube line
airport
sea port
road
*Industrial sector.
*Irrigation, Flood control and hydraulic structures.
*Public health -water supply
sanitation
treatment plant
*Sports and culture -stadium
monument, tower
swimming pool
recreation centre
*Fuel and energy sector -erection of microwave tower
gas transmission facility
*miscellaneous
##Concrete when prepared by following a technical knowhow should meet two overall criteria
(1) It should be satisfactory in its fresh state
*workability *placeability *compatibility
(2) It should be satisfactory in its harden state
*strength *durability *low shrinkage
Knowhow- techniques and engineering inside concrete.
CONCRETE TYPES:
*plane concrete
*simply reinforced concrete
*multiple reinforced concrete
*mass
*heavy weight concrete
*light weight concrete
*semi light weight concrete
SEGREGATION:
It means separation of components of fresh concrete resulting in non-uniform
mixture.
In general it means separation of CA.
CAUSES:
1.Bad proportioning.
2.Change in particle size.
3.Insufficient mix.
4.Displaced from light.
5.Discharged from bad mixer.
6.High sp.gr.of CA.
REMEDY:
1.Well proportioning
2.Proper handling,planning,compacting.
3.Remixing when segregation noticed .
4.Using air-entraining admixture.
BLEEDING:
It is refined as the appearance of water on top surface of concrete.
It results in non-uniform, weak concrete.
It is unused due to inability of aggregates to hold all water.
It can be prevented by proper proportioning, using fine cement using airentrained admixture.
SLUMP TEST:
Concrete is placed in 3 layers.
Each layer is tamped by 25 strakes.
Mold is slowly and vertically removed and concrete is allowed to subside.
This subsidence is referred as slump.
When other parameters are const then slump is a function of W/C rates.
Moisture content:
FA 8-33%
CA8-11%
Quality of cement,sand,water:
cementfine,not very.
sandfree from imparty.
waterfresh drinking water.
Method of mixing,placing,compacting:
Softly place
Machin compactian
angular
//
porsus
//
METHODS OF CURING3 methods*Water curingTo add additional moisture and prevention of moisture
Done by spruces , sprinkle etc
*Membrane curing-
ADVANTAGE IN NEW METHODIn old method all calculations are done by volume. But FA like sand has bulking mature
due to moisture. Left sand may show 1.3cft. so, mix design by this method is not absolute.
In new method we use cut of ingredients bulking phenomenon has no effect on it and
hence it gurus accurate mix design.
-F.M method in 99-00
-Void method in 00-01
PURPOSES OF MIX DESIGN1) It is an approximate design for
*Estimating cost
*Preparing trial mix
*Checking submitted design
2) it is a safe design for instant use
3)it is an accurate design for safety and economy
*for single-single specification
*for multiple specification
*its meet quality assurance requirements
4) comparisons of performances of different materials of mixes
-air content
Variable facton for normal structure concrete :
w/c ratio
cement content
agg. / cement ratio
workability
consistency
gradation of agg.
MIX RATIO :
Real mix ratio : on the basis of dry materials by weight.
Field mix ratio
: real mix ratio is modified to suit field condition
Normal mix ratio
: ratio expressed to distinguish between different type of
orks as 1:1.5:3, 1:3:6, 1:2:4.
Ratio are always in cement : FA : CA.
Choosing max. size of agg.- why??
Large nominal maximum size of well graded aggregate here fewer void than smaller
size.If large size agg. is used , but requires less mortar and produce an economic concrete. So,
large size is chosen.
Limitation choosing max. size :
Max. size of agg. should be chosen such that at should not
Exceed 1/5 of the narrowest dimension of sides of
forms
Exceed 1/3 of the depth of slab.
Exceed of the minimum clean cover of between
individual reinforcing bars.
Basic factors in mix design :
i.
weight of ingredients per batch.
ii.
Mix. Proportion
iii.
Capacity of mixer.
iv.
Proportion of each size fraction.
v.
Overall grading of agg.
vi.
Agg./ cement ratio.
vii.
w/c ratio
viii. mix. size of agg.
ix.
Agg. Shap and texture.
x.
Type of cement
xi.
Mean strength and minimum strength.
xii.
Age at which strength is regulated
xiii. Durability
xiv.
Required workability
xv.
Method of section and spacing of reinforcing bars.
xvi. Quality control.
xvii. Level to chemical attack.
BACKGROUND DATA FOR MIX DESIGN :
Sieve analysis of FA and CA.
unit weight of CA
ACI
OD cand
is used
Based on
balance between economy and requirements
for strength , place ability, durability , density
etc.
Air
content is considered.
Batch
volume and wt. basis calculation can be done
Water
content is found in step 3 and in lb/yd3
w/c ratio is
found in step 4
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Contain usid
Void is filled up by cement. So strength increase
Cement content > normal
Water content > normal
ADVANTAGES OF LWC :
Density is less.
As section in smaller
So foundation is smaller
Formwork can wasteland again law pressure
Better thermal insulator.
Easy to handles.
ADJUSMENT OF WATER WHEN :
i.
Partially saturated
ii.
Over saturated
Partially saturated :
Abdarption capacity > moisture
For C-D basis :
Tree moisture should be reduced and aseptic. should be added
Let x = amount of water lb/yd3
Af = absorption of FA
Ac = absorption of CA
Mf = moisture of FA
Mc = moisture of CA
Water = x + Af % of FA + Ac % of CA mf % of FA mc % CA
= x +(Af mf )% of FA +(Ac mc)% CA
or Af > mf and Ac >mc
So , water added to batch
For SSD basis :
Thirst aggregated have to be louvered into O. D basis.
Water = x + (Af mf )% of FA + (Ac mc )% of CA
This water added to batch increases
Over saturated :
Surface moisture > absortion capacity
For basis :
Water = x + (Af mf )% of FA + (Ac mc )% of CA ( as mc >Ac, mf >Af)
Water added to batch decreases :
For S-SD basis :
Water = x + (Af mf )% of FA + (Ac mc )% of CA
Water decreases
Geometric shape :