EFFECTIVE STRESS PATHS IN A.

SENSITIVE CLAY
by
PETER MICHAEL BYRNE
. E., University College Dublin, Ireland, 1959

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
M. A. Sc.
in the Department
of
C i v i l Engineering

We accept t h i s thesis as conforming to the

required standard

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

A p r i l , 1966

In p r e s e n t i n g t h i s t h e s i s

in p a r t i a l

f u l f i l m e n t of

requirements . f o r an advanced degree at the U n i v e r s i t y of

Columbia,
for

I agree t h a t the L i b r a r y

r e f e r e n c e and s t u d y .

s h a l l make i t

freely

the

British
available

I f u r t h e r agree t h a t p e r m i s s i o n f o r

ex-

t e n s i v e c o p y i n g of t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y purposes may be g r a n t e d
by the Head o f my Department o r by h i s

representatives.

understood that copying or p u b l i c a t i o n of t h i s t h e s i s f o r

cial

is

finan-

g a i n s h a l l not be a l l o w e d w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n . "

Department of

C/i//'/

tr/?j//2 itcrjrtty

The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia
Vancouver 8, Canada
Date

It

TsVvy

ii

ABSTRACT
Results of drained and

undrained t r i a x i a l compressions tests,

on a sensitive clay are presented i n t h i s t h e s i s .

Contours of

water content from both drained and undrained tests are compared,
and

i t appears that f o r the clay tested, there i s not a unique

relationship between e f f e c t i v e stresses and water content as found

by Rendulic and Henkel for remolded s o i l .

The Roscoe concept of a

state boundary surface, which i s similar to the Rendulic concept

is examined, and

i t also does not hold for the clay tested.

The Roscoe energy equation is applied to the results of a l l

tests and

i t appears to hold quite w e l l .

It indicates that for

a s o i l which i s y i e l d i n g there i s only one fundamental

parameter, M, which i s independent of both s t r a i n and

strength
s t r a i n rate.

Methods of predicting s t r e s s - s t r a i n relationships are examined.

The Roscoe method, which i s based on the existence of a state
boundary surface

is not s t r i c t l y applicable, but does y i e l d r e s u l t s

which are of the same order as the measured r e l a t i o n s h i p s .

The

Landanyi method does not appear to apply to the clay tested.

A method f o r predicting residual pore pressures and
b i l i t y i n drained t r i a x i a l tests i s derived.

or permea-

This enabled a l -

lowances to be made f o r the e f f e c t of residual pore pressures i n

drained t e s t s .

However, i t is f e l t that the method may

have more

application i n the examination of s o i l structure, since a comparison of the permeability

of samples at the same void r a t i o and

temperature yields a measure of s t r u c t u r a l difference.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Purpose

1.2

Scope

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1

Review of Literature

2.2

Discussion

CHAPTER

MACROSCOPIC COMPONENTS OF SHEAR STRENGTH

CHAPTER

If

TESTING PROCEDURES

^.1

Description of s o i l tested

h.2

F i e l d sampling and storing of block sampl

*f.3

Description of test equipment

k,h

Testing technique

DISCUSSION OF TESTING TECHNIQUE

5.1

Introduction

5.2

Non-uniform stress and s t r a i n

5.3

Non-uniform pore pressures i n undrained

tests

5.^

Residual pore pressures i n drained tests

5.5

Pore pressure measuring devices

5.6

Rate of testing

5.7

Pore pressures resulting from secondaryeffects

5.8

Membrane leakage

5.9

Ram F r i c t i o n

RESIDUAL PORE PRESSURES IN DRAINED TESTS

6.1

Introduction

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

iv

PAGE
CHAPTER

CHAPTER

6.2

Method 1

75

6.3

Method 2

76

TEST RESULTS

85

Introduction

85

7.1

CHAPTER

7.2

Characteristics of Haney clay

86

7.3

Comparison of contours of water content

from drained and undrained tests

96

7<M-

Energy corrections

107

7.5

Examination of methods f o r predicting

s t r e s s - s t r a i n relations

115

7.6

E f f e c t of s t r a i n rate on drained tests

122

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER

RESEARCH

125

8.1

Conclusions

125

8.2

Suggestions f o r further research

126

LIST OF SYMBOLS

128

LIST OF REFERENCES

131

APPENDIX I

135

APPENDIX II

lh2

LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
TABLE

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HANEY CLAY

31

TABLE II

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HANEY CLAY

3f

vi

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1.

Page
Rendulic Graphical Representation of Stresses
in T r i a x i a l Tests

2.

Contours of Water Content f o r Normally

Consolidated London Clay

3.

Stress Water Content Relations f o r Normally

Consolidated Weald Clay

10

Roscoe et a l . Y i e l d Surface

12

5.

Roscoe et a l . energy balance

16

6.

Method of Determining Stress-Strain

Relationships f o r Kaolin

18

7.

Strength Parameters

26

8.

Grain Size D i s t r i b u t i o n Curve f o r Haney Clay

32

9.

Standard Consolidation curve f o r Haney Clay

33

10.

Block Samples of Haney Clay at Site

36

11.

T r i a x i a l C e l l and Chamber Pressure System

37

12.

Drainage and Pore Pressure Measuring System

38

13.

Test Equipment

39

Ik-.

Sample Trimming Equipment

^8

15.

Sample i n Place on T r i a x i a l Base

*+8

16.

Sample During Shear

17.

Build-Up i n Pore Pressure A f t e r Consolidation

Haney Clay

69

I l l u s t r a t i o n of Method f o r Determining
Rate During Shearing

79

18.

" 53

Drainage

19.

Relationship Between Void Ratio and Permeability

During Drained Shearing of Haney Clay

80

20.

Relationship Between Measured Residual Pore

Pressure and Shear S t r a i n i n Drained Tests

82

21.

Comparison of Measured and Calculated Residual

Pore Pressures i n Drained Tests

82

Relationship Between Water Content and

Logarithm of Isotropic Consolidation
Pressure, Haney Clay
Relationship Between Undrained Strength and
Isotropic Consolidation Pressure, Haney Clay
Stress-Strain Relationships f o r Undrained
Tests on Haney Clay
P r i n c i p a l Stress Ratio Versus S t r a i n f o r
Undrained Tests on Haney Clay
Relationship Between Pore Pressure and S t r a i n
for Undrained Tests on Haney Clay
Pore Pressure Parameter A. Versus S t r a i n f o r
Haney Clay
S'tress-Strain Relationships f o r Drained Tests
on Haney Clay
Calculated Residual Pore Pressure Vs. S t r a i n
for Consolidated Drained Tests on Haney Clay
E f f e c t of Residual Excess Pore Pressure on the
P r i n c i p a l Stress Ratio Vs. Shear S t r a i n
Relation, Test S-13
Relationships Between P r i n c i p a l Stress Ratio and
S t r a i n from Drained Tests on Haney Clay
Comparison of P r i n c i p a l Stress Ratio Vs. S t r a i n
Relationships from Drained and Undrained Tests
on Haney Clay
Comparison of Contours of Water Content from
Drained and Undrained Tests on Haney Clay
E f f e c t i v e Stress Paths from Consolidated
Undrained Tests on Haney Clay
E f f e c t i v e Stress Paths and Contours of Water
Content from Drained Tests
State Boundary Surface from Undrained Tests on
Haney Clay (Burland Plot)
State Boundary Surface from Drained Tests on
Haney Clay (Burland Plot)

viii

Figure
38.

Page
Comparison of State Boundary Surfaces from
Drained and Undrained Tests on Haney Clay

106

39

Relationships Between Mean Normal Stress and

Water Content f o r Haney Clay

109

^0.

Corrected and Uncorrected Stress Paths from

Undrained Tests on Haney Clay (Roscoe et a l .
Energy Eq.)

Ill

hi.

Corrected and Uncorrected Stress Paths from

Drained Tests on Haney Clay (Roscoe et a l .
Energy Eq.)

112

h2.

Roscoe M Parameter Versus S t r a i n , Haney Clay

113

^3.

Contours of Water Content and S t r a i n from

Undrained Tests on Haney Clay

117

Comparison of Measured and Calculated StressS t r a i n Relations f o r Drained Tests on Haney

Clay

119

1+5.

Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental

State Boundary Surfaces (Burland Plot)

121

^6.

E f f e c t of S t r a i n Rate on the S t r e s s - s t r a i n
Relations f o r Drained Tests on Haney Clay

123

U-7.

E f f e c t of S t r a i n Rate on the P r i n c i p a l Stress

Ratio Vs. S t r a i n Relations f o r Drained Tests
on Haney Clay

12*f

E f f e c t of S t r a i n Rate on the Water Content

Vs. S t r a i n Relations f o r Drained Tests on
Haney Clay.

12h

h9.

Diagrams Showing Assumptions of Method 1

136

50.

S t r e s s - S t r a i n Characteristics of Haney Clay

138

51.

Relationship Between C o e f f i c i e n t of Consolidation

and E f f e c t i v e Stress f o r Haney Clay

IkO

hh.

h8.

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The

investigation reported herein has been supported by-

funds provided by the National Research Council of Canada.

funds also included f i n a n c i a l support f o r the writer.

These

Grateful

appreciation is expressed f o r t h i s assistance without which the

graduate studies and t h i s thesis could not have been accomplished.
The writer wishes to express his thanks to Dr. W, D. Liam
Finn and to Professor N. D. Nathan f o r their guidance and constructive c r i t i c i s m during the preparation of t h i s t h e s i s .
Drained tests results were obtained
whom the task of developing

by Mr. T. J . Hirst with

suitable test equipment was shared.

Dr. E. H. Gardner, Department of S o i l Science

kindly supplied

data on the chemical properties of the clay tested.

The technical assistance supplied by the s t a f f of the C i v i l
Engineer Department i s g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged.

CHAPTER 1
PURPOSE AND SCOPE
1.1

Purpose
Rendulic (1936, 1937)

and Henkel (1958, 1959,

I960) have

shown that a unique relationship exists between e f f e c t i v e stresses

and water content, or void r a t i o , for both drained and
t r i a x i a l tests on saturated
clay.

The

undrained

remolded i s o t r o p i c a l l y consolidated

prime purpose of t h i s testing program was

to determine

i f a s i m i l a r r e l a t i o n s h i p exists for a sensitive undisturbed clay.

A secondary purpose was

to compare the behaviour of the clay with

that predicted by Roscoe and Schofield

"Wet-Clay" and

(1963) for an idealized

i n p a r t i c u l a r to compare s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s .

Most problems involving the design of earth structures

are

concerned with either s t a b i l i t y or settlement of a s o i l mass.

s t a b i l i t y analysis, the structure
sum

is analyzed to insure that

of t h e . r e s i s t i n g forces on any potential f a i l u r e surface

greater than the sum

of the driving forces.

It i s gen-

i n terms of ef-

is p r a c t i c a l l y independent of the type of t r i a x i a l

test performed, drained or undrained.

However, for sensitive

s o i l s there is some disagreement on t h i s .

was

The

undertaken j o i n t l y by Mr. T. J . H i r s t and

testing program
the writer.

Hirst

(1966) discusses the strength envelopes obtained from drained

and

is

The r e s i s t i n g

tests on the s o i l .

e r a l l y agreed that f o r most s o i l s , the strength

f e c t i v e stresses

the

No attempt i s made

to determine the magnitude of the deformations.

forces are determined from strength

In

undrained t e s t s .
Settlement analyses are concerned with the magnitude of

deformations.

For many structures, such as foundations, i t i s

important that these be l i m i t e d .

Deformations are caused by

volumetric strains due to changes i n void r a t i o and by shear

strains due to distortion..

I f there i s a unique relationship

between stresses and water content or void r a t i o that i s independent of stress path, then the volumetric s t r a i n can be calculated
f o r any stress path which l i e s between a drained and undrained
path.

The shear s t r a i n s , however, are very much dependent on

stress path.

Poorooshasb and Roscoe (1963) determined a r e l a t i o n -

ship between volumetric and shear strains f o r normally loaded

remolded clay and from t h e i r theory, i t i s possible to estimate
the shear strains f o r any stress path,

A state boundary or y i e l d

surface i s a fundamental part of t h e i r theory and this only exists

i f there i s a unique relationship between stresses and water
content.
It i s realized that s t r e s s - s t r a i n relations and contours of
water content may be dependent on s t r a i n rate, therefore, drained
and undrained tests were performed at the same rate.

Additional

drained tests were performed at slower rates which allowed the

e f f e c t of s t r a i n rate on drained relations to be examined.
1.2

Scope
A review of pertinent l i t e r a t u r e i s presented i n Chapter 2 .

A discussion of macroscopic components of shear resistance i s

presented i n Chapter 3

The clay tested, test equipment and

testing technique are discussed i n Chapters h and 5<> Residual

pore pressures of some magnitude are always present i n drained
tests.

A method f o r predicting these pore pressures i s presented

i n Chapter 6.

The results from drained and undrained

triaxial

compression

tests on Haney clay are presented and discussed i n

Chapter 7.

Conclusions and suggestions f o r further research are

presented i n Chapter

8.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1

Review of L i t e r a t u r e
Basic experimental relations

t i o n s , water

c o n t e n t , and pore-water

s o l i d a t e d c l a y s were f i r s t
He

performed

tests

between t r i a x i a l

pressure f o r normally

e s t a b l i s h e d by R e n d u l i c

both d r a i n e d and undrained

on s a t u r a t e d remolded V i e n n a

stress condi-

compression

clay.

Test

con-

(1936, 1937).
and e x t e n s i o n

specimens were

d r a i n e d by a c e n t r a l c o r e o f sand and mica m i x t u r e , and

pore-water

p r e s s u r e s were t h o s e e x i s t i n g

was made

i n the core.

No a l l o w a n c e

for

the effect

cal

s t r e s s , thus a t l a r g e s t r a i n s t h e v e r t i c a l s t r e s s e s a r e l i k e l y

to-be

o f t h e change i n c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a on t h e v e r t i -

too high.

R e n d u l i c d e v i s e d a method f o r c o m p r e h e n s i v e

graphical representation of the state

a triaxial test.
<5~2 = 63 a n d (Jg

Consider Figure l a ; since i n the t r i a x i a l

^3? s t r e s s e s must p l o t

p l o t p o i n t s on t h i s
must f i r s t

of s t r e s s f o r any stage i n

on t h e s h a d e d p l a n e .

plane the r a d i a l e f f e c t i v e

be m u l t i p l i e d b y >/2.

stress

test
To

(O^ o r (3^)

Isotropic consolidation conditions

(O^ = CJ^ = O3) a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e s p a c e d i a g o n a l o r l i n e

which

makes e q u a l a n g l e s w i t h t h e t h r e e a x e s .

t y p i c a l c o n s o l i d a t e d d r a i n e d and u n d r a i n e d
plane.

Compression t e s t s

t e s t s below.
and

the line

Plotted

l o a d e d c l a y , t h e pore
also a line

tests

plotted

on t h i s

p l o t above t h e space d i a g o n a l , e x t e n s i o n

points represent d i f f e r e n t

j o i n i n g these

l o w e d i n a n y one t e s t .

F i g u r e l b shows

stages

i na test,

points represents the s t r e s s path

I n an undrained

fol-

t e s t on s a t u r a t e d n o r m a l l y

p r e s s u r e r i s e s and t h e s t r e s s path which i s

of constant water

content

i s some c u r v e a s i n d i c a t e d .

FAILURE ENVELOPE.

Fig. Ic

Fig. Id

Figure I - Pendulic Graphical Representation of Stresses in Trivial Tests

In a d r a i n e d t e s t the r a d i a l e f f e c t i v e
and

thus the s t r e s s path i s a v e r t i c a l l i n e .

stress i s constant,
Curves of constant

water content can a l s o be obtained from d r a i n e d t e s t s where volume

changes d u r i n g s h e a r i n g have been r e c o r d e d .
content are shown i n F i g u r e 1c.

The

Contours of water

l i n e A D which makes an

of 90 degrees w i t h the i s o t r o p i c c o n s o l i d a t i o n l i n e and

angle

a l l lines

p a r a l l e l to i t r e p r e s e n t s t r e s s paths along which the v a l u e of

the f i r s t
stant.

effective

stress

invariant

For l i n e a r l y e l a s t i c

( j { = o]_ + O 2 + G 3 )

m a t e r i a l and

i s con-

f o r s m a l l s t r a i n s , J-|_

equal t o a c o n s t a n t , r e p r e s e n t s a constant volume c o n d i t i o n .

i s seen t h a t f o r n o r m a l l y loaded c l a y a J-[ = constant
would cause a volume

water content determined

t h a t any

path

decrease.

R e n d u l i c found f a i r l y

concluded

stress

It

good agreement between contours

from d r a i n e d and

undrained

of

t e s t s , and

he

p o i n t i n the diagram r e p r e s e n t s a unique

r e l a t i o n between s t r e s s e s and water content t h a t i s

independent

of the s t r e s s path, provided the path does not cause a temporary

decrease

i n water c o n t e n t .

I f the contours are g e o m e t r i c a l l y

s i m i l a r , they w i l l p l o t on a s i n g l e curve

on the u n i f i e d

Rendulic

diagram, F i g u r e Id, which i s obtained by d i v i d i n g (J^ and <J^ by

e f f e c t i v e c o n s o l i d a t i o n p r e s s u r e (5"'.

R e n d u l i c found

the

t h a t the

curves were approximately

geometrically similar.

Henkel (1958, 1959? I960) d e s c r i b e s r e s u l t s of a comprehensive

s e r i e s of t r i a x i a l t e s t s on s a t u r a t e d remolded Weald and
clayso

The

undrained
and

London

s e r i e s included i s o t r o p i c a l l y consolidated drained

compression

and e x t e n s i o n t e s t s on both normally

o v e r c o n s o l i d a t e d samples.

A few

t e s t s were performed

and

loaded
keeping

the mean e f f e c t i v e stress p' ( 1 / 3 J^) constant, and some samples

of Weald clay were a n i s o t r o p i c a l l y consolidated. Henkel found
that there was a unique relationship between e f f e c t i v e stresses
and water content which was independent

of the stress path whether

the clay was i s o t r o p i c a l l y or a n i s o t r o p i c a l l y consolidated, provided normally loaded and overconsolidated samples were considered
separately.

Maximum p r i n c i p a l stress difference was considered

to be f a i l u r e and he found that the f a i l u r e envelope was independent of the stress path.

Contours of water content from drained

and undrained tests f o r normally consolidated London Clay are

shown on the Rendulic diagram i n Figure 2 . I t i s seen that the
contours are e s s e n t i a l l y independent

of the e f f e c t i v e stress path.

Thus from undrained tests alone, the water content and deviator
stress at f a i l u r e f o r a drained test starting from a water content
of 2 9 . 3 per cent and a consolidation pressure of 90 p . s . i . could
be predicted to be 2 5 . 9 per cent and 82 p . s . i . respectively.

If

the average e f f e c t i v e stress, p', were kept constant, then s t a r t i n g

from the same water content and pressure as before, the water
content and deviator stress at f a i l u r e would be 27.h per cent and
62 p . s . i . respectively.

I t i s seen that J-[ constant does not

imply a zero volume change condition as i t does f o r linear e l a s t i c

material and that change i n water content i s a function of both p'
and the deviator stress q.
Henkel

(I960) suggests

apply to undisturbed c l a y s .

that similar relationships may also

However, f o r sensitive s o i l s i n which

structure i s an important factor and f o r clays i n which the secondary compression

i s large, he f e l t that the relationship between

Figure Contours of Wafer Content for Normal]/ Consolidated London Cloy

(After Henkel I9SO)

s t r e s s e s and water content might be more complex than t h a t

gested f o r remolded

soils.

Whitman, Ladd and

on s a t u r a t e d

P. da Cruz ( I 9 6 0 )

describe

a s e r i e s of t e s t s

remolded samples of backswamp c l a y from the

M i s s i s s i p p i River v a l l e y .
consolidated

I t was

i s o t r o p i c a l l y and

lower

found that comparison of samples

a n i s o t r o p i c a l l y d i d not

produce a

unique r e l a t i o n s h i p between s t r e s s e s and water content as

gested by Henkel.

For the same v o i d r a t i o , the

were a n i s o t r o p i c a l l y c o n s o l i d a t e d
(CT^ - 0^)

The

sug-

had

the

sug-

samples which

higher

strength,

maximum p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s r a t i o appeared to be

the

same f o r b o t h .
Henkel and

Sowa (1963) working w i t h a new

obtained r e s u l t s s i m i l a r to Whitman.

I t was

batch of Weald c l a y

found t h a t the water

content a f t e r c o n s o l i d a t i o n , whether the c o n s o l i d a t i o n was

t r o p i c or a n i s o t r o p i c was
in Figure

The

a f u n c t i o n of p' o n l y .

s t r e s s paths f o l l o w e d

v o i d r a t i o are a l s o shown i n F i g u r e
A n i s o t r o p i c a l l y consolidated
d i f f e r e n t s t r e s s path and

envelope i s the

i s shown

f o r samples of the same

3 i n terms of p' and

q (CJ - (5" ).
a

i t can be

seen that f o r the

same f o r both.

s t r e s s but

same v o i d
that

the

They s t a t e that the

are q u i t e d i f f e r e n t from the data presented by Henkel ( I 9 6 0 )

e a r l i e r batch of weald c l a y using

results
on

They c o n s i d e r

i s o t r o p i c continuum m a t e r i a l .

(C.V.R.) l i n e .

I t was

on

s o i l t o be an e l a s t o - p l a s t i c

Roscoe, S c h o f i e l d and Wroth (1958)

were p r i m a r i l y concerned w i t h the establishment of a c r i t i c a l

ratio

an

s i m i l a r t e s t i n g techniques,

Roscoe et a l . have presented a number of papers s i n c e 1958

the y i e l d i n g of s o i l s .

samples are seen t o f o l l o w a markedly

r a t i o they have a higher maximum d e v i a t o r

strength

This

iso-

suggested, however, t h a t f o r

void

saturated

10

Figure 3

e0

4-0
GO
80
IOO
l0 140
MEAN NORMAL EFFECTIVE STRESS, P' LBb./6<?.IN.

Stress Water Content Relations for Normally Consolidated WeqM Clqy

(After Henkel ancj SouJ^lfifeS)

11

remolded clay tested under t r i a x i a l conditions, the envelope of

a l l loading paths would form a unique surface i n space which
could be expressed i n the form of an

equation:

w = f ( p , q)
1

where

w = water content
f = function of
p' = 1/3

5[ + 2C3)

q = (C7]_ - (J3)
This surface i s shown i n Figure ^f.
is comprised of two parts.
paths from a l l normally

corrected f o r boundary energy.

It i s seen that the envelope

Part A i s a surface on which stress

loaded samples l i e throughout the

process whether drained or undrained.

shearing

Part B applies to over-

consolidated samples, and stress paths l i e on t h i s surface only

at or near f a i l u r e .

Part A of the surface which i s the portion of

interest, suggests that there i s a unique r e l a t i o n between stresses

and water content which is independent of the stress path, provided
that a correction f o r boundary energy i s applied to the shear stress
(C7-]_ - C3)

i n the case of drained tests to allow for the work done

i n changing volume. .The corrected deviator stress was

following

where

given by the

equation:

= increment of volumetric

strain

= increment of major p r i n c i p a l s t r a i n
Poorooshasb and Roscoe (1961) presented data for
loaded

normally

i s o t r o p i c a l l y consolidated remolded samples of Weald clay

Undrained

Surface. Common tb Both

Drained and Undroiiied Rths
Drained Rsth
Isotropic.

Consolidation

(Normally

Lo^deep

Plane o f Const, LU
Overconsolidoted
"Touch this

Samples

(Heavily)

Surface.

Fig.4a Isometric View of Roicoe efal. Yield Surface.

ln1crb<?ttion

o f Surface

uuifh U J Cons.t. Ptane.

Intersection
Ujiih

of

uj Const

(Normally

Surfqce. A.
Plane

Consolidated

Undroined

Ptoth)
Undrained
Degrees

Fig. 4bConstant UJ Plane.

Figure 4 Roscoe etal. Yield Surface..

of

Te&ts> uiith Varying

Overcons>o|idcfrion

13

which indicated that there was a unique r e l a t i o n between stresses

and water content provided no boundary energy correction was
plied to the shear stresses.

ap-

A two dimensional plot of the unique

surface was devised which allowed easy comparison of drained and

undrained

tests.

Equation (1) above arises from the assumption

that a l l energy

transferred across the boundaries of the sample i s dissipated i n

work done by the shear stresses.
the case of a sand.

This may be reasonably true i n

However, i t i s l i k e l y that i n a clay, some

of t h i s energy w i l l be stored e l a s t i c a l l y (Hvorslev I960).

Poorooshasb and Roscoe (1961) derived the following equation f o r
the corrected deviator s t r e s s :
ov

= j[ - O 3 )

+ (p

-r ) - ^

(2)

where r i s a parameter expressing a measure of the energy stored.

If r = p', then a l l the energy i s stored and q = (CJ^ - cj^).
If r = 0, then no energy i s stored and
q = (rj{ - a') +

.my
1

3 Sci,

which the authors f e e l should replace equation ( 1 ) .

It is sug-

gested, therefore, that f o r normally loaded clays a l l energy transferred across the boundary i s stored e l a s t i c a l l y and hence drained
and undrained tests can be compared d i r e c t l y .
Roscoe and Schofield ( 1 9 6 3 )

present a theory f o r the mechani-

c a l behaviour of an i d e a l continuum referred to as "Wet

Clay". The

following equation i s derived for the state boundary surface:

q = *EL (F + A - K- e - l n p')
A -Iv

(3)

where M,X

, K,T

are four

M = ratio

o f q and

= void

= s l o p e of e vs

soil

constants

p' a t

failure

r a t i o at f a i l u r e

f o r p' =

I n p' c u r v e f o r b o t h

isotropic

and

failure

conditions
K = s l o p e of e vs

&V

I n p c u r v e f o r u n l o a d i n g and

= increment

of s h e a r

= increment

of v o l u m e t r i c

Equation 3 expresses
stresses

and

A. new
equation

void

energy

strain

the unique

ratio

reloading.

strain

r e l a t i o n s h i p between

or water

effective

content.

or work e q u a t i o n i s d e r i v e d which

supersedes

(2):

+ qSe

P'SV

= 5$El

(if)

+ Mp'Se

1 + e
The

terms used

have a l r e a d y b e e n d e s c r i b e d .

E q u a t i o n U- e x p r e s s e s
of

a u n i t volume

the energy

of s o i l

tion

of a probing s t r e s s

hand

side

express

transferred

incrementSp',
this

represents

the energy

stored

represents

the energy

dissipated

sumed t h a t

no

c a n be

E q u a t i o n *f c a n be

% - MPThis

means t h a t

test

the d e v i a t o r

stage

p' and
The

and

by

the

the

terms

i s put.

by t h e s h e a r

stored

= , * p-

stress

energy

elastically

r e w r i t t e n as

i f a t any

oq.

left

hand s i d e

a c r o s s the

subject to stresses

t o what use

energy

The

boundaries
on

applica-

on t h e

The

term

term

right
^p
1 + e
1

Mp'S

stresses.

shear

of

I t is as-

stresses.

follows:

- ^

|El

- -

i n a d r a i n e d or u n d r a i n e d

q i s corrected

f o r both energy

due

(5)
triaxial
to

15

volume change and energy stored e l a s t i c a l l y , the corrected q = q

w i l l be on the f a i l u r e envelope q = Mp .
1

Figure 5 shows how these

corrections would be applied to both normally loaded drained and

undrained t e s t s .

In an undrained test

= 0 and since Sp'

will

be negative because p' i s decreasing, the e l a s t i c energy correction w i l l add to the measured q.

In a drained test the energy

due to volume decrease w i l l add to the measured q while the

energy absorbed e l a s t i c a l l y w i l l subtract.
Roscoe suggests therefore that f o r normally loaded remolded
samples there i s a unique relationship between stresses and water
content provided no energy correction i s applied.

I f an energy

correction i s applied i n the form of equation 5 then the corrected q w i l l l i e on the f a i l u r e envelope f o r a l l points of the
stress path, i . e . q

Mp'.

Roscoe has also predicted stress s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s .

and Roscoe

(1963)

Poorooshasb

presented a graphical means of determining stress

s t r a i n relations for normally loaded remolded clay where the stress

paths l i e on the state boundary surface, which i s the surface
expressing the unique r e l a t i o n between stresses and water content
(no energy corrections).

Undrained tests were performed which

show that f o r remolded spestone kaolin, contours of shear s t r a i n

are r a d i a l l i n e s .

Consolidation tests were performed at d i f f e r e n t

ratios of q to p' and relations between the shear s t r a i n and the

volumetric s t r a i n were determined graphically.
volumetric s t r a i n also causes shear s t r a i n .

It i s shown that

The higher the r a t i o

of q/p' the higher the shear s t r a i n f o r a given volumetric s t r a i n .

It i s stated that f o r any increment of applied stress the change
i n s t r a i n can be considered to be the sum of a change i n s t r a i n at

Figure 5

Roscoe. etal. Energy Balance

(After Roscoe eT al. '63)

17

constant volume, and a change i n s t r a i n at constant q / p ' .

Thus,

i f the stress path is known, the applied stress can be considered

to comprise of a number of stress increments and each increment can
be subdivided into an increment at constant volume and an increment
at constant q / p 1 .

From the undrained tests the change i n shear

s t r a i n at constant volume is known, and also the change i n volumet r i c s t r a i n due to the increment at constant q / p ' .

The change i n

shear s t r a i n due to the change i n volumetric s t r a i n i s determined

from the results of consolidation t e s t s .

The t o t a l change i n shear

s t r a i n is the sum of changes at constant volume and constant q / p ' .

This method i s shown for a stress increment AC on Figure 6 .
Figure 6 a shows stress paths from consolidated undrained'tests on
tc

kaolin.

Contours of s t r a i n at constant volume are superimposed

and are seen to be r a d i a l line from the o r i g i n .

Figure 6 b shows

the relationship between increments of shear s t r a i n and volumetric

s t r a i n as a function of q/p' derived from consolidation t e s t s .

stress increment AC can be resolved into increments AB and BC.

The shear s t r a i n increments a r i s i n g from these are . 7 5 per cent at
constant volume and 6. + per cent at constant q/p' thus the t o t a l
1

shear s t r a i n increment is 8.2 per c e n t .

In this manner a r e l a t i o n

between shear stress and shear s t r a i n can be obtained for any

stress path.
Landanyi, La Rochelle, and Tanquay (1965) present a graphical
method of predicting shear strains i n saturated normally loaded
and over-consolidated c l a y s .

It implies that contours of shear

s t r a i n are independent of the stress path followed.

Relationships

between shear s t r a i n and p r i n c i a p l stress r a t i o and shear

strain

Contours of Shear strviin(Con>tnt VoL Tebts)

Values

of

Projection Of
C S . Line

UJ Contour

10

Fig. >a

SO

40

50

GO

70

60

Stress* Paths and Contour*) o f Strain for Constant Volume. Tests on kaolin

2.

o
o"

For Increment B C j T j =-43

IfoT

141

to

IS+

"

bv =
5,9

Se

i+e "
g--3ye.-7

I + UJQ=

I0f
6+

4+
o
o
""a

2+

tr

F'cj.kb.

Figure. Q>

Relqtion

5 -Q>

IO

Between Increments o f Shear and Volumetric Strains oft Constant r;

Method of Determining stress- Strain Relationships for kaolin

(After Poorooshasb 4nd Roscoe

1963)

19

and water content were determined from drained tests at various

confining pressures. Using t h i s information the p r i n c i p a l stress
r a t i o versus s t r a i n r e l a t i o n was predicted for an undrained test
and compared with an actual t e s t .

Agreement was quite reasonable.

This theory would imply that i f there i s a unique r e l a t i o n between

stresses and water content that contours of shear s t r a i n are also
unique.
The unique relationship between stresses and water content
implies a f a i l u r e envelope which i s independent of stress path.
Casagrande and Wilson (1953) found that f o r both an organic clay
and for Boston Blue clay the undrained strength envelope was
higher than the drained strength envelope.
stress r a t i o was considered as f a i l u r e .

Maximum p r i n c i p a l

The difference amounted to

9 degrees f o r the organic clay and between 2 and 5 degrees f o r the

Boston Blue c l a y .

In an undrained test on normally loaded clay,

the pore pressure r i s e s such that the normal e f f e c t i v e stress on

the f a i l u r e plane f a l l s as shearing progresses.

Thus at f a i l u r e

the s o i l could be considered to be overconsolidated. This overconsolidation i s referred to as prestress e f f e c t and was considered responsible f o r the additional strength of the undrained t e s t s .
The s t r a i n rate i n the undrained tests was considerably higher
than the drained tests and i t has been argued by subsequent writers
that this could account f o r the higher strength. However, undrained tests were performed as stress controlled and s t r a i n controlled
and although the maximum deviator stress was higher f o r the stress
controlled, the p r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o was the same f o r both. I t
could therefore be implied that the s t r a i n rate affected the stress

20

path but not the strength envelope i n terms of the p r i n c i p a l

stress r a t i o .

Energy corrections were not considered.

Bjerrum and Simons (i960) present data from drained and

undrained tests on normally loaded undistrubed clays.
v i t y of these clays varied from 3 to 100.

The s e n s i t i -

I t was found that f o r

almost a l l the Norwegian clays the pore pressure was s t i l l r i s i n g

at maximum deviator stress and the maximum p r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o
was reached at higher s t r a i n .

Kenney (1959) has suggested that

this phenomenon i s a function of the s e n s i t i v i t y of the clay.

The greater the s e n s i t i v i t y the larger the difference i n the
strength envelope determined by both methods.

Bjerrum and Simons

found the undrained envelope to be s l i g h t l y lower (about one

degree) than the drained envelope, provided maximum p r i n c i p a l
stress r a t i o was taken as the c r i t e r i o n o f f a i l u r e .
1

This, they

state, i s opposite to the findings of Casagrande and Wilson.

However, the writers have corrected t h e i r drained tests f o r
boundary energy due to volume change, whereas Casagrande and
Wilson did not.

They suggest that the prestress effect i s of

secondary importance and state that i t i s the overconsolidation

r a t i o before application of the shear stresses that i s important.
Barron (i960) states that the volume change occurring i n
drained tests causes considerably more remolding than i n undrained
tests.

He suggested that the undisturbed drained strength

envelope and the remolded undrained envelope are only s l i g h t l y

different

and that the undisturbed undrained strength envelope

is higher because of structure and prestress

effect.

Scott (1963) considers that the prestress induced i n the

21

undrained tests may or may not be important depending on the

failure strain.

If f a i l u r e is occurring at large strains then the

s o i l w i l l be f u l l y dispersed at f a i l u r e and no memory of previous

past pressure w i l l remain.

On the other hand, i f f a i l u r e

occurs

at low s t r a i n s , as is l i k e l y with a s o i l i n i t i a l l y f l o c c u l a t e d ,
memory of past pressure w i l l be retained and the s o i l w i l l exhibit
a prestress e f f e c t .

Thus, Scott suggests that the prestress

ef-

fect w i l l be most pronounced for undisturbed s o i l s and p a r t i c u l a r l y

for

sensitive

soils,

soils,

these being highly f l o c c u l a t e d .

For compacted

and p a r t i c u l a r l y for those s o i l s compacted wet of optimum,

with low salt concentrations i n the pore f l u i d , the prestress

effect w i l l be of minor importance.
2.2

Discussion
It is seen that there is considerable difference

of opinion

both with regard to the unique f a i l u r e envelope and the unique

relationship between effective

stresses and water content.

It

would appear that for normally loaded remolded material, the

strength envelope i s e s s e n t i a l l y

independent of the stress path,

and that the f a i l u r e c r i t e r i o n , whether maximum p r i n c i p a l stress

r a t i o or maximum deviator stress makes l i t t l e difference.
volume change at f a i l u r e i n the case of drained tests is

The
generally

very small or zero so that a boundary energy correction i f app l i e d , w i l l have negligible effect

on the strength envelope.

undisturbed normally loaded material and p a r t i c u l a r l y for

For

sensi-

t i v e material, the maximum p r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o occurs at a

higher s t r a i n than the maximum deviator stress i n undrained t e s t s ,
leading to two possible f a i l u r e envelopes.

In drained t e s t s ,

22

maximum deviator stress and maximum p r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o must

occur at the same time.

However, volume decrease at f a i l u r e leads

to a measurable boundary energy correction, and thus gives r i s e

to two possible drained f a i l u r e envelopes, i . e . , one with a
boundary correction and one without.
It appears that i f maximum p r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o i s taken as
the f a i l u r e c r i t e r i o n , then drained and undrained tests have approximately the same f a i l u r e envelope provided a correction f o r
boundary energy be applied to drained t e s t s .

If no correction i s

applied, then the drained envelope w i l l l i e below the undrained.

Evidence f o r the unique relationship between e f f e c t i v e
stresses and water content i s rather c o n f l i c t i n g , but suggests
that f o r normally loaded remolded clays which have been i s o t r o p i c a l l y consolidated, the relationship i s approximately true.

No

data on s u f f i c i e n t l y uniform undisturbed clay i s available but i t

has been suggested that a similar relationship might hold f o r
undisturbed clays of low s e n s i t i v i t y .

For sensitive clays i t was

thought that the relationship would be more complex.

The l i t e r a t u r e suggests that the relationship between effective stresses and water content determined from both drained and
undrained tests may not be unique f o r any one clay f o r the
following reasons:
1 . Rate of t e s t i n g not i d e n t i c a l f o r both drained and
undrained t e s t s ;
2 . Temperature not the same f o r a l l tests;
3 . Non-uniform

d i s t r i b u t i o n of stresses and water content

due to end r e s t r a i n t ;

23

h. Residual excess pore water pressure i n drained t e s t s ;

5. Different structure a r i s i n g from different

stress paths

followed i n drained and undrained t e s t s .

The effects of 1. and 2 . may be eliminated by testing at the same
s t r a i n rate and at constant temperature.

Non-uniform stresses

give r i s e to unequal pore pressures within undrained t e s t s .

If

tests are run at s u f f i c i e n t l y slow s t r a i n rates, these w i l l

largely become equalized by migration of water within the sample.
In drained tests non-uniform stresses w i l l give r i s e to nonuniform water content.
i n Chapter 5 .

This aspect w i l l be considered i n d e t a i l

Residual excess pore pressures i n drained tests

cannot be completely eliminated, as t h e o r e t i c a l l y i t would take

an i n f i n i t e time for one hundred per cent d i s s i p a t i o n of excess
pore pressure.

A. method for estimating the excess pore pressure

at a l l stages of a drained test was devised and is presented i n

Chapter 6 .

The prestress effect

additional remolding effect

i n undrained tests and the

of volume change i n drained tests

are macroscopic factors r e f l e c t i n g different microscopic structure i n the c l a y .

The macroscopic behaviour of a clay is very

much dependent on the structure and this w i l l be considered i n

Chapter 3

2lf

CHAPTER 3
MACROSCOPIC COMPONENTS OF SHEAR STRENGTH
The

shear s t r e n g t h of a s a t u r a t e d c l a y i s o f t e n c o n s i d e r e d t o

comprise of a f r i c t i o n component, a c o h e s i o n component and a s u r f a c e or boundary energy component.

The f r i c t i o n component i s t h a t

p o r t i o n of t h e shear r e s i s t a n c e w h i c h i s l i n e a r l y r e l a t e d t o t h e
normal e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s .

C o h e s i o n i m p l i e s a shear r e s i s t a n c e which

i s independent of t h e normal e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s .

The s u r f a c e

energy

component of shear s t r e n g t h a r i s e s when a s o i l i s undergoing

volume change.

Taylor

(19^8) demonstrated t h a t t h e work done by

the boundary s t r e s s e s d u r i n g s h e a r i n g
ference

c o u l d account f o r t h e d i f B i s h o p (195 +)

i n s t r e n g t h between a l o o s e and a dense sand.

c a l c u l a t e d t h e energy component f o r t r i a x i a l c o n d i t i o n s
at maximum d e v i a t o r s t r e s s as f o l l o w s . :

(G^ = CJ^)

I f an element of m a t e r i a l

under s t r e s s e s CJ-^ and CJ3 undergoes changes i n s t r a i n <$, and Sc^,

t h e n the boundary energy t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e sample, OW, w i l l be

Sw = <J[ o
now

+ 2 CJ^

6^

oV = tbE^ + 2 0 6 3 = v o l u m e t r i c

s t r a i n increment, decrease

i n volume p o s i t i v e
t h e r e f o r e oJ - 0 $ - | ^
C3

ff'

----- (6)

i s t h e s u r f a c e energy component o f shear s t r e n g t h .

i s p o s i t i v e f o r volume i n c r e a s e , n e g a t i v e
zero f o r constant

It

f o r volume d e c r e a s e and

volume or u n d r a i n e d c o n d i t i o n s .

Although Bishop

mentions t h a t h i s e q u a t i o n would a p p l y a t maximum d e v i a t o r s t r e s s

Roscoe, S c h o f i e l d and Wroth (1958), G i b s o n (1953) and o t h e r s

applied

the c o r r e c t i o n a t o t h e r p o i n t s on t h e s t r e s s p a t h i n a d d i t i o n t o

25
the point of maximum deviator s t r e s s .

Hvorslev ( I 9 6 0 )

suggested

that part of the energy involved i n volume change might be stored

or released e l a s t i c a l l y and hence should not be considered i n the
term involving energy d i s s i p a t e d .

Bishop (196^-) considered that

the rate of change of e l a s t i c energy at maximum deviator stress

would be small.

Roscoe and Schofield (1963) developed an energy

equation discussed

i n Chapter 2 which considered both boundary

energy and e l a s t i c energy within the sample.

Rowe, Oates and

Skermer (1963) extended the stress dilatency theory to cohesive

soils.
The

modified coulomb equation

Tff

where

= c ' + CTj tan 0 '

(7)

Tff = shear stress on f a i l u r e plane at

failure

c' = apparent cohesion

Of = normal effective
0'

= effective

stress on f a i l u r e plane at

failure

angle of internal f r i c t i o n

is often used to express the shear strength of c l a y s .

For satu-

rated normally loaded clays i t is generally found that c' = zero.

If the clay has been overconsolidated, the strength i n the overconsolidated region of interest
Equation 7 .

may generally be expressed by

However, the f r i c t i o n angle determined i n the over-

consolidated region w i l l be less than that of the normally loaded

region.

Therefore, for the one clay there is more than one pos-

sible f r i c t i o n angle.

F r i c t i o n and cohesion i n this form are now

considered to be merely parameters expressing the slope and i n t e r cept which best approximate the strength envelope i n the region of
interest

(Figure 7 ) .

Hvorslev, at the suggestion of Terza&hi,

2fo

t
I

Actual St&ngth Envelope

Approximofed by bt l - i o e ^ ^

r-

NormaNv- Leaded

O nl
<5n

Figure 7q Modified Coulomb Strength Parameters

27

performed d i r e c t shear tests on saturated remolded clay i n such a

manner that i t was possible to compare shear strength at the same
void r a t i o but with d i f f e r e n t applied normal e f f e c t i v e stresses.
It was found that f o r the same void r a t i o , the shear strength was
a l i n e a r function of e f f e c t i v e normal stress and plotted with an
intercept on the shear strength axis as shown i n Figure 7 . Lower
void r a t i o s plotted as p a r a l l e l lines with higher intercepts on
the shear strength a x i s .

The slope and intercept determined i n

t h i s fashion were given the symbols 0Q and Cg and were thought t o

r e f l e c t true f r i c t i o n and true cohesion.
red to refer to 0

hesion.

and c

Hvorslev ( I 9 6 0 )

as e f f e c t i v e f r i c t i o n and e f f e c t i v e co-

The terms imply that at any one void r a t i o the cohesion

is constant and independent of the e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s .

(I960)

prefer-

Hvorslev

suggested that t h i s would only be so i f there were no s i g -

n i f i c a n t differences i n structure.

Scott ( 1 9 6 3 ) stated that due

to the i r r e v e r s i b l e nature of the compressibility of clay i t would

not be possible t o have two samples at the same void r a t i o with
d i f f e r i n g e f f e c t i v e stresses and the same structure.

The very f a c t

that the stress i s d i f f e r e n t s i g n i f i e s a d i f f e r e n t structure.

Gibson (1953)> Bjerrum (195*+) and many others have determined
the e f f e c t i v e f r i c t i o n and e f f e c t i v e cohesion components f o r
remolded s o i l s .

I f the components were determined from drained

t e s t s , then the surface energy component was generally removed

using the Bishop equation.
energy equation reduced c

Gibson found that a p p l i c a t i o n of the

and increased 0 . Simons (I960)
e

determined these parameters f o r an undisturbed s o i l .

Bjerrum and

Simons (I960) found that the e f f e c t i v e f r i c t i o n component was

28

lower f o r a s o i l i n the remolded than the undisturbed state. I t

is apparent that the same f r i c t i o n and cohesion components

will

not be present f o r the same s o i l i n the undisturbed and remolded

states..

This i s p a r t i c u l a r l y true f o r sensitive s o i l s .

Hvorslev

(I960) considered that the components might only apply to remolded s o i l s .

Schmertmann (1963) considered that the components as determined by Hvorslev' on remolded clay might be correct.

The d i f -

f e r i n g consolidation ratios necessary to produce samples at the

same f a i l u r e void r a t i o but with d i f f e r i n g e f f e c t i v e stresses
would r e s u l t i n samples which before shearing would have d i f ferent structures.

However, he thought i t possible that the d i f -

f e r i n g f a i l u r e strains could cause structures which were not

i n i t i a l l y the same to be the same at f a i l u r e , and hence the
Hvorslev parameters could be correct.

He suggested that this

would not generally be the case and proposed a method of "curve

hopping" to produce what he considered to be i d e n t i c a l samples at
the same.strain under d i f f e r e n t e f f e c t i v e stresses from which the
f r i c t i o n - a n d cohesion, components.could be determined at any s t r a i n .
These he termed the Dependent and Independent

components.

Noorany.and Seed (1965) proposed a.method of obtaining samples

at the same void r a t i o and almost the same structure but with
d i f f e r i n g e f f e c t i v e stresses.

The method involved anisotropic

consolidation of two samples to the same void r a t i o , a f t e r which

time the deviator stress was removed from one, resulting i n two
samples at the same void r a t i o but with d i f f e r e n t e f f e c t i v e
stresses.

The samples were then sheared at constant void r a t i o and

29
separation of Mohr c i r c l e s at f a i l u r e allowed the e f f e c t i v e f r i c t i o n and cohesion components to be determined.

The

authors sug-

gested that the Mohr c i r c l e s might plot quite close to each other
for i n s e n s i t i v e clays making separation of components quite d i f f i c u l t , whereas f o r sensitive material, considerable
could be expected.

separation

However, this could also mean that the

ob-

served separation i n Mohr c i r c l e s i s due to s t r u c t u r a l change

caused by release of the anisotropic stress condition, and

as

would be expected, t h i s is more marked for sensitive material.

The Roscoe concept discussed i n Chapter 2 indicates that a
s o i l which is y i e l d i n g has only one strength parameter, M, which
implies a linear r e l a t i o n between p' and the deviator stress corrected for both boundary energy and Internal energy.
considered

M can be

as a f r i c t i o n component and the theory suggests that

the f u l l value of M i s mobilized at a l l s t r a i n s .

tests i t is generally conceded that considerable
sary to mobilize f u l l f r i c t i o n .
indicates that t h i s conception

In undrained
s t r a i n is neces-

However, the Roscoe concept

is due to neglect of the release

of i n t e r n a l energy from the sample.

The

release of i n t e r n a l en-

ergy i s of course governed by the s o i l structure .

Although i t i s of considerable

interest from t h e o r e t i c a l

considerations to t r y to i s o l a t e the components of shear strength,

i n practice i t i s generally the measured combined value that i s
required.

In addition, from the above discussion, i t appears that

the e f f e c t i v e f r i c t i o n and cohesion components may

s i c a l meaning but arise from s t r u c t u r a l e f f e c t s .

have no phyIt may

be neces-

sary to t r y to isolate the surface energy component i f the

labora-

tory tests do not duplicate the f i e l d conditions with regard to

volume changes.

3 0

CHAPTER If
TESTING PROCEDURES
k-.l

Description of s o i l tested.
The clay used i n this testing program was taken from a de-

posit located i n the Fraser Valley, B r i t i s h Columbia.

The deposit

i s centred around the town of Haney which i s about t h i r t y miles

from the mouth of the Fraser River, and is known l o c a l l y as Haney
clay.

I t i s presently being used f o r the manufacture of bricks

and i t was from the p i t at the brick factory at Haney that samples
were obtained.
The clay i s thought to have been deposited i n a marine or
brackish environment during or shortly after the l a s t g l a c i a t i o n
of south-western B r i t i s h Columbia (Armstrong, 1957).

Subsequent

u p l i f t of the land r e l a t i v e to the sea has exposed the deposit

and percolating r a i n water has since leached out much of the s a l t ,
with the result that the clay now has a sensitive structure.
Marine shells were found while sampling and attest to the
depositional environment.
Haney clay has a dark blue-gray colour when wet, and has the
colour of neat cement when dry.

In the p a r t i a l l y dry state, l i g h t

and dark laminations of various thickness are evident.

Standard

laboratory i d e n t i f i c a t i o n tests were performed and the results are

shown on Table I and Figures 8 and 9.

A. small dry sample of the

clay was subjected to X-ray d i f f r a c t i o n analysis to determine i t s

mineral composition and the results are shown i n Table I I . I t may
be seen that the s i l t size p a r t i c l e s are composed primarily of quartz
and feldspar, while the clay size p a r t i c l e s are mainly c h l o r i t e .

TABLE I
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HANEY CLAY
S p e c i f i c gravity

2.80

Liquid Limit

hh%

P l a s t i c Limit

26%

P l a s t i c i t y Index

18$

Natural Water content

\2% 1%

Per cent f i n e r than 2 microns

\6%
O.h

Activity
Undisturbed unconfined compressive
Remolded unconfined compressive

strength 1550 l b s . / s q . f t .

strength

130 l b s . / s q . f t .

Sensitivity

12

Maximum past pressure

5500 l b s . / s q . f t .

Figure 8 G r a i n

Siae Distribution Curve for Haney Cloy

Figure 9 "Typical Standard Consolidation Curve for Haney C l a y

3^

TABLE II
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HANEY CLAY

GRAIN SIZE
S i l t Fraction
(greater than
2 microns)

MINERAL

AMOUNT PRESENT

Quartz

Large

Feldspar

Large

Chlorite

Moderate - small

Mica

Moderate - small

Amphibole

Small

Chlorite

Large

Clay F r a c t i o n

Feldspar

Moderate - small

(less than

Mica/chlorite

Moderate - small

2 microns)

Quartz

Small

Mica

Small

Amphibole

Small - questionable

35

+.2

F i e l d Sampling and storing of block samples.

Block samples were obtained by hand excavation from the clay

deposit at Haney i n an area that had recently been worked by the

brick factory.

A. trench was dug around an area of about 12 square

feet to a depth of 3 feet, thus i s o l a t i n g a large block of s o i l .

The top 18 inches or so of disturbed clay was removed and block
samples were cut using f i n e piano wire.

These were trimmed to

rough cubes of side 9 inches, and were coated with wax at the
s i t e as shown i n Figure 10.

The blocks were c a r e f u l l y trans-

ported to the laboratory and the next day were given further
coatings of wax and then stored i n a moist room u n t i l required.
*+.3

Description of test equipment.

The testing program was shared with Mr. T. J . H i r s t .

tests were performed

Drained

by Hirst and undrained tests and some very

slow drained tests were performed

by the writer.

After completion

of the drained series some modifications were made to the equipment, p r i n c i p a l l y the i n s t a l l a t i o n of a de-aired water tank and a
form of temperature

control.

a further change was made.

At the end of the undrained series

A transducer was introduced to measure

pore pressure and an undrained test was run f o r comparison purposes.

Two very slow drained tests were then run with pore pres-

sure measurements i n order to determine

pore pressures i n drained t e s t s .

the magnitude of residual

These modifications w i l l be

indicated i n the description of the test equipment which follows.

The test equipment used i s shown i n Figures 11, 12 and 13.
The t r i a x i a l c e l l was a clockhouse Engineering T.10 capable of
receiving l.h

inch diameter samples.

The ram and bushing were

Figure 10 -

Block Samples of Haney Clay at Site

37

Proving Ring

Oiarilkd Drained Wafer

Vacuum
Vertical Dial

Machined Ram

Crauop

Machined Buthing

Saturation
Spiral
Sqmple

D e - a i r e d W a t e r Tank

porous Stona.

Regulators
Presiure.
Supply
vacuum
Supply

y& 1.0. Scran

Tubing
To P r a i s e
Or Pore

Pre*.~ V6nT<y^

To Drainage System I

Electrical Transducer-'

Strain 11 CDonrtjrvoalled
Axial

yr-0-0.

'/

'/^Control

Panel

Copper Tubing
Chamber

Pre&sure

/4 O.D. Copper Tubing ~

J

y& QO. Poly1hclcn&_

Tubinj

-Steel

Balancing

TanK
L E G E N D

Hoke.

Ball Val^e

(Non-Oisl.)

Hoke

Stem Volve

(Displ.).

NOT TO SCALE.
Figure II Triaxial Cell and Chamber Pressure

System.

e-s

Overflow

Distilled De - Aired
W a t e r Supply

Connections to
Triaxial Cell
(T)
w

Va

o. D.

Copper

LouJer
Stone.
Upper
Stone

Pore Pressure
Gouge ( o - loo

'/fe O P .

-Monomeicr

Bi&hop and Henkel

null Indicotor

Pressure
Cylinder

Saran Tubing

Corffro

10 c c . Burette
(Adjusti ble Height)

-Mercury

Over-Tlouj

4 Ft. M e r c u r y Manometer
To S u p p l y IOLb./Sj,
Back P r e s s u r e

LEGEND
(g)

Hoke S a i l -Vblve
(Mon - Displ.)

Hoke S t e m
(Displ.)

Kliner A B I O

Va|ve

Valves

(Non-Displ.)

NOT

Fioure 1 2 - Drainage on a! Pore Pressure Meas>urin^ System

TO SCALE

Figure

13 -

Test Equipment

ko

of stainless s t e e l machined to a f i n e tolerance and were greased

with " l u b r i p l a t e " before each t e s t .
water past the ram occurred.

No s i g n i f i c a n t leakage of

A loading cap which was free to

rotate was used to minimize the l a t e r a l force and moment transferred to the ram and thus reduce f r i c t i o n at the bushing.

Dis-

t i l l e d de-aired water was used as a chamber f l u i d to reduce d i f fusion of a i r and water through the membranes into the sample.
In the drained test series boiled d i s t i l l e d water was introduced
into the air-water s t e e l balancing tank under a vacuum and allowed
to cool overnight.
a i r pressure.

It was then fed into the chamber under a small

In the undrained

tank was i n s t a l l e d .

series a d i s t i l l e d

de-aired water

D i s t i l l e d water was de-aired by sprinkling

i t into the tank under a vacuum.

The vacuum was removed and

water fed into the chamber under gravity.

A constant chamber pressure was obtained by regulating compressed a i r from a house l i n e and applying i t to the air-water
s t e e l balancing tank.

The water i n t h i s tank was subject to a

vacuum before each t e s t , but during the test i n the presence of

a i r at a high pressure i t was expected that a i r would go into
solution and f i n d i t s way into the c e l l .

In the drained series

the air-water tank was connected to the c e l l by a length of 3/8

i n . O.D. polyethelene tubing.
length of 1/8

In the undrained

series a 6 f t .

i n . I.D. Saran tubing was i n s t a l l e d i n the line to

reduce the amount of a i r reaching the c e l l as suggested by Poulos

(196 +).
1

If leakage of water from the c e l l occurs then a i r i s

carried to the c e l l by the water instead of d i f f u s i n g through the

water along the length of the tube and the e f f e c t of the tubing i s

1+1

then l o s t .

measured by a 0-100

The chamber pressure was

sq.in. bourdon gauge graduated to 0.5

with a mirror to reduce parallax.
the pressure to 0.1

Ibs./sq.in., and

It was

l b s . / s q . i n . The

possible to

gauge was

lbs./
fitted

estimate

calibrated against

a dead weight tester before each t e s t i n g series and was found to

creep under load.

Variations of up to O.h

to occur i n successive c a l i b r a t i o n s .

Ibs./sq.in. were found

The balancing tank was

f i t t e d with a transparent tube so that the water l e v e l i n the tank

was

known and an elevation correction could be applied to deter-

mine the chamber pressure at the l e v e l of the centre of the sample.

Drainage lines from the top and bottom of the sample led to
a 10 cubic centimeter
centimeters.

moveable burette, graduated to 0.1

Wherever possible 1/8

i n . O.D.

cubic

copper tube was

used,

but where movements were large r e l a t i v e to the length of tube,

such as for the saturation s p i r a l and the connection to the burette,
f l e x i b l e p l a s t i c tubing was
drainage burette was

used.

The l e v e l of the water i n the

kept at the l e v e l of the mid height of the

sample, so that as drainage proceeded i t was

the burette from time to time.

To insure complete saturation of

samplesa 10 Ibs./sq.in. back pressure was

This was

necessary to adjust

applied to the burette.

accomplished by means of a mercury column and a

cubic centimeter a i r balancing tank.

The tank was

1200

sufficiently

large that the change i n the volume of a i r caused by drainage of

10 cubic centimeters
less than 0.1

of water would a l t e r the back pressure

Ibs./sq.in.

Changes i n temperature of +

would a l t e r the pressure by about + .05

Ibs./sq.in.

by

1.0c

However,

changes i n atmospheric pressure caused changes i n the l e v e l of

K2

the mercury which were not r e a l i z e d u n t i l the e l e c t r i c a l transducer was i n s t a l l e d at the end of the testing program. The
reason f o r t h i s i s as follows:

A constant volume i n the back

pressure tank i s maintained by a constant absolute pressure. I f

atmospheric

pressure f a l l s then there i s a tendency for the a i r

in the tank to expand.

This i s prevented by r i s e of mercury i n

the standpipe equal to the change i n atmospheric

pressure (the

small volume increase due to the r i s e of mercury can be neglected).

The chamber pressure gauge reads pressures above atmospheric,
the back pressure should therefore also be referenced to atmospheric pressure.

Errors i n the back pressure may have occurred

but i t i s thought these amounted to no more than about 0.2 l b s . /

sq.in., as the l e v e l of the mercury was corrected occasionally
during a test by allowing a i r into or out of the tank.

Later,

when the transducer was present, the correct back pressure was
attained by moving the drainage burette u n t i l the desired transducer reading was obtained.
Pore water pressure was measured at the bottom stone only
using the Bishop and Henkel n u l l tube device (1 mm. I.D. tube).
A 5 foot length of 1/8 In. outside diameter copper tube connected
the n u l l tube to the bottom stone.

The compliance

of t h i s system

produced a movement of 7/^+0 i n . i n the n u l l tube over a range of

100 Ibs./sq.in. that was f u l l y r e v e r s i b l e .

Bishop and Henkel

(1962) suggest that the movement should not be more than 1/2 i n .
over a pressure range of 100 Ibs./sq.in. and the system was
therefore considered s a t i s f a c t o r y from the compliance
view.

point of

During a test the position of the n u l l point was varied

>+3

w i t h the pressure t o account

was

m e a s u r e d w i t h a 0-100

f o r t h i s compliance.

c a l i b r a t e d u s i n g a dead w e i g h t
then read

c a l c u l a t i o n was

pressure

I b s . / s q . i n . b o u r d o n gauge s i m i l a r

t h a t u s e d f o r m e a s u r i n g t h e chamber p r e s s u r e .

w h i c h was

The

on t h e

necessary

The

gauge

was

t e s t e r t o a p p l y a chamber

pore p r e s s u r e gauge.
to. a c c o u n t

to

pressure

I n t h i s way

no

f o r the h e i g h t of mercury

i n t h e n u l l t u b e or t h e c h a n g e i n t h e h e i g h t of t h e m e r c u r y
t o change i n t h e n u l l
c a r e was

always kept

T o w a r d s t h e end

installed.

I t was

rated compliance
(9A0

system.

Incorporated

p o s s i b l e to the
The

I b s . / s q . i n . a b s o l u t e and

was

cell

I b s . / s q . i n . change i n p r e s s u r e .

in null

p o i n t f o r 100

o f t h e a c t i v e f a c e of t h e t r a n s d u c e r .
a f t e r a r e a d i n g was

s u b s e q u e n t r e a d i n g s were

The
and

to

be
This

tube

transducer

t h e s y s t e m was

c a l i b r a t i o n was

I f t h i s were done

pressure surge

to

taken.

c a l i b r a t e d a g a i n s t the dead w e i g h t
t o be

of

dissipate

i s a c c o m p a n i e d by a n e l e c t r i c a l r e a d - o u t

found

the

and c o n t r a c t i o n

t a k e n , then f l o w i n t o or out

the sample would a l l o w t h e s l i g h t

before

The

o r remove w a t e r t o t h e t r a n s d u c e r s y s t e m t o t a k e

p l a c e o f t h e v o l u m e c h a n g e c a u s e d by t h e e x p a n s i o n

immediately

of

Ibs./sq.in.).

c o u l d be c o m p e n s a t e d f o r d u r i n g a t e s t by u s i n g t h e n u l l
d e v i c e t o add

a r a t e d compliance

found

was

to

t r a n s d u c e r had

c h e c k e d w i t h t h e n u l l t u b e and

in. rise

zero

program an e l e c t r i c a l t r a n s -

made by D a t a S e n s o r s

of t h e

0.00027 c u b i c i n . f o r 100

correct

calibration,

same.

p l a c e d as c l o s e a s

the compliance

r a n g e of 0 - 150

the

of t h e t e s t i n g

o f t h e b o n d e d t y p e and

minimize

After

t a k e n t o i n s u r e t h a t the h e i g h t of mercury f o r

gauge r e a d i n g was

ducer

point with pressure.

due

l i n e a r w i t h p r e s s u r e t o an

device

tester.
accuracy

The

kh

of +

0.1

I b s . / s q . i n . , and

c o u l d be d e t e c t e d .
s c a l e and

The

A. constant

deformation

by the chamber pressure

and

The

used t o

by f r i c t i o n at the bushing was

i n c o n t a c t with the

intended

sample.

deformation

made to measure t h i s .

The

The

measured

friction
lateral

deformation

measured by a d i a l gauge placed such t h a t

of the sample only was

caused

testing rate

change d u r i n g a t e s t mainly because of induced

f o r c e s but no attempt was

gears.

f o r c e on the ram

by moving the l o a d i n g p l a t f o r m upward a t the

being

rate

r a t e s ranging from about

A. proving r i n g was

measure the d e v i a t o r f o r c e i n the ram.

of the sample was

be

placed

motor and a system of

t h i r t y deformation

2 i n . per hour t o 1 i n . per y e a r .

f o r c e may

could

l o a d i n g p l a t f o r m on which the c e l l was

gear system allowed

the ram

absolute

pressure.

a p p l i e d to the

without

on an

i n s t a l l e d so t h a t the pressure

by means of a l/k- horse power e l e c t r i c

The

Ibs./sq.in.

measures pressure

A l l t e s t s were s t r a i n c o n t r o l l e d .
was

0.025

changes of

transducer

a barometer was

r e f e r r e d to gauge

pressure

the

measured.

Hoke v a l v e s were used wherever leaks c o u l d not be t o l e r a t e d .

The

stem type displacement

v a l v e s were used where displacement

was

not a problem.

Four Hoke non-displacement b a l l v a l v e s were used

on the drainage

and

pore pressure

l i n e s where i t was

have no volume change on opening and

v a l v e s were used on the pore pressure
s m a l l leaks were of no consequence.
were found to l e a k .

Four new

with the n u l l tube d e v i c e and

ranged up to

0.003

closing valves.

e s s e n t i a l to
Klinger

d e v i c e i n l o c a t i o n s where
A.11

Klinger valves tested

K l i n g e r v a l v e s were s e p a r a t e l y t e s t e d
a l l were found t o l e a k .

cubic i n . per day

under

100

Leakage

I b s . / s q . i n . , which

corresponds t o a r i s e i n the n u l l p o i n t of about 2 i n c h e s .

Poulos

h5

(196k) found similar r e s u l t s , and t h i s writer now understands that,

where Klinger valves are used by other investigators i n positions
where leakage cannot be tolerated, either the valve linings have
been replaced or the valve has been treated i n some way.

Hoke

non-displacement valves were tested i n the same manner as the

Klinger valves and no leakage could be detected i n a three day
period. . However, after some usage i t was apparent that these
valves also leaked. Tightening of the stem seals appeared to
stop the leakage and t h i s was done from time to time.

Subse-

quently, f o r other apparatus i n the laboratory, Whitey nondisplacement valves were used and were found to behave i n a very
s a t i s f a c t o r y manner.

Hoke displacement valves were also tested

and none was found to leak.

The equipment was de-aired by drawing large quantities of
boiled d i s t i l l e d water at a temperature of about 180F through
the

drainage l i n e s .

the

equipment

Due to the many problems encountered i n getting

operational, de-airing was done a number of times

and presented no particular d i f f i c u l t i e s .

However, care i s re-

quired i n de-airing the Hoke non-displacement valves as the sealing

surface i s not continuous and so an a i r space exists behind the
seal.

These valves must be held i n the half open position while

water i s flushed through to remove t h i s a i r .

the

After de-airing,

system was allowed to cool and the n u l l tube was then used to

check the drainage system f o r compressibility and leakage.

After the drained t e s t series had been completed a form of
temperature control was i n s t a l l e d .

This was accomplished by

constructing an insulated compartment around the equipment

which

was kept below the general room temperature by a cooling unit.

he

The compartment comprised of a frame 15 feet long, 8 feet wide and

8 feet high constructed of 2 i n . by h i n . timber members and
covered inside and outside with a layer of polyethelene to produce
a h i n . i n s u l a t i n g a i r gap.

A water cooled a i r conditioning unit

of 9*4-00 B.T.U. capacity was used.

It was capable of keeping about

a 10C difference i n temperature between the room and the compartment but during the test series the difference was never more
than 5C*

A. t y p i c a l cycle was:

a i r conditioner on f o r !- minutes,

off f o r 3 minutes with a temperature v a r i a t i o n within the compartment of 0.5C.

The fan setting could be adjusted and i t was

found that the optimum adjustment gave a f a i r l y uniform temperature over most of the testing area.

A thermometer placed i n a

100 cubic centimeter f l a s k d i d not record any noticeable v a r i a t i o n

in temperature due to the c y c l i c fluctuations of a i r temperature,
and i t could be concluded that the sample which was

surrounded

by a considerably larger volume of water underwent negligable

temperature v a r i a t i o n .

However, the a i r temperature v a r i a t i o n

did have a small e f f e c t on the Bishop and Henkel pore pressure

measuring device.

The e f f e c t on a closed system was f o r the

pressure to f a l l on a r i s i n g temperature and r i s e on a f a l l i n g

temperature.

This i s opposite to what one usually expects and

may be explained as follows:

On a r a p i d l y r i s i n g a i r temperature

the aluminum case of the pressure cylinder having a high conductiv i t y and low s p e c i f i c heat increases i n temperature and expands
allowing the water to increase i n volume and hence reduce i n
pressure.

The water having a low conductivity and high s p e c i f i c

heat does not have time to heat and expand.

The copper l i n e to

h7

the

c e l l behaves In a similar way to the pressure cylinder although

to a lesser extent.

I f , on the other hand, the temperature r i s e

is slow then the water has time to heat and expand and water
having a higher c o e f f i c i e n t of thermal expansion than copper or
aluminum tends to expand more, causing a pressure r i s e .

This

e f f e c t was e s s e n t i a l l y eliminated by binding the pressure cylinder

and copper l i n e by insulating tape.

When the transducer was later

i n s t a l l e d , no v a r i a t i o n i n pore pressure i n a closed system could

be detected.
h.h

Testing technique
C y l i n d r i c a l samples 2.8 i n . long and l.h i n . i n diameter

were prepared i n a moist room using a wire saw, miter box and
trimming lathe.

A trimmed sample and equipment i s shown i n

Figure l ^ . Side and end trimmings were used f o r water content

determinations.
the

I t was found that due to the laminated nature of

material, the. water content calculated from the end trimmings

varied considerably from the side trimmings.

These were not

therefore used i n estimating the average i n i t i a l water content

but

served to indicate the range of water content within the

sample.

Four tests were performed by Mr. Hirst with whom the

testing program was shared to determine i f the side trimmings were

a r e l i a b l e measure of the average i n i t i a l water content of the
sample.

The greatest water content difference between a sample

and i t s side trimmings was found to be 0.-2 per cent and i t was
concluded that the trimmings were a r e l i a b l e measure of the average
i n i t i a l water content of the sample.

However, a precaution had

to be observed i n taking side trimmings.

When side trimmings

Figure

15 -

Sample in Place on Triaxial Base

h9

were taken the sample had not been trimmed top and bottom and
therefore the trimmings did not represent the f i n a l
Further trimming was necessary to allow for t h i s .

sample.
If this further

trimming were not done, and i t was not always done by the w r i t e r ,
the check between i n i t i a l and f i n a l water contents based on side
trimmings was as poor as 1.5 per cent, whereas for those samples
i n which i t was done the check was always within 0.2 per c e n t .
The trimmed sample was measured and weighed.
cumferential measurements

Three c i r -

(top, centre and bottom) and four length

measurements were obtained and averaged to determine the dimensions

of the sample.

Samples were handled with extreme care and were

carried i n a l i i n . wide rubber s l i n g to reduce stresses.

Prior to the preparation of the sample the equipment was made
ready.

The porous stones were boiled for 10 minutes i n d i s t i l l e d

water and allowed to c o o l .

Four 0-rings on ring expanders were

fed over the top loading cap and down the saturation
These were followed by a r o l l e d membrane.
also placed down over the pedestal.

spiral.

A, r o l l e d membrane was

The c y l i n d r i c a l surface of

the pedestal was then covered with a f i l m of s i l i c o n grease and

the membrane r o l l e d to the top.

Water was allowed to flow from

the bottom drainage l i n e to cover the top of the pedestal and form
a convex meniscus.
was s l i d into place.
stone.

The bottom stone now cooled to room temperature

The sample was then s l i d onto the bottom

The top cap was inverted and water allowed to flow out

and form a meniscus,.

The top stone was then placed and the cap

and stone righted and s l i d onto the top of the sample.

Silicon

grease was now smeared on the top cap and with one hand on the top

50
cap the lower membrane was r a p i d l y r o l l e d up, any excess water
being pushed ahead

of the membrane.

This membrane was then covered

w i t h a f i l m of s i l i c o n grease and the second membrane r o l l e d down

from the t o p .
top

and bottom.

Two 0-rings were then placed over both membranes a t

F i g u r e 15 shows a photograph of an i n s t a l l e d

sample d u r i n g a p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t s e r i e s when o n l y one membrane

and two 0 - r i n g s were being used.
The top of the c e l l was then placed i n p o s i t i o n and the a l i g n ment of the ram w i t h the b a l l b e a r i n g on the l o a d i n g cap was
checked.
the

T h i s was done by observing i f any l a t e r a l movement of

top cap o c c u r r e d when the ram c o n t a c t e d the b a l l .

The sample

was p o s i t i o n e d by t r i a l and e r r o r u n t i l no movement c o u l d be

detected.

The ram was then brought i n t o contact w i t h the sample

and the v e r t i c a l d i a l s e t .

Water from the d i s t i l l e d d e - a i r e d

tank was f e d i n t o the chamber under g r a v i t y ,

water

A. 10 I b s . / s q . i n .

chamber pressure was a p p l i e d and the pore pressure measured.

In

those l a t e r t e s t s where the t r a n s d u c e r was used t o measure pore

pressure, the pore pressure was measured as soon as the f i r s t
membrane was i n p l a c e .
the

The e f f e c t on the pore pressure of p l a c i n g

second membrane and a l i g n i n g the sample could be observed.

I t was found that the pore pressure f l u c t u a t i o n s of not more than

0.5

I b s . / s q . i n . occurred and were e l a s t i c .

The chamber pressure

was then a p p l i e d i n increments of 10 I b s . / s q . i n . a t f o u r

minute

i n t e r v a l s u n t i l the d e s i r e d chamber p r e s s u r e was a t t a i n e d .

The

pore pressure was r e c o r d e d before each increment was a p p l i e d

a l l o w i n g the Skempton B parameter to be c a l c u l a t e d .

I t was found

t h a t B was equal t o u n i t y f o r a l l increments, i n d i c a t i n g that the

51

clay was

100 per cent

saturated.

Samples were allowed to consolidate f o r exactly 2k hours.

Drainage from both top and bottom of specimens led to a burette
to which a 10 Ibs./sq.in. back pressure was
the time f o r *90 was

applied.

Since

never more than 200 minutes, i t was

that a l l pore pressure due to primary consolidation was

dissipated at the end of the consolidation period.

considered
essentially

Burette

readings were taken during consolidation so that the c o e f f i c i e n t

of consolidation c

and the c o e f f i c i e n t of permeability k could

be calculated.
In preliminary tests i t was

found that the sample would

generally not consolidate uniformly i n the v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n ,

so that at the end of consolidation the ram would no longer be
aligned with the b a l l on the loading cap.
ring i t was

necessary to bring the ram

To prevent this

into contact with the b a l l

from time to time during the consolidation period.

stress involved i n this contact was
O.k-

Ibs./sq.in.

It was

The

vertical

generally not more than about

important to have good alignment before

shearing otherwise there was

buckling taking place.

occur-

a strong p o s s i b i l i t y of sample

In addition, poor alignment caused an

irregular i n i t i a l stress s t r a i n curve.

About an hour before the end of the drainage period the
loading platform was moved up at the intending testing rate without
the ram being i n contact with the b a l l on the loading cap.
this way

the force on the ram due to the chamber pressure

f r i c t i o n at the bushing was

determined.

This was

In
and

l a t e r subtracted

from proving ring readings to determine the deviator f o r c e .

52

Samples were then sheared

controlled conditions.
The

s t r a i n r a t e was

under e i t h e r d r a i n e d or undrained

F i g u r e 16 shows a specimen d u r i n g s h e a r i n g .

about 0.5

f o r both d r a i n e d and

strain

per cent per hour and was the same

undrained t e s t s .

Some a d d i t i o n a l t e s t s were

run a t other r a t e s but were not used f o r the main purpose of the
thesis.

V a r i a t i o n i n the s t r a i n r a t e occurred due

of the p r o v i n g r i n g .

The

The

chamber pressure was

a i r r e g u l a t i o n system was

fluctuations

In undrained t e s t s the v a r i a b l e s

pressure r e a d i n g .

Approximately

pore

50 s e t s of readings

the d u r a t i o n of any one t e s t .

d r a i n e d t e s t s were performed

Pore pressure was

The

the excess

These were

analyzed.
at one q u a r t e r the

transducer was

permitted.

a l s o used to measure the back pressure

l i n e so t h a t a v e r y a c c u r a t e measure of

pore pressure a t the bottom of the sample was

thought

general

measured with the t r a n s d u c e r at the bottom

a p p l i e d to the drainage

excess

recorded

proving r i n g deformation and

s t r a i n r a t e but drainage t o the top stone o n l y was

T h i s was

a l l tests.

I b s . / s q . i n . were recorded on the

l a t e r f e d to a d i g i t a l computer t o be

stone.

strain

In d r a i n e d t e s t s the drainage b u r e t t e r e a d i n g r e p l a c e d

were taken throughout

Two

un-

found t o work extremely w e l l and

were, time, sample deformation,

the pore

about onehalf the average

kept c o n s t a n t throughout

of not more than 0,1

chamber pressure gauge.

pressure.

deformation

In f a c t , d u r i n g the e a r l y part of the

d r a i n e d t e s t s the s t r a i n r a t e was
rate.

to

obtained.

to g i v e a reasonable a c c u r a t e measure of the

pore pressure t h a t would e x i s t at the c e n t r e of a sample

d r a i n e d t o both top and bottom and

sheared at the u s u a l r a t e .

T h i s w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l i n Chapter

6.

Figure 16 - Sample During Shear

5V

At the end

of the shearing process, s i n c e a check on the

water content was

r e q u i r e d , water was

first

allowed to back d r a i n

i n t o the sample before removing from t h e chamber.

was

first

suggested

as f o l l o w s :

by Henkel and

This

procedure

Sowa (1963) and the reason i s

I f the e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s e s a t the end of the

test

are high, removal of the chamber pressure under undrained

condi-

t i o n s w i l l not change them and hence as the t o t a l s t r e s s e s go to

zero, l a r g e t e n s i o n s are set up i n the pore p r e s s u r e .

I f these

are high enough they w i l l cause c a v i t a t i o n i n the drainage

and water w i l l enter the ends of the sample.

lines

Even i f the t e n s i o n s

are not s u f f i c i e n t to cause c a v i t a t i o n , water may

be drawn i n t o

the sample form the porous stones d u r i n g d i s m a n t l i n g of the sample.

S i n c e i t appears impossible to prevent water e n t e r i n g the sample
the a l t e r n a t i v e i s to measure the amount t h a t e n t e r s .
done by removing the d e v i a t o r s t r e s s and dropping

This

was

the chamber

pressure to 12 I b s . / s q . i n . while a l l o w i n g water t o f l o w from the

at a back pressure of 10

drainage b u r e t t e which was

maintained

I b s . / s q . i n . a t a l l times.

Back drainage was

r a t e of f l o w was
for

v e r y s m a l l or i n some cases i t was

the

continued

2h hours so t h a t a measure of the c o e f f i c i e n t s of c o n s o l i d a -

t i o n and
way

continued u n t i l

p e r m e a b i l i t y a f t e r shearing c o u l d be o b t a i n e d .

the e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s was

reduced

to 2 I b s . / s q . i n .

In t h i s
A f t e r back

d r a i n i n g the drainage v a l v e s were c l o s e d , the chamber pressure r e duced to zero and

the water removed from the c e l l .

The

rubber mem-

branes were cut and removed, the porous stones p u l l e d from the ends
and

the whole sample was

then weighed.

I t was

not thought

that

much water would enter the sample from the porous stones s i n c e the
t e n s i o n i n the pore water should not be more than 2 I b s . / s q . i n .

55

and the c a p i l l a r l y t e n s i o n of t h e s t o n e s was thought h i g h e r t h a n

that.
The water c o n t e n t of the whole sample was d e t e r m i n e d and
from the known amounts of water d r a i n e d and back d r a i n e d t h e
i n i t i a l water c o n t e n t c o u l d be c a l c u l a t e d .

T h i s was

t h e n checked

w i t h b o t h the i n i t i a l water c o n t e n t c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g the

initial

wet weight and f i n a l d r y weight of the whole sample and the

i n i t i a l water c o n t e n t as determined f r o m s i d e t r i m m i n g s .

I t was

found t h a t the water c o n t e n t check was always w i t h i n Ooh per c e n t

and g e n e r a l l y w i t h i n 0 . 2
for

per c e n t when t h e whole sample was

i n i t i a l water c o n t e n t and was always w i t h i n 0 . 2

used

per cent

when s i d e trimmings which were p r o p e r l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e were used

(see

discussion earlier i n this section).

I n t h o s e t e s t s which

were sheared a t one q u a r t e r the u s u a l r a t e t h e s h e a r i n g process

t o o k about 10 days.

However, the water c o n t e n t check f o r t h o s e

two t e s t s was w i t h i n 0 . 1

per c e n t .

I t may t h e r e f o r e be c o n c l u d e d

t h a t the average water c o n t e n t a t the v a r i o u s s t a g e s of a t e s t

was a c c u r a t e l y known and t h a t no s i g n i f i c a n t leakage o c c u r r e d .
A f t e r removal of the sample, the d r a i n a g e l i n e s were
f l u s h e d w i t h de-aired d i s t i l l e d water.

The c e l l ,

bottom

pedestal

and t o p l o a d i n g cap were t h o r o u g h l y washed w i t h d e t e r g e n t t o

remove any grease w h i c h might l a t e r t r a p a i r .
was t h e n ready f o r the n e x t t e s t .

The equipment

56

CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION OF TESTING TECHNIQUE
3.1

Introduction
The main purpose of the testing program was

to determine i f

for Haney clay a unique relationship exists between e f f e c t i v e

stresses and the water content which is independent of the stress
path, drained

or undrained.

It was

important that the drainage

condition should be the only variable i n the tests and

other

possible variables, such as temperature and s t r a i n rate, were

therefore kept constant.

However, due

equipment errors arise which may

to the nature of t r i a x i a l

not a f f e c t drained and undrained

tests i n the same manner.

In a t r i a x i a l t e s t the aim i s to subject a sample to homogeneous states of stress and

strain.

Due

to the presence of

f r i c t i o n forces at the top and bottom of a sample, the state of

stress and consequently the state of s t r a i n is seldom uniform.
In addition, i n undrained tests non-uniform stresses lead to
non-uniform pore pressures and or migration
sample.

of water within the

In drained tests residual pore pressures of some gen-

e r a l l y unknown value are present.

uniform, errors may

Even i f the stress system were

arise i n measuring the applied pressures

and forces, p r i n c i p a l l y the pore pressure and deviator force,

and are mainly caused by time lag i n the pore pressure
measuring device and the presence of ram f r i c t i o n .
w i l l be discussed
5.2

These errors

i n subsequent sections of this chapter.

Non-uniform stress and

strain

In the standard t r i a x i a l test f r i c t i o n a l resistance along

57
porous stones or end platens cause shear stresses to be applied
at the top and bottom of a sample.

Even during consolidation

when no deviator stress i s applied, shear stresses are present and

prevent diameter decrease at the top and bottom.

During shearing,

these shear stresses reverse i n d i r e c t i o n and e s s e n t i a l l y prevent

the end diameters from increasing, resulting i n bulging of the
sample.

When bulging occurs the cross sectional area at the

centre of the sample becomes greater than that at the ends and
consequently the v e r t i c a l stress at the centre is less than that
at the ends.

The shear stress at the ends has the a f f e c t of

increasing

at the ends and the overall r e s u l t i s that both

and

- fj^) i s

are higher at the ends than at the centre, but

higher at the centre (Bishop, Blight and Donald I 9 6 0 ) .

The devia-

tor stress i s generally calculated from a cross sectional area

which i s determined
r i g h t cylinder.

by assuming that the sample deformed as a

Roscoe, Schofield and Thurairajah ( 1 9 6 3 )

indicate

that at an a x i a l s t r a i n of 2 0 per cent, the area at the centre

may be 1.*+ times the area calculated on the usual b a s i s . Casagrande
and Wilson ( I 9 6 0 )

suggest that the r e l a t i o n between the v e r t i c a l

stress at the ends and centre of a t r i a x i a l specimen i s given by:

where

= v e r t i c a l stress at ends
0^ = v e r t i c a l stress at middle
]_ = a x i a l s t r a i n .

So that at 2 0 per cent s t r a i n the v e r t i c a l stress at the ends

would be 50 per cent larger than at the middle.

58

The a x i a l s t r a i n i s generally calculated by d i v i d i n g the

deformation

of the sample by the consolidated length, and i t i s

assumed that the s t r a i n i s uniform throughout the sample.

Schofield and Thurairajah

(1963) showed

Roscoe,

that for drained compres-

sion tests on loose saturated sand, the a x i a l s t r a i n varies considerably throughout the depth of the sample.

In general, a x i a l

strains were found to be larger at the centre than at the ends.

This would be i n agreement with Bishop's suggestion that the shear
stresses are larger at the centre.

After about 10 per cent average

a x i a l s t r a i n , zones of maximum a x i a l s t r a i n occurred at about the

t h i r d points and were thought due to the f a i l u r e zone moving towards the ends.

F a i l u r e f i r s t occurs around the c e n t r a l zone

followed by y i e l d i n g and bulging and reduced-stresses, and movement

of the f a i l u r e zone towards the ends.
normally

In compression tests on

loaded clay specimens, the s t r a i n d i s t r i b u t i o n is unlikely

to be the same as f o r sand.

However, a similar trend could be

expected, with maximum strains occurring near the centre followed

possibly by the development of two zones of high s t r a i n between
the centre and the ends at large average a x i a l s t r a i n .
It i s apparent, therefore, that stresses and strains are not
uniform throughout a sample.

At an average a x i a l s t r a i n of 20 per

cent, the stresses and strains within the sample may be as much
as 50 per cent d i f f e r e n t from those calculated i n the conventional
manner.

Since the actual stress and s t r a i n could not be r e l i a b l y

calculated for any element within the sample, the' conventional

method was adopted.

I t was hoped that the errors would be similar

i n both drained and undrained

tests and that calculated average

59

values would provide r e l i a b l e comparisons.

5.3

Non-uniform pore pressures

i n undrained tests

Non-uniform stresses lead to a further problem i n the case

of undrained t e s t s .

If the applied stresses are not uniform,

then either the pore pressure is not uniform, or i f the rate of

testing is such that pore pressure equalization occurs by migration
of water within the sample, then the f a i l u r e zone can hardly be
considered to be undrained.

Undisturbed clays are not l i k e l y to

be homogeneous so that non-uniform pore pressures would probably

occur to some extent even i n the absence of non-uniform stresses.
It is generally agreed that for normally loaded and sensitive
materials subject to undrained shear, the pore pressure at the
centre of the sample w i l l be higher than at the ends (Whitman
Bishop, Blight and Donald

I960,

I960,

and Blight

1963).

Hence,

flow of water w i l l take place from the central zone of higher

shear towards the end zones.

In overconsolidated s o i l s where

shear stresses cause reduction i n pore pressure the reverse is true.

If

the pore pressure is measured at one end of the sample as

is usual, then, i f the measured pore pressure is to have any

meaning, the rate of testing must be such that the pore pressure
throughout the sample is f a i r l y uniform.

To speed up equalization

of pore pressure, f i l t e r paper side drains may be used.

These

allow drainage to the c y l i n d r i c a l surface of the sample as well

as to the top and bottom.

They are most effective i f the permea-

b i l i t y of the clay is very low compared to the permeability of the

paper.

For clays of r e l a t i v e l y high permeability, considerable

head loss may occur i n the f i l t e r paper.

The calculated coef-

60

f i c i e n t of consolidation of the s o i l assuming no head loss i n the

paper may be very much less than that measured i f no f i l t e r
were present.

In the past, i n order to reduce hoop tension, f i l t e r

paper s t r i p s with alternating gaps were used.

effectiveness

paper

This reduces

the

of the drainage surface and causes additional loss

in the f i l t e r paper due to the reduced cross sectional area of

paper.

Bishop and Gibson (1963) suggested that continuous f i l t e r

paper with v e r t i c a l s l i t s to reduce hoop tension might be used to

offset t h i s .

Campanella (1965) found that the use of s l i t s

rather

than slots i n the f i l t e r paper reduced the time for 100 per cent
primary consolidation of bay mud by a factor

of about 5.

Bishop and Henkel (1962) and B l i g h t (1963) produced equations

and

graphs from which the time to any r e l i a b l e reading can be

obtained for drained and undrained tests provided the

of

consolidation c v or the apparent c v

loss i n the f i l t e r paper) is known.

coefficient

(obtained by assuming no

Their results were based on

95$ equalization of non-uniform pore pressures i n the case of

undrained t e s t s , and 95$ d i s s i p a t i o n of excess pore pressure i n
the case of drained t e s t s .

If i t is only required to have a re-

l i a b l e reading at f a i l u r e , then the time obtained is the time to

failure.

If,

on the other hand, a stress path is required, the time

obtained w i l l be that to the f i r s t r e l i a b l e point on the stress

path.
Preliminary tests were conducted to determine i f the use of
filter

paper would allow reduced testing times.

Isotropic c o n s o l i -

dation tests were performed on l.k- i n . by 2,8 i n . samples both with

and without slotted f i l t e r drains
compared.
cm,2/

sec,

(Whatmans No. 5^) and the results

Without f i l t e r paper e v was found to be about 2 x 10"" 3

whereas with f i l t e r paper and assuming no head loss

61
in the paper the apparent c was about 5 x 10"^ cm. /sec.
2

Since

2 x 10~3 cm.^/sec. was the correct c and would have been measured
v

had no loss occurred i n the paper (assuming k^ = ky), the eff i c i e n c y of the drains, which i s the r a t i o of the apparent c to
v

the

actual c was about 2^ per cento

the

poor performance of the paper may have been due to smear on

the

l a t e r a l surfaces caused by sample trimming, but a similar

It has been suggested that

smear should then have been present at the top and bottom of the
sample, and so i t seems very unlikely that smear could be responsible f o r such a poor e f f i c i e n c y .

Similar low e f f i c i e n c i e s

were obtained by Simons (1963) and Crawford (1963) on sensitive

clays with c ' s i n the same range and were attributed to head
v

loss i n the paper.

Based on the c values obtained, the times

v

required to r e l i a b l e readings for undrained tests from Blight's

chart are about h hours with or without drains.
decided not to use drains.

It was therefore

Unfortunately, at the time of these

preliminary t e s t s , the concept of using s l i t s i n the f i l t e r paper

instead of the usual s l o t s was not known to the writer.

It i s

very possible that s l i t paper would have been considerably more

effective.
5.*+

Residual pore pressures i n drained tests

Since f i l t e r paper side drains have a very low e f f i c i e n c y and

were not used, i t was necessary to have drainage top and bottom i n
drained tests to reduce the testing time.

With a c

of 2 x 10"3

cm. /sec. and double-end drainage, a time of 11 hours to the f i r s t

2

s i g n i f i c a n t reading was calculated (Bishop and Henkel 1962).

Blight

(1963) suggests that the theoretical times for 95 per cent d i s sipation from which the Bishop and Henkel equation i s derived

62

predicts times considerably longer than those actually needed f o r

95 pe-r cent d i s s i p a t i o n .

He suggested that the time required f o r

a given degree of pore pressure d i s s i p a t i o n i n a drained test with

double-end drainage would be the same as that required f o r the same
degree of pore pressure equalization i n an undrained test without
f i l t e r paper.

The time required for 95 per cent d i s s i p a t i o n of

excess pore pressure would therefore be h hours, the same as i t

was f o r undrained t e s t s .
The writer was concerned about the value of residual pore
pressures i n drained tests because of the highly flocculated
nature of sensitive c l a y s .

During shearing i t was expected that

large reductions i n permeability would take place due to struct u r a l change and decreased void r a t i o .

Hence i t was thought pos-

sible that residual pore pressures might be larger than usual.

A. method was derived f o r c a l c u l a t i n g excess pore pressures
from the rate of drainage of pore water from the sample.

This

was checked by running drained tests at T the normal speed but

allowing drainage from the top only and measuring pore pressure
at the bottom.

The method and results are discussed i n d e t a i l

i n Chapter 6.
5.5

Pore pressure measuring devices

U n t i l quite recently pore pressures i n small test samples

have been measured by means of the n u l l - i n d i c a t o r .

This generally

comprises a water-mercury contact surface i n a small diameter

tube which i s maintained at such a l e v e l that no flow from the
sample to the system occurs. The pressure required t o maintain
the l e v e l i s measured and gives the pore pressure at the centre

63

of the sample when the system is suitably c a l i b r a t e d .

More re-

cently e l e c t r i c a l transducers have been used to measure pore

pressure.

Here very small deformations of a diaphragm produce

changes i n e l e c t r i c a l resistance of s t r a i n gauges allowing c a l culation of pore pressure.

If the pore pressure within the sample is changing, and i f
i t is assumed that the change would be uniform throughout the
sample i n the absence of a pore pressure measuring device then
the presence of one may lead to non-uniform pore pressures.

In

the n u l l tube device, movement of some observable amount must

f i r s t occur before a pressure change can be applied, and hence a
small flow of water into or out of the sample take place creating
a gradient within the sample.

In the same way d e f l e c t i o n

of the

diaphragm i n the transducer causes a small volume change and

similar gradients within the sample.
Bishop and Henkel ( 1 9 6 2 ) defined the s e n s i t i v i t y of the n u l l
indicator as the time required for a movement A X to occur i n the
n u l l point under a small out of balance pressure Ap.

A. mathe-

matical expression was derived for this time, and for given values
of A X and AP, i t depends on the nature of the s o i l tested ( c v and
mv) and the r a t i o of the diameter of the n u l l tube to the d i a meter of the surface over which the pore pressure is measured
raised to a power.

For Haney clay with Ap = 0 . 2 I b s . / s q . i n . and

Ax = 0 . 0 2 i n . and measurement at the bottom stone, the sensit i v i t y was about 30 seconds.

Had the area over which the pore

pressure was measured been very much smaller, say due to the use
of a pore pressure probe, then the s e n s i t i v i t y time would have
been very much greater.

61+

A. similar time lag occurs with the transducer due to i t s

compliance.

When the transducer was

i n s t a l l e d towards the end

of the testing program, i t was found that for an ambient pressure increase of hO Ibs./sq.in. under undrained conditions, a
time of about 2 minutes elapsed before 98 per cent of this i n crease was recorded on the transducer.
of the compliance

This time i s a function

of the transducer system, the nature of the

sample material and the area over which the pore pressure i s
measured.

Had the transducer been connected to a pore pressure

probe i n place of the bottom stone a very much longer time would
have elapsed f o r 98 per cent equalization.
In general the s e n s i t i v i t y time i s very much less than the
time required for reasonable equalization of pore pressures due
to non-uniform stresses and consequently
sidered.
diameter

However, i f pore pressures are measured with small

probes inserted i n the sample, s e n s i t i v i t y may well be

an important
5.6

factor.

Rate of testing
Since the drainage condition was

was

i t is not usually con-

to be the only variable, i t

necessary to have the rate of shearing the same for both

drained and undrained t e s t s .

In addition, stress paths were

required rather than just stresses at f a i l u r e and therefore the

rate had to be such as would give r e l i a b l e values of stresses for
a considerable portion of the stress path.

The approximate times

f o r 9 5 per cent d i s s i p a t i o n and equalization of pore pressures

i n drained and undrained tests were 11 and U- hours respectively.
If the more optimistic figure suggested

by Blight f o r drained

65

tests was taken, then the time for both was about h hours.
Preliminary tests indicated that f o r undrained shear the maximum
deviator stress occurred at about 3 per cent a x i a l s t r a i n while
the maximum p r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o occurred at about 1 5 to 17
per cent a x i a l s t r a i n .

In drained tests both maximum deviator

stress and maximum p r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o occurred at about 30

per cent a x i a l s t r a i n .

A.n average shearing rate of 0 . 5 per cent

a x i a l s t r a i n per hour was selected. During the early portion of

the t e s t , due to the rapid r i s e i n deviator stress, d e f l e c t i o n of
the proving ring caused the s t r a i n rate to be considerably less
than the average rate.
was about 60 hours.

The time f o r 30 per cent a x i a l s t r a i n

In drained tests about one half of the stress

path occurred i n the f i r s t 11 hours while one quarter to one t h i r d

occurred i n the f i r s t k hours.

Therefore at best two thirds of the

stress path would be r e l i a b l e and possibly only one half.

How-

ever, residual pore pressures were calculated and i t i s thought

that the estimated stress path i s r e l i a b l e over almost i t s complete
length.
In undrained t e s t s , since the deviator stress rose very
rapidly, with maximum deviator stress occurring after about 8 hours,
a considerable portion of the stress path occurred within the
f i r s t h hours.

In f a c t , one t h i r d of the readings were taken

within the f i r s t k hours and a c t u a l l y accounted for one half the

stress path.

Therefore, one half the stress path might be con-

sidered unreliable.

However, Blight (1963) points out that errors

i n the measured values of the e f f e c t i v e stresses caused by nonuniform pore pressures depend on the overconsolidation r a t i o of
the material tested.

For normally loaded material, errors are

6 6

l i k e l y to be small and consequently readings at a lower per cent

equalization may be quite r e l i a b l e .

Simons (1963) suggests that

90 per cent equalization i n undrained tests i s quite adequate, the

time f o r which would be 2 hours.
path occurs i n the f i r s t 2 hours.

About one t h i r d of the stress

Some preliminary tests were

also run at 0 . 2 5 per cent per hour average a x i a l s t r a i n or one

half the rate a c t u a l l y used i n the testing program.

I t was found

that the stress path i n the early portion was very l i t t l e

ferent to that obtained at the faster rate.

dif-

Thus about f i v e sixths

of the stress path i s known to be r e l i a b l e .

Many investigators believe that considerably faster s t r a i n
rates than those suggested by Bishop and Blight can be used and
r e l i a b l e pore pressure measurements s t i l l obtained at the base of
the sample.

Crawford (1963a) describes undrained tests on normally

loaded sensitive Leda clay i n which pore pressure probes i n add i t i o n to base measurements were used to determine pore pressures.

Specimens were l,h i n . diameter by 2.8 i n . i n length and

the c o e f f i c i e n t of consolidation was about 2 x 10~3-cm /sec., or

2

about the same as f o r Haney clay.

The s t r a i n rate was 0 . 5 per

cent per hour (same as used i n this testing program) and maximum
deviator stress occurred at about 2 per cent a x i a l s t r a i n or after
about h hours.

The t h e o r e t i c a l time f o r 95 per cent equalization

would be about h hours, thus, according to Bishop and Henkel (1962)

a r e l i a b l e base measurement of pore pressure would only be obtained
at f a i l u r e .

Crawford found that a pore pressure probe (0.12 cm

outside diameter) placed at the lower quarter l e v e l recorded ess e n t i a l l y the same pore pressure as that measured at the base of

67

the sample and that a similar probe placed at mid height recorded
a lower pore pressure.

He concluded that pore pressure measure-

ments at the base give an accurate estimate of the pore pressure

i n the f a i l u r e zone which he f e l t
s t r a i n i n g effect

is near the base due to the re-

of the porous stone.

Higher pore pressures at the ends rather than at the centre

for

normally loaded and sensitive material i s not i n agreement

with the general body of thought and evidence on this matter

(Whitman I 9 6 0 , Bishop, Blight and Donald I 9 6 0 , and Blight 1 9 6 3 ) .
The s e n s i t i v i t y time for a small diameter probe such as used by
Crawford would be high.

Crawford (1963b) mentions that the res-

ponse of the pore pressure probes under ambient pressure changes

could not be checked due to "plugging" of the needles.

Taylor

(1955) considered ambient pressure changes the best method of

checking the response time of probes and considered a probe to
be unsatisfactory

i f the delay i n reaching 95 per cent of the

applied ambient increment was more than about two minutes.

The evidence for the r e l i a b i l i t y of base pore pressure
readings at times which are less than that required for 95 per
cent equalization may not always be trustworthy.
and Donald ( i 9 6 0 )

Bishop, Blight

have stated that the onus should be on the

research worker to prove that his tests s a t i s f y reasonable

for

accurate determination of pore pressure.

It is f e l t

criteria

that

the preliminary tests performed at the slower rate indicate that

the pore pressures are only i n doubt for the f i r s t

one quarter

to one f i f t h of the stress path,

5.7

Pore pressures r e s u l t i n g from secondary effects

68

Samples were consolidating for a period of 2h hours after

which time shearing was commenced immediately and i n undrained
tests i t was assumed that a l l increase i n pore pressure was caused
by applied stresses.

However, a later test series conducted by

Mr. Lou using the same test equipment and the same clay indicated
that after consolidation, pore pressure r i s e w i l l take place i n
the absence of any.applied deviator s t r e s s .

Figure 17 shows the

buildup i n pore pressure with time for a sample which was c o n s o l i dated to 75 I b s . / s q . i n .

for a period of 2k hours.

Since the time

for tgowas less than 200 minutes i t is f e l t that primary c o n s o l i dation was e s s e n t i a l l y complete after 2*+ hours and could not be
responsible for the observed r i s e .

It was thought, at

first,

that part of the build up might have been caused by membrane

leakage, or leakage past the 0-rings.

However, the rate of pore

pressure increase decreased with time and after two days had
dropped to 0.3 I b s . / s q . i n .

per day.

Therefore, leakage could

account for only a small portion of the build-up.

The pore pressure r i s e is thought to be due to structural
re-arrangement after drainage.

It is closely associated with

secondary compression and i n fact could be described as the

"converse" of secondary compression.

If further drainage is a l -

lowed secondary compression takes place due to s t r u c t u r a l rearrangement, while i f drainage is prevented pore pressure r i s e
takes place.
Therefore, some of the pore pressure measured during shearing
is not due to applied deviator stresses and this influences the
stress paths followed i n undrained t e s t s .

However, drained tests

were treated i n the same manner as undrained so that the pre-shear

NOTE".
I.

Sample
4

\dlves

For

Allowed ft> Consolidate

Hours a | which
Closed

and

Time
Pore

Drainage
Pressure

Observed.
2.

Time

Measured

Drainage

From

Close

of

Valves.

Figure 17 Build-Up in Pore Pressure After Consolidation Money Clay

(After K. Lou)

70

conditions were the same for both.

The stress path i s not af-

fected i n the drained test but additional drainage takes place

which a l t e r s the water content.

Since the object of the testing

program was to compare contours of water content obtained from

drained and undrained t e s t s , i t may be that since the same procedures were observed i n both, that the water content contours
are equally changed i n both types of t e s t s .
5,8

Membrane Leakage
The o r i g i n a l testing procedure involved the use of glycerene

as a chamber f l u i d as suggested by Lambe (1958).

It was thought

that the use of glycerene would prevent migration of water from

the chamber into the sample and allow the use of a single thin
(.003 i n . wall thickness)

membrane.

the water content determined after

It was found, however, that

shearing was always 1 to 2 per

cent below that calculated from i n i t i a l conditions.

in the glycerene was always 20 I b s . / s q . i n .

The pressure

higher than the pore

pressure and i t was at f i r s t f e l t that pore water would not escape

from the sample into the chamber against the pressure d i f f e r e n t i a l .
After a series of check tests had been run, i t became apparent
that high osmotic pressure differences

between glycerene and water

were responsible for the loss i n water from the sample.

quently i t was discovered that previous investigators

Subse-

(Poulos,

190+) had found similar losses using glycerene and recommended

that de-aired water be used as the chamber f l u i d .

With de-aired

d i s t i l l e d water as the chamber f l u i d and two membranes separated

with a f i l m of s i l i c o n e grease and bound with two 0-rings top
and bottom, no further leakage problems were observed.

71

5.9

Ram

friction

In most t r i a x i a l equipment the applied deviator force is

measured outside the c e l l so that the f r i c t i o n force developed at
the bushing where the ram
i n the measured force.

passes out of the c e l l i s also included

To minimize t h i s f r i c t i o n force, b a l l

bushings, rotating rams or rotating bushings and c l o s e l y machined

rams and bushings have been used.

The b a l l bushing type would

appear to be the most desirable of these because l a t e r a l forces

on the ram would not produce any a d d i t i o n a l f r i c t i o n f o r c e .

A.

seal to prevent water escaping from the chamber i s necessary and

w i l l give r i s e to some f r i c t i o n force which can be measured.
A c e l l with a c l o s e l y machined ram and bushing was
this test s e r i e s .

The ram was

used i n

greased with " l u b r i p l a t e " before

ea

test and very l i t t l e leakage occurred past the ram so that no

additional seal was

necessary.

Ram

ram due to the chamber pressure was

loading platform at the intended
i n contact with the sample.

f r i c t i o n and

the force on the

measured by moving up the

testing rate with the ram

To determine i f the ram was

not

properly

machined and or i f the duration of the test affected the grease,

a check test was

run where the loading platform was

moved up f o r

the duration of a test ( 7 0 hours) with no sample i n place.

s i g n i f i c a n t change i n f r i c t i o n force occurred.

It was

that s i g n i f i c a n t f r i c t i o n forces might develop during

No

thought
shearing

when the a x i a l force would be high and l a t e r a l forces might be

present.

Bishop and Henkel

(1962)

suggest that a d d i t i o n a l f r i c -

t i o n forces only a r i s e because of l a t e r a l forces.

College i t was

At

Imperial

found that with c e l l s similar to those used i n

72

this t e s t i n g program that the f r i c t i o n force was

1 to 3 per cent of the a x i a l load.

generally between

L a t e r a l forces were thought

to be small i n this test series because a loading cap which was

free to rotate was

used.

If large horizontal forces were present

r o t a t i o n of the cap would occur followed by buckling.

and Henkel suggest a f i x e d type loading cap f o r
material to prevent buckling.
moments may

undisturbed

However, large l a t e r a l forces and

be transferred to the ram

higher f r i c t i o n forces and may

Bishop

i n t h i s case causing

be responsible f o r the upper range

of f r i c t i o n forces quoted by Bishop and Henkel.

Available evidence indicates that errors i n the deviator
stress due to ram f r i c t i o n are not l i k e l y to be more than
from 1 to 3 per cent and i t is quite possible that due to the
of a rotating top cap, the errors may
cent.

be even less than 1 per

use

73

CHAPTER 6
RESIDUAL PORE PRESSURES IN DRAINED TESTS
6.1

Introduction
Residual pore pressures of some magnitude are always present

in drained shear t e s t s .

Flow of water to or from the drainage

boundaries i s caused by pore pressure gradients within the sample

and the r e s u l t i n g pore pressures are referred to as residual pore
pressures.
The duration of drained tests i s generally chosen such that
the average degree of pore pressure d i s s i p a t i o n i s at least 95 per
cent at f a i l u r e , or i f a stress path i s required, at the time the
f i r s t r e l i a b l e reading i s desired.

The time required for any

given degree of d i s s i p a t i o n i s usually calculated from the formulas

t

h
T\C
(i-u)
2

(9)

where

tj> = time to f a i l u r e or a r e l i a b l e reading

h = one half the height of sample
T\ = factor depending on boundary drainage conditions
c

= c o e f f i c i e n t of consolidation

U = average degree of d i s s i p a t i o n required

The above formula was derived from t h e o r e t i c a l considerations by
Gibson and Henkel (195^).

However, i t does not allow the c a l -

culation of average pore pressures.

An expression f o r pore pres-

sure was derived by Gibson and Henkel based on the assumption

that the rate of pore pressure increase i n the undrained condition
i s constant. This was then used to determine the upper bound f o r
the average degree of d i s s i p a t i o n .

Since the rate of pore pres-

7h
sure r i s e i n the undrained condition i s known not to be constant,
their expression for excess pore pressure would"not be suitable
f o r estimating residual pore pressures and was not intended to be
so.
Alternative methods f o r estimating pore pressures were
therefore considered.

Since test data was

to be analyzed on the

computer, numerical methods of r e l a t i v e l y complex form could be

tolerated.

Two

methods were developed and w i l l be referred to

as Method 1 and Method 2 .

The following common assumptions were

made:
1 . Homogeneous s o i l .
2 . Complete saturation.
3 . S o i l grains and water are not compressible.
h. One dimensional flow.
5. V a l i d i t y of Darcy's
6 . k and c

law.

constant throughout the sample at any one time,

but vary with time,

7.

Sample deforms as a right c y l i n d e r .

It i s assumed f o r both methods that drainage top and bottom occurs.

However, drainage from one end only i s obtained by simply replacing
h by 2 h .

The average pore pressure rather than the maximum pore

pressure has been calculated.

The reason f o r t h i s i s that a

relationship between stresses and water content was being examined

and since the water content was

the average water content, i t was

thought the stresses should be the average stresses.

It w i l l be

shown that when the degree of d i s s i p a t i o n i s high, as i t should

be i n a drained test, the maximum pore pressure i s l times the

75
average.

So that the maximum pore pressure i s r e a d i l y obtained

from the average and vice versa.

6.2

Method 1
This method i s based on the superposition of pore pressures

(Terzaghi, 19^3 p. 2 8 6 ) . The deviator stress i s assumed to be

applied i n increments, causing pore pressures which can be e s t i mated from the Skempton equation f o r change i n pore pressure
under undrained conditions, namely:
A U = B (A0" + A, (AcJ -A6 )
3

(10)

Incremental pore pressures are assumed to dissipate independently

and i n accordance with the one dimensional consolidation equation.
The pore pressure at any time i s then the sum of the p a r t i a l l y
dissipated incremental pore pressures at that time.

This method

i s discussed i n d e t a i l i n Appendix 1,
Method 1 was found to predict zero residual pore pressure at
maximum deviator stress for samples consolidated to k-0 Ibs./sq.in.
However, drainage from the sample was s t i l l taking place at f a i l u r e ,
therefore excess pore pressures must be present.

I t was f e l t that

the quantity of water draining from samples could somehow be used

to estimate excess pore pressure.

An examination of the work of

Gibson and Henkel (195*+) indicated that the basic equation of

continuity could be used to y i e l d a much simpler expression f o r
excess pore pressure i f one assumption were made.

This a l t e r -

native approach i s discussed i n the next section and i s considered

to have more merit than Method 1.

76

6.3

Method 2
The equation of continuity for one dimensional flow leads

to the following p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l equation (Bishop and

Gibson 1963) :

b?-

rw
where

at

U 1 ;

k = permeability of the s o i l
Yw = unit weight of water
u = excess pore pressure
z = distance or length measured from centre of sample
= rate of loss of water per unit volume from any
ot

element of s o i l .
If i t i s assumed that the rate of loss of water from every element
of a sample i s the same at any time ty, then q w i l l be a function
of time only.
sample was

Since the volume of water leaving a drained test

recorded during the shearing process, the rate of loss

per unit volume could be calculated,

u^, the pore pressure at

time t j i s a function of z only, hence for any one time the

p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l equation (11) can be reduced to the ordinary
differential

equation:

where

d u = _ dq = - R = constant
^
dt
V
R = rate of loss of water from the sample

(12)

V = volume of sample
This can be integrated using the boundary conditions u = 0 at
z = h and |^ = 0 at z = 0 to y i e l d the following expression f o r
dt

77

the pore pressure at any time t j :

j = 2 ^
"
"
And the average and maximum pore pressures are given by:
U

Uj

(average) = I

YW R^h

Uj

(maximum) = A

" ^ j ^

(1>+)

(15)

~ T i
T

It i s seen from expression (13) that the theory predicts a parabolic d i s t r i b u t i o n of excess pore pressure, and consequently the
average pore pressure i s two thirds the maximum pore pressure.
Expression (ih)

i s very r e a d i l y programmed for the computer.

It i s much simpler than the expression involved i n Method 1 since

i t involves no summation, and i n f a c t , could e a s i l y be calculated
without a computer.

Only one unknown, the permeability of s o i l

appears i n the expression instead of the two occurring i n Method 1.

However, an assumption was made that the rate of loss of water from
a l l parts of the sample was constant at any one time.

This implies

that the change i n void r a t i o should be uniform throughout

a sample

between time i n t e r v a l s , which would probably be s t r i c t l y true only

i f the rate of testing were i n f i n i t e l y

slow so that no excess pore

pressures developed and stresses were uniform throughout

the sample.

For slow testing rates, where the per cent pore pressure d i s s i pation i s high, this expression i s considered to give a good approximation of average r e s i d u a l pore pressures.
The variables i n equations l*f and 15 are; the half height of
sample, h; the volume of the sample, V; the rate of drainage, R;

78

and the permeability, k.

readily calculated.

The height and volume of the sample are

The rate of drainage at time t j is the slope

of the volume drained versus time curve at time t j and since

readings are not l i k e l y to be taken at equal time intervals
was approximated as shown i n Figure 1 8 .

this

Since the permeabilities

calculated from isotropic consolidation prior to shearing and from

swelling after

shearing were not considered r e l i a b l e , a method

based on measuring the pore pressure and assuming expression (15)

to be correct was used.

Two slow drained tests were performed

at one quarter the normal speed, where drainage to the top only
was allowed and pore pressures were measured at the bottom using
the transducer.

Since the transducer Was also used to measure

the back pressure,

a very accurate measure of the maximum residual

pore pressure was obtained.

and 70 I b s . / s q . i n .

Test samples were consolidated to *f0

respectively which was the range of consolida-

t i o n pressures used i n the drained test program.

permeabilities are shown i n Figure 19.

The calculated

It is seen that the r e l a t i o n

between void r a t i o and permeability for both tests can be approximated by a straight

l i n e on the semi-log plot except for the

i n i t i a l portion of the test consolidated to ho I b s . / s q . i n .

It

w i l l be shown later that samples consolidated to kO I b s . / s q . i n .

are not t r u l y normally loaded and t h i s i n i t i a l portion is due to
an overconsolidation effect

reflected i n the permeability.

The

permeabilities calculated from i n i t i a l consolidation and from

swelling after

shearing are also shown and i t appears that although

the permeabilities calculated from i n i t i a l consolidation are rel i a b l e , those obtained from swelling appear too low.

ure lfi>Illustration of Method for Determining Drainage During Shea

80

LES-END

41

Dramed

Test

Drained Test

S - 16 , <5 - 4 o Lbs/Sc^. InC

S-19,

= 70 Lb./ S^. In

4-0
Ini "l<* Inotropic Cono idation

39

S-

!
! j
<

j j

ia

Ii

1
0

i I

i !

i
| j
i ii
i

36

57

A-lniti i l Ise frop c dons olic

I
s- IS

'

3fo

z
ui
u
or

35

SI ieor Strain

&

m 34CL

hZ
Ul
r-

33

52

u
or:
ul
r<

1 /
I

\/

A/

*)/

; I

<

31

-7,

' 0 ( 10

oJ*<"
SO

!
I

0757 I

.ECj

~v

I
i
I

/*

Draimr 9 - 19
o

!^

ii

i
iI
i

fc
5

.10'

7 8 9 I0"

2-

PERMEABILITY

lM

CM./SE.C.

NOTE:
S - I B $ I 9 Sh<eqr&<=| a\ Vi, the Normal Pale but mith Drainage from
Top Onl^. Excess Pore. PrS. From which Rermeobility Calculated
. Measurej at Botfofn Stone..

Figure 19 Relationship

Between Void Ratio and Permeability During

Shearing of-Haney- Clay.

Drained

ion

81

Since the tests to determine the permeability were run at

one quarter the normal rate but with drainage from one end only,
then t h e o r e t i c a l l y , i f secondary effects are not considered, the
pore pressures measured at the bottom end of the slow tests should
be i d e n t i c a l to those occurring at the centre of tests run at the
normal speed.

The average pore pressure, equal to two thirds the

maximum measured pore pressure i s shown plotted versus shear s t r a i n

in Figure 20 f o r both slow t e s t s .

Residual pore pressures calcu-

lated by Methods 1 and 2 are compared to the measured values i n

Figure 21. Pore pressures calculated by Method 1 are seen to be
quite d i f f e r e n t from the measured values.

For a consolidation

pressure of 70 Ibs./sq.in. the calculated pore pressures are genera l l y high by a factor of about two, while for a consolidation
pressure of ^0 Ibs./sq.in. they are low, apart from an i n i t i a l
peak at 1 to 2 per cent s t r a i n .

Pore pressures calculated by

Method 2 are seen to be quite similar to the measured values.

They are s l i g h t l y below the measured values at strains up to
about 10 per cent.

Since samples sheared at the slower rate

actually drained more than those sheared at the normal rate, due
to additional time for secondary

consolidation, i t could be

ex-

pected that residual pore pressures would be s l i g h t l y higher f o r

the slower rate.
If i s f e l t that Method 2 gives a r e l i a b l e measure of excess
pore pressure during a drained t e s t .

However, since the slow

drained tests were run at one quarter the normal speed, the
measured pore pressures give r e l i a b l e values of the excess pore
pressures generated at the centre of samples tested at the normal

NOTE
Avcnqge Residual pore Pres. A s s u m e d * ^ Max.
Measured Pore. Pres.
Ul

<r

a.

70 Lbs

IJ

ui
oc
o
a

<

f/

a' iii
cr

10
15
SO
5
SHEAR S T R A I N IN P E R C E N T
Relationship Between Measured Residual Pore. Pressure
Shear Strain in Drained Tests

O
Fjg,0-

3o
and

II
10

a- 9 1
12

1. 1

70Lhs/S^-'f 1.

a 7 in

tr
a
a 6

II

j.
< 5 ll
O

Ul

or
u

<

Of

Method 1

|.

70 P.S.I jM.ethi >eU

4.1 A
S

^ s ^ M e t h ?d

4-0 P.S.I

ui

7 ^ ^ ^ - S -

19 , ^ 7 0 p..1. (Fig.eo)

aunsd

40 P.S.I. ^ ~ -

/-s-ia,j __(fj3.0;
hod

\
\

^ "^
' ^

<

^ ^ ^ ^

S-17. &JeJfiod|

SO

io
is
ao
SHEAR STRAIN IN PER C E N T
NOTE:

S-IS &I3 Shear&d pt '/4- the. Normal f^afe ^ut uiith

Stone o n l j .

Fig.

Pore

Pres.

21- Comparison of Measured and

Drained Tests.

Droits?

from

Top

Measured a t bottom Stone

Calculated Residual Pore Pressures in

83

speed, so that these measured pore pressures could have been used
to adjust the effective

stresses without any c a l c u l a t i o n s .

However,

i t may not be necessary to run check tests at such a slow r a t e .

In fact the same permeability r e l a t i o n would most l i k e l y have been
determined had the normal rate been used but with drainage from
one end only.
range,

For a drained test series i n the normally loaded

i t is probable that a few drained tests with pore pressure

measurement would be s u f f i c i e n t

to determine a relationship between

void r a t i o and permeability from which residual pore pressures

in a l l other drained tests could be calculated.
Method 2 also has the interesting alternative

of predicting

permeabilities under varying stress conditions when pore pressures are measured i n drained t e s t s .

If the permeability of a

s o i l is determined by the f a l l i n g head method, leaching of the

s o i l may take place which i n i t s e l f may a l t e r the permeability,
p a r t i c u l a r l y i n undisturbed s o i l s .
takes place.

In Method 2 no such leaching

For any one s o i l at a given void r a t i o the permea-

b i l i t y is a measure of s o i l structure,

so that a measure of the

structural change caused by remolding could be obtained by comparing permeability versus void r a t i o relationships for the same
clay i n the undisturbed and remolded states.
Measurement of residual pore pressures and subsequent calcul a t i o n of permeabilities

i n drained tests would allow a very

simple check on the concept of Hvorslev's strength parameters

0Q and c e .

If samples at the same void r a t i o are to have the

same structure,

then their permeabilities

should be the same.

If

the void r a t i o versus permeability for normally loaded s o i l is a

straight l i n e on the serai-log plot as i t appears to be f o r Haney

clay, then any overconsolidated sample i f i t i s to have the same
structure at f a i l u r e as a normally loaded sample, must have i t s
permeability on this normally loaded l i n e at f a i l u r e .

Samples of

Haney clay consolidated to kO Ibs./sq.in. are i n the overconsolidated range, but i t was seen from Figure 19 that after about 6
per cent shear s t r a i n the permeability lay on the straight l i n e
and the sample thereafter behaved as normally loaded.

The

structure at f a i l u r e , which occurred at about 25 per cent shear

s t r a i n could then be said to be the same as i f the sample had
been normally loaded.

85

CHAPTER 7
TEST RESULTS
7.1

Introduction
The main purpose of the testing program was

to determine i f ,

f o r Haney clay, a unique r e l a t i o n s h i p exists between e f f e c t i v e

stresses and water content which is independent of e f f e c t i v e
stress

path.

The main body of the testing consisted of 7 consolidated

undrained

(C-U)

undisturbed

tests and 6 consolidated drained (S) tests on

samples of Haney clay a l l of which were sheared at

the same s t r a i n rate ( 0 . 5 per cent per hour).

In addition, 2

consolidated drained tests were performed at one quarter the

normal s t r a i n rate but with drainage from the top only.

Undrained

test specimens were consolidated to pressures of 6 0 , 75 and 8 8 . 5

Ibs./sq.in., while drained test specimens were consolidated to
pressures of *+0, 55 and 70 Ibs./sq.in.

A.t least two tests were

performed at each consolidation pressure so that the consistency

of results could be checked.

Test data was

70*4-0 at the University of B r i t i s h Columbia.

analyzed on the I.B.M.

Results from a l l tests

are shown graphically i n the diagrams that follow.

Typical test

readings, computer programs and computer outputs are shown i n

Appendix II f o r C-U-2

and

S-17.

S t r e s s - s t r a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Haney clay are

in Section 7 . 2 .

presented

It i s f e l t that these curves are useful i n

interpreting the results discussed i n subsequent sections.

tours of water content from drained and undrained
in Siection 7 . 3

Con-

tests are compared

Energy corrections, the p o s s i b i l i t y of predicting

86

stress - s t r a i n relations and the effect of s t r a i n rate on stresss t r a i n relations i n drained tests are discussed i n Sections 7U-,

5 and 6.
7.2

Characteristics of Haney clay

The most d i f f i c u l t problem i n attempting to determine

rela-

tionships between e f f e c t i v e stresses and water content f o r an

undisturbed clay is to f i n d a clay of s u f f i c i e n t l y uniform composition that consolidated samples can be obtained which l i e on a
single void r a t i o or water content versus logarithm of pressure
line.

The water content versus logarithm of isotropic c o n s o l i -

dation pressure r e l a t i o n i s shown on Figure 22.

It i s seen that

consolidated water contents from a l l drained tests l i e on a common straight l i n e , whereas consolidated water contents from undrained tests show some scatter and appear to l i e on a straight
l i n e of about the same slope although with a water content about
1-g- per cent higher for the same consolidation pressure.

Block

samples of Haney clay were of such a size that 8 t r i a x i a l specimens could be obtained from any one block, but i n fact the drained
test specimens were taken from 3 d i f f e r e n t blocks.

I t i s un-

fortunate, therefore, that the undrained test specimens taken

from a fourth block do not l i e on the same straight l i n e .

Haney

clay i s laminated and i f care was not taken to insure specimens

were taken from the same l e v e l within blocks, d i f f e r e n t water
contents resulted.
When comparing contours of water content from drained and undrained t e s t s , i t i s necessary to have samples which l i e on a common isotropic consolidation l i n e .

The scatter, i n consolidated

water contents f o r undrained tests (Figure 22) appears to have l i t t

67
LEGEND
C-U-l

Consolidated

S-l

Consolidated

Undrained
Drained

Test No.!".

Test No. I .

Figure 22 Relationship Between Void Ratio and Logarithm oF isotropic

Consolidation Pressure.^ Haney Clay.

88
effect on the stress paths followed i n undrained t e s t s , as may be
seen i n Figure 33, Section 7 . 3 .

The scatter i s such that C-U-6

has a consolidated water content that a c t u a l l y l i e s on the isotropic consolidation l i n e common to drained t e s t s .

Yet the e f -

f e c t i v e stress path followed by C-U-6 i s very similar to that

followed by C-U-7.

I t appears that f o r the samples of Haney clay

tested, the consolidation pressure determines the e f f e c t i v e stress

paths followed i n undrained shear.

I t was concluded from this

evidence that f o r the purpose of comparing

contours of water con-

tent, i t would be reasonable to assume that undrained samples had

consolidated water contents which l a y on the isotropic consolidation l i n e obtained f o r drained samples.
Stresses and p r i n c i p a l stress ratios are plotted versus
shear s t r a i n rather than a x i a l s t r a i n .

The shear s t r a i n or more

c o r r e c t l y the p r i n c i p a l shear s t r a i n , , i s given by

= , _ - 1/3 AV = 2/3 ( e - )
x

where

= p r i n c i p a l shear s t r a i n
&L = a x i a l s t r a i n
AV - volumetric s t r a i n

In undrained tests AV = 0 and the shear s t r a i n equals the a x i a l

strain.

In drained tests AV ^ 0 and the shear s t r a i n i s therefore

not equal to the a x i a l s t r a i n .

Since the effects of d i s t o r t i o n

are being examined, i t appears more reasonable to compare shear

strains from drained and undrained tests rather than a x i a l strains.
The maximum deviator stress versus consolidation pressure
relationship f o r undrained tests i s shown i n Figure 2 3 .

It is

69

'
0

30

40
to <
80
100
ISOTROPIC CONSOLIDATION PRESSURE , RS.I

Figure 23 Relationship Between Undromed Strength and

COHSOLIDATION

Pressure j Haney Clay.

isotropic

90
seen that while samples consolidated to 75 and 88.5 Ibs./sq.in.
l i e on a straight line passing through the o r i g i n as would be
expected f o r normally consolidated material, samples consolidated
t o 6 0 Ibs./sq.in. show maximum deviator stress above t h i s l i n e ,
indicating overconsolidation. This i s surprising as the water
content versus logarithm of consolidation pressure r e l a t i o n appears to be a straight l i n e f o r pressures greater than k-0 lbs./sq.
in.

I t w i l l later be shown that other c r i t e r i a also indicate that

samples consolidated to less than 70 Ibs./sq.in. do not behave as

normally loaded samples.
Deviator stress, p r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o , pore pressure and
the pore pressure parameter A. a l l plotted versus shear s t r a i n
are shown i n Figures 2h to 27 f o r a l l undrained t e s t s .

Each test

is shown by a d i f f e r e n t symbol so that the reproduceability of

results can be examined.

I t i s seen that the maximum deviator

stress occurs at about 3 per cent s t r a i n , while the maximum princ i p a l stress r a t i o occurs at about 15 per cent s t r a i n (Figure 2h).
P r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o versus shear s t r a i n curves are very similar
for a l l tests and are represented by a single line (Figure 25).
Pore pressures (Figure 26) continue to r i s e with s t r a i n , although
the r i s e i s very s l i g h t from 15 to 30 per cent s t r a i n .
value (Figure 27) increases throughout t e s t s .
tor stress i t i s about 1.1,
r a t i o i t i s about 1.7.

The A.

At maximum devia-

while at maximum p r i n c i p a l stress

At 30 per cent s t r a i n i t i s about 2 . 3 .

Maximum deviator stress occurs at about 3 per cent

shear

s t r a i n i n undrained t e s t s , at which time the p r i n c i p a l stress

r a t i o is only 2.^5.

The phenomenon of maximum deviator stress

50

i
i
i

Si

11

lM

C - U - 6 $7, < =68-3 P.S.I.

,/ m *fl fa T.

40

^ - C - U - 5 , <S 7 5 P.S.L.
C

^Buckled

11

" V ^^ ^ r B u c k l o d

i
i
I

Sso

ii

02

if

C - U - l ^ . f i c * ^ 0 P.S.I. '

:>

Iii

or
tf>

o
0
Figure 4-

10
15
SHEAR STRAIN IN P E R C E N T

:
i

1
30

as

eo

Stress - Strain Relationship* for Undrained Tests

on

Haney Clay

3-2

30

- q " ^ 3?

f'

A
A

CT

o
fl:
c

til
or

-2

LEfirSND
C - U - 1 , ^ - 6 0 RS.I

c-u-a,

C - U - & , 6' "SS-5RS.1

C - U - 7 , cr.' 8a-5 P.5.I

NOTE:

_i
9: 1-8

z
1 1-6
K
1-2
10

iI

&o ps.i

C-U-a45,fiu75
PS.I Ar Not Shown
For Clarity.

10

SHEAR

IS
0
STRAIN IN PER C E N T

Ficj.2.5- Principal Stress Ratio \ersus

30

Strain for Undrained Tests o n Haney Clay

LEG-END
C - U - l , < - t o o

p.c,.l.

C-U-Z, C t ' 6 0 - 0 P.S.I.

C- U - 3 , C = 7 5 - 0 RS.I.
C- U-3, < - 7 5 - 0 RS.I.

C- U-&, C' SBS P.S.I.

C- u - 7 . <rj* aa-5 P.S.I.
90

0" ' = 8S'5 R S.I.

d

60
C" '=75 Rs. 1.
c

.70

'

Vfl

0^=60 PSi 1.

cr

- u D

00
j 50
40
Ui
CC

^30
Ul

or
W
or

2 10

10
IS
0
SHEAR STRAIN IN PER CENT

SO

Figure 2GRelationship Between Pore Pressure and Strain For Undrained

"Tests o n Haney Clq_y

30

a.6*3
ti

O*^- CO P.S.I.

< eo
P.S.I.
Ui

1-0
ui
or

a 0-5

20
15
IN PER
PER CENT,
Figure 2 7 - Fbre Pressure fbrameler A Versus Strain for Haney
10

SHEAR

STRAIN

Clay

SO

93

occurring before maximum p r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o appears to be a

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of sensitive clays and i s caused by the pore pressure continuing to r i s e a f t e r maximum deviator stress has been
reached.

Bjerrum and Simons (I960) found similar results from

undrained tests on undisturbed

sensitive Norwegian c l a y s .

They

f e l t that the lower p r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o or f r i c t i o n angle at

maximum deviator stress was due to the fact that not a l l the
available shearing resistance was being mobilized at the low
I t w i l l be shown i n Section h of this chapter that i n -

strain.

creasing pore pressures cause release of internal energy i n undrained tests which when corrected f o r by the Roscoe energy
equation suggests that the f u l l " f r i c t i o n angle" i s being mobil i z e d at a l l s t r a i n s .
Deviator stress versus

shear s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s for a l l drained

tests are shown i n Figure 28. I t may be seen that a marked kink
occurs

i n the deviator stress at about 1% per cent s t r a i n for

samples consolidated to hO Ibs./sq.in., a smaller kink occurs f o r

those consolidated to 55 Ibs./sq.in.

This i s further evidence of

overconsolidation at the lower consolidation pressures, but the

effect appears to be l o s t at about 6 per cent s t r a i n .
deviator stress occurs at about 26 per cent s t r a i n .
pressures

Maximum

Residual pore

calculated by Method 2 and discussed i n Chapter 6 are

shown i n Figure 29. Maximum average excess pore pressures

occur

at about 5 per cent s t r a i n and vary from 2.5 Ibs./sq.in. f o r samples

consolidated to ^0 Ibs./sq.in. to *+.l Ibs./sq.in. f o r samples
consolidated to 70 Ibs./sq.in.

A.t maximum deviator stress excess

pore pressures were about 0.9 Ibs./sq.in. and 1.2 Ibs./sq.in,

respectively f o r samples consolidated to *+0 and 70 Ibs./sq.in.

34
LEG-END
A

S - I 2 , 0 " c 40

Lbs./So,.In.

S - 13

Lbs./Sc|.ln.

C' = 55
c

S - 14,

- 70

Lbs./S|. In.

15,

G ' - 70

Lbs./S^.ln.

$> - 16,

C 's 55

S-

S-

17, C"/ MO

Lbs./ 5^.In.
Lbs./ S

in

I30

10
SHEAR

15
STRAIN

IN

20
PER

Figure 2 6 Stress-Strain Relationships for Drained

25

SO

CENT

Tests on Haney Clay

35

L.E6-END

5.-IS, 0^ = 4 0

3 - 14 , 6e' = 70 L b s . / ^ . l n .

>- 15 ,

o
s-

ol410"
or

^>^3

- 70 Lbs./6cj. In-

5 - 1 7 , <J ' 40
C

Consolidated
Te*t

Lbs./6^ln.

Lbs./Sq,. In.
Drained

No. IE

E f f e c t i v e Isotropic
Pressure.

Consolidation

LI
Q.
Ll
^^^^

I *
0.
_1

<

10
SHEAR

5TRAIN

IS
IN

so
PER

50

CENT
NOTE

1. Exce&S
By

Pore

Method

Pressutes

C|cu|cotee|

2. T e s t a <it C t - a a p.s.i. NoT shown

f o r the Sake T Clarity

Figure 9 - Calculated Residual Pons Pressure Vs.

Drained Tests on Haney Clay

Strqin For Consolidated

96

The e f f e c t of residual pore pressures on the p r i n c i p a l stress

r a t i o i n drained tests i s seen to be small (Figure 3 0 ) .

The prin-

c i p a l stress r a t i o versus shear s t r a i n relations f o r a l l drained

tests are shown i n Figure 31*
sidual pore pressures.

These have been corrected f o r r e -

It i s seen that the curves are i d e n t i c a l

except at strains below about 7 per cent.

I t i s thought that the

separation of curves at low s t r a i n i s due to an overconsolidation

e f f e c t present at the lower confining pressures.

Maximum p r i n c i -

pal stress r a t i o f o r drained tests occurs at about 25 per cent

shear s t r a i n .
A. comparison of p r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o versus shear s t r a i n
relationships from both drained and undrained tests i s shown i n
Figure 32.

I t may be seen that the undrained material i s much

s t i f f e r than the drained.

Maximum p r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o equal

to 3.05 occurs at about 15 per cent s t r a i n i n undrained

tests

while the maximum p r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o i n drained tests i s

2.82 and occurs at about 25 per cent s t r a i n .
7.3

Comparison of contours of water content from drained and

undrained tests
Contours

of water content determined from drained and undrained

tests on Haney clay are shown plotted i n p r i n c i p a l e f f e c t i v e stress

space i n Figure 33

It may be seen that the contours of water

content from drained and undrained tests have quite d i f f e r e n t

shapes.

Thus, f o r Haney clay, there does not appear to be a

unique relationship between e f f e c t i v e stresses and water content.

The data shown i n Figure 33 was prepared from the e f f e c t i v e
stress paths shown i n Figures 3^ and 35.

Stress paths from un-

3-0;

IO

'

10
SHEAR

15

20

STRAIN IN PER

SO

CENT

Figure 3 0 E f f e c t o f Residual Excess Pore Pressure on [He, Principal Stress

Ratio Vs. Shear Strain Relqtion in "lest S13

SHEAR

STRAIN

iN

PER

Figure 3i Relationships Between Principal Stress

Tests on Haney Clay

CENT

Ratio ancj Strain from Drained

9a

Figufg3.-Compdrison of Principal Stress Ratio Vs. Strain. Relationships

From Drained and Undrained Teste on Haney Clay

3 9

rigure 33Comparison of Contours o f Water ContenT from Drained

and Undrqined Tests on Haney Clay

100
LEGrEND
A

C - U - 1 , C ' & 0 PS.I.

C - U - , < r ' - 6 0 p.5.1.

C - U - 3 , ^ ' - 7 5 P.S.I.

C- U-5,
P.S.I.
C - U - & , 0 ^ 8 6 - 5 P.S.I.
C - U - 7 , ff '=6S-5 PS. |.

Fgure 34 Effective Stress Raths from Consolidated Undrained Tests on Haney Clay

IOI

stress Ffa1h Assuming

20

30

Figure 35 Effective Stress

40

50

.0

sJZGi I N R5.I.

70

Ro"Pfe*s]3uorPore Pres.

II

Siresi

100

UO

Rath Residual
Horc (-"res. Considered

Paths And Contours of Water-Content From Drained

Tests

102

drained tests are shown i n Figure 3*+ and these are also contours
of water content.
Figure 35.

Stress paths from drained tests are shown i n

Generally drained stress paths plot as v e r t i c a l lines

in the Rendulic diagram, but due to the presence of residual pore

pressure, the stress paths plot as curves.

Water contents were

known at a l l stages of drained tests allowing contours of water

content to be drawn and these are also shown i n Figure 35.
It was stated i n Section 7.2 that drained and undrained test
specimens did not l i e on a common isotropic consolidation l i n e .
It was assumed f o r the purpose of comparing contours of water content that drained and undrained samples had consolidated water
contents which lay on the isotropic consolidation l i n e f o r drained
samples.

However, Figure 33 indicates that the shapes of water

content contours determined from drained and undrained tests are

quite d i f f e r e n t .

So that, even i f values of water content were

not assigned to the contours of water content from undrained tests,

i t could be concluded from the shape alone that contours of water
content are not unique f o r Haney clay.
Due to the small number of tests performed,

the Rendulic

diagram i s not a very s a t i s f a c t o r y method of checking the hypothesis.

The unique relationship between e f f e c t i v e stresses and

water content i s i d e n t i c a l to the Roscoe concept of a state

boundary surface discussed i n Chapter 2.

Poorooshasb (1961)

developed a method by which the three dimensional surface could

be shown as a line i n two dimensions.

Burland (1965) suggested

an even simpler method of showing t h i s surface i n two

dimensions.

His method i s b a s i c a l l y i d e n t i c a l to that proposed by Rendulic i n

developing the unified Rendulic diagram to compare the geometry

103

of constant water content curves.

The stresses p' and q at any

stage of drained or undrained tests are divided by p^, which i s

the pressure on the isotropic consolidation l i n e

corresponding

to the p a r t i c u l a r void r a t i o of the sample at the time p' and q

are measured.

For undrained tests p

i n i t i a l consolidation pressure.

i s constant and equal to the

In drained tests p

increases

from the i n i t i a l consolidation pressure to the pressure on the

isotropic consolidation line corresponding

to the f i n a l void r a t i o .

The surfaces f o r a l l undrained tests are shown i n Figure 36.

It i s seen that tests consolidated to 75 and 88.5 Ibs./sq.in. l i e
on the same l i n e or surface, while tests consolidated to 60 l b s . /
sq.in. are c l e a r l y on a separate

line.

It was mentioned e a r l i e r

that samples consolidated to 60 Ibs./sq.in. behave i n an overconsolidated manner, and i t i s this overconsolidation e f f e c t that
is thought responsible f o r the separation of curves shown. The
state boundary surfaces f o r drained tests are shown i n Figure 37.
It i s seen that drained tests from each consolidation pressure
l i e on a d i f f e r e n t surface.

This was to be expected since samples

below a consolidation pressure

of about 70 Ibs./sq.in. behave i n

an overconsolidated manner and hence would not l i e on the normally loaded surface.

I t may be seen that tests consolidated to

55 and 70 Ibs./sq.in. are reasonably

s i m i l a r , while tests c o n s o l i -

dated to hO Ibs./sq.in. are quite d i f f e r e n t .

Since the overcon-

s o l i d a t i o n e f f e c t i s reducing with increased consolidation pressure this result could be expected.

In Figure 38 y i e l d surfaces from drained and undrained tests
are compared.

Only drained tests at a consolidation pressure

of 70 Ibs./sq.in. are shown since these alone of the drained

Figure 36-Stale. Boundary Surfaces from. Una mined Teste o n

1

Haney Clay

(Bur land Plot)

Gfc=4cps.l.

P / _ N e t ] > s c i i r g Residual
I Pore Pres. (40P-S.1)
<

&

Figure 37-State Bouncjary Surfaces from

Drained Tests on Haney

Cloy

(Burland Plot)

/
- State

Bo U n d a r y

si i r f a c e s

/
Drained T< s f e , ^

7( ) P-S.l.

llecting Resii Jua| Pore Pr

Undr lined Tests

= 75$

/fl /

r~\'~ f

p.s.i.-V

\ \
1

1 i

//

/
0

/
"I

2.

-3

-5

b ^,
p

-7

-3

10

/
II

12

Figure 3> Comparison oF State Boundary Surfaces from Drained and Undrained Tests on, Han<?y Ctay.

107

tests behave i n a t r u l y normally loaded manner.

Residual pore

pressures were allowed for i n c a l c u l a t i n g drained y i e l d surfaces

(residual pore pressures are always allowed for unless
stated) but the effect

otherwise

of neglecting them is also shown.

It

is

seen that drained and undrained tests do not l i e on the same surface and that neglecting the residual pore pressures i n drained
tests results i n even poorer agreement.

Since the drained tests

at a consolidation pressure of 70 I b s . / s q . i n .
the undrained tests at 60 I b s . / s q . i n .

also l i e

the effect

outside

of overconsolida-

t i o n cannot be responsible for the lack of agreement.

This sub-

stantiates the findings from the Rendulic diagram of Figure 33 and

indicates that there is not a unique relationship between

effective

stresses and water content for Haney clay or that the state boundary
surfaces are not the same for drained and undrained stress paths.
It may be of interest to note that had drained tests been
corrected for energy due to volume change as suggested by Roscoe,
Schofield and Wroth (1958)? the drained surface would be even
further removed from the undrained.

The concept of applying an

energy correction to determine the state boundary surface is no

longer considered v a l i d .

Roscoe and Schofield (1963) indicate

that no energy correction should be applied to test data when

determining the state boundary surface.
7.+
1

Energy corrections
Energy components of shear strength were discussed

i n Chapters

2 and 3 and i t appears that the Roscoe and Schofield (1963) energy
equation which considers both boundary and i n t e r n a l e l a s t i c energy
changes i s the most l o g i c a l .

This energy equation has been applied

108

to the Haney clay test data and the results are i n reasonable
agreement with the predictions of the
The

equation.

equation i s as follows:
p'Sv

where

+ qo

= ^P'
+ Mp'oc
1 + e

(16)

oV = incremental volumetric

strain

S = incremental d i s t o r t i o n a l s t r a i n
K = slope of e Vs. Lnp'

on rebound or reload

and M = r a t i o of q to p

at f a i l u r e .

The terms on the l e f t hand side of the equation refer to the

energy transferred across the boundaries per unit volume and

the

terms on the right hand side determine to what use this energy
is put.

^p'
represents energy stored or released
1 + e

while Mp'& represents

Mp

= q

elastically,

energy dissipated by shearing stresses.

can be considered

as the i n t e r n a l shear stress and

d e f i n i t i o n l i e s on the f a i l u r e envelope q = Mp'.

Equation

by
(16)

can therefore be written i n the following form:

q

Mp'

||

&

KSP

(1 )
7

(l+e)5

This equation implies that whenever y i e l d i n g or s l i p at grain

contacts

is occurring the r e l a t i o n between the corrected q

and p' i s always constant

and therefore drained and undrained

tests corrected f o r both boundary and

i n t e r n a l energy should have

stress paths which l i e on the straight l i n e q = Mp'.

shown diagramatically i n Figure
The

(q )

This

was

5 Chapter 2.

i s o t r o p i c consolidation and rebound lines f o r Haney clay

are shown i n Figure 3 9 .

The c o e f f i c i e n t of expansion, C ,
e

was

Line

peviot&r
Stress

Figure39Relationships

6 7 6 3 10
d ;
30
40
MEAN NORMAL STRESS p' IN RS.I.

Between Mean

50 60 70 SO

100

00.

Normal Stress and VVater Content for Haney Clay

110

calculated to be 0.11, and K, which i s the slope of void r a t i o

versus natural logarithm of pressure plot is therefore O.Oi+8.
Since the computer was used to analyze test results q
obtained f o r a l l readings.

was readily

Hand calculations of incremental

d i s t o r t i o n a l and volumetric strains would have been very time

consuming since the incremental strains at the times of readings
cannot be d i r e c t l y calculated but must be estimated by averaging
the adjacent increments.

In addition, the length and volume of

sample to be used when c a l c u l a t i n g s t r a i n increments are not the

i n i t i a l ones but rather those existing at the time i n question.
The corrected stress paths f o r a l l undrained tests are shown
in Figure k-0. It is seen that the corrected deviator stresses l i e
close tc a straight line f o r a l l tests and f o r a l l strains greater
than about 0 . 5 per cent.

Most of the point scatter shown occurs

at strains of less than 0 . 5 per cent.

stress paths f o r a l l drained t e s t s .
band rather than on a l i n e .
creasing with s t r a i n .

Figure *+l shows corrected

Here the points f a l l within a

I t appears that the M value i s de-

A. plot of M versus s t r a i n for a drained and

an undrained test i s shown i n Figure *+2.

M i s seen to decrease

with s t r a i n , s l i g h t l y i n the case of undrained tests and somewhat

more i n the case of drained t e s t s .

Considering that Haney clay i s

an extra-sensitive material and that the Roscoe energy equation

was developed f o r an idealized continuum material, the r e s u l t s ,
e s p e c i a l l y those f o r undrained tests appear to be i n reasonable
agreement with the theory.

Scatter i n M values at low s t r a i n may

be due to errors i n readings at low s t r a i n at which time stresses

are changing very r a p i d l y and readings are c l o s e l y spaced.

Alter-

Ill

L E G E N D
A

C-U-I

, ^ ' - 6 0 p.S.I.

C - U - 2 , Q = 6>ops.l.
C- U - 3 ,

0r>75pS.|

C-U-5.

<3t'7Sp.S.|.
s

66-5P.S.I.

C - U - 7 \ CQ=S8-5RS.I.
of the Point Scatter
at

40
:-J
60 ^ ao
MEAN NORMAL STESS, PIN P.S.I.

Shewn

strqini Lsss t h a n o!5 %

Figun?40-Corrected and Uncorrected Stress Paths From Unclrainecj Tests

On Honey Cloy ( Roscoe est, a|. Energy

LE&END

ao

40

A
V

S-12 , O;' *40 P.S.I.

S-13, 0;'^55 p.s.i.

S- 14, O;' =70 P.S.I.

S - 1 5 , cr/=70 RS.I.

s-17,

, feo e>o

o;'*4o

100

P.S.I.

lao

P IN P.S.I.

Figure41 - Corrected and Uncorrected .Stress Fbths from Drainec) Tests

On Haney Cloj ( Roscoe' et q|. Eneraj ECJ.)

LEGEND
C-U-8,CT.'-60 pS.l

S- |4 ,0^'-7O P S . l

2.0
IS
It

A
35.-70 p.S.I.

>

S
f 12
h- .
Ul

i ffl

i C >

Q(j

^_

8 , $ > f c O f>S.

GD

,0

It

y
o

04'

oa
0

10
SHEAR

15
STRAIN

0
IN P E R

25

CENT

figure 42. Roscoe M Rarameter Versus Si rain

Haney Cloy

SO

nately the scatter may be due to neglect of d l s t o r t i o n a l e l a s t i c

energy which i s an assumption

of the Roscoe equation.

The Roscoe concept appears to answer many questions regarding

the behavior of s o i l .

I f the Mohr-tCoulomb f a i l u r e c r i t e r i o n i s

considered rather than the extended Von Mises c r i t e r i o n as implied

by Roscoe, then f o r t r i a x i a l compression

ffi/ff. J

If M = 1.27

1 -

tests

. . . . (18)
V3M

i s considered an average value of M, then Equation 18

yields O^/G^ = 3 . 2

or a strength envelope of 0 = 31.6

degrees.

P r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o curves of Figure 32 indicated that strains

of 15 and 25 per cent were needed to mobilize maximum p r i n c i p a l
stress r a t i o or maximum f r i c t i o n f o r undrained and drained tests
respectively.

Figure k2 indicates that f u l l f r i c t i o n i s mobilized

at very low strains and remains reasonably constant with s t r a i n .

It i s only when the energy corrections are zero that the i n t e r n a l
or corrected shear stress equals the applied shear stress and the
s o i l i s then said to be i n the c r i t i c a l state.
did reach this state.

Haney clay never

The Roscoe concept does not question the

v a l i d i t y of the curves of Figure 35 but helps to explain their

shape.
Application of the Roscoe energy equation to the results of
undrained creep tests on normally loaded samples of Haney clay
presently being conducted by Mr. D. E. Snead at the University of
B r i t i s h Columbia shows that the deviator stress, when corrected
for release of i n t e r n a l energy due to pore pressure r i s e , l i e s on
the q = Mp' l i n e f o r a l l stages of t e s t s , apart from readings
in the f i r s t one per cent s t r a i n .

Here again f u l l f r i c t i o n i s

115

being mobilized at a very early s t r a i n .

If the Roscoe concept i s correct, then the "Dependent" and
"Independent" components of shear resistance as defined by
Schmertmann (1963) and mentioned i n Chapter 3 have no physical
meaning and a r i s e from i n t e r n a l energy changes.

The Energy

equation applies where p l a s t i c deformation or s l i p at grain contacts

is occurring.

Overconsolidated material

i s assumed to remain

r i g i d p l a s t i c under d i s t o r t i o n a l stresses u n t i l the state boundary

surface

i s reached.

I f maximum q/p r a t i o i s reached before

y i e l d i n g occurs the energy equation does not apply.

clear, therefore,
and
7.5

I t i s not

i f the same M value applies to normally loaded

highly overconsolidated samples of the same clay.

Examination of methods f o r predicting s t r e s s - s t r a i n relations
Methods of predicting s t r e s s - s t r a i n relationships are exa-

mined i n this section.

Schofield

Poorooshasb and Roscoe (1963), Roscoe and

(1963) and Landanyi, La Rochelle and Tanguay (1965)

have presented methods f o r predicting s t r e s s - s t r a i n relationships.

These methods have been discussed i n d e t a i l i n Chapter 2. An
attempt has been made to apply these methods to Haney clay but
none yields results that are i n s a t i s f a c t o r y agreement with the
measured r e l a t i o n s .
Poorooshasb and Roscoe (1963) presented a graphical method
for normally loaded remolded clays by which s t r e s s - s t r a i n relations
i n drained tests could be predicted from the r e s u l t s of undrained
tests and consolidation tests conducted such that the r a t i o of
q/p'

remained constant.

The method presupposes a unique r e l a t i o n -

ship between e f f e c t i v e stresses and water content.

Since for Haney

116

clay the relationship could hardly be considered to be unique

(Section 7.3) the method i s not s t r i c t l y applicable.

However, i f

i t i s assumed that the water content contours from undrained tests

are

unique, the shear s t r a i n f o r a drained path can be predicted

by the Poorooshasb and Roscoe method.

In Figure 36 i t was shown

that contours of water content from undrained tests consolidated

to 75 Ibs./sq.in. or higher are geometrically s i m i l a r .

Contours

were therefore extrapolated for lower water contents and are shown
on Figure h3

Shear strains were also extrapolated and contours

of undrained shear s t r a i n appear as straight lines radiating from

the o r i g i n .
70

A. drained stress path f o r a test consolidated to

Ibs./sq.in. (allowance made f o r residual pore pressure) has a

stress path as shown.

The method f o r determining strains was

discussed i n d e t a i l i n Chapter 2.

The stress path i s idealized

into increments of stress at constant volume and constant q/p' as

shown i n Figure V} f o r a t y p i c a l increment CE.

The increment of

s t r a i n from constant volume i s determined from the contours of

s t r a i n and equals about 0 . 5 per cent f o r the increment shown.
Since no tests were performed to determine the r e l a t i o n between
shear s t r a i n and volumetric s t r a i n a t constant q/p', the following
r e l a t i o n (Roscoe and Schofield 1963) was used:

8v

where

ov
M

-\

- A
volumetric s t r a i n increment
1

(19)

r a t i o of q to p' at c r i t i c a l state
q/p'

slope of e Vs. Ln. p' rebound curve

slope of e Vs. Ln. p* for v i r g i n consolidation

Values

40

CO

80

IN RS.I.

IOO

120

of Shear Strain

140

Figure 43 - Contours of Water Content and Strain From Undrained Testa on Honey Cby

118

Sc = shear s t r a i n increment.
The values of M, K and

have already been determined and when

substituted i n (19) y i e l d

S = J**

....

( o)
2

1.2/-T\

and

SV = Ji_

= 4iw

l+e

1.9*+

(21)

and &V are increments of natural s t r a i n , however, since

engineering s t r a i n was desired, i t was assumed that equation. (20)
also held f o r engineering s t r a i n .

For an increment of stress at

constant q/p, nr^ i s constant and equals 0.737 f o r the increment DE

shown. Sv = l.Mf for t h i s increment, from which the shear s t r a i n
due to volume change from equation 20 i s 2.7 per cent.

The t o t a l

shear s t r a i n increment due to the increment CE i s the sum of the

s t r a i n increments at constant volume and constant f[ and equals
3.2 per cent.

By summation of such increments the s t r e s s - s t r a i n

r e l a t i o n was calculated and is shown i n Figure kh along with the

measured s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n .

It i s seen that although the

predicted s t r e s s - s t r a i n relationship i s of approximately the same

shape as the measured r e l a t i o n , the c o r r e l a t i o n could not be
considered as s a t i s f a c t o r y .

Since strains due to volume changes

account f o r the major portion of the calculated strains, s t r e s s s t r a i n relations f o r drained tests cannot be predicted from undrained tests unless contours of water content are independent of
stress path.
Roscoe and Schofield (1963) presented an equation from which
s t r e s s - s t r a i n and pore pressure-strain relations can be predicted

~ f i l
Measur sd Relation
0^'7O

PS.I.

w >

S- 1461
See Fit
ilated Rebtion ,^'70 RS.I.
41k

/ /
/ /
/

/
/

(J

//

/ //

//

//
//
1 t

-'

10
15
20
SHEAR STRAIN IN PER CENT
Figure

,c

25

44-Comparison of Measured and Calculated Stress-Strain

Relations for Drained Tests on Haney Clay

30

120

for undrained tests i n terms of K/\ and M.

However, the r e l a t i o n

is based on the v a l i d i t y of t h e i r equation f o r the state boundary

surface.

The Roscoe state boundary surface for M = 1.27 and

KA

= 0.22 i s shown on the two dimensional Bur land plot i n Figure *+5.
It i s seen to d i f f e r from both the drained and undrained state
boundary surfaces. Burland (1965) proposed a v a r i a t i o n on the
Roscoe state boundary surface and his equation i s also shown.

It

is seen that the undrained state boundary surface l i e s reasonably

close to the Roscoe surface, while the drained l i e s closer to
Burland's surface. Since the Roscoe equation f o r the state
boundary surface was not considered to be i n s a t i s f a c t o r y agreement
with the measured r e l a t i o n , no s t r e s s - s t r a i n predictions were made.
Landanyi, La Rochelle and Tanguay (1965) presented a method
for predicting shear strains i n undrained tests from the results
of drained t e s t s .

This method was discussed i n Chapter 2.

It

appeared to predict that i f the relationship between stresses and

water content was unique, then the shear strains would also be
unique, which i s not i n agreement with Henkel (I960) and Roscoe.
However, since i t was found that the stress-water content r e l a tionship i s not unique for Haney clay, Landanyi's concept
further examined.

was

The method assumes that the relationship be-

tween ^{/o^, and CJ3 form a three dimensional surface which i s

unique for both drained and undrained paths and paths between these
limits.
tests

However, Figure 31, Section 7.2 indicates that f o r drained

i s

e s s e n t i a l l y independent

of

(apart from an i n i t i a l

kink for samples consolidated to hO Ibs./sq.in.).

Therefore, the

3 dimensional surface would reduce to a l i n e , and drained and

undrained tests should have the same 0~T/CV versus s t r a i n r e l a t i o n ^

/
/

...

^ >

From Burl<

Uldrained Te;

.' 7S4SS-5 PS.l.

From Roscoe et
E^udtion

6- M

^ 4 Drainec

'\

State fiounc sry Surfaces -

K 0 04S
^* dai7
K/A=oaa

Tan

\
<

\ \

M - I-2L7

-5

, ,

-7

-8

"9

10

P/Pe

Figure 45-Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental State Boundary Surfaces (Burland Plot)

122

It i s seen from Figure 32 that drained and undrained

quite d i f f e r e n t CJ^/fJ^ versus s t r a i n r e l a t i o n .
not a unique r e l a t i o n between

0J/G3,

tests have

Therefore there is

and 0"^ and Landanyi's con-

cept does not apply to Haney c l a y .

7.6

E f f e c t of s t r a i n rate on drained tests

Since two a d d i t i o n a l drained tests were performed at one

quarter the normal s t r a i n rate, but with drainage from one

end

only as discussed i n Chapter 6, the effect of rate of testing on

the drained c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Haney clay can be examined.
Chapter 6 i t was

In

shown that residual pore pressures are approxi-

mately the same for these tests as for those performed at the
normal rate but with drainage top and bottom.

Deviator and

p r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o versus s t r a i n relationships for the normal

and slow rates are compared i n Figures ^6 and k-7. I t i s seen
that both the deviator stress and the p r i n c i p a l stress r a t i o are
s l i g h t l y higher for tests conducted at the slower rate.

The water

content versus s t r a i n curves shown i n Figure kS indicate that the

slow tests drained more due to a d d i t i o n a l time for secondary
compression and this probably accounts for t h e i r higher strength.
It i s generally considered that faster t e s t i n g rates give higher
strength, yet here i t appears that slower rates give higher
strength.However, undrained
In undrained

tests are usually being

considered.

tests i t is l i k e l y that slower rates would give

reduced strength, because the a d d i t i o n a l time would lead to

higher pore pressures due to the tendency f o r secondary compression.

123

LEGEND
a S - 18, CT'- 40 pS.l.
O S- 19, %S 70 p.S.I.
t

I40

130

s-i

Sfno'm Rat* = o i e s f c

120

110

"JO R b J . A^ra^e + S- 14^15

Strain r ate -0-5% f er Nr. .

30

a:

70

fe
or

60

>
UJ

50

9/

ao

111

\__A

loo
CL

---0

\ C'*70 R5.

_ CT= 4 0 RS.1, Average c f S-12 4

Strain Rafe O S %ferfr.
C

4o

_ S-IB, 0"'=
e

4o

17

ps.l.

3o
o

(
0

10

15

20

25

30

SHEAR STRAIN IN PER CENT

Figure 4fe-EFfect of Strain Rbte on the Stress-Strain Relations from
Drained Tests on Haney Clay

(7k ff>

S
Sao

cr
<
a

J
40 PS.l.

talc O S % P e rHr
Strain I
LEGEND

_ S. .'iv
' I strain Rote o-lE5%
IS,^* TO RSI. J par Hr.

Strain

Rate o s % ,terMr.

5trqm

Rote

0-ies%, P c Hr.

6?

a
1-4.
1-2
K>

io :
is
eo
S H E A R STRAIN IM PER C E N T

23

Figure 4 7 - Effect of Strain Rate on the Principal Stress Ratio Vs. Strain
Relations for Drained Tests on Haney Clay

Fgure 46-Effed of Strain Rate . on the, Water Content VS. Strain Relations
for Drained Tests on Haney Clay

30

125

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSIONS
8.1

A.ND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

CONCLUSIONS
Test

results

following

effective

that

clay,

stresses

there

and water

2. The R o s c o e
clay.

there

f o r sensitive

than the simple r e l a t i o n

stress

the r e l a t i o n s h i p

and the d e v i a t o r

varying
lity

from

that

tests

as w e l l

one t o t h i r t y

energy

f o r drained

as c r e e p t e s t s ,
This

friction

which

i s only

of i n t e r n a l

one f u n d a m e n t a l

corresponds to a f r i c t i o n

b o t h s t r a i n and s t r a i n
The
depend

Roscoe

energy
This

and u n d r a i n e d
and f o r s t r a i n s

and e f f e c t i v e

"Independent"

energy changes

strength

cohesion

and t h a t ,

parameter,

M,

component, a n d i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f

rate.

equation further

on s t r a i n ,

f o r both

suggests the p o s s i b i -

arise

there

deformation of

i s a c o n s t a n t , M.

parameters
fact,

complex

soil.

plastic

and t h e Schmertmann " D e p e n d e n t " and

in

(I960) suggested

t o a p p l y q u i t e w e l l t o Haney

parameters

from n e g l e c t

boundary

between t h e mean n o r m a l e f -

per c e n t .

the Hvorslev e f f e c t i v e

state

be more

stress corrected

was f o u n d t o be a p p r o x i m a t e l y t r u e
controlled

Henkel

might

t h a t whenever

t o volume c h a n g e a n d i n t e r n a l

strain

clay.

clays

between

i s independent of

i s not a unique

energy e q u a t i o n appears

i s occurring,

relationship

proposed f o r remolded

The e q u a t i o n i m p l i e s

fective
due

content which

f o r normally loaded s e n s i t i v e

the r e l a t i o n s h i p

soil

i s not a unique

p a t h , or a l t e r n a t i v e l y ,

surface

to the

conclusions:

1. F o r s e n s i t i v e

stress

presented i n the previous chapter lead

i t i s also

implies

independent

that,

since

of p a r t i c l e

M does n o t
orientation

126

or structure.

However, the uncorrected deviator

stress which i s

of interest i n p r a c t i c a l problems i s very much dependent on s o i l

structure, since i t i s s o i l structure that determines i n t e r n a l
energy changes.
3 . The Roscoe method for predicting s t r e s s - s t r a i n relations cannot be applied to a sensitive clay as i t does not have a unique
state boundary surface.
h. The

Landanyi method for predicting s t r e s s - s t r a i n relations does

not apply to a sensitive clay.

5. S t r e s s - s t r a i n relations for drained samples of Haney clay with
approximately the same degree of residual pore pressure d i s s i pation are only s l i g h t l y altered by decreased s t r a i n rate.

De-

creased s t r a i n rates allow greater time f o r secondary compression

and
8.2

result i n s l i g h t l y higher strength at a l l s t r a i n s .

Suggestions for further research
During the course of the testing program and

the subsequent

preparation of this thesis interest developed i n the

following

topics:
1. It was

suggested i n t h i s thesis that the Roscoe M i s a funda-

mental strength

parameter.

This concept could be checked by

t r i a x i a l tests on both overconsolidated undisturbed and

remolded

samples of Haney clay.

2. In Chapter 6 i t was

shown that the average permeability

of a

t r i a x i a l specimen at a l l stages of a drained t e s t , for which the

maximum excess pore pressure has been measured, can be

calculated.

127

Since permeability at any given void r a t i o i s also a measure of

s o i l structure, i t i s f e l t that very useful information with
regard to s o i l structure could be obtained from void r a t i o versus
permeability plots determined from normally loaded and overconsolidated tests on undisturbed and remolded samples of the same
clay.

The Hvorslev concept of samples at the same void r a t i o

having the same structure could be checked i n t h i s manner.

LIST OF SYMBOLS
- area of mineral to mineral contact
- pore pressure parameter
- stress due to e l e c t r i c a l a t t r a c t i v e forces

between

particles
- pore pressure parameter
- coefficient
- effective

of consolidation

cohesion parameter

- Hvorslev cohesion parameter

- compression index
- expansion index
- consolidated undrained test
- void r a t i o
- half height of sample
- first

stress invariant

- permeability
- coefficient

of unit volume decrease

- s o i l strength

parameter

- mean normal effective

- effective

stress

stress on isotropic consolidation

- increment of mean normal effective

stress

- deviator stress
- deviator stress corrected for energy
- deviator stress corrected for energy
- increment of deviator stress
- stress due to e l e c t r i c a l repulsive forces
particles

between

129

- r a t e of drainage

- time

t^Q

- time f o r 90 per cent primary c o n s o l i d a t i o n

tj*

- time t o f a i l u r e

- time f a c t o r

- pore pressure

- r e s i d u a l pore pressure

AU

- change i n pore pressure

- average degree of c o n s o l i d a t i o n

- volume of sample

AV

- volumetric

strain

oV

- change i n v o l u m e t r i c

strain

- water, content

Sw

- change i n energy

AX

- s m a l l change i n l e v e l of n u l l

- length

Yw

- u n i t weight of water

point

- c r i t i c a l v o i d r a t i o when mean normal e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s

equals

unity

- shear

strain

Ei

- axial

strain

- increment of shear

T\

- f a c t o r d e p i c t i n g boundary drainage

T\

- r a t i o of d e v i a t o r

- slope
during

strain
condition

s t r e s s t o mean normal s t r e s s

of v o i d r a t i o versus n a t u r a l l o g a r i t h m
rebound

of pressure

130

- slope of void r a t i o versus natural logarithm of

pressure during v i r g i n consolidation

0"

- t o t a l stress

Cj

- effective stress

0*^

- a x i a l effective stress

- effective consolidation pressure

0"f

- effective stress on f a i l u r e plane

fj"i p :

- p r i n c i p a l t o t a l stresses

1,2,3

" p r i n c i p a l effective stresses

131

ARMSTRONG, J 6 E e , 1957 " S u r f i c i a l Geology of New Westminster

Map-Area,' B r i t i s h Columbia." Geological Survey, of Canada, paper
57-5, 25 pp..
BARRON, R-.A, I 9 6 0 .
"Prestress Effects on the Strength of C l a y s . "
P r o c . Am. Soc. C i v i l E n g . , Research Conference on Shear Strength
of Cohesive S o i l s , Boulder C o l o . , I 9 6 0 , p p . 163-168.
BISHOP, A.W., 195*+. Correspondence on a paper by A.D.M. Penman,
Geotechnique, V o l . V, pp. V3-V5.
BISHOP, A.W.,196V. Correspondence on a paper by P.W. Rowe, L.
Barden, and I.K. Lee, Geotechnique, V o l . I V , s e c , 196V, p p . 370371.
BISHOP, A.W., BLIGHT, G . E . , and DONALD, I . B . , I 9 6 0 .
Discussion,
Proc. Am. Soc. C i v i l E n g . , Research Conference on Shear Strength
of Cohesive S o i l s , Boulder, C o l o . , I 9 6 0 , p p . 1027-10V2.
BISHOP, A.W., and GIBSON, R . E . , 1963. "The Influence, of the
Provision of Boundary Drainage on the Shear Strength and Consol i d a t i o n Characteristics of S o i l Measured i n the T r i a x i a l Apparatus."
Proc.'NRC/ASTM Symposium on Laboratory Shear Testing,
Ottawa, 1963.
BISHOP, A.W., and HENKEL, D . J . , 1962. "The Measurement of S o i l
Properties i n the T r i a x i a l T e s t . " Edward Arnold L t d . , 200 p p .
BLIGHT, G . E . , 1963. "The Effect of Non-uniform Pore Pressures
on Laboratory Measurements of the Shear Strength of S o i l s . "
Proc. NRC/ASTM Symposium on Laboratory Shear Testing, Ottawa,
1963, p p o 173-18V.
BJERRUM, L . , 195V. "Theoretical and Experimental Investigations
on the Shear Strength of S o i l s , "
Norwegian Geotechnical I n s t i t u t e ,
Oslo, B u l l e t i n No. 5, 112 p p .
BJERRUM,
Strength
Am. Soc.
Cohesive

L . , and SIMONS, N . E . , I 9 6 0 .
"Comparison of Shear
Characteristics of Normally Consolidated C l a y s . " Proc.
C i v i l E n g . , Research Conference on Shear Strength of
S o i l s , Boulder, C o l o . , I 9 6 0 , p p . 711-726.

BURLAND, J . 3 . , 1965. Correspondence, Geotechnique, V o l . 15,

June, 1965.
CAMPANELLA, R t G . , 1965. "Effect of Temperature and Stress on the
Time-Deformation Behaviour of Saturated C l a y . " Ph. D. Thesis,
University of C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley.
CASAGRANDE, A . , and WILSON, S . D . , 1953. "Prestress Induced i n
Consolidated Quick T r i a x i a l T e s t s . " Proc. Third Int. Conference
on S o i l Mech. and Found. E n g . , Zurich, 1953, V o l . 1, p p . 106-110.

132

CASAGRANDE, A., and WILSON, S.D., I960. Moderators' Report, Proc.

Am. Soc. C i v i l Eng., Research Conference on Shear Strength of
Cohesive S o i l , Boulder, Colo., I960, pp. 1123-1130.
CRAWFORD, C.B., 1963a. "Pore Pressures within S o i l Specimens i n
T r i a x i a l Compression". Proc. NRC/ASTM Symposium on Laboratory
Shear Testing, Ottawa, 1963, p p . 192-199.
CRAWFORD, C.B,, 1963b. Discussion of paper by C.B. Crawford.
Proc. NRC/ASTM Symposium on Laboratory Shear Testing, Ottawa,

1963, pp. 209-211.

GIBSON, R.E., 1953.

"Experimental Determination of the True
Cohesion and True Angle of Internal F r i c t i o n i n Clays." Proc.
Third Int. Conference on S o i l Mech. and Found. Eng., Zurich,

1953, V o l . 1, pp. 126-130.

GIBSON, R.E., and HENKEL, D.J., 195*+. Influence of Duration of

Tests at Constant Rate of S t r a i n on Measured Drained Strength."
Geotechnique, V o l .
195^, pp. 6-15.
HENKEL, D.J., 1958.
The Correlation between Deformation, Pore
Water Pressure and Strength Characteristics of Saturated Clays."
Thesis, University of London, A p r i l 1958.
HENKEL, D.J., 1959.
"The Relationships Between Strength, Pore
Water Pressure and Volume Change of Saturated Clays."
Geotechnique, V o l . 9, pp. 119-135.
HENKEL, D.J., I960. "The Shear Strength of Saturated Remolded
Clays." Proc. Am. Soc. C i v i l Eng., Research Conference on Shear
Strength of Cohesive S o i l s , Boulder, Colo. I960, pp. 535-55 *.
1

HENKEL, D.J., and SOWA, V.A., 1963.

Proc. NRC/ASTM Symposium on
Laboratory Shear Testing, Ottawa, 1963, pp. 280-291.
HIRST, T.J., 1966.
" T r i a x i a l Compression Tests on an Undisturbed
Sensitive Clay." M.A. Sc. Thesis, University of B r i t i s h Columbia,
Canada.
KENNEY, T . C , 1959.
Discussion on a paper by C.B. Crawford.
Spec. Tech. Publ. No. 25V, pp. *+9-58.
LAMBE, T.W., 1958.
" S o i l Testing for Engineers."
and Sons, Inc., 150 pp.

ASTM

John Wiley

LAMBE, T.W., I960 "A Mechanistic Picture of Shear Strength i n

Clay." Proc. Am. Soc. C i v i l Eng., Research Conference on Shear
Strength of Cohesive S o i l s , Boulder, Colo., I960.
LANDANYI, B., La ROCHELLE, P., and TANQUAY, L., 1965.
"Some
Factors Controlling the P r e d i c t a b i l i t y of Stress-Strain Behaviour
of Clay.", Canadian Geot. Jour., V o l . 2, May, 1965.

133

NOORANY, I., and SEED, H.B., 1965. "A New Experimental Method
for the Determination of Hvorslev Strength Parameters f o r
Sensitive Clays." Proc. Sixth Int. Conf. S o i l Mech. and Found.
Eng., Canada, 1965, pp. 318-322.
POOROOSHASB, H.B., and ROSCOE, K.H., 1961. "The Correlation of
the Results of Shear Tests with Varying Degrees of D i l a t i o n . "
Proc. F i f t h Int. Conf. S o i l Mech., V o l . 1, pp. 297-30*+.
POOROOSHASB, H.B., and' ROSCOE, K.H., 1963. "A Graphical Approach
to the Stress-Strain Relationships of Normally Consolidated Clays."
Proc. NRC/ASTM Symposium on Laboratory Shear Testing, Ottawa,
1963.
POULOS, S.J., 196V. "Report on Control of Leakage i n the T r i a x i a l
Test." Harvard S o i l Mechanics Series No. 71, Cambridge, Mass.,
230 pp.
RENDULIC, L., 1 9 3 6 . "Relation Between Void Ratio and E f f e c t i v e
P r i n c i p a l Stresses for a Remolded S i l t y Clay." Proc. F i r s t Int.
Conference S o i l Mech. Found. Eng., Cambridge, V o l . 3, PP. V8-51.
RENDULIC, L., 1937. "Ein Grundgesetz der Tonraechanik und Sein
Experimentetler Beweiss." Der Bauingenieur, V o l . 1 8 , pp. +59-+67.
l

ROSCOE, K.H., SCHOFIELD, A.N., and WROTH, C P . , 1958.

Yielding of S o i l s . "
Geotechnique, V o l . 8, pp. 2 2 - 5 3 .

"On the

ROSCOE , K.H., and SCHOFIELD, A.M.,"1963. "Mechanical Behaviour

of an Idealized 'Wet-Clay'." European Conf. S o i l Mech. and Found.
Eng., V o l . 1, pp V7-5l+.
ROSCOE, K.H., SCHOFIELD, A.N., and THURAIRAJAH, A., 1963.
"Yielding
of Clays i n States Wetter than C r i t i c a l . " Geotechnique, V o l .
8:3, Sept., 1963.
ROSCOE, K.H.,- SCHOFIELD, A.N., and THURAIRAJAH, A., 1963. "An
Evaluation of Test Data f o r Selecting a Yield C r i t e r i o n for S o i l s . "
Proc. NRC/ASTM Symposium on Laboratory Shear Testing, Ottawa,
1963.
ROWE, P.W., OATES, D.B., and SKERMER, N.A., 1963. Proc. NRC/ASTM
Symposium on Laboratory Shear Testing, Ottawa, 1963.
SCOTT, R.F., 1963. "Principles of S o i l Mechanics."
Wesley Publishing Co, Inc., 550 pp.

Addison-

SEED, H.B., MITCHELL, J.K., and CHAN, C.K., I960. "The Strength
of Compacted S o i l . " Proc. Am. Soc. C i v i l Eng., Research
Conference on Shear Strength of Cohesive S o i l s , Boulder, Colo.,
I960, pp. 887-96V.
SCHMERTMANN, J.H., 1963. "Generalizing and Measuring the Hvorslev
E f f e c t i v e Components of Shear Resistance." Proc. NRC/ASTM
Symposium on Laboratory Shear Testing, Ottawa, 1963.

13V

SIMONS, "N.E., I960. ""Comprehensive Investigation of the Shear

Strength of an Undisturbed Dramman Clay." Proc. Am. Soc. C i v i l
Eng., Research Conference on Shear Strength of Cohesive S o i l s ,
Boulder, Colo., I960.
SIMONS, N.E., 1963. "The Influence of Stress Path on T r i a x i a l
Test Results." Proc. NRC/ASTM Symposium on Laboratory Shear
Testing, Ottawa, 1963.
TAYLOR, D.W., 19V8. "Fundamentals
and Sons, New York, 700 pp.

of S o i l Mechanics."

TERZAGHI, K. 19V3. "Theoretical S o i l Mechanics."

Sons Inc., 510 pp.

John Wiley

John Wiley and

WHITMAN,"R.V., I960. "Some Considerations and Data Regarding

the Shear Strength of Clays." Proc."Am. Soc. C i v i l Eng., Research
Conference on Shear Strength of Cohesive S o i l s , Boulder, Colo.,
I960, pp. 561-61V,

WHITMAN, R.V., LADD, C.C., and PAULO da CRUZ., I960, Discussion,

Session 3 . Proc. Am. Soc. C i v i l Eng., Research Conference on
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1056.

135
APPENDIX

RFiSIDUAL PORE PRESSURES IN DRAINED TESTS, METHOD 1

This method i s based on the superposition of pore pressures
(Terzaghi, 19*+3> p. 286).
tion

The deviator stress w i l l be some func-

(t) of time as shown i n Figure H-9.

I t i s assumed to be

applied i n instantaneous increments AfJ^ at times (tj_ + t ^ _ | )

where the subscript ( i ) refers to a particular increment, so that
the assumed 6"(t) i s the dashed l i n e shown on Figure k-9. The change
in pore pressure A u i due to an instantaneous increment of deviator stress ACT^ can be obtained from the Skempton equation for
change i n pore pressure under undrained conditions
A u i = B (A(5^ + AAG^)
Since B = 1 f o r saturated s o i l and (j^ does not change i n the
standard drained testjAO"^ = 0
therefore A U ^ = AAG^

(22)

It i s assumed that AUj_ dissipates independently of other pore

pressure increments and i n accordance with the one dimensional
consolidation equation, so that at time t j where j s= i , the
average pore pressure due to A U J
AUJLJ

= AUI

i s A U U * where

(1 - U J J )

and Ujj i s the average degree of consolidation after a time tj^j

= t j - -2- (t + ti_]_) as shown i n Figure *+9.

By the p r i n c i p a l of

superposition the average pore pressure at time t j i s the sum of

the average p a r t i a l l y dissipated incremental pore pressures at
time t-? caused by a l l the increments prior to t^
therefore

(23)

i=l

CROSS SECTION Of SAMPLg

EXCESS PORE PRESSURE

Fig.49i

observed Relation

a:
o

I
t

t,t t
4

TIME
4

Fig.49b

u
tt

3
l/
<P
Ul

ALI^ * Pore P r s due

ACT| (In&tarftaneous)

ar
a.
ul

TIME

Fig. 4 3 c

f^une 49 Diagrams Showing Assumptions of Method 1

137

The average degree of consolidation U i s a function of the time

factor T and i s usually determined from a plot of T versus U,
However, since a numerical procedure was required the following
relations were used (Taylor 19V8, p. 2 3 V ) .
/V
(1 - U) = 1

T < .283

(2V)

T ^ .283

(25)

- f n

fT+.0851 \
(1 - U) = 10 V
.9332 ^
where

T = y_t
h2
therefore 1 - U
= f (T ) = f ( C y t i j )
h2
i;j

(26)

i;J

where f (T) may be obtained from equation (2k-) or (25) depending

on the value of T calculated.

Combining equations ( 2 2 ) , (23) and

(26) the complete solution f o r the average excess pore pressure

at any time t j i s :
Ui =

(27)

^GT, f (v*ij)

This expression can be r e a d i l y programmed f o r the computer.

ever, 4, c

How-

and h w i l l vary throughout the test, therefore some

assumptions must be made with regard to t h e i r values.

The Skempton A used here i s an incremental A rather than
the A usually calculated.

I t was at f i r s t thought i t could be

estimated from the results of undrained tests by taking the ratios

of.increments of pore pressure to increments of deviator stress
and possibly expressing A as a function of s t r a i n .

T y p i c a l devia-

tor stress and pore pressure versus s t r a i n relationships f o r undrained tests are shown i n Figure 50a.

The incremental A values

136
to
' PORE

SO

(initial

PRESSURE

Pon

P l B > . " IO Lbs.

*|.

I*)

40

- DEVIATOR

O-30

STRESS

<n

UNDRAIh IED T E S T
10

io

es

eo

15

SHEAR STRAIN IN PER CENT

30

Fig.50a
1

<
z
o
yQ.
2

inc'ns mental A

&oe* to Infinity ot

Mq*. DeV. STress

Ll

h
or *

-6

io

is

SHEAR STRAIN

IN

eo
PER

CENT

30

Fig. 5 0 b
70

CO

$50
u?

(0
-40
z
iP

Ul 30
Or

or 20
o
> 10
ui

DRAINED
i

i
>

15
SO
SHEAR STRAIN IN PER CENT

10

1 EST

Figure50 Stress-Strain Characteristics of Haney Cby

S5

so

139
calculated from Figure 50a are shown i n Figure50b.

It is

seen

that at maximum deviator stress, since the rate of change of

deviator stress is zero A. = Q

goes to i n f i n i t y .

After maximum

AO

deviator stress, pore pressures continue to increase resulting i n

negative incremental A. values.

Increasing pore pressures

after

maximum deviator stress are caused by d i s t o r t i o n , despite f a l l i n g

deviator stress, rather than because of f a l l i n g deviator s t r e s s .
A t y p i c a l deviator stress versus s t r a i n curve for a drained test
i s also shown i n Figure 50.

It is seen that the shape is

quite

different from the undrained test with maximum deviator stress

occurring at high s t r a i n and therefore the incremental A values
from undrained tests could not be used.

It might be expected that

the incremental A would increase with s t r a i n from approximately

1/3 at low s t r a i n where e l a s t i c behaviour .might occur to

infinity

at high s t r a i n as maximum deviator stress is approached.

However,

no l o g i c a l basis for varying A could be determined and so a

constant value of A = 1 was chosen.
The coefficient

of consolidation, c v , varies during a test

due to change i n structure and change i n void r a t i o .

Values of

c v determined from both preliminary consolidation prior to

shearing and from oedometer tests are plotted versus the average
pressure p 1 = 1/3 ( C | + 20^)

shown on Figure 51.

tests i t was assumed that k 0 was 0.75.

For oedometer

The range of p 1 for a l l

drained tests was from hO to 110 I b s . / s q . i n .

and the r e l a t i o n

between p 1 and c v i n this area was approximated by the

straight

line on the semi-log plot shown, from which

c v = .0051 - .002^3 log

1 0

p'

cm 2 /sec.

( 2 8 )

140
L

&

Undrained Tests j Pnsiiminoiy Consolidation

Undrained Test, Consolidation A f t e r Shednnj

Drain*d

Oedometer

Teste, Pnsllminbgr Consoliddtii

iTion

Tests

NOTE:
I. C Plotted N t e f M J S Average effective.
Stress For Load Increment".
v

K o8
0

/Assumed For Oedometer Teats.

ooa

0O25

O
ui
it)

ooe

>

z
g

0015

5
o

<
zo
o
u

u.
o

CV' 0 O 5 l - $ 0 3 l & L O C r p
I N A R E A O F I NTT REST

001

r-

7.

UJ

u.
U-

HJ

C l

\
0005

20

10

30

40

SO

60

70

60 90 100

MEAN NORMAL. EFFECTIVE STRESS IN LBS./SQ.IN.

Figure 51 Relationship, Between-Coefficient of Conadidotion and Effective Stnas

for Honey

Clay.

It appears from Figure 51 that c

lower than the figure of 2 x 10

i n the area of interest i s

cm /sec. used i n the previous
2

chapter to determine testing rates.

However, i t is understood

from Bishop and Henkel (1962) that the c

expressions i s the c

mentioned i n t h e i r

obtained during the preliminary consoli-.

dation prior to shearing and not the c

consolidation pressure.

The c

that exists at the f i n a l

values shown i n Figure 51 are

plotted at the average p' during the consolidation increment.

obtained from t r i a x i a l consolidation vary between 1 x

10~3

cm /sec. and 3 x 10"3 cm /sec. and hence the figure of 2 x

10~3

c 's
v

cmvsec. was

chosen.

The height of the sample also varies throughout a test and

since a x i a l s t r a i n at f a i l u r e was about 30 per cent, this could
not be neglected.

The height of the sample was

that readings were taken..

known at a l l times

It was assumed that at any time t j

the pore pressures due to a l l prior increments

dissipated under

the constant sample height and c o e f f i c i e n t of consolidation

existing at that time.

In actual fact pore pressures due to

e a r l i e r increments would have been d i s s i p a t i n g under a gradually

reducing height and c o e f f i c i e n t of consolidation. However, pore
pressures due to e a r l i e r increments w i l l be very small and the
height and c o e f f i c i e n t of consolidation w i l l be e s s e n t i a l l y
correct for those increments

applied immediately

prior to the

time of interest and which undoubtly cause the major portion of

the pore pressure.

APPENDIX I I

143

COMPRESSION TEST

TRIAXIAL
J

SOIL

SAMPLE :

SPECIFIC
TEST

Hon^y

&RAYITY:

Undrained

Height of
Areq

AFTER

g | 0

= 2-77S| ,
n

3 4 C r n

V =

,|.to | t
S

= 32-75 Cm.

in Hf.

Consolidated
WATER

of

Saturation

39-3 for Cent

S -

Change in

^M\tt Content

-o-14 Cm. , Consolidated

Areq

>

Ht. 6-3iCm. 272 In.

- s-feacrn, " = i - 5 o i n .

He

6> 7 % ^ UJ7 = 3S6

CONTENTS

Specimen

Location

Container

Si'de

Side

Side

Side

2.

4-

No.

Top

v/hole 4tWhole x .
Initial!*
Finalla
c

6ottolT1

Wt- C o n t a i n e r {Wet Soil

3>9 S3

34-11

42-76

44-37

4o-49 4VS0 133-88 171-71

wT. Container 4 Dry ^*>l

3S'I9

29- It

35-11

36-30

3.4- IB

6-64

495

7-6S

-o7

17-44.

17-Si

IT 17

17-29

last

17-47

Soil m grn*

15-73

II 63

1794

19-01

15-62

I6-5C

9|>30 91-30

Water Content ( U J ) %

4e-*

44.50 4270

40-4

4o-

4i

Wt. Water

in o/ns

Wt-

Container

Wf.

Dry

i n gms.

CONTENT

3603

94-sa

144 78

6,- 7
li 47 39-54 3501

4&-SO

5-02 53-48

3S-3

CHECK

Vol- Drained During Consolidation 6 - l 5 c c

,
Vo|.
Drained During Shear
cc ,
Vol.
BaoK Drained
l-8occ ,
Tota| V o l . Change
*4'3SCC
Change in V/ofer Content
* 46 %,

Initial UJ% (Side Trimming*)

Initial ujy from

4 Final bry W t .

Initial wt.

Initial

FiHo| ui%

= 4J

111% -From

Change, m m%

REMARKS
Trimming* Mat Further

~ 42-5

and
P,.jc

CONSOLIDATION

Change in Vol. - fe 15 Cc

WATER

ui% (Side Trimmings) -=4fr5 e ft^T^ I -196

Average
Degree

Change

\blume ( V ) 7 3 0 C m \

3-620 10-30

Bottom 11-36

Sample = 7-OSCrn.

A t + 2A -r A
4-

10-36

H-40 3 65 10-33

Centre

RY: RM-6.

TESTED

DIMENSIONS

Dia.
Aneq
in Cm. in Cm?

11-43

N0.:_

TEST

DATE > July 19, 2,5

Consolidated

MEASURED

Circ,
in Cm.
Top

Clgy

SO

TYPE :

INITIAL

leacBggasgraagaB

Trimmed h> AlloUi f o r T o p tt Bottom Trimming

= 43-1

144APPLICATION OF CHAMBER PRESSURE

UNDRAINED CONDITIONS
TEST

NO.: a

D A T E : Jujy|3ja&5
TESTED BY: RM..B.

TIME
HRJ.

EUW.E& CHAMtt CHAMBER CMAMBW PORE PR. Pope fs. PORE

TlMB
OAUOK COR. Pit. PRE*.
con. f>.l PRES.
Mttl
BS.I.
P.%.1.
R6.|.

10

10

ft-5

SK6MPT

- B
N

4-1
S3

99

064

zo

-0-1

ll

-0|

-4-4

-4-7

-oa

S9B

-47

-ot

4-9-8 46 a

-4-8

IOO
20

GO

-o-e.59-B

71-3

-Ol

7ia

OVER ALL

540

567

roi

4.4 0
9B

o sa

-4-9

11-4
24

C3-5

IOO

9 9

\<o 50

Ml

10-5

99
40

12-4

ill
ea-2

IE

170

io-o

ao

I9;9

II

70%3 -3-0

B ^-|- *IOO

REMARKS: Thermostat Stuck Before Commencing) qnd th>

Mqy Account For The Variation in B

145
CONSOLIDATED

TRIAXIAL

TEST

P R E L I M I N A R Y CONSOLIDATION
CHAMBER

PRES.

GAU&E =

TEST

7 1 - 3 PS.l-

NO:

- O l

RS-I.

DATE :

JULY

ELEVATION

CORRECTION a r - l - 2

RSI-

TESTED

&Y:

CHAMBER

PRESSURE

G-AUcVE.

CORRECTION

EFFECTIVE

DATE

7 0 0 PS.l.
STRESS

TIME
HRS)

TULYI<1
'65

BACK

CHAN6E

ELAPS66

TIME TIME
MIN.

PRES.

4-7

DIAL

RD.
IN.

TO

BUfi.

RD.
CC

o.oo

OOO

0:04

0>ZG

<] 5 5

0:15

0-50

948

0:34

0-75

9- 3 6

IOO

9 26

IOO

i.i4

940O

171

l'2S
9 Ob

ISO

32.2A

3:04

I7S

4:00

00

6-85

2-SO

6-64

3.00

aqo

8-43

12* 15

3-50

itoo

4..00

600

2SO0

500

75a

36:O0

600 0 ^ 7 0

7-eo

49:00

7 00
a 05

61:00

100:00 1000

&-oa

120.00 I 0 3 S 0 * 9 4 7

sao

131:00

Tuuy to

l:S

a 00

1 l-4a.

5-fc6
08635

15fc

GOO

TEMP

lO-O RS.I
RS.|.

a
IS,

l%5

PM.B

CONSOLIDATED
Consolidated
Consolidated
Chamber

Time
Hn

Por.
Pres.
Gouge

UNDRAINED

Areq I-5Q ln.

Length &7L

> Proving

In

TRIAXIAL

Cor.

TEST

Rin^ No.

Teat

, Colibrdhon fictbr 3lfe7

Pressure 70 O P S . l T e m p .

Vertical
Pore
Prv%. Dial
P.S.I.
in-

Proviig

146

- 4 C

Dial

Time
Hr

Pore
Pre*.

No:

Date: July 2.o/6>5

Tested By: P.HB.

Cor.

Pbre
Pres.
RS-I.

CrtlLl^e

Di'c,|
in.

Proving
Dial

15-583

-4-6.

|0-0

8835

42-5

2358

540

-4 8

49-2

77*3 207-3

15-633 iS-(b

-44.

ll-o

86Z2.
5O0

2S-IO

557

-4-8

50-q

7557 206-3

15-717

16- C

-4fe

120

610

25-18

55-1

-4-

SI-1

7414 2 0 4 7

I5-&JS

17-7

-4-fo

13-1

700

2B-28

56-3

-4-9

53*4

7057 2017

15-1+0

l&B

-47

14-1

8815

800

30-4S 5 ^ 5

-4-*)

54-fc

'6676

16-08

-4-7

ISi

8S07 TI-0

33-00 60-2

-4H

55-3

6 340 196-5

16-15

2 a - o -4-7

17*

B80O 100-0

S5-42

60-Q

-4-9

55^

5%7 194-7

23-4

-4-7

167

87=11 lll'O

1733

(*\>B- 4 1

56-3

S66J 1932

16-47

25-3

-47

8778 IC| 0

38-50

-4-9

5-6-3

5488 191-7

Ifc-fcO

26>& - 4 7

67*7 I30-5

40-5& 617

-4-9

S6-8

5 R 5 iqo-o

16-78

-4-7

&750 1407

4|-0

617

-4-q

56-8

5H6. 1 9 0 0

16-^6

-4-7

25-5

8733 i s o - e

4 7 0 8 427

-4--V

57-8

4174

-4-fl

578

4114 1873

56-1

2600 183-3

S8-<|

2I?8

22-1

1717

31*7

-4-7

27-0

7IO Ifeoo

4 7 ' 3 0 62.-7

1742-

33-1

-47

2T-Z

-5682 I70-O

57-50 63-o

I7-7S

"i&-3 -47

3l-6>

8643

leo^

60-17

63-9

IV17

31-8

-47

35-1

8Slo

Ho-o

62-io

64-0

18-17

42-5

-47

37-8

8501 IT* 2

65-00 6 4 2 .

l<V33 44-5

"4-7

11-8

&4 e o s o

72-45

42-8

<S2C6. 2 0 ^ 3

20-38 47-6> - . B
4

ai-2Z

50 5 -4.. 8

4S7

8|3fc 210-0

1-70

sn

4>ff

S062 20<V4r

-4>*

-4-n

I8Z--3

1765 t e 7
-4-T

S<W
51'3

1453 178-6
.0307

m-7

147
TEST NO. 2
CONSOLIDATION PRES.= 60.0
CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL TEST
ELAPSED TI.ME
HOURS
-0.00
0.05
0. 13
0.25
0.36
Oi50
0.60
0.73
0.89
1.02
1.20
1. 38
1.58
1.84
2.17
2.59
3.19
3. 75
4;. 80
5.64
6. 12
7.25
8.00
9.52
10.40
12.70
14.87
17.42
19.84
21 .75
22.92
24.92
25.42
31.50
31*92
41.92
44.58
47.32
49.42
56.87

STRAIN
PFR f.FNT
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.07
0. 10
0.13
0.16 '
0.21
0.25
0.31
0. 38
0.46
0.56
0.71
0.90
1.20
1.50
2.0.9
2.57
2.84
3.46
3.87
4_.JjO_
5.22
6. 54
7.94
9.17
10.54
11 .66
12.31
13.38
13.67
17. 14
17.36
22.92
24.44
25.99
27. 14
31.35

DEFORMATION
IN._ PER DAY .
-0.000
0.144
0.161
0.125
0.134
0. 135
0.141
0. 144
0.154
0.160
0.170
0.178
0.190
0.200
0.213
0.227
0.245
0.261
0.285
0.298
0.303
0.312
0.316
0.322
0.328
0.336
0.349
0.344
0.347
- 0.350
0.351
0.351
0.351
0.355
0.355
0..J3.5_7_
0.358
0.359
0.359
0.360

SIGMA 1 EFF
PSI
60.0
60.6
61.9
62.7
63.8
64.3
64.8
65.7
64.9
66.4
66.8
6X..2
67.7
67.6
67.3
65.8
64.9
64..0
61.7
58.8
57.8
56.0
54.2
52.0
51.4
48.0
45.7
44.2
42.8
. - 4.L..8.
41.3
40.2
40.1
37.6
37.5
3_4...8
33.4
32.5
31.6
30.3

ROOT 2 SIGMA 3
EFF
I.N PS.I_ .
84.8
83.4
82.0
80.5
79.0
76.5
74.5
72.5
68.4
67.7
65.2
6.2.9
60.8
57.7
54.3
49.3
45.5
42.7
38.5
34.4
33.2
31.4
29.4
2.7_..0.
26.7
23.5
21.8
20.8
19.9
L9...4
19.4
18.7
18.7
17.3
17.3
16.8
15.7
15.4
15.1
15.1

DEVIATOR
SXRESS PS.l
-0.0
1.6
3.9
5.8
7.9
.1.0...2
12.1
14.4
16.5
18.5
20.7
22.7
24.7
26.8
28.9
30.9
32.7
33.8
34.5
34.5
34.3
33.8
33.4

PRINCIPAL
SJRE.S.S RAXID
1.00
1.03
1.07
1.10
1.14
1.19
1.23
1.28
I
1.34
1.39
1.45
1.51
1.57

1.66
1.75
1.88
f
2.02
2.12
2.27
2.42
2.46
2.52
2.61
2 . 72
. 32..J?
_
32.5
2.72
2.89
31.4
2.97
30.3
29.5
3.01
28.7
3.04
28...1 _
3.05
27.6
3.02
[
27.0
3.04
I
26.9
3.04
1
25.4
3.08
25.3
3.07
_ 2.93
. 22..9.
_
3.01
22.3
2.98
21.6
2.96
20.9
2.83
19.6
1

SKEMPTON A
0.00
0.63
0.51
0.53
0.52
0.58
0.60
0.60
0. 70
0.65
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.72
0.75
0.81
0.85
0.88
0.95
1.04
1.06
1.12
1.17
1.24
1.27
1. 38
1.47
1.53
1.60
1.65
1.68
1.73
1.74
1.88
1.89
_ 2. 10
2. 19
2.27
2.35
2.52

PORE PRESSURE
PSI
.
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.1
14. 1
. 15._9
_ _
17.3
18.7
21.6
22. 1
23.9
25.5
27.0
29.2
31.6
35.1
37.8
39.8
42.8
45.7
46.5
47.8
49.2
5.0,._9.
51.1
53.4
54.6
55.3
55.9
56.3. ..
56.3
56.8
56.8
57.8
57.8
58. 1.
58.9
59.1
59.3
59.3

CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL

STRAIN
PER CENT
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.10
0. 13
0. 16
0.21
0.2 5
0.31
0.38
0.46
0.56
0.71
0.90
1.20
1.50
2.09
2.57
2.84
3.46
3.87
4.70
5.22
6.54
7.94
9.17
10.54
11.66
12.31
13.38
13.67
17. 14
17.36
22.92
24.44
25.99
27.14
31.35

P EFFECTIVE
ROSCOE PSI
60.0
59. 5
59.3
58.8
58.5
57.5
56.7
56.1
53.9
54.1
53.0
52. 1
51.2
49.7
48.0
45.2
43.1
41.5
38.7
35.8
34.9
33.5
31.9
30.1
29.7
27.1
25.5
24.5
23.7
23.1
22.9
22.2
22.2
20.7
20.6
19.5
18.5
18. 1
17.7
17.2

Q
ROSCOE PSI
-0.0
1.6
3.9
5.8
7.9
10.2
12. 1
14.4
16.5
18.5
20.7
22.7
24.7
26.8
28.9
30.9
32.7
33.8
34.5
34.5
34.3
33.8
33.4
32.9
32.5
31.4
30.3
29.5
28.7
28. 1
27.6
27.0
26.9
25.4
25.3
22.9
22.3
21.6
20.9
19.6

TEST

QW
ROSCOE PSI
0.0 "
77.8
59.1
64.0
61.4
87.0
71.9
85.9
61.5
28.9
59.2
52.9
53.0
58.7
59.6
58.2
47.4
46.0
47.2
44.3
41.0
41.1
40.9
35.8
34.8
35.0
32.4
31.1
30.0
28.9
28.5
27.4
27.1
25.7
25.6
23.9
23.2
22.2
21.5
0.0

M
ROSCOE
0.00
1.31
1.00
1.09
1.05
1.51
1.27
1.53
1.14
0.53
1.12
1.02
1.03
1.18
1.24
1.29
1.10
1.11
1.22
1.24
1.17
1.23
1.28
1.19
1.17
1.29
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.25
1.24
1.24
1.23
1.24
1.24
1.23
1.25
1.23_
1.21
0.00

TEST NO. 2
CONSOLIDATION PRES.= 60.0
UNIT P
UNIT Q
ROSCOE
ROSCOE
1.00
-0.00
0.99
0.03
0.99
0.07
0.98
0.10
0.98
0.13
0.96
0.17
0.20
0.95
0.94
0.24
0.90
0.28
0.90
0.31
0.88
0.34
0.87
0.38
0.85
0.41
0.45
0.83
0.80
0.48
0.;75
0.51
0.54
0.72
0.69
0.56
0.57
0.64
0.60
0.57
0.57
0.58
0.56
0.56
0.53
0.56
0.50
0.55
0.50
0.54
0.45
0.52_
0.51
0.43
0.41
0.49
0.39
0.48
0.47
0.38
0.46
0.38
0.37
0_.45
0.37
0.45
0.34
0.42
0.34
0.42
0.33
0.38
0.37
0.31
0.36
0.30
0.29
0.35
0.29
0.33

,
S

TEST NO.17
CONSOLIDATION PRES.= 4 0 . 0
CONSOLIDATED DRAINED TRIAXIAL
NO ALLOWANCE MADE FOR RESIDUAL PORE PRESSURE
SHEAR
AXIAL
DEFORMATION
WATER
DEVIATOR
STRAIN
STRAIN
IN.PER DAY
CONTENT
STRESS
PER CENT
PSI
-0.00
-0.00
-0.000
37.9
0.0
0.04
0.05
0. 146
37.9
4__1
0.13
0.16
0.172
37.8
9.2
0.18
0.23
0.182
37.8
11.9

0. 2 5

0.31

0. 191

37. 8

J___._7

0.35
0.46
0.57
0.73
0.93
1.12
1.42
1.85
2.61
3.40
3.87
4.29
4.77
5.25
8.07
8.72
9.34
10.50
11.22
11.91
12.38
12.95
13.69
_14_._16
14.68
15.20
19.29
20.04
20.78
2_1._9.3_
22.70
23.26
23.59
24.25
25.05
25.42
25.96
26.55
27. 17
27.69
28.03
28.77
29.62
30.65

0.45
0.59
0.74
0.97
1.23
1.50
1.92
2.51
3.57
4.60
5.21
5.77
6.40
7.03
10.50
11.28
12.03
13.39
14.21
15.02
15.56
16.21
17.05
17.58
18.14
18.72
23.20
24.01
24.81
26.03
26.84
27.44
27.79
28.49
29.33
29.72
30.29
30.90
31.54
32.08
32.44
3 3_. 2 0
34.08
35.13

0.211
0.224
0.235
0.248
0.264
0.277
0.288
0.298
0.312
0.321
0.326
0.330
0.331
0.331
0.338
0.338
0.338
0.J39
0.341
0.342
C.34I
0.341
0.341
0.3 42
0.343
0.344
0.345
0.345
0.344
_0.345
0.346
0.346
0.346
0.346
0.345
0.346
0.346
0.347
0.347
0.348
0.348
0.347
0.347
0.348

37.7
37.6
37.5
37.4
37.3
37. 1
36.8
36.4
35.8
35.2
34.9
34.6
34.3
34.0
32.5
32.2
32.0
31 .5
31.3
31.0
30.9
30.7
30.5
30.4
30.2
30.1
29.3
29.1
29.0
28.8.
28.7
28.6
28.6
28.5
28.4
28.4
28.3
28.3
28.2
28.2
28.2
2_8__1
28.0
28.0

17.9
20.8
23.5
26.6
28.6
29.9
30.8
31.5
33.2
34.6
35.7
36.8
37.7
38.8
46.9
48.3
50.4
53. 3
54.8
56.2
57.0
58.6
60.2
61.1
62.1
62.8
68.3
68.8
69.9
70.5
71.0
71.3
71.3
71.3
71.8
71.9
72.6
72.0
72.0
71.9
71.6
JjL. 4
71.8
71.7

SIGMA 1
EFF.
PSI
40.0
44. 1
49.2
51.9

'S*t*3

57.9
60.8
63.5
66.6
68.6
69.9
70.8
71.5
73.2
74.6
75.7
76_-J
77.7
78.8
86.9
88.3
90.4
93.3
94.8
96.2
97.0
98.6
100.2
101.1
102.1
102.8
108.3
108.8
109.9
110.5
111.6
111.3
111.3
111.3
111.8
111.9
112.0
112.0
112.0
111.9
111.6
111.4
111.8
111.7

TEST
ALLOWANCE MADE FOR RESIDUAL PORE PRESSURE
PORE
SIGMA 3
ROOT 2
SIGMA 1PRINCIPAL
PRES.
EFF.
SIGMA 3
EFF.
STRESS
PSI
PSI
E F F . PS I
PSI
RATIO
0.0
40.0
56.6
40.0
1.00
0__5
39.5
55.9
43.6
1. 10
0.8
39.2
55.4
48.4
1-23
0.9
39.1
55.3
51.0
1.30

PRINCIPAL
STRE.SS
RATIO
1.00
1. 10
1.23
1.30

1.37

1.45
1.52
1.59
1.67
1.72
1.75
1.77
1.79
1.83
1.87
1.89
1.92
1.94
1.97
2. 17
2.21
2.26
2.33
2.37
2.40
2.42
2.46
2.51
2.53
2.55
2.57
2.71
2.72
2.75
2_._76.__.
2.78
2.78
2.78
2.78
2.80
2.80

2.80
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.79
2.79
2.79
2.79

UO

1.4
1.3
1^5
1.6
1.8
2.1
2.0
2.2
______
2.4
2.5
______
2.5
2.5
2___3
2.3
2.4
2_.2_
2.2
2.2
______
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.8
1__5
1.4
1.2
i.JL
1.3
1.1
0__9
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.7
0.7
0__7
0.7
0.8
_0_._5..
0.5
0.0

39.0

38.6
38.7
38.5
38.4
38.2
37.9
38.0
37.8
37.7
37.6
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.7
37.7
37.6
37.8
37.8
37.8
37.9
37.9
38.2
38.3
38.2
38.2
38.5
.
38.6
38.8
3_j3_._9
38.7
38.9
39.1
39.0
39.0
39.0. .
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.2
39-A _._
39.5
40.0

55.1

54.6
54.7
54.5
54.3
54.0
53.6
53.7
53.5
53.4
53.2
53.0
53.0
53.0
53.1
53.3
53.3
53.2
53.4
53.4
53.5
53.6
53.6
54.0
5 4_._1 54.0
54.0
54.4
54.6
54.9
55.0
54.7
55.1
55.3
55.2
55.2
55..X.
55.5
55.6
55.6
55.5
55.4
_5 5^. 7
55.9
56.6

53.7

56.5
59.4
62.0
65.0
66.8
67.7
68.7
69.3
70.9
72.3
73.2
74.2
75.2
76.3
84.6
86.0
88.0
91. 1
92.6
94.0
94.9
96.4
98.4
9_9_- 4
100.3
101.0
106.7
107.5
108.7
109.4
109.7
110.2
110.4
110.4
110.8
1.1.0...9
111.2
111.3
111.3
111.1
110.8
110...8
111.3
111.7

1.38

1.46
1.54
1.61
1.69
1.75
1.79
1.81
1.83
1.88
1.92
1.95
1__98
2.00
2.03
2.24
2.28
2.34
2.41
2.45
2.49
2.50
2.55
2.58
2.60
2.63
2.64
2.77
2.78
2.80
2.81
2.84
2.83
2.82
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.83
2.83
2.83
2.83
2.83
2 ._8_1
2.82
2.79

ISO

SHEAR
STRAIN
-0.00
0.04
0.13
0.18
0.25
0.35
0.46
0.57
0.73
0.93
1.12
1.42
1.85
2.61
3.40
3.87
4.29
4.77
5.25
8.07
8.72
9.34
10.50
11.22
11.91
12.38
12.95
13.69
14. 16
14.68
15.20
19.29
20.04
20.78
21.93
22.70
23.26
23.59
24.25
25.05
25.42
25.96
26.55
27.17
27.69
28.03
28.77
29.62
30.65

P
PSI
40.0
41.3
_43.0
43.9
44.9
45.9
46.9
47.8
_48.8
49.5
49.9
50.2
50.4
51.0
51.5
51.8
52.2
52.5
52.9
55.6
56.0
56.7
57.7
58.2
58.7
58.9
59.5
60.0
60.3
60.6
60.9
62.7
62.9
63.2
63.4
63.6
63.7
63.7
63.7
63.9
63.9
63.9
63.9
63.9
63.9
63.8
63.7
63.9
63.9

P MINUS
PP. PSI
40.0
40.8
42.2
43. 1
43.8
44.5
45.5
46.3
47.2
47.7
47.8
48.2
48.3
48.7
49. 1
49.4
49.7
50.0
50.4
53.3
53.7
54.4
55.5
56.0
56.5
56.8
57.3
58.2
58.6
58.9
59.1
61.2
61.5
62.0
62.3
62. 3
62.6
62.8
62.8
62.9
62.9
63.2
63.3
63.2
63.1
63.0
63.1
63.4
63.9

Q
PSI
0.0
4.1
9.2
11.9
14.7
17.9
20.8
23.5
26.6
28.6
29.9
30.8
31.5
33.2
34.6
35.7
36.8
37.7
38.8
46.9
48.3
50.4
53.3
54.8
56.2
57.0
58.6
60.2
61.1
62.1
62.8
68.3
68.8
69.9
70.5
71.0
71.3
71.3
71.3
71.8
71.9
72.0
72.0
72.0
71.9
71.6
71.4
71.8
71.7

QW
PSI
-49.7
-36.8
._rP.8
4.8
22. 1
36.9
42.2
55.0
59.8
76. 1
81.1
85.2
86.3
84.4
82.4
83. 1
84.8
84.1
83.7
79.7
80.1
80.4
78.9
80.0
80.8
80.9
81.3
78.6
78.2
.78.6
79.2
82.8
81.9
81.4
80.3
82.0
79.6
80.3
79.5
79.7
79.9
77.9
78.6
77.4
79.2
78.2
77.5
76.0
0.0

QW(PP)
PSI
28.1
30.0
47_9
46.0
56.1
63.8
64.4
73.6
72.9
83.6
85.5
87.4
87.4 .
84.6
82.1
82.7
84. 1
83.6
83.3
79.9
80.8
81.1
79.6
80.6
81.2
81.6
82.0
79.4
79.1
79.3
79.8
83.0
82_._t
81.8
80.6
82.2
79.7
80.3
79.6
79.8
80.0
78.0
78.5
77.2
78.8
77.9
77.4
76.0
0.0

M
-1.24
-0.89
-0.02
0. 11
0.49
0.80
0.90
1. 15
1.23
1.54
1.63
1.70
1.71
1.66
1.60
1.60
1.62
1.60
1.58
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.37
1.37
1.38
1.37
1.37
1.31
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.32
1 ._30
1.29
1.27
1.29
1.25
1.26
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.22
1.23
1.21
1.24
1.23
1.22
1.19
0.00

M(PP )
0.70
0.73
1.14
1.07
1.28
1.43
1.42
1.59
1.54
1.75
1.79
1.81
1.81
1.74
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.67
1.65
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.43
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.43
1.37
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.36
1 jJ34
1.32
1.29
1.32
1.27
1.28
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.2 3
1.24
1.22
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.20
0.00

P/PE
1.00
1.03
1.07
1.09
1. l l
I . 12
1.13
1.14
1. 14
1. 14
1.12
1.09
1.04
0.97
0.91
0.88
0.85
0.82
0.79
0.68
0.67
0.65
0.62
0.61
0.59
0.59
0.58
0.56
0.56
0.55
0.55
0.50
0.49
0.49
0.48
0.48
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.43

P/PE
( PP)
1.00
1.02
1.05
1.07
1.08
1.08
1.10
1.10
1. 10
1. 10
1.07
1.04
1.00
0.93
0.87
0.83
0.81
0.78
0.75
0.66
0.64
0.62
0.60
0.59
0.57
0. 56
0.56
0.55
0.54
0.54
0.53
0.49
0.48
0.48
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.43
0.43

CONSOLIDATION PRES.= 40.0

TEST NO.17
Q/PE

'

0.00
0. 10
0.23
0.29
0. 36
0.44
0.50
0.56
0.62
0.66
0.67
0.67
0.65
0.63
0.61
0.60
0.60
0.59
0.58
0.58
0.57
0.58
0.58
0.57
0.57
0. 57
0.57
0.57
0.57
0.57
0.56
0.55
0.54
0.54
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.52
0.52
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.49
0.49
0.49

<

151

CONSOLIDATION
SHEAR
STRAIN
-0.00
_J0.,Q4
0.13
0.18
0.25
0.35
0.46
_ 0..J57
0.73
0.93
1.12
1.42
1.85
_ 2.61
3.40
3.87
4.29
4.77
5.25
8.07
8.72
9.34
10.50
11.22
11.91
12.38
12.95
13.69
14.16
14.68
15.20
19.29 _
20.04
20.78
21.93
22.70
23.26
2 3...59
24.25
25.05
25.42
25.96
26.55
_2 7_._17
27.69
28.03
28.77
29.62
30.65

PORE P R E S S U R E
CV.H,A
A CONSTANT
K.H
CONSTANT
CV,H VARY
VARY
0.0
0.0
0.0
3_2
3._2
0.5
5.8
5.9
0.8
6.7
6.9
0.9
7____
7_8
l__0_
7.8
8.4
1.4
7.8
8.6
1.3
7 ._7
8.J.
Ls5_
7.0
8.2
1.6
5.8
7.1
1.8
4___5
5__J5
2.1
2.7
3.7
2.0
1.3
1.9
2.2
0.8
1.1
2.3
0.6
0.8
2.4
0.8
0.9
2.5
0___?
1.0
2.5
0.7
0.9
2.5
0.7
0.9
2.5
0.4
0._5
2_3_
0.7
0.8
2.3
l . l
1.2
2.4
0___9
UO
2.2
0.9
1.0
2.2
0.8
0.9
2.2
J3_7
0.8
2.1
0.9
1.0
2.1
0.9
1.0
1.8
0__9
0__9
1.7
0.9
0.9
1.8
0.7
0.8
1.8
0.1
0..1.
1.5.
0.2
0.2
1.4
0.5
0.4
1.2
0__3
0_2
1.1
0.3
0.3
1.3
0.2
0.2
1.1
0,. 2
_0 .JL
0..9.
0.1
0.0
1.0
0.2
0.2
1.0
0__2
0.2
U0_
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.7
0_._0
QL._0
JDL._7_
-0.1
-0.1
0.7
-0.2
-0.2
0.8
-Q. 1
-0.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0

TEST NO.17
PRES.= 4 0 . 0